feat: Rebrand Polkadot/Substrate references to PezkuwiChain

This commit systematically rebrands various references from Parity Technologies'
Polkadot/Substrate ecosystem to PezkuwiChain within the kurdistan-sdk.

Key changes include:
- Updated external repository URLs (zombienet-sdk, parity-db, parity-scale-codec, wasm-instrument) to point to pezkuwichain forks.
- Modified internal documentation and code comments to reflect PezkuwiChain naming and structure.
- Replaced direct references to  with  or specific paths within the  for XCM, Pezkuwi, and other modules.
- Cleaned up deprecated  issue and PR references in various  and  files, particularly in  and  modules.
- Adjusted image and logo URLs in documentation to point to PezkuwiChain assets.
- Removed or rephrased comments related to external Polkadot/Substrate PRs and issues.

This is a significant step towards fully customizing the SDK for the PezkuwiChain ecosystem.

bizinikiwi/pezframe/revive/src/vm/pvm.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,870 @@
+// This file is part of Bizinikiwi.
+
+// Copyright (C) Parity Technologies (UK) Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+// 	http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+//! Environment definition of the vm smart-contract runtime.
+
+pub mod env;
+
+#[cfg(doc)]
+pub use env::SyscallDoc;
+
+use crate::{
+	exec::{ExecError, ExecResult, Ext, Key},
+	gas::ChargedAmount,
+	limits,
+	precompiles::{All as AllPrecompiles, Precompiles},
+	primitives::ExecReturnValue,
+	Code, Config, Error, Pallet, RuntimeCosts, LOG_TARGET, SENTINEL,
+};
+use alloc::{vec, vec::Vec};
+use codec::Encode;
+use core::{fmt, marker::PhantomData, mem};
+use pezframe_support::{ensure, weights::Weight};
+use pezpallet_revive_uapi::{CallFlags, ReturnErrorCode, ReturnFlags, StorageFlags};
+use pezsp_core::{H160, H256, U256};
+use pezsp_runtime::{DispatchError, RuntimeDebug};
+
+/// Extracts the code and data from a given program blob.
+pub fn extract_code_and_data(data: &[u8]) -> Option<(Vec<u8>, Vec<u8>)> {
+	let blob_len = polkavm::ProgramBlob::blob_length(data)?;
+	let blob_len = blob_len.try_into().ok()?;
+	let (code, data) = data.split_at_checked(blob_len)?;
+	Some((code.to_vec(), data.to_vec()))
+}
+
+/// Abstraction over the memory access within syscalls.
+///
+/// The reason for this abstraction is that we run syscalls on the host machine when
+/// benchmarking them. In that case we have direct access to the contract's memory. However, when
+/// running within PolkaVM we need to resort to copying as we can't map the contracts memory into
+/// the host (as of now).
+pub trait Memory<T: Config> {
+	/// Read designated chunk from the sandbox memory into the supplied buffer.
+	///
+	/// Returns `Err` if one of the following conditions occurs:
+	///
+	/// - requested buffer is not within the bounds of the sandbox memory.
+	fn read_into_buf(&self, ptr: u32, buf: &mut [u8]) -> Result<(), DispatchError>;
+
+	/// Write the given buffer to the designated location in the sandbox memory.
+	///
+	/// Returns `Err` if one of the following conditions occurs:
+	///
+	/// - designated area is not within the bounds of the sandbox memory.
+	fn write(&mut self, ptr: u32, buf: &[u8]) -> Result<(), DispatchError>;
+
+	/// Zero the designated location in the sandbox memory.
+	///
+	/// Returns `Err` if one of the following conditions occurs:
+	///
+	/// - designated area is not within the bounds of the sandbox memory.
+	fn zero(&mut self, ptr: u32, len: u32) -> Result<(), DispatchError>;
+
+	/// This will reset all compilation artifacts of the currently executing instance.
+	///
+	/// This is used before we call into a new contract to free up some memory. Doing
+	/// so we make sure that we only ever have to hold one compilation cache at a time
+	/// independtently of of our call stack depth.
+	fn reset_interpreter_cache(&mut self);
+
+	/// Read designated chunk from the sandbox memory.
+	///
+	/// Returns `Err` if one of the following conditions occurs:
+	///
+	/// - requested buffer is not within the bounds of the sandbox memory.
+	fn read(&self, ptr: u32, len: u32) -> Result<Vec<u8>, DispatchError> {
+		let mut buf = vec![0u8; len as usize];
+		self.read_into_buf(ptr, buf.as_mut_slice())?;
+		Ok(buf)
+	}
+
+	/// Same as `read` but reads into a fixed size buffer.
+	fn read_array<const N: usize>(&self, ptr: u32) -> Result<[u8; N], DispatchError> {
+		let mut buf = [0u8; N];
+		self.read_into_buf(ptr, &mut buf)?;
+		Ok(buf)
+	}
+
+	/// Read a `u32` from the sandbox memory.
+	fn read_u32(&self, ptr: u32) -> Result<u32, DispatchError> {
+		let buf: [u8; 4] = self.read_array(ptr)?;
+		Ok(u32::from_le_bytes(buf))
+	}
+
+	/// Read a `U256` from the sandbox memory.
+	fn read_u256(&self, ptr: u32) -> Result<U256, DispatchError> {
+		let buf: [u8; 32] = self.read_array(ptr)?;
+		Ok(U256::from_little_endian(&buf))
+	}
+
+	/// Read a `H160` from the sandbox memory.
+	fn read_h160(&self, ptr: u32) -> Result<H160, DispatchError> {
+		let mut buf = H160::default();
+		self.read_into_buf(ptr, buf.as_bytes_mut())?;
+		Ok(buf)
+	}
+
+	/// Read a `H256` from the sandbox memory.
+	fn read_h256(&self, ptr: u32) -> Result<H256, DispatchError> {
+		let mut code_hash = H256::default();
+		self.read_into_buf(ptr, code_hash.as_bytes_mut())?;
+		Ok(code_hash)
+	}
+}
+
+/// Allows syscalls access to the PolkaVM instance they are executing in.
+///
+/// In case a contract is executing within PolkaVM its `memory` argument will also implement
+/// this trait. The benchmarking implementation of syscalls will only require `Memory`
+/// to be implemented.
+pub trait PolkaVmInstance<T: Config>: Memory<T> {
+	fn gas(&self) -> polkavm::Gas;
+	fn set_gas(&mut self, gas: polkavm::Gas);
+	fn read_input_regs(&self) -> (u64, u64, u64, u64, u64, u64);
+	fn write_output(&mut self, output: u64);
+}
+
+// Memory implementation used in benchmarking where guest memory is mapped into the host.
+//
+// Please note that we could optimize the `read_as_*` functions by decoding directly from
+// memory without a copy. However, we don't do that because as it would change the behaviour
+// of those functions: A `read_as` with a `len` larger than the actual type can succeed
+// in the streaming implementation while it could fail with a segfault in the copy implementation.
+#[cfg(feature = "runtime-benchmarks")]
+impl<T: Config> Memory<T> for [u8] {
+	fn read_into_buf(&self, ptr: u32, buf: &mut [u8]) -> Result<(), DispatchError> {
+		let ptr = ptr as usize;
+		let bound_checked =
+			self.get(ptr..ptr + buf.len()).ok_or_else(|| Error::<T>::OutOfBounds)?;
+		buf.copy_from_slice(bound_checked);
+		Ok(())
+	}
+
+	fn write(&mut self, ptr: u32, buf: &[u8]) -> Result<(), DispatchError> {
+		let ptr = ptr as usize;
+		let bound_checked =
+			self.get_mut(ptr..ptr + buf.len()).ok_or_else(|| Error::<T>::OutOfBounds)?;
+		bound_checked.copy_from_slice(buf);
+		Ok(())
+	}
+
+	fn zero(&mut self, ptr: u32, len: u32) -> Result<(), DispatchError> {
+		<[u8] as Memory<T>>::write(self, ptr, &vec![0; len as usize])
+	}
+
+	fn reset_interpreter_cache(&mut self) {}
+}
+
+impl<T: Config> Memory<T> for polkavm::RawInstance {
+	fn read_into_buf(&self, ptr: u32, buf: &mut [u8]) -> Result<(), DispatchError> {
+		self.read_memory_into(ptr, buf)
+			.map(|_| ())
+			.map_err(|_| Error::<T>::OutOfBounds.into())
+	}
+
+	fn write(&mut self, ptr: u32, buf: &[u8]) -> Result<(), DispatchError> {
+		self.write_memory(ptr, buf).map_err(|_| Error::<T>::OutOfBounds.into())
+	}
+
+	fn zero(&mut self, ptr: u32, len: u32) -> Result<(), DispatchError> {
+		self.zero_memory(ptr, len).map_err(|_| Error::<T>::OutOfBounds.into())
+	}
+
+	fn reset_interpreter_cache(&mut self) {
+		self.reset_interpreter_cache();
+	}
+}
+
+impl<T: Config> PolkaVmInstance<T> for polkavm::RawInstance {
+	fn gas(&self) -> polkavm::Gas {
+		self.gas()
+	}
+
+	fn set_gas(&mut self, gas: polkavm::Gas) {
+		self.set_gas(gas)
+	}
+
+	fn read_input_regs(&self) -> (u64, u64, u64, u64, u64, u64) {
+		(
+			self.reg(polkavm::Reg::A0),
+			self.reg(polkavm::Reg::A1),
+			self.reg(polkavm::Reg::A2),
+			self.reg(polkavm::Reg::A3),
+			self.reg(polkavm::Reg::A4),
+			self.reg(polkavm::Reg::A5),
+		)
+	}
+
+	fn write_output(&mut self, output: u64) {
+		self.set_reg(polkavm::Reg::A0, output);
+	}
+}
+
+impl From<&ExecReturnValue> for ReturnErrorCode {
+	fn from(from: &ExecReturnValue) -> Self {
+		if from.flags.contains(ReturnFlags::REVERT) {
+			Self::CalleeReverted
+		} else {
+			Self::Success
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+/// The data passed through when a contract uses `seal_return`.
+#[derive(RuntimeDebug)]
+pub struct ReturnData {
+	/// The flags as passed through by the contract. They are still unchecked and
+	/// will later be parsed into a `ReturnFlags` bitflags struct.
+	flags: u32,
+	/// The output buffer passed by the contract as return data.
+	data: Vec<u8>,
+}
+
+/// Enumerates all possible reasons why a trap was generated.
+///
+/// This is either used to supply the caller with more information about why an error
+/// occurred (the SupervisorError variant).
+/// The other case is where the trap does not constitute an error but rather was invoked
+/// as a quick way to terminate the application (all other variants).
+#[derive(RuntimeDebug)]
+pub enum TrapReason {
+	/// The supervisor trapped the contract because of an error condition occurred during
+	/// execution in privileged code.
+	SupervisorError(DispatchError),
+	/// Signals that trap was generated in response to call `seal_return` host function.
+	Return(ReturnData),
+	/// Signals that a trap was generated in response to a successful call to the
+	/// `seal_terminate` host function.
+	Termination,
+}
+
+impl<T: Into<DispatchError>> From<T> for TrapReason {
+	fn from(from: T) -> Self {
+		Self::SupervisorError(from.into())
+	}
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for TrapReason {
+	fn fmt(&self, _f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> Result<(), fmt::Error> {
+		Ok(())
+	}
+}
+
+/// Same as [`Runtime::charge_gas`].
+///
+/// We need this access as a macro because sometimes hiding the lifetimes behind
+/// a function won't work out.
+macro_rules! charge_gas {
+	($runtime:expr, $costs:expr) => {{
+		$runtime.ext.gas_meter_mut().charge($costs)
+	}};
+}
+
+/// The kind of call that should be performed.
+enum CallType {
+	/// Execute another instantiated contract
+	Call { value_ptr: u32 },
+	/// Execute another contract code in the context (storage, account ID, value) of the caller
+	/// contract
+	DelegateCall,
+}
+
+impl CallType {
+	fn cost(&self) -> RuntimeCosts {
+		match self {
+			CallType::Call { .. } => RuntimeCosts::CallBase,
+			CallType::DelegateCall => RuntimeCosts::DelegateCallBase,
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+/// This is only appropriate when writing out data of constant size that does not depend on user
+/// input. In this case the costs for this copy was already charged as part of the token at
+/// the beginning of the API entry point.
+fn already_charged(_: u32) -> Option<RuntimeCosts> {
+	None
+}
+
+/// Helper to extract two `u32` values from a given `u64` register.
+fn extract_hi_lo(reg: u64) -> (u32, u32) {
+	((reg >> 32) as u32, reg as u32)
+}
+
+/// Provides storage variants to support standard and Etheruem compatible semantics.
+enum StorageValue {
+	/// Indicates that the storage value should be read from a memory buffer.
+	/// - `ptr`: A pointer to the start of the data in sandbox memory.
+	/// - `len`: The length (in bytes) of the data.
+	Memory { ptr: u32, len: u32 },
+
+	/// Indicates that the storage value is provided inline as a fixed-size (256-bit) value.
+	/// This is used by set_storage_or_clear() to avoid double reads.
+	/// This variant is used to implement Ethereum SSTORE-like semantics.
+	Value(Vec<u8>),
+}
+
+/// Controls the output behavior for storage reads, both when a key is found and when it is not.
+enum StorageReadMode {
+	/// VariableOutput mode: if the key exists, the full stored value is returned
+	/// using the caller‑provided output length.
+	VariableOutput { output_len_ptr: u32 },
+	/// Ethereum compatible(FixedOutput32) mode: always write a 32-byte value into the output
+	/// buffer. If the key is missing, write 32 bytes of zeros.
+	FixedOutput32,
+}
+
+/// Can only be used for one call.
+pub struct Runtime<'a, E: Ext, M: ?Sized> {
+	ext: &'a mut E,
+	input_data: Option<Vec<u8>>,
+	_phantom_data: PhantomData<M>,
+}
+
+impl<'a, E: Ext, M: ?Sized + Memory<E::T>> Runtime<'a, E, M> {
+	pub fn new(ext: &'a mut E, input_data: Vec<u8>) -> Self {
+		Self { ext, input_data: Some(input_data), _phantom_data: Default::default() }
+	}
+
+	/// Get a mutable reference to the inner `Ext`.
+	pub fn ext(&mut self) -> &mut E {
+		self.ext
+	}
+
+	/// Charge the gas meter with the specified token.
+	///
+	/// Returns `Err(HostError)` if there is not enough gas.
+	fn charge_gas(&mut self, costs: RuntimeCosts) -> Result<ChargedAmount, DispatchError> {
+		charge_gas!(self, costs)
+	}
+
+	/// Adjust a previously charged amount down to its actual amount.
+	///
+	/// This is when a maximum a priori amount was charged and then should be partially
+	/// refunded to match the actual amount.
+	fn adjust_gas(&mut self, charged: ChargedAmount, actual_costs: RuntimeCosts) {
+		self.ext.gas_meter_mut().adjust_gas(charged, actual_costs);
+	}
+
+	/// Write the given buffer and its length to the designated locations in sandbox memory and
+	/// charge gas according to the token returned by `create_token`.
+	///
+	/// `out_ptr` is the location in sandbox memory where `buf` should be written to.
+	/// `out_len_ptr` is an in-out location in sandbox memory. It is read to determine the
+	/// length of the buffer located at `out_ptr`. If that buffer is smaller than the actual
+	/// `buf.len()`, only what fits into that buffer is written to `out_ptr`.
+	/// The actual amount of bytes copied to `out_ptr` is written to `out_len_ptr`.
+	///
+	/// If `out_ptr` is set to the sentinel value of `SENTINEL` and `allow_skip` is true the
+	/// operation is skipped and `Ok` is returned. This is supposed to help callers to make copying
+	/// output optional. For example to skip copying back the output buffer of an `seal_call`
+	/// when the caller is not interested in the result.
+	///
+	/// `create_token` can optionally instruct this function to charge the gas meter with the token
+	/// it returns. `create_token` receives the variable amount of bytes that are about to be copied
+	/// by this function.
+	///
+	/// In addition to the error conditions of `Memory::write` this functions returns
+	/// `Err` if the size of the buffer located at `out_ptr` is too small to fit `buf`.
+	pub fn write_sandbox_output(
+		&mut self,
+		memory: &mut M,
+		out_ptr: u32,
+		out_len_ptr: u32,
+		buf: &[u8],
+		allow_skip: bool,
+		create_token: impl FnOnce(u32) -> Option<RuntimeCosts>,
+	) -> Result<(), DispatchError> {
+		if allow_skip && out_ptr == SENTINEL {
+			return Ok(());
+		}
+
+		let len = memory.read_u32(out_len_ptr)?;
+		let buf_len = len.min(buf.len() as u32);
+
+		if let Some(costs) = create_token(buf_len) {
+			self.charge_gas(costs)?;
+		}
+
+		memory.write(out_ptr, &buf[..buf_len as usize])?;
+		memory.write(out_len_ptr, &buf_len.encode())
+	}
+
+	/// Same as `write_sandbox_output` but for static size output.
+	pub fn write_fixed_sandbox_output(
+		&mut self,
+		memory: &mut M,
+		out_ptr: u32,
+		buf: &[u8],
+		allow_skip: bool,
+		create_token: impl FnOnce(u32) -> Option<RuntimeCosts>,
+	) -> Result<(), DispatchError> {
+		if buf.is_empty() || (allow_skip && out_ptr == SENTINEL) {
+			return Ok(());
+		}
+
+		let buf_len = buf.len() as u32;
+		if let Some(costs) = create_token(buf_len) {
+			self.charge_gas(costs)?;
+		}
+
+		memory.write(out_ptr, buf)
+	}
+
+	/// Computes the given hash function on the supplied input.
+	///
+	/// Reads from the sandboxed input buffer into an intermediate buffer.
+	/// Returns the result directly to the output buffer of the sandboxed memory.
+	///
+	/// It is the callers responsibility to provide an output buffer that
+	/// is large enough to hold the expected amount of bytes returned by the
+	/// chosen hash function.
+	///
+	/// # Note
+	///
+	/// The `input` and `output` buffers may overlap.
+	fn compute_hash_on_intermediate_buffer<F, R>(
+		&self,
+		memory: &mut M,
+		hash_fn: F,
+		input_ptr: u32,
+		input_len: u32,
+		output_ptr: u32,
+	) -> Result<(), DispatchError>
+	where
+		F: FnOnce(&[u8]) -> R,
+		R: AsRef<[u8]>,
+	{
+		// Copy input into supervisor memory.
+		let input = memory.read(input_ptr, input_len)?;
+		// Compute the hash on the input buffer using the given hash function.
+		let hash = hash_fn(&input);
+		// Write the resulting hash back into the sandboxed output buffer.
+		memory.write(output_ptr, hash.as_ref())?;
+		Ok(())
+	}
+
+	fn decode_key(&self, memory: &M, key_ptr: u32, key_len: u32) -> Result<Key, TrapReason> {
+		let res = match key_len {
+			SENTINEL => {
+				let mut buffer = [0u8; 32];
+				memory.read_into_buf(key_ptr, buffer.as_mut())?;
+				Ok(Key::from_fixed(buffer))
+			},
+			len => {
+				ensure!(len <= limits::STORAGE_KEY_BYTES, Error::<E::T>::DecodingFailed);
+				let key = memory.read(key_ptr, len)?;
+				Key::try_from_var(key)
+			},
+		};
+
+		res.map_err(|_| Error::<E::T>::DecodingFailed.into())
+	}
+
+	fn is_transient(flags: u32) -> Result<bool, TrapReason> {
+		StorageFlags::from_bits(flags)
+			.ok_or_else(|| <Error<E::T>>::InvalidStorageFlags.into())
+			.map(|flags| flags.contains(StorageFlags::TRANSIENT))
+	}
+
+	fn set_storage(
+		&mut self,
+		memory: &M,
+		flags: u32,
+		key_ptr: u32,
+		key_len: u32,
+		value: StorageValue,
+	) -> Result<u32, TrapReason> {
+		let transient = Self::is_transient(flags)?;
+		let costs = |new_bytes: u32, old_bytes: u32| {
+			if transient {
+				RuntimeCosts::SetTransientStorage { new_bytes, old_bytes }
+			} else {
+				RuntimeCosts::SetStorage { new_bytes, old_bytes }
+			}
+		};
+
+		let value_len = match &value {
+			StorageValue::Memory { ptr: _, len } => *len,
+			StorageValue::Value(data) => data.len() as u32,
+		};
+
+		let max_size = limits::STORAGE_BYTES;
+		let charged = self.charge_gas(costs(value_len, max_size))?;
+		if value_len > max_size {
+			return Err(Error::<E::T>::ValueTooLarge.into());
+		}
+
+		let key = self.decode_key(memory, key_ptr, key_len)?;
+
+		let value = match value {
+			StorageValue::Memory { ptr, len } => Some(memory.read(ptr, len)?),
+			StorageValue::Value(data) => Some(data),
+		};
+
+		let write_outcome = if transient {
+			self.ext.set_transient_storage(&key, value, false)?
+		} else {
+			self.ext.set_storage(&key, value, false)?
+		};
+
+		self.adjust_gas(charged, costs(value_len, write_outcome.old_len()));
+		Ok(write_outcome.old_len_with_sentinel())
+	}
+
+	fn clear_storage(
+		&mut self,
+		memory: &M,
+		flags: u32,
+		key_ptr: u32,
+		key_len: u32,
+	) -> Result<u32, TrapReason> {
+		let transient = Self::is_transient(flags)?;
+		let costs = |len| {
+			if transient {
+				RuntimeCosts::ClearTransientStorage(len)
+			} else {
+				RuntimeCosts::ClearStorage(len)
+			}
+		};
+		let charged = self.charge_gas(costs(limits::STORAGE_BYTES))?;
+		let key = self.decode_key(memory, key_ptr, key_len)?;
+		let outcome = if transient {
+			self.ext.set_transient_storage(&key, None, false)?
+		} else {
+			self.ext.set_storage(&key, None, false)?
+		};
+		self.adjust_gas(charged, costs(outcome.old_len()));
+		Ok(outcome.old_len_with_sentinel())
+	}
+
+	fn get_storage(
+		&mut self,
+		memory: &mut M,
+		flags: u32,
+		key_ptr: u32,
+		key_len: u32,
+		out_ptr: u32,
+		read_mode: StorageReadMode,
+	) -> Result<ReturnErrorCode, TrapReason> {
+		let transient = Self::is_transient(flags)?;
+		let costs = |len| {
+			if transient {
+				RuntimeCosts::GetTransientStorage(len)
+			} else {
+				RuntimeCosts::GetStorage(len)
+			}
+		};
+		let charged = self.charge_gas(costs(limits::STORAGE_BYTES))?;
+		let key = self.decode_key(memory, key_ptr, key_len)?;
+		let outcome = if transient {
+			self.ext.get_transient_storage(&key)
+		} else {
+			self.ext.get_storage(&key)
+		};
+
+		if let Some(value) = outcome {
+			self.adjust_gas(charged, costs(value.len() as u32));
+
+			match read_mode {
+				StorageReadMode::FixedOutput32 => {
+					let mut fixed_output = [0u8; 32];
+					let len = value.len().min(fixed_output.len());
+					fixed_output[..len].copy_from_slice(&value[..len]);
+
+					self.write_fixed_sandbox_output(
+						memory,
+						out_ptr,
+						&fixed_output,
+						false,
+						already_charged,
+					)?;
+					Ok(ReturnErrorCode::Success)
+				},
+				StorageReadMode::VariableOutput { output_len_ptr: out_len_ptr } => {
+					self.write_sandbox_output(
+						memory,
+						out_ptr,
+						out_len_ptr,
+						&value,
+						false,
+						already_charged,
+					)?;
+					Ok(ReturnErrorCode::Success)
+				},
+			}
+		} else {
+			self.adjust_gas(charged, costs(0));
+
+			match read_mode {
+				StorageReadMode::FixedOutput32 => {
+					self.write_fixed_sandbox_output(
+						memory,
+						out_ptr,
+						&[0u8; 32],
+						false,
+						already_charged,
+					)?;
+					Ok(ReturnErrorCode::Success)
+				},
+				StorageReadMode::VariableOutput { .. } => Ok(ReturnErrorCode::KeyNotFound),
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	fn call(
+		&mut self,
+		memory: &mut M,
+		flags: CallFlags,
+		call_type: CallType,
+		callee_ptr: u32,
+		deposit_ptr: u32,
+		weight: Weight,
+		input_data_ptr: u32,
+		input_data_len: u32,
+		output_ptr: u32,
+		output_len_ptr: u32,
+	) -> Result<ReturnErrorCode, TrapReason> {
+		let callee = memory.read_h160(callee_ptr)?;
+		let precompile = <AllPrecompiles<E::T>>::get::<E>(&callee.as_fixed_bytes());
+		match &precompile {
+			Some(precompile) if precompile.has_contract_info() =>
+				self.charge_gas(RuntimeCosts::PrecompileWithInfoBase)?,
+			Some(_) => self.charge_gas(RuntimeCosts::PrecompileBase)?,
+			None => self.charge_gas(call_type.cost())?,
+		};
+
+		let deposit_limit = memory.read_u256(deposit_ptr)?;
+
+		// we do check this in exec.rs but we want to error out early
+		if input_data_len > limits::CALLDATA_BYTES {
+			Err(<Error<E::T>>::CallDataTooLarge)?;
+		}
+
+		let input_data = if flags.contains(CallFlags::CLONE_INPUT) {
+			let input = self.input_data.as_ref().ok_or(Error::<E::T>::InputForwarded)?;
+			charge_gas!(self, RuntimeCosts::CallInputCloned(input.len() as u32))?;
+			input.clone()
+		} else if flags.contains(CallFlags::FORWARD_INPUT) {
+			self.input_data.take().ok_or(Error::<E::T>::InputForwarded)?
+		} else {
+			if precompile.is_some() {
+				self.charge_gas(RuntimeCosts::PrecompileDecode(input_data_len))?;
+			} else {
+				self.charge_gas(RuntimeCosts::CopyFromContract(input_data_len))?;
+			}
+			memory.read(input_data_ptr, input_data_len)?
+		};
+
+		memory.reset_interpreter_cache();
+
+		let call_outcome = match call_type {
+			CallType::Call { value_ptr } => {
+				let read_only = flags.contains(CallFlags::READ_ONLY);
+				let value = memory.read_u256(value_ptr)?;
+				if value > 0u32.into() {
+					// If the call value is non-zero and state change is not allowed, issue an
+					// error.
+					if read_only || self.ext.is_read_only() {
+						return Err(Error::<E::T>::StateChangeDenied.into());
+					}
+
+					self.charge_gas(RuntimeCosts::CallTransferSurcharge {
+						dust_transfer: Pallet::<E::T>::has_dust(value),
+					})?;
+				}
+				self.ext.call(
+					weight,
+					deposit_limit,
+					&callee,
+					value,
+					input_data,
+					flags.contains(CallFlags::ALLOW_REENTRY),
+					read_only,
+				)
+			},
+			CallType::DelegateCall => {
+				if flags.intersects(CallFlags::ALLOW_REENTRY | CallFlags::READ_ONLY) {
+					return Err(Error::<E::T>::InvalidCallFlags.into());
+				}
+				self.ext.delegate_call(weight, deposit_limit, callee, input_data)
+			},
+		};
+
+		match call_outcome {
+			// `TAIL_CALL` only matters on an `OK` result. Otherwise the call stack comes to
+			// a halt anyways without anymore code being executed.
+			Ok(_) if flags.contains(CallFlags::TAIL_CALL) => {
+				let output = mem::take(self.ext.last_frame_output_mut());
+				return Err(TrapReason::Return(ReturnData {
+					flags: output.flags.bits(),
+					data: output.data,
+				}));
+			},
+			Ok(_) => {
+				let output = mem::take(self.ext.last_frame_output_mut());
+				let write_result = self.write_sandbox_output(
+					memory,
+					output_ptr,
+					output_len_ptr,
+					&output.data,
+					true,
+					|len| Some(RuntimeCosts::CopyToContract(len)),
+				);
+				*self.ext.last_frame_output_mut() = output;
+				write_result?;
+				Ok(self.ext.last_frame_output().into())
+			},
+			Err(err) => {
+				let error_code = super::exec_error_into_return_code::<E>(err)?;
+				memory.write(output_len_ptr, &0u32.to_le_bytes())?;
+				Ok(error_code)
+			},
+		}
+	}
+
+	fn instantiate(
+		&mut self,
+		memory: &mut M,
+		code_hash_ptr: u32,
+		weight: Weight,
+		deposit_ptr: u32,
+		value_ptr: u32,
+		input_data_ptr: u32,
+		input_data_len: u32,
+		address_ptr: u32,
+		output_ptr: u32,
+		output_len_ptr: u32,
+		salt_ptr: u32,
+	) -> Result<ReturnErrorCode, TrapReason> {
+		let value = match memory.read_u256(value_ptr) {
+			Ok(value) => {
+				self.charge_gas(RuntimeCosts::Instantiate {
+					input_data_len,
+					balance_transfer: Pallet::<E::T>::has_balance(value),
+					dust_transfer: Pallet::<E::T>::has_dust(value),
+				})?;
+				value
+			},
+			Err(err) => {
+				self.charge_gas(RuntimeCosts::Instantiate {
+					input_data_len: 0,
+					balance_transfer: false,
+					dust_transfer: false,
+				})?;
+				return Err(err.into());
+			},
+		};
+		let deposit_limit: U256 = memory.read_u256(deposit_ptr)?;
+		let code_hash = memory.read_h256(code_hash_ptr)?;
+		if input_data_len > limits::CALLDATA_BYTES {
+			Err(<Error<E::T>>::CallDataTooLarge)?;
+		}
+		let input_data = memory.read(input_data_ptr, input_data_len)?;
+		let salt = if salt_ptr == SENTINEL {
+			None
+		} else {
+			let salt: [u8; 32] = memory.read_array(salt_ptr)?;
+			Some(salt)
+		};
+
+		memory.reset_interpreter_cache();
+
+		match self.ext.instantiate(
+			weight,
+			deposit_limit,
+			Code::Existing(code_hash),
+			value,
+			input_data,
+			salt.as_ref(),
+		) {
+			Ok(address) => {
+				if !self.ext.last_frame_output().flags.contains(ReturnFlags::REVERT) {
+					self.write_fixed_sandbox_output(
+						memory,
+						address_ptr,
+						&address.as_bytes(),
+						true,
+						already_charged,
+					)?;
+				}
+				let output = mem::take(self.ext.last_frame_output_mut());
+				let write_result = self.write_sandbox_output(
+					memory,
+					output_ptr,
+					output_len_ptr,
+					&output.data,
+					true,
+					|len| Some(RuntimeCosts::CopyToContract(len)),
+				);
+				*self.ext.last_frame_output_mut() = output;
+				write_result?;
+				Ok(self.ext.last_frame_output().into())
+			},
+			Err(err) => Ok(super::exec_error_into_return_code::<E>(err)?),
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+pub struct PreparedCall<'a, E: Ext> {
+	module: polkavm::Module,
+	instance: polkavm::RawInstance,
+	runtime: Runtime<'a, E, polkavm::RawInstance>,
+}
+
+impl<'a, E: Ext> PreparedCall<'a, E> {
+	pub fn call(mut self) -> ExecResult {
+		let exec_result = loop {
+			let interrupt = self.instance.run();
+			if let Some(exec_result) =
+				self.runtime.handle_interrupt(interrupt, &self.module, &mut self.instance)
+			{
+				break exec_result;
+			}
+		};
+		let _ = self.runtime.ext().gas_meter_mut().sync_from_executor(self.instance.gas())?;
+		exec_result
+	}
+
+	/// The guest memory address at which the aux data is located.
+	#[cfg(feature = "runtime-benchmarks")]
+	pub fn aux_data_base(&self) -> u32 {
+		self.instance.module().memory_map().aux_data_address()
+	}
+
+	/// Copies `data` to the aux data at address `offset`.
+	///
+	/// It sets `a0` to the beginning of data inside the aux data.
+	/// It sets `a1` to the value passed.
+	///
+	/// Only used in benchmarking so far.
+	#[cfg(feature = "runtime-benchmarks")]
+	pub fn setup_aux_data(
+		&mut self,
+		data: &[u8],
+		offset: u32,
+		a1: u64,
+	) -> pezframe_support::dispatch::DispatchResult {
+		let a0 = self.aux_data_base().saturating_add(offset);
+		self.instance.write_memory(a0, data).map_err(|err| {
+			log::debug!(target: LOG_TARGET, "failed to write aux data: {err:?}");
+			Error::<E::T>::CodeRejected
+		})?;
+		self.instance.set_reg(polkavm::Reg::A0, a0.into());
+		self.instance.set_reg(polkavm::Reg::A1, a1);
+		Ok(())
+	}
+}