Initial rebrand: @polkadot -> @pezkuwi (14 packages)

- Package namespace: @polkadot/* -> @pezkuwi/*
- Repository: polkadot-js/common -> pezkuwichain/pezkuwi-common
- Author: Pezkuwi Team <team@pezkuwichain.io>

Core packages:
- @pezkuwi/util (utilities)
- @pezkuwi/util-crypto (crypto primitives)
- @pezkuwi/keyring (account management)
- @pezkuwi/networks (chain metadata)
- @pezkuwi/hw-ledger (Ledger hardware wallet)
- @pezkuwi/x-* (10 polyfill packages)

Total: 14 packages
Upstream: polkadot-js/common v14.0.1

packages/util/src/format/formatBalance.spec.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,296 @@
+// Copyright 2017-2025 @polkadot/util authors & contributors
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+/// <reference types="@polkadot/dev-test/globals.d.ts" />
+
+import { BN } from '../bn/index.js';
+import { formatBalance } from './index.js';
+
+const FMT_DEFAULTS = {
+  decimals: 0,
+  unit: 'Unit'
+};
+
+describe('formatBalance', (): void => {
+  const TESTVAL = new BN('123456789000');
+
+  // We mess around with the global setDefaults inside some tests,
+  // ensure we restore it to the defaults straight after each run
+  afterEach((): void => {
+    formatBalance.setDefaults(FMT_DEFAULTS);
+  });
+
+  it('returns options for dropdown', (): void => {
+    formatBalance.setDefaults({ decimals: 0, unit: 'TEST' });
+
+    expect(
+      formatBalance.getOptions()
+    ).toEqual([
+      { power: 0, text: 'TEST', value: '-' },
+      { power: 3, text: 'Kilo', value: 'k' },
+      { power: 6, text: 'Mill', value: 'M' },
+      { power: 9, text: 'Bill', value: 'B' },
+      { power: 12, text: 'Tril', value: 'T' },
+      { power: 15, text: 'Peta', value: 'P' },
+      { power: 18, text: 'Exa', value: 'E' },
+      { power: 21, text: 'Zeta', value: 'Z' },
+      { power: 24, text: 'Yotta', value: 'Y' }
+    ]);
+  });
+
+  it('can set defaults from array values', (): void => {
+    formatBalance.setDefaults({ decimals: [12, 24], unit: ['Multi', 'Unit'] });
+
+    expect(
+      formatBalance(TESTVAL)
+    ).toEqual('123.4567 mMulti');
+  });
+
+  describe('SI formatting', (): void => {
+    it('formats empty to 0', (): void => {
+      expect(formatBalance()).toEqual('0');
+      expect(formatBalance('0')).toEqual('0');
+    });
+
+    // this is after an issue/test from actual values with forceUnit
+    it('formats 1000 (BN) (decimals = 12, withAll, withZero = false)', (): void => {
+      expect(
+        formatBalance(new BN(1000), { decimals: 12, forceUnit: '-', withAll: true, withSi: false, withZero: true })
+      ).toEqual('0.000000001000');
+    });
+
+    it('formats 123,456,789,000 (decimals=15)', (): void => {
+      expect(
+        formatBalance(TESTVAL, { decimals: 15, withSi: true })
+      ).toEqual('123.4567 µUnit');
+    });
+
+    it('formats 123,456 (decimals=0)', (): void => {
+      expect(
+        formatBalance(123456, { decimals: 0, withSi: true })
+      ).toEqual('123.4560 kUnit');
+    });
+
+    it('formats BigInt numbers', (): void => {
+      expect(
+        formatBalance(123456789000n, { decimals: 15, withSi: true })
+      ).toEqual('123.4567 µUnit');
+    });
+
+    it('formats 123,456,789,000 (decimals=15, old style)', (): void => {
+      expect(
+        formatBalance(TESTVAL, { decimals: 15, withSi: true })
+      ).toEqual('123.4567 µUnit');
+    });
+
+    it('formats 123,456,789,000 (decimals=10, withAll=true)', (): void => {
+      expect(
+        formatBalance(TESTVAL, { decimals: 10, forceUnit: '-', withAll: true, withSi: true })
+      ).toEqual('12.3456789000 Unit');
+    });
+
+    it('formats 123,456,789,000 (decimals=10, withAll=true, withZero=false)', (): void => {
+      expect(
+        formatBalance(TESTVAL, { decimals: 10, forceUnit: '-', withAll: true, withSi: true, withZero: false })
+      ).toEqual('12.3456789 Unit');
+    });
+
+    it('formats 123,000,000,000 (decimals=9, withAll=true, withZero=false)', (): void => {
+      expect(
+        formatBalance('123000000000', { decimals: 9, forceUnit: '-', withAll: true, withSi: true, withZero: false })
+      ).toEqual('123 Unit');
+    });
+
+    it('formats 123,456,789,000 (decimals=15, Compact)', (): void => {
+      const compact = {
+        something: 'else',
+        toBn: (): BN => TESTVAL,
+        unwrap: (): BN => TESTVAL
+      };
+
+      expect(
+        formatBalance(compact, { decimals: 15, withSi: true })
+      ).toEqual('123.4567 µUnit');
+    });
+
+    it('formats 123,456,789,000 (decimals=12)', (): void => {
+      expect(
+        formatBalance(TESTVAL, { decimals: 12, withSi: true })
+      ).toEqual('123.4567 mUnit');
+    });
+
+    it('formats 123,456,789,000 (decimals=9)', (): void => {
+      expect(
+        formatBalance(TESTVAL, { decimals: 9, withSi: true })
+      ).toEqual('123.4567 Unit');
+    });
+
+    it('formats 123,456,789,000 (decimals=9, no unit)', (): void => {
+      expect(
+        formatBalance(TESTVAL, { decimals: 9, withSi: true, withUnit: false })
+      ).toEqual('123.4567');
+    });
+
+    it('formats 123,456,789,000 (decimals=9, unit given)', (): void => {
+      expect(
+        formatBalance(TESTVAL, { decimals: 9, withSi: true, withUnit: 'FOO' })
+      ).toEqual('123.4567 FOO');
+    });
+
+    it('formats 123,456,789,000 (decimals=12, no SI)', (): void => {
+      expect(
+        formatBalance(TESTVAL, { decimals: 12, withSi: false })
+      ).toEqual('123.4567');
+    });
+
+    it('formats 123,456,789,000 (decimals=12, full SI)', (): void => {
+      expect(
+        formatBalance(TESTVAL, { decimals: 12, withSiFull: true })
+      ).toEqual('123.4567 milli Unit');
+    });
+
+    it('formats 123,456,789,000 (decimals=12, full SI, no unit)', (): void => {
+      expect(
+        formatBalance(TESTVAL, { decimals: 12, withSiFull: true, withUnit: false })
+      ).toEqual('123.4567 milli');
+    });
+
+    it('formats 123,456,789,000 (decimals=9, full SI)', (): void => {
+      expect(
+        formatBalance(TESTVAL, { decimals: 9, withSiFull: true })
+      ).toEqual('123.4567 Unit');
+    });
+
+    it('formats 123,456,789,000 (decimals=6)', (): void => {
+      expect(
+        formatBalance(TESTVAL, { decimals: 6, withSi: true })
+      ).toEqual('123.4567 kUnit');
+    });
+
+    it('formats 123,456,789,000 (decimals=6, unit specified)', (): void => {
+      expect(
+        formatBalance(TESTVAL, { decimals: 6, withSi: true, withUnit: 'BAR' })
+      ).toEqual('123.4567 kBAR');
+    });
+
+    it('formats 123,456,789,000 (decimals=0, unit specified)', (): void => {
+      expect(
+        formatBalance(TESTVAL, { decimals: 0, withSi: true, withUnit: 'BAR' })
+      ).toEqual('123.4567 BBAR');
+    });
+
+    it('formats 123,456,789,000 * 10 (decimals=12)', (): void => {
+      expect(
+        formatBalance(TESTVAL.muln(10), { decimals: 12, withSi: true })
+      ).toEqual('1.2345 Unit');
+    });
+
+    it('formats 123,456,789,000 * 100 (decimals=12)', (): void => {
+      expect(
+        formatBalance(TESTVAL.muln(100), { decimals: 12, withSi: true })
+      ).toEqual('12.3456 Unit');
+    });
+
+    it('formats 123,456,789,000 * 1000 (decimals=12)', (): void => {
+      expect(
+        formatBalance(TESTVAL.muln(1000), { decimals: 12, withSi: true })
+      ).toEqual('123.4567 Unit');
+    });
+
+    it('formats -123,456,789,000 (decimals=15)', (): void => {
+      expect(
+        formatBalance(new BN('-123456789000'), { decimals: 15, withSi: true })
+      ).toEqual('-123.4567 µUnit');
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('Forced formatting', (): void => {
+    it('formats 123,456,789,000 (decimals=12, forceUnit=base)', (): void => {
+      expect(
+        formatBalance(TESTVAL, { decimals: 12, forceUnit: '-' })
+      ).toEqual('0.1234 Unit');
+    });
+
+    it('formats 123,456,789,000 (decimals=9, forceUnit=base)', (): void => {
+      expect(
+        formatBalance(TESTVAL, { decimals: 9, forceUnit: '-' })
+      ).toEqual('123.4567 Unit');
+    });
+
+    it('formats 123,456,789,000 (decimals=7, forceUnit=base)', (): void => {
+      expect(
+        formatBalance(TESTVAL, { decimals: 7, forceUnit: '-' })
+      ).toEqual('12,345.6789 Unit');
+    });
+
+    it('formats 123,456,789,000 (decimals=15, forceUnit=micro)', (): void => {
+      expect(
+        formatBalance(TESTVAL, { decimals: 15, forceUnit: 'µ' })
+      ).toEqual('123.4567 µUnit');
+    });
+
+    it('formats 123,456 (decimals=0, locale=sl)', (): void => {
+      expect(
+        formatBalance(123456, { decimals: 0, locale: 'sl', withSi: true })
+      ).toEqual('123,4560 kUnit');
+    });
+
+    it('formats BigInt numbers (locale=sl)', (): void => {
+      expect(
+        formatBalance(123456789000n, { decimals: 15, locale: 'sl', withSi: true })
+      ).toEqual('123,4567 µUnit');
+    });
+
+    it('formats 123,456,789,000 (decimals=7, forceUnit=base locale=sl)', (): void => {
+      expect(
+        formatBalance(TESTVAL, { decimals: 7, forceUnit: '-', locale: 'sl' })
+      ).toEqual('12.345,6789 Unit');
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('calcSi', (): void => {
+    it('exposes calcSi on formatBalance', (): void => {
+      expect(
+        formatBalance.calcSi('12345').value
+      ).toEqual('k');
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('findSi', (): void => {
+    it('finds the SI value', (): void => {
+      expect(
+        formatBalance.findSi('k')
+      ).toEqual({ power: 3, text: 'Kilo', value: 'k' });
+    });
+
+    it('returns default on not found', (): void => {
+      expect(
+        formatBalance.findSi('blah')
+      ).toEqual({ power: 0, text: 'Unit', value: '-' });
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('defaults', (): void => {
+    it('returns defaults', (): void => {
+      expect(
+        formatBalance.getDefaults()
+      ).toEqual(FMT_DEFAULTS);
+    });
+
+    it('formats 123,456,789,000 (defaultDecimals=12)', (): void => {
+      formatBalance.setDefaults({ decimals: 12 });
+
+      expect(
+        formatBalance(TESTVAL)
+      ).toEqual('123.4567 mUnit');
+    });
+
+    it('formats 123,456,789,000 (defaultUnit=TEST)', (): void => {
+      formatBalance.setDefaults({ decimals: 12, unit: 'TEST' });
+
+      expect(
+        formatBalance(TESTVAL)
+      ).toEqual('123.4567 mTEST');
+    });
+  });
+});

packages/util/src/format/formatBalance.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,177 @@
+// Copyright 2017-2025 @polkadot/util authors & contributors
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+import type { BN } from '../bn/bn.js';
+import type { SiDef, ToBn } from '../types.js';
+
+import { bnToBn } from '../bn/toBn.js';
+import { isBoolean } from '../is/boolean.js';
+import { formatDecimal } from './formatDecimal.js';
+import { getSeparator } from './getSeparator.js';
+import { calcSi, findSi, SI, SI_MID } from './si.js';
+
+interface Defaults {
+  decimals: number;
+  unit: string;
+}
+
+interface SetDefaults {
+  decimals?: number[] | number;
+  unit?: string[] | string;
+}
+
+interface Options {
+  /**
+   * @description The number of decimals
+   */
+  decimals?: number;
+  /**
+   * @description Format the number with this specific unit
+   */
+  forceUnit?: string;
+  /**
+   * @description Returns value using all available decimals
+   */
+  withAll?: boolean;
+  /**
+   * @description Format with SI, i.e. m/M/etc. (default = true)
+   */
+  withSi?: boolean;
+  /**
+   * @description Format with full SI, i.e. mili/Mega/etc.
+   */
+  withSiFull?: boolean;
+  /**
+   * @description Add the unit (useful in Balance formats)
+   */
+  withUnit?: boolean | string;
+  /**
+   * @description Returns all trailing zeros, otherwise removes (default = true)
+   */
+  withZero?: boolean;
+  /**
+   * @description The locale to use
+   */
+  locale?: string;
+}
+
+interface BalanceFormatter {
+  <ExtToBn extends ToBn> (input?: number | string | BN | bigint | ExtToBn, options?: Options): string;
+  calcSi (text: string, decimals?: number): SiDef;
+  findSi (type: string): SiDef;
+  getDefaults (): Defaults;
+  getOptions (decimals?: number): SiDef[];
+  setDefaults (defaults: SetDefaults): void;
+}
+
+const DEFAULT_DECIMALS = 0;
+const DEFAULT_UNIT = SI[SI_MID].text;
+
+let defaultDecimals = DEFAULT_DECIMALS;
+let defaultUnit = DEFAULT_UNIT;
+
+// Formats a string/number with <prefix>.<postfix><type> notation
+function _formatBalance <ExtToBn extends ToBn> (input?: number | string | BN | bigint | ExtToBn, { decimals = defaultDecimals, forceUnit, locale = 'en', withAll = false, withSi = true, withSiFull = false, withUnit = true, withZero = true }: Options = {}): string {
+  // we only work with string inputs here - convert anything
+  // into the string-only value
+  let text = bnToBn(input).toString();
+
+  if (text.length === 0 || text === '0') {
+    return '0';
+  }
+
+  // strip the negative sign so we can work with clean groupings, re-add this in the
+  // end when we return the result (from here on we work with positive numbers)
+  let sign = '';
+
+  if (text[0].startsWith('-')) {
+    sign = '-';
+    text = text.substring(1);
+  }
+
+  // We start at midpoint (8) minus 1 - this means that values display as
+  // 123.4567 instead of 0.1234 k (so we always have the most relevant).
+  const si = calcSi(text, decimals, forceUnit);
+  const mid = text.length - (decimals + si.power);
+  const pre = mid <= 0 ? '0' : text.substring(0, mid);
+
+  // get the post from the midpoint onward and then first add max decimals
+  // before trimming to the correct (calculated) amount of decimals again
+  let post = text
+    .padStart(mid < 0 ? decimals : 1, '0')
+    .substring(mid < 0 ? 0 : mid)
+    .padEnd(withAll ? Math.max(decimals, 4) : 4, '0')
+    .substring(0, withAll ? Math.max(4, decimals + si.power) : 4);
+
+  // remove all trailing 0's (if required via flag)
+  if (!withZero) {
+    let end = post.length - 1;
+
+    // This looks inefficient, however it is better to do the checks and
+    // only make one final slice than it is to do it in multiples
+    do {
+      if (post[end] === '0') {
+        end--;
+      }
+    } while (post[end] === '0');
+
+    post = post.substring(0, end + 1);
+  }
+
+  // the display unit
+  const unit = isBoolean(withUnit)
+    ? SI[SI_MID].text
+    : withUnit;
+
+  // format the units for display based on the flags
+  const units = withSi || withSiFull
+    ? si.value === '-'
+      ? withUnit
+        ? ` ${unit}`
+        : ''
+      : ` ${withSiFull ? `${si.text}${withUnit ? ' ' : ''}` : si.value}${withUnit ? unit : ''}`
+    : '';
+
+  const { decimal, thousand } = getSeparator(locale);
+
+  return `${sign}${formatDecimal(pre, thousand)}${post && `${decimal}${post}`}${units}`;
+}
+
+export const formatBalance = _formatBalance as BalanceFormatter;
+
+formatBalance.calcSi = (text: string, decimals: number = defaultDecimals): SiDef =>
+  calcSi(text, decimals);
+
+formatBalance.findSi = findSi;
+
+formatBalance.getDefaults = (): Defaults => {
+  return {
+    decimals: defaultDecimals,
+    unit: defaultUnit
+  };
+};
+
+// get allowable options to display in a dropdown
+formatBalance.getOptions = (decimals: number = defaultDecimals): SiDef[] => {
+  return SI.filter(({ power }): boolean =>
+    power < 0
+      ? (decimals + power) >= 0
+      : true
+  );
+};
+
+// Sets the default decimals to use for formatting (ui-wide)
+formatBalance.setDefaults = ({ decimals, unit }: SetDefaults): void => {
+  defaultDecimals = (
+    Array.isArray(decimals)
+      ? decimals[0]
+      : decimals
+  ) ?? defaultDecimals;
+  defaultUnit = (
+    Array.isArray(unit)
+      ? unit[0]
+      : unit
+  ) ?? defaultUnit;
+
+  SI[SI_MID].text = defaultUnit;
+};

packages/util/src/format/formatDate.spec.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+// Copyright 2017-2025 @polkadot/util authors & contributors
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+/// <reference types="@polkadot/dev-test/globals.d.ts" />
+
+import { formatDate } from './index.js';
+
+describe('formatDate', (): void => {
+  it('formats a known date into the correct format', (): void => {
+    const date = new Date(Date.UTC(2020, 1, 15, 11, 14, 34));
+
+    // make this test-locale agnostic
+    date.setTime(date.getTime() + date.getTimezoneOffset() * 60 * 1000);
+
+    expect(formatDate(date)).toEqual('2020-02-15 11:14:34');
+  });
+});

packages/util/src/format/formatDate.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+// Copyright 2017-2025 @polkadot/util authors & contributors
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+/** @internal */
+function zeroPad (value: number): string {
+  return value.toString().padStart(2, '0');
+}
+
+/**
+ * @name formatDate
+ * @description Formats a date in CCYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS format
+ */
+export function formatDate (date: Date): string {
+  const year = date.getFullYear().toString();
+  const month = zeroPad((date.getMonth() + 1));
+  const day = zeroPad(date.getDate());
+  const hour = zeroPad(date.getHours());
+  const minute = zeroPad(date.getMinutes());
+  const second = zeroPad(date.getSeconds());
+
+  return `${year}-${month}-${day} ${hour}:${minute}:${second}`;
+}

packages/util/src/format/formatDecimal.spec.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+// Copyright 2017-2025 @polkadot/util authors & contributors
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+/// <reference types="@polkadot/dev-test/globals.d.ts" />
+
+import { formatDecimal } from './index.js';
+
+describe('formatDecimal', (): void => {
+  it('formats decimals in number groupings', (): void => {
+    expect(formatDecimal('12345')).toEqual('12,345');
+  });
+
+  it('formats decimal-only in number groupings', (): void => {
+    expect(formatDecimal('test6789')).toEqual('6,789');
+  });
+
+  it('returns input for non-decimal', (): void => {
+    expect(formatDecimal('test')).toEqual('test');
+  });
+
+  it('returns non-sensical negative text', (): void => {
+    expect(formatDecimal('-test')).toEqual('-test');
+  });
+
+  it('formats negative numbers', (): void => {
+    expect(formatDecimal('-123456')).toEqual('-123,456');
+  });
+});

packages/util/src/format/formatDecimal.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+// Copyright 2017-2025 @polkadot/util authors & contributors
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+// eslint-disable-next-line prefer-regex-literals
+const NUMBER_REGEX = new RegExp('(\\d+?)(?=(\\d{3})+(?!\\d)|$)', 'g');
+
+/**
+ * @name formatDecimal
+ * @description Formats a number into string format with thousand separators
+ */
+export function formatDecimal (value: string, separator = ','): string {
+  // We can do this by adjusting the regx, however for the sake of clarity
+  // we rather strip and re-add the negative sign in the output
+  const isNegative = value[0].startsWith('-');
+  const matched = isNegative
+    ? value.substring(1).match(NUMBER_REGEX)
+    : value.match(NUMBER_REGEX);
+
+  return matched
+    ? `${isNegative ? '-' : ''}${matched.join(separator)}`
+    : value;
+}

packages/util/src/format/formatElapsed.spec.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+// Copyright 2017-2025 @polkadot/util authors & contributors
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+/// <reference types="@polkadot/dev-test/globals.d.ts" />
+
+import { BN } from '../bn/index.js';
+import { formatElapsed } from './index.js';
+
+describe('formatElapsed', (): void => {
+  const start = 12345678;
+  const now = new Date(12345678);
+
+  it('formats a Date', (): void => {
+    expect(
+      formatElapsed(now, new Date(start + 9700))
+    ).toEqual('9.7s');
+  });
+
+  it('formats a BN', (): void => {
+    expect(
+      formatElapsed(now, new BN(start + 42700))
+    ).toEqual('42s');
+  });
+
+  it('formats a Compact', (): void => {
+    expect(
+      formatElapsed(now, {
+        toBn: (): BN => new BN(start + (5.3 * 60000))
+      })
+    ).toEqual('5m');
+  });
+
+  it('formats a number', (): void => {
+    expect(
+      formatElapsed(now, start + (42 * 60 * 60000))
+    ).toEqual('42h');
+  });
+
+  it('formats defaults', (): void => {
+    expect(
+      formatElapsed()
+    ).toEqual('0.0s');
+  });
+});

packages/util/src/format/formatElapsed.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+// Copyright 2017-2025 @polkadot/util authors & contributors
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+import type { BN } from '../bn/bn.js';
+import type { ToBn } from '../types.js';
+
+import { bnToBn } from '../bn/toBn.js';
+
+/** @internal */
+function formatValue (elapsed: number): string {
+  if (elapsed < 15) {
+    return `${elapsed.toFixed(1)}s`;
+  } else if (elapsed < 60) {
+    return `${elapsed | 0}s`;
+  } else if (elapsed < 3600) {
+    return `${elapsed / 60 | 0}m`;
+  }
+
+  return `${elapsed / 3600 | 0}h`;
+}
+
+/**
+ * @name formatElapsed
+ * @description Formats an elapsed value into s, m, h or day segments
+ */
+export function formatElapsed <ExtToBn extends ToBn> (now?: Date | null, value?: bigint | BN | ExtToBn | Date | number | null): string {
+  const tsNow = now?.getTime() || 0;
+  const tsValue = value instanceof Date
+    ? value.getTime()
+    : bnToBn(value).toNumber();
+
+  return (tsNow && tsValue)
+    ? formatValue(Math.max(Math.abs(tsNow - tsValue), 0) / 1000)
+    : '0.0s';
+}

packages/util/src/format/formatNumber.spec.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+// Copyright 2017-2025 @polkadot/util authors & contributors
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+/// <reference types="@polkadot/dev-test/globals.d.ts" />
+
+import { BN } from '../bn/index.js';
+import { formatNumber } from './index.js';
+
+describe('formatNumber', (): void => {
+  it('formats empty', (): void => {
+    expect(
+      formatNumber()
+    ).toEqual('0');
+  });
+
+  it('formats negative numbers', (): void => {
+    expect(
+      formatNumber(-123456)
+    ).toEqual('-123,456');
+  });
+
+  it('formats BN numbers', (): void => {
+    expect(
+      formatNumber(new BN(12345))
+    ).toEqual('12,345');
+  });
+
+  it('formats BigInt numbers', (): void => {
+    expect(
+      formatNumber(123456789n)
+    ).toEqual('123,456,789');
+  });
+
+  it('formats Compact<BN>', (): void => {
+    expect(
+      formatNumber({
+        toBn: (): BN => new BN(12345),
+        unwrap: (): BN => new BN(0)
+      })
+    ).toEqual('12,345');
+  });
+
+  it('formats negative numbers (locale=sl)', (): void => {
+    expect(
+      formatNumber(-123456, { locale: 'sl' })
+    ).toEqual('-123.456');
+  });
+
+  it('formats BN numbers (locale=sl)', (): void => {
+    expect(
+      formatNumber(new BN(12345), { locale: 'sl' })
+    ).toEqual('12.345');
+  });
+
+  it('formats BigInt numbers (locale=sl)', (): void => {
+    expect(
+      formatNumber(123456789n, { locale: 'sl' })
+    ).toEqual('123.456.789');
+  });
+});

packages/util/src/format/formatNumber.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+// Copyright 2017-2025 @polkadot/util authors & contributors
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+import type { BN } from '../bn/bn.js';
+import type { ToBn } from '../types.js';
+
+import { bnToBn } from '../bn/toBn.js';
+import { formatDecimal } from './formatDecimal.js';
+import { getSeparator } from './getSeparator.js';
+
+interface Options {
+  /**
+   * @description The locale to use
+   */
+  locale?: string;
+}
+
+/**
+ * @name formatNumber
+ * @description Formats a number into string format with thousand separators
+ */
+export function formatNumber <ExtToBn extends ToBn> (
+  value?: ExtToBn | BN | bigint | number | null,
+  { locale = 'en' }: Options = {}
+): string {
+  const { thousand } = getSeparator(locale);
+
+  return formatDecimal(bnToBn(value).toString(), thousand);
+}

packages/util/src/format/getSeparator.spec.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+// Copyright 2017-2025 @polkadot/util authors & contributors
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+/// <reference types="@polkadot/dev-test/globals.d.ts" />
+
+import { getSeparator } from './getSeparator.js';
+
+describe('getSeparator', (): void => {
+  const normalizeSeparator = (separator: string) =>
+    separator === '\u202F' ? ' ' : separator;
+
+  const testLocales = [
+    { decimal: '.', locale: 'en', thousand: ',' },
+    { decimal: '.', locale: 'en-gb', thousand: ',' },
+    { decimal: ',', locale: 'sl', thousand: '.' },
+    { decimal: ',', locale: 'sl-si', thousand: '.' },
+    { decimal: ',', locale: 'it-it', thousand: '.' },
+    { decimal: '.', locale: 'ja-jp', thousand: ',' },
+    { decimal: '.', locale: 'hi-IN', thousand: ',' },
+    { decimal: '.', locale: undefined, thousand: ',' } // Fallback test
+  ];
+
+  testLocales.forEach(({ decimal, locale, thousand }) => {
+    it(`uses ${locale || 'system default'} locale`, (): void => {
+      expect(
+        getSeparator(locale)
+      ).toEqual({ decimal, thousand });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('falls back for invalid locale', (): void => {
+    expect(
+      getSeparator('invalid-locale')
+    ).toEqual({ decimal: '.', thousand: ',' }); // Default fallback
+  });
+
+  it('matches system locale dynamically', (): void => {
+    const n = 1000.1;
+    const expected = {
+      decimal: n.toLocaleString().substring(5, 6),
+      thousand: n.toLocaleString().substring(1, 2)
+    };
+
+    expect(getSeparator()).toEqual(expected);
+  });
+
+  it('handles locales with unique separators', (): void => {
+    const result = getSeparator('fr-FR');
+
+    expect(normalizeSeparator(result.thousand)).toBe(' ');
+    expect(result.decimal).toBe(',');
+  });
+});

packages/util/src/format/getSeparator.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+// Copyright 2017-2025 @polkadot/util authors & contributors
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+/**
+ * Get the decimal and thousand separator of a locale
+ * @param locale
+ * @returns {decimal: string, thousand: string}
+ */
+export function getSeparator (locale?: string):
+{ thousand: string, decimal: string } {
+  return {
+    decimal: (0.1).toLocaleString(locale, { useGrouping: false }).charAt(1),
+    thousand: (1000).toLocaleString(locale, { useGrouping: true }).replace(/\d/g, '').charAt(0)
+  };
+}

packages/util/src/format/index.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+// Copyright 2017-2025 @polkadot/util authors & contributors
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+export { formatBalance } from './formatBalance.js';
+export { formatDate } from './formatDate.js';
+export { formatDecimal } from './formatDecimal.js';
+export { formatElapsed } from './formatElapsed.js';
+export { formatNumber } from './formatNumber.js';
+export { calcSi, findSi } from './si.js';

packages/util/src/format/si.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+// Copyright 2017-2025 @polkadot/util authors & contributors
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+import type { SiDef } from '../types.js';
+
+/** @internal */
+export const SI_MID = 8;
+
+/** @internal */
+export const SI: SiDef[] = [
+  { power: -24, text: 'yocto', value: 'y' },
+  { power: -21, text: 'zepto', value: 'z' },
+  { power: -18, text: 'atto', value: 'a' },
+  { power: -15, text: 'femto', value: 'f' },
+  { power: -12, text: 'pico', value: 'p' },
+  { power: -9, text: 'nano', value: 'n' },
+  { power: -6, text: 'micro', value: 'µ' },
+  { power: -3, text: 'milli', value: 'm' },
+  { power: 0, text: 'Unit', value: '-' }, // position 8
+  { power: 3, text: 'Kilo', value: 'k' },
+  { power: 6, text: 'Mill', value: 'M' }, // Mega, M
+  { power: 9, text: 'Bill', value: 'B' }, // Giga, G
+  { power: 12, text: 'Tril', value: 'T' }, // Tera, T
+  { power: 15, text: 'Peta', value: 'P' },
+  { power: 18, text: 'Exa', value: 'E' },
+  { power: 21, text: 'Zeta', value: 'Z' },
+  { power: 24, text: 'Yotta', value: 'Y' }
+];
+
+// Given a SI type (e.g. k, m, Y) find the SI definition
+/** @internal */
+export function findSi (type: string): SiDef {
+  // use a loop here, better RN support (which doesn't have [].find)
+  for (let i = 0, count = SI.length; i < count; i++) {
+    if (SI[i].value === type) {
+      return SI[i];
+    }
+  }
+
+  return SI[SI_MID];
+}
+
+/** @internal */
+export function calcSi (text: string, decimals: number, forceUnit?: string): SiDef {
+  if (forceUnit) {
+    return findSi(forceUnit);
+  }
+
+  const siDefIndex = (SI_MID - 1) + Math.ceil((text.length - decimals) / 3);
+
+  return SI[siDefIndex] || SI[siDefIndex < 0 ? 0 : SI.length - 1];
+}