feat: Rebrand Polkadot/Substrate references to PezkuwiChain

This commit systematically rebrands various references from Parity Technologies'
Polkadot/Substrate ecosystem to PezkuwiChain within the kurdistan-sdk.

Key changes include:
- Updated external repository URLs (zombienet-sdk, parity-db, parity-scale-codec, wasm-instrument) to point to pezkuwichain forks.
- Modified internal documentation and code comments to reflect PezkuwiChain naming and structure.
- Replaced direct references to  with  or specific paths within the  for XCM, Pezkuwi, and other modules.
- Cleaned up deprecated  issue and PR references in various  and  files, particularly in  and  modules.
- Adjusted image and logo URLs in documentation to point to PezkuwiChain assets.
- Removed or rephrased comments related to external Polkadot/Substrate PRs and issues.

This is a significant step towards fully customizing the SDK for the PezkuwiChain ecosystem.

bizinikiwi/pezframe/staking/reward-fn/src/lib.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,224 @@
+// This file is part of Bizinikiwi.
+
+// Copyright (C) Parity Technologies (UK) Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+// 	http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#![cfg_attr(not(feature = "std"), no_std)]
+
+//! Useful function for inflation for nominated proof of stake.
+
+use pezsp_arithmetic::{
+	biguint::BigUint,
+	traits::{SaturatedConversion, Zero},
+	PerThing, Perquintill,
+};
+
+/// Compute yearly inflation using function
+///
+/// ```ignore
+/// I(x) = for x between 0 and x_ideal: x / x_ideal,
+/// for x between x_ideal and 1: 2^((x_ideal - x) / d)
+/// ```
+///
+/// where:
+/// * x is the stake rate, i.e. fraction of total issued tokens that actively staked behind
+///   validators.
+/// * d is the falloff or `decay_rate`
+/// * x_ideal: the ideal stake rate.
+///
+/// The result is meant to be scaled with minimum inflation and maximum inflation.
+///
+/// (as detailed
+/// [here](https://research.web3.foundation/Polkadot/overview/token-economics#inflation-model-with-parachains))
+///
+/// Arguments are:
+/// * `stake`: The fraction of total issued tokens that actively staked behind validators. Known as
+///   `x` in the literature. Must be between 0 and 1.
+/// * `ideal_stake`: The fraction of total issued tokens that should be actively staked behind
+///   validators. Known as `x_ideal` in the literature. Must be between 0 and 1.
+/// * `falloff`: Known as `decay_rate` in the literature. A co-efficient dictating the strength of
+///   the global incentivization to get the `ideal_stake`. A higher number results in less typical
+///   inflation at the cost of greater volatility for validators. Must be more than 0.01.
+pub fn compute_inflation<P: PerThing>(stake: P, ideal_stake: P, falloff: P) -> P {
+	if stake < ideal_stake {
+		// ideal_stake is more than 0 because it is strictly more than stake
+		return stake / ideal_stake;
+	}
+
+	if falloff < P::from_percent(1.into()) {
+		log::error!("Invalid inflation computation: falloff less than 1% is not supported");
+		return PerThing::zero();
+	}
+
+	let accuracy = {
+		let mut a = BigUint::from(Into::<u128>::into(P::ACCURACY));
+		a.lstrip();
+		a
+	};
+
+	let mut falloff = BigUint::from(falloff.deconstruct().into());
+	falloff.lstrip();
+
+	let ln2 = {
+		/// `ln(2)` expressed in as perquintillionth.
+		const LN2: u64 = 0_693_147_180_559_945_309;
+		let ln2 = P::from_rational(LN2.into(), Perquintill::ACCURACY.into());
+		BigUint::from(ln2.deconstruct().into())
+	};
+
+	// falloff is stripped above.
+	let ln2_div_d = div_by_stripped(ln2.mul(&accuracy), &falloff);
+
+	let inpos_param = INPoSParam {
+		x_ideal: BigUint::from(ideal_stake.deconstruct().into()),
+		x: BigUint::from(stake.deconstruct().into()),
+		accuracy,
+		ln2_div_d,
+	};
+
+	let res = compute_taylor_serie_part(&inpos_param);
+
+	match u128::try_from(res.clone()) {
+		Ok(res) if res <= Into::<u128>::into(P::ACCURACY) => P::from_parts(res.saturated_into()),
+		// If result is beyond bounds there is nothing we can do
+		_ => {
+			log::error!("Invalid inflation computation: unexpected result {:?}", res);
+			P::zero()
+		},
+	}
+}
+
+/// Internal struct holding parameter info alongside other cached value.
+///
+/// All expressed in part from `accuracy`
+struct INPoSParam {
+	ln2_div_d: BigUint,
+	x_ideal: BigUint,
+	x: BigUint,
+	/// Must be stripped and have no leading zeros.
+	accuracy: BigUint,
+}
+
+/// Compute `2^((x_ideal - x) / d)` using taylor series.
+///
+/// x must be strictly more than x_ideal.
+///
+/// result is expressed with accuracy `INPoSParam.accuracy`
+fn compute_taylor_serie_part(p: &INPoSParam) -> BigUint {
+	// The last computed taylor term.
+	let mut last_taylor_term = p.accuracy.clone();
+
+	// Whereas taylor sum is positive.
+	let mut taylor_sum_positive = true;
+
+	// The sum of all taylor term.
+	let mut taylor_sum = last_taylor_term.clone();
+
+	for k in 1..300 {
+		last_taylor_term = compute_taylor_term(k, &last_taylor_term, p);
+
+		if last_taylor_term.is_zero() {
+			break;
+		}
+
+		let last_taylor_term_positive = k % 2 == 0;
+
+		if taylor_sum_positive == last_taylor_term_positive {
+			taylor_sum = taylor_sum.add(&last_taylor_term);
+		} else if taylor_sum >= last_taylor_term {
+			taylor_sum = taylor_sum
+				.sub(&last_taylor_term)
+				// NOTE: Should never happen as checked above
+				.unwrap_or_else(|e| e);
+		} else {
+			taylor_sum_positive = !taylor_sum_positive;
+			taylor_sum = last_taylor_term
+				.clone()
+				.sub(&taylor_sum)
+				// NOTE: Should never happen as checked above
+				.unwrap_or_else(|e| e);
+		}
+	}
+
+	if !taylor_sum_positive {
+		return BigUint::zero();
+	}
+
+	taylor_sum.lstrip();
+	taylor_sum
+}
+
+/// Return the absolute value of k-th taylor term of `2^((x_ideal - x))/d` i.e.
+/// `((x - x_ideal) * ln(2) / d)^k / k!`
+///
+/// x must be strictly more x_ideal.
+///
+/// We compute the term from the last term using this formula:
+///
+/// `((x - x_ideal) * ln(2) / d)^k / k! == previous_term * (x - x_ideal) * ln(2) / d / k`
+///
+/// `previous_taylor_term` and result are expressed with accuracy `INPoSParam.accuracy`
+fn compute_taylor_term(k: u32, previous_taylor_term: &BigUint, p: &INPoSParam) -> BigUint {
+	let x_minus_x_ideal =
+		p.x.clone()
+			.sub(&p.x_ideal)
+			// NOTE: Should never happen, as x must be more than x_ideal
+			.unwrap_or_else(|_| BigUint::zero());
+
+	let res = previous_taylor_term.clone().mul(&x_minus_x_ideal).mul(&p.ln2_div_d).div_unit(k);
+
+	// p.accuracy is stripped by definition.
+	let res = div_by_stripped(res, &p.accuracy);
+	let mut res = div_by_stripped(res, &p.accuracy);
+
+	res.lstrip();
+	res
+}
+
+/// Compute a div b.
+///
+/// requires `b` to be stripped and have no leading zeros.
+fn div_by_stripped(mut a: BigUint, b: &BigUint) -> BigUint {
+	a.lstrip();
+
+	if b.len() == 0 {
+		log::error!("Computation error: Invalid division");
+		return BigUint::zero();
+	}
+
+	if b.len() == 1 {
+		return a.div_unit(b.checked_get(0).unwrap_or(1));
+	}
+
+	if b.len() > a.len() {
+		return BigUint::zero();
+	}
+
+	if b.len() == a.len() {
+		// 100_000^2 is more than 2^32-1, thus `new_a` has more limbs than `b`.
+		let mut new_a = a.mul(&BigUint::from(100_000u64.pow(2)));
+		new_a.lstrip();
+
+		debug_assert!(new_a.len() > b.len());
+		return new_a
+			.div(b, false)
+			.map(|res| res.0)
+			.unwrap_or_else(BigUint::zero)
+			.div_unit(100_000)
+			.div_unit(100_000);
+	}
+
+	a.div(b, false).map(|res| res.0).unwrap_or_else(BigUint::zero)
+}