diff --git a/src/mmr.rs b/src/mmr.rs
index b9d5b94..53e2aab 100644
--- a/src/mmr.rs
+++ b/src/mmr.rs
@@ -29,6 +29,22 @@ impl<T, M, S> MMR<T, M, S> {
             merge: PhantomData,
         }
     }
+
+    pub fn mmr_size(&self) -> u64 {
+        self.mmr_size
+    }
+
+    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
+        self.mmr_size == 0
+    }
+
+    pub fn batch(&self) -> &MMRBatch<T, S> {
+        &self.batch
+    }
+
+    pub fn store(&self) -> &S {
+        self.batch.store()
+    }
 }
 
 impl<T: Clone + PartialEq, M: Merge<Item = T>, S: MMRStoreReadOps<T>> MMR<T, M, S> {
@@ -42,14 +58,6 @@ impl<T: Clone + PartialEq, M: Merge<Item = T>, S: MMRStoreReadOps<T>> MMR<T, M,
         Ok(Cow::Owned(elem))
     }
 
-    pub fn mmr_size(&self) -> u64 {
-        self.mmr_size
-    }
-
-    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
-        self.mmr_size == 0
-    }
-
     // push a element and return position
     pub fn push(&mut self, elem: T) -> Result<u64> {
         let mut elems: Vec<T> = Vec::new();
@@ -219,7 +227,7 @@ impl<T: Clone + PartialEq, M: Merge<Item = T>, S: MMRStoreReadOps<T>> MMR<T, M,
 }
 
 impl<T, M, S: MMRStoreWriteOps<T>> MMR<T, M, S> {
-    pub fn commit(self) -> Result<()> {
+    pub fn commit(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
         self.batch.commit()
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/mmr_store.rs b/src/mmr_store.rs
index 1e8d483..1586d70 100644
--- a/src/mmr_store.rs
+++ b/src/mmr_store.rs
@@ -17,6 +17,10 @@ impl<Elem, Store> MMRBatch<Elem, Store> {
     pub fn append(&mut self, pos: u64, elems: Vec<Elem>) {
         self.memory_batch.push((pos, elems));
     }
+
+    pub fn store(&self) -> &Store {
+        &self.store
+    }
 }
 
 impl<Elem: Clone, Store: MMRStoreReadOps<Elem>> MMRBatch<Elem, Store> {
@@ -35,13 +39,9 @@ impl<Elem: Clone, Store: MMRStoreReadOps<Elem>> MMRBatch<Elem, Store> {
 }
 
 impl<Elem, Store: MMRStoreWriteOps<Elem>> MMRBatch<Elem, Store> {
-    pub fn commit(self) -> Result<()> {
-        let Self {
-            mut store,
-            memory_batch,
-        } = self;
-        for (pos, elems) in memory_batch {
-            store.append(pos, elems)?;
+    pub fn commit(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
+        for (pos, elems) in self.memory_batch.drain(..) {
+            self.store.append(pos, elems)?;
         }
         Ok(())
     }
diff --git a/src/tests/test_accumulate_headers.rs b/src/tests/test_accumulate_headers.rs
index ae9ab9e..71c26b8 100644
--- a/src/tests/test_accumulate_headers.rs
+++ b/src/tests/test_accumulate_headers.rs
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ impl Prover {
         let mut mmr = MMR::<_, MergeHashWithTD, _>::new(self.positions.len() as u64, &self.store);
         // get previous element
         let mut previous = if let Some(pos) = self.positions.last() {
-            MMRStoreReadOps::<_>::get_elem(&&self.store, *pos)?.expect("exists")
+            mmr.store().get_elem(*pos)?.expect("exists")
         } else {
             let genesis = Header::default();
 
diff --git a/src/tests/test_mmr.rs b/src/tests/test_mmr.rs
index 6f0bbf0..7e4405c 100644
--- a/src/tests/test_mmr.rs
+++ b/src/tests/test_mmr.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,9 @@
 use super::{MergeNumberHash, NumberHash};
 use crate::{
-    helper::pos_height_in_tree, leaf_index_to_mmr_size, util::MemStore, Error, MMRStoreReadOps, MMR,
+    helper::pos_height_in_tree,
+    leaf_index_to_mmr_size,
+    util::{MemMMR, MemStore},
+    Error,
 };
 use faster_hex::hex_string;
 use proptest::prelude::*;
@@ -8,7 +11,7 @@ use rand::{seq::SliceRandom, thread_rng};
 
 fn test_mmr(count: u32, proof_elem: Vec<u32>) {
     let store = MemStore::default();
-    let mut mmr = MMR::<_, MergeNumberHash, _>::new(0, &store);
+    let mut mmr = MemMMR::<_, MergeNumberHash>::new(0, &store);
     let positions: Vec<u64> = (0u32..count)
         .map(|i| mmr.push(NumberHash::from(i)).unwrap())
         .collect();
@@ -36,7 +39,7 @@ fn test_mmr(count: u32, proof_elem: Vec<u32>) {
 
 fn test_gen_new_root_from_proof(count: u32) {
     let store = MemStore::default();
-    let mut mmr = MMR::<_, MergeNumberHash, _>::new(0, &store);
+    let mut mmr = MemMMR::<_, MergeNumberHash>::new(0, &store);
     let positions: Vec<u64> = (0u32..count)
         .map(|i| mmr.push(NumberHash::from(i)).unwrap())
         .collect();
@@ -61,7 +64,7 @@ fn test_gen_new_root_from_proof(count: u32) {
 #[test]
 fn test_mmr_root() {
     let store = MemStore::default();
-    let mut mmr = MMR::<_, MergeNumberHash, _>::new(0, &store);
+    let mut mmr = MemMMR::<_, MergeNumberHash>::new(0, &store);
     (0u32..11).for_each(|i| {
         mmr.push(NumberHash::from(i)).unwrap();
     });
@@ -76,7 +79,7 @@ fn test_mmr_root() {
 #[test]
 fn test_empty_mmr_root() {
     let store = MemStore::<NumberHash>::default();
-    let mmr = MMR::<_, MergeNumberHash, _>::new(0, &store);
+    let mmr = MemMMR::<_, MergeNumberHash>::new(0, &store);
     assert_eq!(Err(Error::GetRootOnEmpty), mmr.get_root());
 }
 
@@ -155,7 +158,7 @@ fn test_invalid_proof_verification(
     // optionally handroll proof from these positions
     handrolled_proof_positions: Option<Vec<u64>>,
 ) {
-    use crate::{util::MemMMR, Merge, MerkleProof};
+    use crate::{Merge, MerkleProof};
     use std::fmt::{Debug, Formatter};
 
     // Simple item struct to allow debugging the contents of MMR nodes/peaks
@@ -184,7 +187,8 @@ fn test_invalid_proof_verification(
         }
     }
 
-    let mut mmr: MemMMR<MyItem, MyMerge> = MemMMR::default();
+    let store = MemStore::default();
+    let mut mmr = MemMMR::<_, MyMerge>::new(0, &store);
     let mut positions: Vec<u64> = Vec::new();
     for i in 0u32..leaf_count {
         let pos = mmr.push(MyItem::Number(i)).unwrap();
@@ -194,7 +198,7 @@ fn test_invalid_proof_verification(
 
     let entries_to_verify: Vec<(u64, MyItem)> = positions_to_verify
         .iter()
-        .map(|pos| (*pos, mmr.store().get_elem(*pos).unwrap().unwrap()))
+        .map(|pos| (*pos, mmr.batch().get_elem(*pos).unwrap().unwrap()))
         .collect();
 
     let mut tampered_entries_to_verify = entries_to_verify.clone();
@@ -211,7 +215,7 @@ fn test_invalid_proof_verification(
                 mmr.mmr_size(),
                 handrolled_proof_positions
                     .iter()
-                    .map(|pos| mmr.store().get_elem(*pos).unwrap().unwrap())
+                    .map(|pos| mmr.batch().get_elem(*pos).unwrap().unwrap())
                     .collect(),
             )
         });
diff --git a/src/util.rs b/src/util.rs
index 79dec26..f021de3 100644
--- a/src/util.rs
+++ b/src/util.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 use crate::collections::BTreeMap;
-use crate::{vec::Vec, MMRStoreReadOps, MMRStoreWriteOps, Merge, MerkleProof, Result, MMR};
+use crate::{vec::Vec, MMRStoreReadOps, MMRStoreWriteOps, Result, MMR};
 use core::cell::RefCell;
-use core::marker::PhantomData;
 
 #[derive(Clone)]
 pub struct MemStore<T>(RefCell<BTreeMap<u64, T>>);
@@ -34,50 +33,4 @@ impl<T> MMRStoreWriteOps<T> for &MemStore<T> {
     }
 }
 
-pub struct MemMMR<T, M> {
-    store: MemStore<T>,
-    mmr_size: u64,
-    merge: PhantomData<M>,
-}
-
-impl<T: Clone + PartialEq, M: Merge<Item = T>> Default for MemMMR<T, M> {
-    fn default() -> Self {
-        Self::new(0, Default::default())
-    }
-}
-
-impl<T: Clone + PartialEq, M: Merge<Item = T>> MemMMR<T, M> {
-    pub fn new(mmr_size: u64, store: MemStore<T>) -> Self {
-        MemMMR {
-            mmr_size,
-            store,
-            merge: PhantomData,
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn store(&self) -> &MemStore<T> {
-        &self.store
-    }
-
-    pub fn mmr_size(&self) -> u64 {
-        self.mmr_size
-    }
-
-    pub fn get_root(&self) -> Result<T> {
-        let mmr = MMR::<T, M, &MemStore<T>>::new(self.mmr_size, &self.store);
-        mmr.get_root()
-    }
-
-    pub fn push(&mut self, elem: T) -> Result<u64> {
-        let mut mmr = MMR::<T, M, &MemStore<T>>::new(self.mmr_size, &self.store);
-        let pos = mmr.push(elem)?;
-        self.mmr_size = mmr.mmr_size();
-        mmr.commit()?;
-        Ok(pos)
-    }
-
-    pub fn gen_proof(&self, pos_list: Vec<u64>) -> Result<MerkleProof<T, M>> {
-        let mmr = MMR::<T, M, &MemStore<T>>::new(self.mmr_size, &self.store);
-        mmr.gen_proof(pos_list)
-    }
-}
+pub type MemMMR<'a, T, M> = MMR<T, M, &'a MemStore<T>>;