fix: Convert vendor/pezkuwi-subxt from submodule to regular directory

vendor/pezkuwi-subxt/subxt/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,163 @@
+[package]
+name = "pezkuwi-subxt"
+version.workspace = true
+authors.workspace = true
+edition.workspace = true
+rust-version.workspace = true
+publish = true
+
+license.workspace = true
+readme = "../README.md"
+repository.workspace = true
+documentation.workspace = true
+homepage.workspace = true
+description = "Submit extrinsics (transactions) to a Pezkuwi/Bizinikiwi node via RPC"
+keywords = ["pezkuwi", "bizinikiwi", "blockchain"]
+
+[lints]
+workspace = true
+
+[features]
+# For dev and documentation reasons we enable more features than are often desired.
+# it's recommended to use `--no-default-features` and then select what you need.
+default = ["jsonrpsee", "native"]
+
+# Enable this for native (ie non web/wasm builds).
+# Exactly 1 of "web" and "native" is expected.
+native = [
+    "pezkuwi-subxt-lightclient?/native",
+    "pezkuwi-subxt-rpcs/native",
+    "tokio-util",
+    "tokio?/sync",
+    "pezsp-crypto-hashing/std",
+]
+
+# Enable this for web/wasm builds.
+# Exactly 1 of "web" and "native" is expected.
+web = [
+    "pezkuwi-subxt-lightclient?/web",
+    "pezkuwi-subxt-macro/web",
+    "pezkuwi-subxt-rpcs/web",
+    "tokio?/sync",
+]
+
+# Feature flag to enable the default future executor.
+# Technically it's a hack enable to both but simplifies the conditional compilation
+# and subxt is selecting executor based on the used platform.
+#
+# For instance `wasm-bindgen-futures` panics if the platform isn't wasm32 and
+# similar for tokio that requires a tokio runtime to be initialized.
+runtime = ["tokio/rt", "wasm-bindgen-futures"]
+
+# Enable this to use the reconnecting rpc client
+reconnecting-rpc-client = ["pezkuwi-subxt-rpcs/reconnecting-rpc-client"]
+
+# Enable this to use jsonrpsee, which enables the jsonrpsee RPC client, and
+# a couple of util functions which rely on jsonrpsee.
+jsonrpsee = [
+    "dep:jsonrpsee",
+    "pezkuwi-subxt-rpcs/jsonrpsee",
+    "runtime"
+]
+
+# Enable this to fetch and utilize the latest unstable metadata from a node.
+# The unstable metadata is subject to breaking changes and the subxt might
+# fail to decode the metadata properly. Use this to experiment with the
+# latest features exposed by the metadata.
+unstable-metadata = []
+
+# Activate this to expose the Light Client functionality.
+# Note that this feature is experimental and things may break or not work as expected.
+unstable-light-client = ["pezkuwi-subxt-lightclient", "pezkuwi-subxt-rpcs/unstable-light-client"]
+
+# Activate this to expose the ability to generate metadata from Wasm runtime files.
+runtime-wasm-path = ["pezkuwi-subxt-macro/runtime-wasm-path"]
+
+[dependencies]
+async-trait = { workspace = true }
+codec = { package = "parity-scale-codec", workspace = true, features = ["derive"] }
+derive-where = { workspace = true }
+scale-info = { workspace = true, features = ["default"] }
+scale-value = { workspace = true, features = ["default"] }
+scale-bits = { workspace = true, features = ["default"] }
+scale-decode = { workspace = true, features = ["default"] }
+scale-encode = { workspace = true, features = ["default"] }
+futures = { workspace = true }
+hex = { workspace = true }
+serde = { workspace = true, features = ["derive"] }
+serde_json = { workspace = true, features = ["default", "raw_value"] }
+pezsp-crypto-hashing = { workspace = true }
+thiserror = { workspace = true }
+tracing = { workspace = true }
+frame-metadata = { workspace = true }
+either = { workspace = true }
+web-time = { workspace = true }
+
+# Provides some deserialization, types like U256/H256 and hashing impls like twox/blake256:
+primitive-types = { workspace = true, features = ["codec", "scale-info", "serde"] }
+
+# Included if the "jsonrpsee" feature is enabled.
+jsonrpsee = { workspace = true, optional = true, features = ["jsonrpsee-types"] }
+
+# Other pezkuwi-subxt crates we depend on.
+pezkuwi-subxt-macro = { workspace = true }
+pezkuwi-subxt-core = { workspace = true, features = ["std"] }
+pezkuwi-subxt-metadata = { workspace = true, features = ["std"] }
+pezkuwi-subxt-lightclient = { workspace = true, optional = true, default-features = false }
+pezkuwi-subxt-rpcs = { workspace = true, features = ["subxt"] }
+
+# For parsing urls to disallow insecure schemes
+url = { workspace = true }
+
+# Included if "native" feature is enabled
+tokio-util = { workspace = true, features = ["compat"], optional = true }
+
+# Included if the reconnecting rpc client feature is enabled
+# Only the `tokio/sync` is used in the reconnecting rpc client
+# and that compiles both for native and web.
+tokio = { workspace = true, optional = true }
+wasm-bindgen-futures = { workspace = true, optional = true }
+
+[dev-dependencies]
+bitvec = { workspace = true }
+codec = { workspace = true, features = ["derive", "bit-vec"] }
+scale-info = { workspace = true, features = ["bit-vec"] }
+tokio = { workspace = true, features = ["macros", "time", "rt-multi-thread", "sync"] }
+pezsp-core = { workspace = true, features = ["std"] }
+pezsp-keyring = { workspace = true, features = ["std"] }
+pezsp-runtime = { workspace = true, features = ["std"] }
+assert_matches = { workspace = true }
+pezkuwi-subxt-signer = { path = "../signer", features = ["unstable-eth"] }
+pezkuwi-subxt-rpcs = { workspace = true, features = ["subxt", "mock-rpc-client"] }
+# Tracing subscriber is useful for light-client examples to ensure that
+# the `bootNodes` and chain spec are configured correctly. If all is fine, then
+# the light-client will emit INFO logs with
+# `GrandPa warp sync finished` and `Finalized block runtime ready.`
+tracing-subscriber = { workspace = true }
+# These deps are needed to test the reconnecting rpc client
+jsonrpsee = { workspace = true, features = ["server"] }
+tower = { workspace = true }
+hyper = { workspace = true }
+http-body = { workspace = true }
+
+[[example]]
+name = "light_client_basic"
+path = "examples/light_client_basic.rs"
+required-features = ["unstable-light-client", "jsonrpsee"]
+
+[[example]]
+name = "light_client_local_node"
+path = "examples/light_client_local_node.rs"
+required-features = ["unstable-light-client", "jsonrpsee", "native"]
+
+[[example]]
+name = "setup_reconnecting_rpc_client"
+path = "examples/setup_reconnecting_rpc_client.rs"
+required-features = ["reconnecting-rpc-client"]
+
+[package.metadata.docs.rs]
+features = ["default", "unstable-light-client"]
+rustdoc-args = ["--cfg", "docsrs"]
+
+[package.metadata.playground]
+features = ["default", "unstable-light-client"]

vendor/pezkuwi-subxt/subxt/examples/block_decoding_dynamic.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+#![allow(missing_docs)]
+use subxt::{OnlineClient, PolkadotConfig};
+
+#[tokio::main]
+async fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
+    // Create a client that subscribes to blocks of the Polkadot network.
+    let api = OnlineClient::<PolkadotConfig>::from_url("wss://rpc.polkadot.io:443").await?;
+
+    // Subscribe to all finalized blocks:
+    let mut blocks_sub = api.blocks().subscribe_finalized().await?;
+    while let Some(block) = blocks_sub.next().await {
+        let block = block?;
+        let block_number = block.header().number;
+        let block_hash = block.hash();
+        println!("Block #{block_number}  ({block_hash})");
+
+        // Decode each signed extrinsic in the block dynamically
+        let extrinsics = block.extrinsics().await?;
+        for ext in extrinsics.iter() {
+            let Some(transaction_extensions) = ext.transaction_extensions() else {
+                continue; // we do not look at inherents in this example
+            };
+
+            // Decode the fields into our dynamic Value type to display:
+            let fields = ext.decode_as_fields::<scale_value::Value>()?;
+
+            println!("  {}/{}", ext.pallet_name(), ext.call_name());
+            println!("    Transaction Extensions:");
+            for signed_ext in transaction_extensions.iter() {
+                // We only want to take a look at these 3 signed extensions, because the others all just have unit fields.
+                if ["CheckMortality", "CheckNonce", "ChargeTransactionPayment"]
+                    .contains(&signed_ext.name())
+                {
+                    println!("      {}: {}", signed_ext.name(), signed_ext.value()?);
+                }
+            }
+            println!("    Fields:");
+            println!("      {fields}\n");
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}

vendor/pezkuwi-subxt/subxt/examples/block_decoding_static.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+#![allow(missing_docs)]
+use subxt::{
+    OnlineClient, PolkadotConfig,
+    utils::{AccountId32, MultiAddress},
+};
+
+use codec::Decode;
+
+#[subxt::subxt(runtime_metadata_path = "../artifacts/polkadot_metadata_small.scale")]
+pub mod polkadot {}
+
+use polkadot::balances::calls::types::TransferKeepAlive;
+
+#[tokio::main]
+async fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
+    // Create a client that subscribes to blocks of the Polkadot network.
+    let api = OnlineClient::<PolkadotConfig>::from_url("wss://rpc.polkadot.io:443").await?;
+
+    // Subscribe to all finalized blocks:
+    let mut blocks_sub = api.blocks().subscribe_finalized().await?;
+
+    // For each block, print details about the `TransferKeepAlive` transactions we are interested in.
+    while let Some(block) = blocks_sub.next().await {
+        let block = block?;
+        let block_number = block.header().number;
+        let block_hash = block.hash();
+        println!("Block #{block_number}  ({block_hash}):");
+
+        let extrinsics = block.extrinsics().await?;
+        for transfer in extrinsics.find::<TransferKeepAlive>() {
+            let transfer = transfer?;
+
+            let Some(extensions) = transfer.details.transaction_extensions() else {
+                panic!("TransferKeepAlive should be signed")
+            };
+
+            let addr_bytes = transfer
+                .details
+                .address_bytes()
+                .expect("TransferKeepAlive should be signed");
+            let sender = MultiAddress::<AccountId32, ()>::decode(&mut &addr_bytes[..])
+                .expect("Decoding should work");
+            let sender = display_address(&sender);
+            let receiver = display_address(&transfer.value.dest);
+            let value = transfer.value.value;
+            let tip = extensions.tip().expect("Should have tip");
+            let nonce = extensions.nonce().expect("Should have nonce");
+
+            println!(
+                "    Transfer of {value} DOT:\n        {sender} (Tip: {tip}, Nonce: {nonce}) ---> {receiver}",
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn display_address(addr: &MultiAddress<AccountId32, ()>) -> String {
+    if let MultiAddress::Id(id32) = addr {
+        format!("{id32}")
+    } else {
+        "MultiAddress::...".into()
+    }
+}

vendor/pezkuwi-subxt/subxt/examples/blocks_subscribing.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+#![allow(missing_docs)]
+use subxt::{OnlineClient, PolkadotConfig};
+
+#[subxt::subxt(runtime_metadata_path = "../artifacts/polkadot_metadata_small.scale")]
+pub mod polkadot {}
+
+#[tokio::main]
+async fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
+    // Create a client to use:
+    let api = OnlineClient::<PolkadotConfig>::new().await?;
+
+    // Subscribe to all finalized blocks:
+    let mut blocks_sub = api.blocks().subscribe_finalized().await?;
+
+    // For each block, print a bunch of information about it:
+    while let Some(block) = blocks_sub.next().await {
+        let block = block?;
+
+        let block_number = block.header().number;
+        let block_hash = block.hash();
+
+        println!("Block #{block_number}:");
+        println!("  Hash: {block_hash}");
+        println!("  Extrinsics:");
+
+        // Log each of the extrinsic with it's associated events:
+        let extrinsics = block.extrinsics().await?;
+        for ext in extrinsics.iter() {
+            let idx = ext.index();
+            let events = ext.events().await?;
+            let bytes_hex = format!("0x{}", hex::encode(ext.bytes()));
+
+            // See the API docs for more ways to decode extrinsics:
+            let decoded_ext = ext.as_root_extrinsic::<polkadot::Call>();
+
+            println!("    Extrinsic #{idx}:");
+            println!("      Bytes: {bytes_hex}");
+            println!("      Decoded: {decoded_ext:?}");
+
+            println!("      Events:");
+            for evt in events.iter() {
+                let evt = evt?;
+                let pallet_name = evt.pallet_name();
+                let event_name = evt.variant_name();
+                let event_values = evt.decode_as_fields::<scale_value::Value>()?;
+
+                println!("        {pallet_name}_{event_name}");
+                println!("          {event_values}");
+            }
+
+            println!("      Transaction Extensions:");
+            if let Some(transaction_extensions) = ext.transaction_extensions() {
+                for transaction_extension in transaction_extensions.iter() {
+                    let name = transaction_extension.name();
+                    let value = transaction_extension.value()?.to_string();
+                    println!("        {name}: {value}");
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}

vendor/pezkuwi-subxt/subxt/examples/constants_dynamic.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+#![allow(missing_docs)]
+use subxt::dynamic::Value;
+use subxt::{OnlineClient, PolkadotConfig};
+
+#[tokio::main]
+async fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
+    // Create a client to use:
+    let api = OnlineClient::<PolkadotConfig>::new().await?;
+
+    // We can query a constant by providing a tuple of the pallet and constant name. The return type
+    // will be `Value` if we pass this query:
+    let constant_query = ("System", "BlockLength");
+    let _value = api.constants().at(&constant_query)?;
+
+    // Or we can use the library function to query a constant, which allows us to pass a generic type
+    // that Subxt will attempt to decode the constant into:
+    let constant_query = subxt::dynamic::constant::<Value>("System", "BlockLength");
+    let value = api.constants().at(&constant_query)?;
+
+    // Or we can obtain the bytes for the constant, using either form of query.
+    let bytes = api.constants().bytes_at(&constant_query)?;
+
+    println!("Constant bytes: {:?}", bytes);
+    println!("Constant value: {}", value);
+    Ok(())
+}

vendor/pezkuwi-subxt/subxt/examples/constants_static.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+#![allow(missing_docs)]
+use subxt::{OnlineClient, PolkadotConfig};
+
+#[subxt::subxt(runtime_metadata_path = "../artifacts/polkadot_metadata_small.scale")]
+pub mod polkadot {}
+
+#[tokio::main]
+async fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
+    // Create a client to use:
+    let api = OnlineClient::<PolkadotConfig>::new().await?;
+
+    // A query to obtain some constant:
+    let constant_query = polkadot::constants().system().block_length();
+
+    // Obtain the value:
+    let value = api.constants().at(&constant_query)?;
+
+    // Or obtain the bytes:
+    let bytes = api.constants().bytes_at(&constant_query)?;
+
+    println!("Encoded block length: {bytes:?}");
+    println!("Block length: {value:?}");
+    Ok(())
+}

vendor/pezkuwi-subxt/subxt/examples/events.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+#![allow(missing_docs)]
+use subxt::{OnlineClient, PolkadotConfig};
+
+#[subxt::subxt(runtime_metadata_path = "../artifacts/polkadot_metadata_small.scale")]
+pub mod polkadot {}
+
+#[tokio::main]
+async fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
+    // Create a client to use:
+    let api = OnlineClient::<PolkadotConfig>::new().await?;
+
+    // Get events for the latest block:
+    let events = api.events().at_latest().await?;
+
+    // We can dynamically decode events:
+    println!("Dynamic event details:");
+    for event in events.iter() {
+        let event = event?;
+
+        let pallet = event.pallet_name();
+        let variant = event.variant_name();
+        let field_values = event.decode_as_fields::<scale_value::Value>()?;
+
+        println!("{pallet}::{variant}: {field_values}");
+    }
+
+    // Or we can attempt to statically decode them into the root Event type:
+    println!("Static event details:");
+    for event in events.iter() {
+        let event = event?;
+
+        if let Ok(ev) = event.as_root_event::<polkadot::Event>() {
+            println!("{ev:?}");
+        } else {
+            println!("<Cannot decode event>");
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Or we can look for specific events which match our statically defined ones:
+    let transfer_event = events.find_first::<polkadot::balances::events::Transfer>()?;
+    if let Some(ev) = transfer_event {
+        println!("  - Balance transfer success: value: {:?}", ev.amount);
+    } else {
+        println!("  - No balance transfer event found in this block");
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}

vendor/pezkuwi-subxt/subxt/examples/light_client_basic.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+#![allow(missing_docs)]
+use futures::StreamExt;
+use subxt::{PolkadotConfig, client::OnlineClient, lightclient::LightClient};
+
+// Generate an interface that we can use from the node's metadata.
+#[subxt::subxt(runtime_metadata_path = "../artifacts/polkadot_metadata_small.scale")]
+pub mod polkadot {}
+
+const POLKADOT_SPEC: &str = include_str!("../../artifacts/demo_chain_specs/polkadot.json");
+const ASSET_HUB_SPEC: &str =
+    include_str!("../../artifacts/demo_chain_specs/polkadot_asset_hub.json");
+
+#[tokio::main]
+async fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
+    // The lightclient logs are informative:
+    tracing_subscriber::fmt::init();
+
+    // Instantiate a light client with the Polkadot relay chain,
+    // and connect it to Asset Hub, too.
+    let (lightclient, polkadot_rpc) = LightClient::relay_chain(POLKADOT_SPEC)?;
+    let asset_hub_rpc = lightclient.parachain(ASSET_HUB_SPEC)?;
+
+    // Create Subxt clients from these Smoldot backed RPC clients.
+    let polkadot_api = OnlineClient::<PolkadotConfig>::from_rpc_client(polkadot_rpc).await?;
+    let asset_hub_api = OnlineClient::<PolkadotConfig>::from_rpc_client(asset_hub_rpc).await?;
+
+    // Use them!
+    let polkadot_sub = polkadot_api
+        .blocks()
+        .subscribe_finalized()
+        .await?
+        .map(|block| ("Polkadot", block));
+    let parachain_sub = asset_hub_api
+        .blocks()
+        .subscribe_finalized()
+        .await?
+        .map(|block| ("AssetHub", block));
+
+    let mut stream_combinator = futures::stream::select(polkadot_sub, parachain_sub);
+
+    while let Some((chain, block)) = stream_combinator.next().await {
+        let block = block?;
+        println!("     Chain {:?} hash={:?}", chain, block.hash());
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}

vendor/pezkuwi-subxt/subxt/examples/light_client_local_node.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+#![allow(missing_docs)]
+use subxt::utils::fetch_chainspec_from_rpc_node;
+use subxt::{
+    PolkadotConfig,
+    client::OnlineClient,
+    lightclient::{ChainConfig, LightClient},
+};
+use pezkuwi_subxt_signer::sr25519::dev;
+
+// Generate an interface that we can use from the node's metadata.
+#[subxt::subxt(runtime_metadata_path = "../artifacts/polkadot_metadata_small.scale")]
+pub mod polkadot {}
+
+#[tokio::main]
+async fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
+    // The smoldot logs are informative:
+    tracing_subscriber::fmt::init();
+
+    // Use a utility function to obtain a chain spec from a locally running node:
+    let chain_spec = fetch_chainspec_from_rpc_node("ws://127.0.0.1:9944").await?;
+
+    // Configure the bootnodes of this chain spec. In this case, because we start one
+    // single node, the bootnodes must be overwritten for the light client to connect
+    // to the local node.
+    //
+    // The `12D3KooWEyoppNCUx8Yx66oV9fJnriXwCcXwDDUA2kj6vnc6iDEp` is the P2P address
+    // from a local polkadot node starting with
+    // `--node-key 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001`
+    let chain_config = ChainConfig::chain_spec(chain_spec.get()).set_bootnodes([
+        "/ip4/127.0.0.1/tcp/30333/p2p/12D3KooWEyoppNCUx8Yx66oV9fJnriXwCcXwDDUA2kj6vnc6iDEp",
+    ])?;
+
+    // Start the light client up, establishing a connection to the local node.
+    let (_light_client, chain_rpc) = LightClient::relay_chain(chain_config)?;
+    let api = OnlineClient::<PolkadotConfig>::from_rpc_client(chain_rpc).await?;
+
+    // Build a balance transfer extrinsic.
+    let dest = dev::bob().public_key().into();
+    let balance_transfer_tx = polkadot::tx().balances().transfer_allow_death(dest, 10_000);
+
+    // Submit the balance transfer extrinsic from Alice, and wait for it to be successful
+    // and in a finalized block. We get back the extrinsic events if all is well.
+    let from = dev::alice();
+    let events = api
+        .tx()
+        .sign_and_submit_then_watch_default(&balance_transfer_tx, &from)
+        .await?
+        .wait_for_finalized_success()
+        .await?;
+
+    // Find a Transfer event and print it.
+    let transfer_event = events.find_first::<polkadot::balances::events::Transfer>()?;
+    if let Some(event) = transfer_event {
+        println!("Balance transfer success: {event:?}");
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}

vendor/pezkuwi-subxt/subxt/examples/rpc_legacy.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+#![allow(missing_docs)]
+use subxt::backend::{legacy::LegacyRpcMethods, rpc::RpcClient};
+use subxt::config::DefaultExtrinsicParamsBuilder as Params;
+use subxt::{OnlineClient, PolkadotConfig};
+use pezkuwi_subxt_signer::sr25519::dev;
+
+#[subxt::subxt(runtime_metadata_path = "../artifacts/polkadot_metadata_small.scale")]
+pub mod polkadot {}
+
+#[tokio::main]
+async fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
+    // First, create a raw RPC client:
+    let rpc_client = RpcClient::from_url("ws://127.0.0.1:9944").await?;
+
+    // Use this to construct our RPC methods:
+    let rpc = LegacyRpcMethods::<PolkadotConfig>::new(rpc_client.clone());
+
+    // We can use the same client to drive our full Subxt interface too:
+    let api = OnlineClient::<PolkadotConfig>::from_rpc_client(rpc_client.clone()).await?;
+
+    // Now, we can make some RPC calls using some legacy RPC methods.
+    println!(
+        "📛 System Name: {:?}\n🩺 Health: {:?}\n🖫 Properties: {:?}\n🔗 Chain: {:?}\n",
+        rpc.system_name().await?,
+        rpc.system_health().await?,
+        rpc.system_properties().await?,
+        rpc.system_chain().await?
+    );
+
+    // We can also interleave RPC calls and using the full Subxt client, here to submit multiple
+    // transactions using the legacy `system_account_next_index` RPC call, which returns a nonce
+    // that is adjusted for any transactions already in the pool:
+
+    let alice = dev::alice();
+    let bob = dev::bob();
+
+    loop {
+        let current_nonce = rpc
+            .system_account_next_index(&alice.public_key().into())
+            .await?;
+
+        let ext_params = Params::new().mortal(8).nonce(current_nonce).build();
+
+        let balance_transfer = polkadot::tx()
+            .balances()
+            .transfer_allow_death(bob.public_key().into(), 1_000_000);
+
+        let ext_hash = api
+            .tx()
+            .create_partial_offline(&balance_transfer, ext_params)?
+            .sign(&alice)
+            .submit()
+            .await?;
+
+        println!("Submitted ext {ext_hash} with nonce {current_nonce}");
+
+        // Sleep less than block time, but long enough to ensure
+        // not all transactions end up in the same block.
+        tokio::time::sleep(tokio::time::Duration::from_secs(1)).await;
+    }
+}

vendor/pezkuwi-subxt/subxt/examples/runtime_apis_dynamic.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+#![allow(missing_docs)]
+use subxt::utils::AccountId32;
+use subxt::{OnlineClient, config::PolkadotConfig};
+use pezkuwi_subxt_signer::sr25519::dev;
+
+#[tokio::main]
+async fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
+    // Create a client to use:
+    let api = OnlineClient::<PolkadotConfig>::new().await?;
+
+    // Create a "dynamic" runtime API payload that calls the
+    // `AccountNonceApi_account_nonce` function. We could use the
+    // `scale_value::Value` type as output, and a vec of those as inputs,
+    // but since we know the input + return types we can pass them directly.
+    // There is one input argument, so the inputs are a tuple of one element.
+    let account: AccountId32 = dev::alice().public_key().into();
+    let runtime_api_call =
+        subxt::dynamic::runtime_api_call::<_, u64>("AccountNonceApi", "account_nonce", (account,));
+
+    // Submit the call to get back a result.
+    let nonce = api
+        .runtime_api()
+        .at_latest()
+        .await?
+        .call(runtime_api_call)
+        .await?;
+
+    println!("Account nonce: {:#?}", nonce);
+    Ok(())
+}

vendor/pezkuwi-subxt/subxt/examples/runtime_apis_raw.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+#![allow(missing_docs)]
+use subxt::ext::codec::{Compact, Decode};
+use subxt::ext::frame_metadata::RuntimeMetadataPrefixed;
+use subxt::{OnlineClient, PolkadotConfig};
+
+#[subxt::subxt(runtime_metadata_path = "../artifacts/polkadot_metadata_small.scale")]
+pub mod polkadot {}
+
+#[tokio::main]
+async fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
+    // Create a client to use:
+    let api = OnlineClient::<PolkadotConfig>::new().await?;
+
+    // Use runtime APIs at the latest block:
+    let runtime_apis = api.runtime_api().at_latest().await?;
+
+    // Ask for metadata and decode it:
+    let result_bytes = runtime_apis.call_raw("Metadata_metadata", None).await?;
+    let (_, meta): (Compact<u32>, RuntimeMetadataPrefixed) = Decode::decode(&mut &*result_bytes)?;
+
+    println!("{meta:?}");
+    Ok(())
+}

vendor/pezkuwi-subxt/subxt/examples/runtime_apis_static.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+#![allow(missing_docs)]
+use subxt::{OnlineClient, config::PolkadotConfig};
+use pezkuwi_subxt_signer::sr25519::dev;
+
+#[subxt::subxt(runtime_metadata_path = "../artifacts/polkadot_metadata_small.scale")]
+pub mod polkadot {}
+
+#[tokio::main]
+async fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
+    // Create a client to use:
+    let api = OnlineClient::<PolkadotConfig>::new().await?;
+
+    // Create a runtime API payload that calls into
+    // `AccountNonceApi_account_nonce` function.
+    let account = dev::alice().public_key().into();
+    let runtime_api_call = polkadot::apis().account_nonce_api().account_nonce(account);
+
+    // Submit the call and get back a result.
+    let nonce = api
+        .runtime_api()
+        .at_latest()
+        .await?
+        .call(runtime_api_call)
+        .await;
+
+    println!("AccountNonceApi_account_nonce for Alice: {nonce:?}");
+    Ok(())
+}

vendor/pezkuwi-subxt/subxt/examples/setup_client_custom_rpc.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+#![allow(missing_docs)]
+use std::{
+    fmt::Write,
+    pin::Pin,
+    sync::{Arc, Mutex},
+};
+use subxt::{
+    OnlineClient, PolkadotConfig,
+    backend::rpc::{RawRpcFuture, RawRpcSubscription, RawValue, RpcClient, RpcClientT},
+};
+
+// A dummy RPC client that doesn't actually handle requests properly
+// at all, but instead just logs what requests to it were made.
+struct MyLoggingClient {
+    log: Arc<Mutex<String>>,
+}
+
+// We have to implement this fairly low level trait to turn [`MyLoggingClient`]
+// into an RPC client that we can make use of in Subxt. Here we just log the requests
+// made but don't forward them to any real node, and instead just return nonsense.
+impl RpcClientT for MyLoggingClient {
+    fn request_raw<'a>(
+        &'a self,
+        method: &'a str,
+        params: Option<Box<RawValue>>,
+    ) -> RawRpcFuture<'a, Box<RawValue>> {
+        writeln!(
+            self.log.lock().unwrap(),
+            "{method}({})",
+            params.as_ref().map(|p| p.get()).unwrap_or("[]")
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+
+        // We've logged the request; just return garbage. Because a boxed future is returned,
+        // you're able to run whatever async code you'd need to actually talk to a node.
+        let res = RawValue::from_string("[]".to_string()).unwrap();
+        Box::pin(std::future::ready(Ok(res)))
+    }
+
+    fn subscribe_raw<'a>(
+        &'a self,
+        sub: &'a str,
+        params: Option<Box<RawValue>>,
+        unsub: &'a str,
+    ) -> RawRpcFuture<'a, RawRpcSubscription> {
+        writeln!(
+            self.log.lock().unwrap(),
+            "{sub}({}) (unsub: {unsub})",
+            params.as_ref().map(|p| p.get()).unwrap_or("[]")
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+
+        // We've logged the request; just return garbage. Because a boxed future is returned,
+        // and that will return a boxed Stream impl, you have a bunch of flexibility to build
+        // and return whatever type of Stream you see fit.
+        let res = RawValue::from_string("[]".to_string()).unwrap();
+        let stream = futures::stream::once(async move { Ok(res) });
+        let stream: Pin<Box<dyn futures::Stream<Item = _> + Send>> = Box::pin(stream);
+        // This subscription does not provide an ID.
+        Box::pin(std::future::ready(Ok(RawRpcSubscription {
+            stream,
+            id: None,
+        })))
+    }
+}
+
+#[tokio::main]
+async fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
+    // Instantiate our replacement RPC client.
+    let log = Arc::default();
+    let rpc_client = {
+        let inner = MyLoggingClient {
+            log: Arc::clone(&log),
+        };
+        RpcClient::new(inner)
+    };
+
+    // Pass this into our OnlineClient to instantiate it. This will lead to some
+    // RPC calls being made to fetch chain details/metadata, which will immediately
+    // fail..
+    let _ = OnlineClient::<PolkadotConfig>::from_rpc_client(rpc_client).await;
+
+    // But, we can see that the calls were made via our custom RPC client:
+    println!("Log of calls made:\n\n{}", log.lock().unwrap().as_str());
+    Ok(())
+}

vendor/pezkuwi-subxt/subxt/examples/setup_client_offline.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+#![allow(missing_docs)]
+use subxt::ext::codec::Decode;
+use subxt::metadata::Metadata;
+use subxt::utils::H256;
+use subxt::{OfflineClient, config::PolkadotConfig};
+
+#[tokio::main]
+async fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
+    // We need to obtain the following details for an OfflineClient to be instantiated:
+
+    // 1. Genesis hash (RPC call: chain_getBlockHash(0)):
+    let genesis_hash = {
+        let h = "91b171bb158e2d3848fa23a9f1c25182fb8e20313b2c1eb49219da7a70ce90c3";
+        let bytes = hex::decode(h).unwrap();
+        H256::from_slice(&bytes)
+    };
+
+    // 2. A runtime version (system_version constant on a Substrate node has these):
+    let runtime_version = subxt::client::RuntimeVersion {
+        spec_version: 9370,
+        transaction_version: 20,
+    };
+
+    // 3. Metadata (I'll load it from the downloaded metadata, but you can use
+    //    `subxt metadata > file.scale` to download it):
+    let metadata = {
+        let bytes = std::fs::read("./artifacts/polkadot_metadata_small.scale").unwrap();
+        Metadata::decode(&mut &*bytes).unwrap()
+    };
+
+    // Create an offline client using the details obtained above:
+    let _api = OfflineClient::<PolkadotConfig>::new(genesis_hash, runtime_version, metadata);
+
+    Ok(())
+}

vendor/pezkuwi-subxt/subxt/examples/setup_config_assethub.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+#![allow(missing_docs)]
+use subxt::config::{
+    Config, DefaultExtrinsicParams, DefaultExtrinsicParamsBuilder, PolkadotConfig, SubstrateConfig,
+};
+use pezkuwi_subxt_signer::sr25519::dev;
+
+#[subxt::subxt(
+    runtime_metadata_path = "../artifacts/polkadot_metadata_full.scale",
+    derive_for_type(
+        path = "staging_xcm::v3::multilocation::MultiLocation",
+        derive = "Clone, codec::Encode",
+        recursive
+    )
+)]
+pub mod runtime {}
+use runtime::runtime_types::staging_xcm::v3::multilocation::MultiLocation;
+use runtime::runtime_types::xcm::v3::junctions::Junctions;
+
+// We don't need to construct this at runtime, so an empty enum is appropriate.
+pub enum AssetHubConfig {}
+
+impl Config for AssetHubConfig {
+    type AccountId = <SubstrateConfig as Config>::AccountId;
+    type Address = <PolkadotConfig as Config>::Address;
+    type Signature = <SubstrateConfig as Config>::Signature;
+    type Hasher = <SubstrateConfig as Config>::Hasher;
+    type Header = <SubstrateConfig as Config>::Header;
+    type ExtrinsicParams = DefaultExtrinsicParams<AssetHubConfig>;
+    // Here we use the MultiLocation from the metadata as a part of the config:
+    // The `ChargeAssetTxPayment` signed extension that is part of the ExtrinsicParams above, now uses the type:
+    type AssetId = MultiLocation;
+}
+
+#[tokio::main]
+async fn main() {
+    // With the config defined, we can create an extrinsic with subxt:
+    let client = subxt::OnlineClient::<AssetHubConfig>::new().await.unwrap();
+    let tx_payload = runtime::tx().system().remark(b"Hello".to_vec());
+
+    // Build extrinsic params using an asset at this location as a tip:
+    let location: MultiLocation = MultiLocation {
+        parents: 3,
+        interior: Junctions::Here,
+    };
+    let tx_config = DefaultExtrinsicParamsBuilder::<AssetHubConfig>::new()
+        .tip_of(1234, location)
+        .build();
+
+    // And provide the extrinsic params including the tip when submitting a transaction:
+    let _ = client
+        .tx()
+        .sign_and_submit_then_watch(&tx_payload, &dev::alice(), tx_config)
+        .await;
+}

vendor/pezkuwi-subxt/subxt/examples/setup_config_custom.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+#![allow(missing_docs)]
+use codec::Encode;
+use subxt::client::ClientState;
+use subxt::config::{
+    Config, ExtrinsicParams, ExtrinsicParamsEncoder, ExtrinsicParamsError, HashFor,
+    transaction_extensions::Params,
+};
+use pezkuwi_subxt_signer::sr25519::dev;
+
+#[subxt::subxt(runtime_metadata_path = "../artifacts/polkadot_metadata_full.scale")]
+pub mod runtime {}
+
+// We don't need to construct this at runtime,
+// so an empty enum is appropriate:
+pub enum CustomConfig {}
+
+impl Config for CustomConfig {
+    type AccountId = subxt::utils::AccountId32;
+    type Address = subxt::utils::MultiAddress<Self::AccountId, ()>;
+    type Signature = subxt::utils::MultiSignature;
+    type Hasher = subxt::config::substrate::BlakeTwo256;
+    type Header = subxt::config::substrate::SubstrateHeader<u32, Self::Hasher>;
+    type ExtrinsicParams = CustomExtrinsicParams<Self>;
+    type AssetId = u32;
+}
+
+// This represents some arbitrary (and nonsensical) custom parameters that
+// will be attached to transaction extra and additional payloads:
+pub struct CustomExtrinsicParams<T: Config> {
+    genesis_hash: HashFor<T>,
+    tip: u128,
+    foo: bool,
+}
+
+// We can provide a "pretty" interface to allow users to provide these:
+#[derive(Default)]
+pub struct CustomExtrinsicParamsBuilder {
+    tip: u128,
+    foo: bool,
+}
+
+impl CustomExtrinsicParamsBuilder {
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        Default::default()
+    }
+    pub fn tip(mut self, value: u128) -> Self {
+        self.tip = value;
+        self
+    }
+    pub fn enable_foo(mut self) -> Self {
+        self.foo = true;
+        self
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: Config> Params<T> for CustomExtrinsicParamsBuilder {}
+
+// Describe how to fetch and then encode the params:
+impl<T: Config> ExtrinsicParams<T> for CustomExtrinsicParams<T> {
+    type Params = CustomExtrinsicParamsBuilder;
+
+    // Gather together all of the params we will need to encode:
+    fn new(client: &ClientState<T>, params: Self::Params) -> Result<Self, ExtrinsicParamsError> {
+        Ok(Self {
+            genesis_hash: client.genesis_hash,
+            tip: params.tip,
+            foo: params.foo,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+// Encode the relevant params when asked:
+impl<T: Config> ExtrinsicParamsEncoder for CustomExtrinsicParams<T> {
+    fn encode_value_to(&self, v: &mut Vec<u8>) {
+        (self.tip, self.foo).encode_to(v);
+    }
+    fn encode_implicit_to(&self, v: &mut Vec<u8>) {
+        self.genesis_hash.encode_to(v)
+    }
+}
+
+#[tokio::main]
+async fn main() {
+    // With the config defined, it can be handed to Subxt as follows:
+    let client = subxt::OnlineClient::<CustomConfig>::new().await.unwrap();
+
+    let tx_payload = runtime::tx().system().remark(b"Hello".to_vec());
+
+    // Build your custom "Params":
+    let tx_config = CustomExtrinsicParamsBuilder::new().tip(1234).enable_foo();
+
+    // And provide them when submitting a transaction:
+    let _ = client
+        .tx()
+        .sign_and_submit_then_watch(&tx_payload, &dev::alice(), tx_config)
+        .await;
+}

vendor/pezkuwi-subxt/subxt/examples/setup_config_transaction_extension.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+#![allow(missing_docs)]
+use codec::Encode;
+use scale_encode::EncodeAsType;
+use scale_info::PortableRegistry;
+use subxt::client::ClientState;
+use subxt::config::transaction_extensions;
+use subxt::config::{
+    Config, DefaultExtrinsicParamsBuilder, ExtrinsicParams, ExtrinsicParamsEncoder,
+    ExtrinsicParamsError,
+};
+use pezkuwi_subxt_signer::sr25519::dev;
+
+#[subxt::subxt(runtime_metadata_path = "../artifacts/polkadot_metadata_small.scale")]
+pub mod runtime {}
+
+// We don't need to construct this at runtime,
+// so an empty enum is appropriate:
+#[derive(EncodeAsType)]
+pub enum CustomConfig {}
+
+impl Config for CustomConfig {
+    type AccountId = subxt::utils::AccountId32;
+    type Address = subxt::utils::MultiAddress<Self::AccountId, ()>;
+    type Signature = subxt::utils::MultiSignature;
+    type Hasher = subxt::config::substrate::BlakeTwo256;
+    type Header = subxt::config::substrate::SubstrateHeader<u32, Self::Hasher>;
+    type ExtrinsicParams = transaction_extensions::AnyOf<
+        Self,
+        (
+            // Load in the existing signed extensions we're interested in
+            // (if the extension isn't actually needed it'll just be ignored):
+            transaction_extensions::VerifySignature<Self>,
+            transaction_extensions::CheckSpecVersion,
+            transaction_extensions::CheckTxVersion,
+            transaction_extensions::CheckNonce,
+            transaction_extensions::CheckGenesis<Self>,
+            transaction_extensions::CheckMortality<Self>,
+            transaction_extensions::ChargeAssetTxPayment<Self>,
+            transaction_extensions::ChargeTransactionPayment,
+            transaction_extensions::CheckMetadataHash,
+            // And add a new one of our own:
+            CustomTransactionExtension,
+        ),
+    >;
+    type AssetId = u32;
+}
+
+// Our custom signed extension doesn't do much:
+pub struct CustomTransactionExtension;
+
+// Give the extension a name; this allows `AnyOf` to look it
+// up in the chain metadata in order to know when and if to use it.
+impl<T: Config> transaction_extensions::TransactionExtension<T> for CustomTransactionExtension {
+    type Decoded = ();
+    fn matches(identifier: &str, _type_id: u32, _types: &PortableRegistry) -> bool {
+        identifier == "CustomTransactionExtension"
+    }
+}
+
+// Gather together any params we need for our signed extension, here none.
+impl<T: Config> ExtrinsicParams<T> for CustomTransactionExtension {
+    type Params = ();
+
+    fn new(_client: &ClientState<T>, _params: Self::Params) -> Result<Self, ExtrinsicParamsError> {
+        Ok(CustomTransactionExtension)
+    }
+}
+
+// Encode whatever the extension needs to provide when asked:
+impl ExtrinsicParamsEncoder for CustomTransactionExtension {
+    fn encode_value_to(&self, v: &mut Vec<u8>) {
+        "Hello".encode_to(v);
+    }
+    fn encode_implicit_to(&self, v: &mut Vec<u8>) {
+        true.encode_to(v)
+    }
+}
+
+// When composing a tuple of signed extensions, the user parameters we need must
+// be able to convert `Into` a tuple of corresponding `Params`. Here, we just
+// "hijack" the default param builder, but add the `Params` (`()`) for our
+// new signed extension at the end, to make the types line up. IN reality you may wish
+// to construct an entirely new interface to provide the relevant `Params`.
+pub fn custom(
+    params: DefaultExtrinsicParamsBuilder<CustomConfig>,
+) -> <<CustomConfig as Config>::ExtrinsicParams as ExtrinsicParams<CustomConfig>>::Params {
+    let (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i) = params.build();
+    (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, ())
+}
+
+#[tokio::main]
+async fn main() {
+    // With the config defined, it can be handed to Subxt as follows:
+    let client = subxt::OnlineClient::<CustomConfig>::new().await.unwrap();
+
+    let tx_payload = runtime::tx().system().remark(b"Hello".to_vec());
+
+    // Configure the tx params:
+    let tx_config = DefaultExtrinsicParamsBuilder::new().tip(1234);
+
+    // And provide them when submitting a transaction:
+    let _ = client
+        .tx()
+        .sign_and_submit_then_watch(&tx_payload, &dev::alice(), custom(tx_config))
+        .await;
+}

vendor/pezkuwi-subxt/subxt/examples/setup_reconnecting_rpc_client.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+//! Example to utilize the `reconnecting rpc client` in subxt
+//! which hidden behind behind `--feature reconnecting-rpc-client`
+//!
+//! To utilize full logs from the RPC client use:
+//! `RUST_LOG="jsonrpsee=trace,subxt-reconnecting-rpc-client=trace"`
+
+#![allow(missing_docs)]
+
+use std::time::Duration;
+
+use futures::StreamExt;
+use subxt::backend::rpc::reconnecting_rpc_client::{ExponentialBackoff, RpcClient};
+use subxt::{OnlineClient, PolkadotConfig};
+
+// Generate an interface that we can use from the node's metadata.
+#[subxt::subxt(runtime_metadata_path = "../artifacts/polkadot_metadata_small.scale")]
+pub mod polkadot {}
+
+#[tokio::main]
+async fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
+    tracing_subscriber::fmt::init();
+
+    // Create a new client with a reconnecting RPC client.
+    let rpc = RpcClient::builder()
+        // Reconnect with exponential backoff
+        //
+        // This API is "iterator-like" and we use `take` to limit the number of retries.
+        .retry_policy(
+            ExponentialBackoff::from_millis(100)
+                .max_delay(Duration::from_secs(10))
+                .take(3),
+        )
+        // There are other configurations as well that can be found at [`reconnecting_rpc_client::ClientBuilder`].
+        .build("ws://localhost:9944".to_string())
+        .await?;
+
+    // If you want to use the chainhead backend with the reconnecting RPC client, you can do so like this:
+    //
+    // ```
+    // use subxt::backend::chain_head:ChainHeadBackend;
+    // use subxt::OnlineClient;
+    //
+    // let backend = ChainHeadBackend::builder().build_with_background_task(RpcClient::new(rpc.clone()));
+    // let api: OnlineClient<PolkadotConfig> = OnlineClient::from_backend(Arc::new(backend)).await?;
+    // ```
+
+    let api: OnlineClient<PolkadotConfig> = OnlineClient::from_rpc_client(rpc.clone()).await?;
+
+    // Run for at most 100 blocks and print a bunch of information about it.
+    //
+    // The subscription is automatically re-started when the RPC client has reconnected.
+    // You can test that by stopping the polkadot node and restarting it.
+    let mut blocks_sub = api.blocks().subscribe_finalized().await?.take(100);
+
+    while let Some(block) = blocks_sub.next().await {
+        let block = match block {
+            Ok(b) => b,
+            Err(e) => {
+                // This can only happen on the legacy backend and the unstable backend
+                // will handle this internally.
+                if e.is_disconnected_will_reconnect() {
+                    println!("The RPC connection was lost and we may have missed a few blocks");
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                return Err(e.into());
+            }
+        };
+
+        let block_number = block.number();
+        let block_hash = block.hash();
+
+        println!("Block #{block_number} ({block_hash})");
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}

vendor/pezkuwi-subxt/subxt/examples/setup_rpc_chainhead_backend.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+//! Example to utilize the ChainHeadBackend rpc backend to subscribe to finalized blocks.
+
+#![allow(missing_docs)]
+
+use futures::StreamExt;
+use subxt::backend::chain_head::{ChainHeadBackend, ChainHeadBackendBuilder};
+use subxt::backend::rpc::RpcClient;
+use subxt::{OnlineClient, PolkadotConfig};
+
+// Generate an interface that we can use from the node's metadata.
+#[subxt::subxt(runtime_metadata_path = "../artifacts/polkadot_metadata_small.scale")]
+pub mod polkadot {}
+
+#[tokio::main]
+async fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
+    tracing_subscriber::fmt::init();
+
+    let rpc = RpcClient::from_url("ws://localhost:9944".to_string()).await?;
+    let backend: ChainHeadBackend<PolkadotConfig> =
+        ChainHeadBackendBuilder::default().build_with_background_driver(rpc.clone());
+    let api = OnlineClient::from_backend(std::sync::Arc::new(backend)).await?;
+
+    let mut blocks_sub = api.blocks().subscribe_finalized().await?.take(100);
+
+    while let Some(block) = blocks_sub.next().await {
+        let block = block?;
+
+        let block_number = block.number();
+        let block_hash = block.hash();
+
+        println!("Block #{block_number} ({block_hash})");
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}

vendor/pezkuwi-subxt/subxt/examples/storage_fetch.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+#![allow(missing_docs)]
+use subxt::{OnlineClient, PolkadotConfig};
+use pezkuwi_subxt_signer::sr25519::dev;
+
+// Generate an interface that we can use from the node's metadata.
+#[subxt::subxt(runtime_metadata_path = "../artifacts/polkadot_metadata_small.scale")]
+pub mod polkadot {}
+
+#[tokio::main]
+async fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
+    // Create a new API client, configured to talk to Polkadot nodes.
+    let api = OnlineClient::<PolkadotConfig>::new().await?;
+    let account = dev::alice().public_key().into();
+
+    // Build a storage query to access account information.
+    let storage_query = polkadot::storage().system().account();
+
+    // Use that query to access a storage entry, fetch a result and decode the value.
+    // The static address knows that fetching requires a tuple of one value, an
+    // AccountId32.
+    let client_at = api.storage().at_latest().await?;
+    let account_info = client_at
+        .entry(storage_query)?
+        .fetch((account,))
+        .await?
+        .decode()?;
+
+    // The static address that we got from the subxt macro knows the expected input
+    // and return types, so it is decoded into a static type for us.
+    println!("Alice: {account_info:?}");
+    Ok(())
+}

vendor/pezkuwi-subxt/subxt/examples/storage_fetch_dynamic.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+#![allow(missing_docs)]
+use subxt::dynamic::{At, Value};
+use subxt::utils::AccountId32;
+use subxt::{OnlineClient, PolkadotConfig};
+use pezkuwi_subxt_signer::sr25519::dev;
+
+#[tokio::main]
+async fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
+    // Create a new API client, configured to talk to Polkadot nodes.
+    let api = OnlineClient::<PolkadotConfig>::new().await?;
+
+    // Build a dynamic storage query to access account information.
+    // here, we assume that there is one value to provide at this entry
+    // to access a value; an AccountId32. In this example we don't know the
+    // return type and so we set it to `Value`, which anything can decode into.
+    let account: AccountId32 = dev::alice().public_key().into();
+    let storage_query = subxt::dynamic::storage::<(AccountId32,), Value>("System", "Account");
+
+    // Use that query to access a storage entry, fetch a result and decode the value.
+    let client_at = api.storage().at_latest().await?;
+    let account_info = client_at
+        .entry(storage_query)?
+        .fetch((account,))
+        .await?
+        .decode()?;
+
+    // With out `Value` type we can dig in to find what we want using the `At`
+    // trait and `.at()` method that this provides on the Value.
+    println!(
+        "Alice has free balance: {}",
+        account_info.at("data").at("free").unwrap()
+    );
+    Ok(())
+}

vendor/pezkuwi-subxt/subxt/examples/storage_iterating.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+#![allow(missing_docs)]
+use subxt::ext::futures::StreamExt;
+use subxt::{OnlineClient, PolkadotConfig};
+
+// Generate an interface that we can use from the node's metadata.
+#[subxt::subxt(runtime_metadata_path = "../artifacts/polkadot_metadata_small.scale")]
+pub mod polkadot {}
+
+#[tokio::main]
+async fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
+    // Create a new API client, configured to talk to Polkadot nodes.
+    let api = OnlineClient::<PolkadotConfig>::new().await?;
+
+    // Build a storage query to access account information. Same as if we were
+    // fetching a single value from this entry.
+    let storage_query = polkadot::storage().system().account();
+
+    // Use that query to access a storage entry, iterate over it and decode values.
+    let client_at = api.storage().at_latest().await?;
+
+    // We provide an empty tuple when iterating. If the storage entry had been an N map with
+    // multiple keys, then we could provide any prefix of those keys to iterate over. This is
+    // statically type checked, so only a valid number/type of keys in the tuple is accepted.
+    let mut values = client_at.entry(storage_query)?.iter(()).await?;
+
+    while let Some(kv) = values.next().await {
+        let kv = kv?;
+
+        // The key decodes into the type that the static address knows about, in this case a
+        // tuple of one entry, because the only part of the key that we can decode is the
+        // AccountId32 for each user.
+        let (account_id32,) = kv.key()?.decode()?;
+
+        // The value decodes into a statically generated type which holds account information.
+        let value = kv.value().decode()?;
+
+        let value_data = value.data;
+        println!("{account_id32}:\n  {value_data:?}");
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}

vendor/pezkuwi-subxt/subxt/examples/storage_iterating_dynamic.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+#![allow(missing_docs)]
+use subxt::ext::futures::StreamExt;
+use subxt::utils::AccountId32;
+use subxt::{
+    OnlineClient, PolkadotConfig,
+    dynamic::{At, Value},
+};
+
+#[tokio::main]
+async fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
+    // Create a new API client, configured to talk to Polkadot nodes.
+    let api = OnlineClient::<PolkadotConfig>::new().await?;
+
+    // Build a dynamic storage query to access account information.
+    // here, we assume that there is one value to provide at this entry
+    // to access a value; an AccountId32. In this example we don't know the
+    // return type and so we set it to `Value`, which anything can decode into.
+    let storage_query = subxt::dynamic::storage::<(AccountId32,), Value>("System", "Account");
+
+    // Use that query to access a storage entry, iterate over it and decode values.
+    let client_at = api.storage().at_latest().await?;
+    let mut values = client_at.entry(storage_query)?.iter(()).await?;
+
+    while let Some(kv) = values.next().await {
+        let kv = kv?;
+
+        // The key decodes into the first type we provided in the address. Since there's just
+        // one key, it is a tuple of one entry, an AccountId32. If we didn't know how many
+        // keys or their type, we could set the key to `Vec<Value>` instead.
+        let (account_id32,) = kv.key()?.decode()?;
+
+        // The value decodes into the second type we provided in the address. In this example,
+        // we just decode it into our `Value` type and then look at the "data" field in this
+        // (which implicitly assumes we get a struct shaped thing back with such a field).
+        let value = kv.value().decode()?;
+
+        let value_data = value.at("data").unwrap();
+        println!("{account_id32}:\n  {value_data}");
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}

vendor/pezkuwi-subxt/subxt/examples/substrate_compat_signer.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+//! This example demonstrates how to use to add a custom signer implementation to `subxt`
+//! by using the signer implementation from polkadot-sdk.
+//!
+//! Similar functionality was provided by the `substrate-compat` feature in the original `subxt` crate.
+//! which is now removed.
+
+#![allow(missing_docs, unused)]
+
+use sp_core::{Pair as _, sr25519};
+use subxt::config::substrate::MultiAddress;
+use subxt::{Config, OnlineClient, PolkadotConfig};
+
+#[subxt::subxt(runtime_metadata_path = "../artifacts/polkadot_metadata_small.scale")]
+pub mod polkadot {}
+
+/// A concrete PairSigner implementation which relies on `sr25519::Pair` for signing
+/// and that PolkadotConfig is the runtime configuration.
+mod pair_signer {
+    use super::*;
+    use sp_runtime::{
+        MultiSignature as SpMultiSignature,
+        traits::{IdentifyAccount, Verify},
+    };
+    use subxt::{
+        config::substrate::{AccountId32, MultiSignature},
+        tx::Signer,
+    };
+
+    /// A [`Signer`] implementation for [`sp_core::sr25519::Pair`].
+    #[derive(Clone)]
+    pub struct PairSigner {
+        account_id: <PolkadotConfig as Config>::AccountId,
+        signer: sr25519::Pair,
+    }
+
+    impl PairSigner {
+        /// Creates a new [`Signer`] from an [`sp_core::sr25519::Pair`].
+        pub fn new(signer: sr25519::Pair) -> Self {
+            let account_id =
+                <SpMultiSignature as Verify>::Signer::from(signer.public()).into_account();
+            Self {
+                // Convert `sp_core::AccountId32` to `subxt::config::substrate::AccountId32`.
+                //
+                // This is necessary because we use `subxt::config::substrate::AccountId32` and no
+                // From/Into impls are provided between `sp_core::AccountId32` because `polkadot-sdk` isn't a direct
+                // dependency in subxt.
+                //
+                // This can also be done by provided a wrapper type around `subxt::config::substrate::AccountId32` to implement
+                // such conversions but that also most likely requires a custom `Config` with a separate `AccountId` type to work
+                // properly without additional hacks.
+                account_id: AccountId32(account_id.into()),
+                signer,
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// Returns the [`sp_core::sr25519::Pair`] implementation used to construct this.
+        pub fn signer(&self) -> &sr25519::Pair {
+            &self.signer
+        }
+
+        /// Return the account ID.
+        pub fn account_id(&self) -> &AccountId32 {
+            &self.account_id
+        }
+    }
+
+    impl Signer<PolkadotConfig> for PairSigner {
+        fn account_id(&self) -> <PolkadotConfig as Config>::AccountId {
+            self.account_id.clone()
+        }
+
+        fn sign(&self, signer_payload: &[u8]) -> <PolkadotConfig as Config>::Signature {
+            let signature = self.signer.sign(signer_payload);
+            MultiSignature::Sr25519(signature.0)
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[tokio::main]
+async fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
+    tracing_subscriber::fmt::init();
+
+    // Create a new API client, configured to talk to Polkadot nodes.
+    let api = OnlineClient::<PolkadotConfig>::new().await?;
+
+    let signer = {
+        let acc = sr25519::Pair::from_string("//Alice", None)?;
+        pair_signer::PairSigner::new(acc)
+    };
+
+    let dest = {
+        let acc = sr25519::Pair::from_string("//Bob", None)?;
+        MultiAddress::Address32(acc.public().0)
+    };
+
+    // Build a balance transfer extrinsic.
+    let balance_transfer_tx = polkadot::tx()
+        .balances()
+        .transfer_allow_death(dest, 100_000);
+
+    // Submit the balance transfer extrinsic from Alice, and wait for it to be successful
+    // and in a finalized block. We get back the extrinsic events if all is well.
+    let events = api
+        .tx()
+        .sign_and_submit_then_watch_default(&balance_transfer_tx, &signer)
+        .await?
+        .wait_for_finalized_success()
+        .await?;
+
+    // Find a Transfer event and print it.
+    let transfer_event = events.find_first::<polkadot::balances::events::Transfer>()?;
+    if let Some(event) = transfer_event {
+        println!("Balance transfer success: {event:?}");
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}

vendor/pezkuwi-subxt/subxt/examples/tx_basic.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+#![allow(missing_docs)]
+use subxt::{OnlineClient, PolkadotConfig};
+use pezkuwi_subxt_signer::sr25519::dev;
+
+// Generate an interface that we can use from the node's metadata.
+#[subxt::subxt(runtime_metadata_path = "../artifacts/polkadot_metadata_small.scale")]
+pub mod polkadot {}
+
+#[tokio::main]
+async fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
+    // Create a new API client, configured to talk to Polkadot nodes.
+    let api = OnlineClient::<PolkadotConfig>::new().await?;
+
+    // Build a balance transfer extrinsic.
+    let dest = dev::bob().public_key().into();
+    let balance_transfer_tx = polkadot::tx().balances().transfer_allow_death(dest, 10_000);
+
+    // Submit the balance transfer extrinsic from Alice, and wait for it to be successful
+    // and in a finalized block. We get back the extrinsic events if all is well.
+    let from = dev::alice();
+    let events = api
+        .tx()
+        .sign_and_submit_then_watch_default(&balance_transfer_tx, &from)
+        .await?
+        .wait_for_finalized_success()
+        .await?;
+
+    // Find a Transfer event and print it.
+    let transfer_event = events.find_first::<polkadot::balances::events::Transfer>()?;
+    if let Some(event) = transfer_event {
+        println!("Balance transfer success: {event:?}");
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}

vendor/pezkuwi-subxt/subxt/examples/tx_basic_frontier.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+//! Example to use subxt to talk to substrate-based nodes with ethereum accounts
+//! which is not the default for subxt which is why we need to provide a custom config.
+//!
+//! This example requires to run a local frontier/moonbeam node to work.
+
+#![allow(missing_docs)]
+
+use subxt::OnlineClient;
+use pezkuwi_subxt_core::utils::AccountId20;
+use pezkuwi_subxt_signer::eth::{Signature, dev};
+
+#[subxt::subxt(runtime_metadata_path = "../artifacts/frontier_metadata_small.scale")]
+mod eth_runtime {}
+
+enum EthRuntimeConfig {}
+
+impl subxt::Config for EthRuntimeConfig {
+    type AccountId = AccountId20;
+    type Address = AccountId20;
+    type Signature = Signature;
+    type Hasher = subxt::config::substrate::BlakeTwo256;
+    type Header =
+        subxt::config::substrate::SubstrateHeader<u32, subxt::config::substrate::BlakeTwo256>;
+    type ExtrinsicParams = subxt::config::SubstrateExtrinsicParams<Self>;
+    type AssetId = u32;
+}
+
+#[tokio::main]
+async fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
+    let api = OnlineClient::<EthRuntimeConfig>::from_insecure_url("ws://127.0.0.1:9944").await?;
+
+    let alith = dev::alith();
+    let baltathar = dev::baltathar();
+    let dest = baltathar.public_key().to_account_id();
+
+    println!("baltathar pub:  {}", hex::encode(baltathar.public_key().0));
+    println!("baltathar addr: {}", hex::encode(dest));
+
+    let balance_transfer_tx = eth_runtime::tx()
+        .balances()
+        .transfer_allow_death(dest, 10_001);
+
+    let events = api
+        .tx()
+        .sign_and_submit_then_watch_default(&balance_transfer_tx, &alith)
+        .await?
+        .wait_for_finalized_success()
+        .await?;
+
+    let transfer_event = events.find_first::<eth_runtime::balances::events::Transfer>()?;
+    if let Some(event) = transfer_event {
+        println!("Balance transfer success: {event:?}");
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}

vendor/pezkuwi-subxt/subxt/examples/tx_boxed.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+#![allow(missing_docs)]
+use subxt::{OnlineClient, PolkadotConfig};
+use pezkuwi_subxt_signer::sr25519::dev;
+
+#[subxt::subxt(runtime_metadata_path = "../artifacts/polkadot_metadata_small.scale")]
+pub mod polkadot {}
+
+#[tokio::main]
+async fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
+    let api = OnlineClient::<PolkadotConfig>::new().await?;
+
+    // Prepare some extrinsics. These are boxed so that they can live alongside each other.
+    let txs = [dynamic_remark(), balance_transfer(), remark()];
+
+    for tx in txs {
+        let from = dev::alice();
+        api.tx()
+            .sign_and_submit_then_watch_default(&tx, &from)
+            .await?
+            .wait_for_finalized_success()
+            .await?;
+
+        println!("Submitted tx");
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn balance_transfer() -> Box<dyn subxt::tx::Payload> {
+    let dest = dev::bob().public_key().into();
+    Box::new(polkadot::tx().balances().transfer_allow_death(dest, 10_000))
+}
+
+fn remark() -> Box<dyn subxt::tx::Payload> {
+    Box::new(polkadot::tx().system().remark(vec![1, 2, 3, 4, 5]))
+}
+
+fn dynamic_remark() -> Box<dyn subxt::tx::Payload> {
+    use subxt::dynamic::{Value, tx};
+    let tx_payload = tx("System", "remark", vec![Value::from_bytes("Hello")]);
+
+    Box::new(tx_payload)
+}

vendor/pezkuwi-subxt/subxt/examples/tx_partial.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+#![allow(missing_docs)]
+use subxt::{OnlineClient, PolkadotConfig};
+use pezkuwi_subxt_signer::sr25519::dev;
+
+type BoxedError = Box<dyn std::error::Error + Send + Sync + 'static>;
+
+#[subxt::subxt(runtime_metadata_path = "../artifacts/polkadot_metadata_small.scale")]
+pub mod polkadot {}
+
+#[tokio::main]
+async fn main() -> Result<(), BoxedError> {
+    // Spawned tasks require things held across await points to impl Send,
+    // so we use one to demonstrate that this is possible with `PartialTransaction`
+    tokio::spawn(signing_example()).await??;
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+async fn signing_example() -> Result<(), BoxedError> {
+    let api = OnlineClient::<PolkadotConfig>::new().await?;
+
+    // Build a balance transfer extrinsic.
+    let dest = dev::bob().public_key().into();
+    let balance_transfer_tx = polkadot::tx().balances().transfer_allow_death(dest, 10_000);
+
+    let alice = dev::alice();
+
+    // Create partial tx, ready to be signed.
+    let mut partial_tx = api
+        .tx()
+        .create_partial(
+            &balance_transfer_tx,
+            &alice.public_key().to_account_id(),
+            Default::default(),
+        )
+        .await?;
+
+    // Simulate taking some time to get a signature back, in part to
+    // show that the `PartialTransaction` can be held across await points.
+    tokio::time::sleep(tokio::time::Duration::from_millis(100)).await;
+    let signature = alice.sign(&partial_tx.signer_payload());
+
+    // Sign the transaction.
+    let tx = partial_tx
+        .sign_with_account_and_signature(&alice.public_key().to_account_id(), &signature.into());
+
+    // Submit it.
+    tx.submit_and_watch()
+        .await?
+        .wait_for_finalized_success()
+        .await?;
+
+    Ok(())
+}

vendor/pezkuwi-subxt/subxt/examples/tx_status_stream.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+#![allow(missing_docs)]
+use subxt::{OnlineClient, PolkadotConfig, tx::TxStatus};
+use pezkuwi_subxt_signer::sr25519::dev;
+
+// Generate an interface that we can use from the node's metadata.
+#[subxt::subxt(runtime_metadata_path = "../artifacts/polkadot_metadata_small.scale")]
+pub mod polkadot {}
+
+#[tokio::main]
+async fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
+    // Create a new API client, configured to talk to Polkadot nodes.
+    let api = OnlineClient::<PolkadotConfig>::new().await?;
+
+    // Build a balance transfer extrinsic.
+    let dest = dev::bob().public_key().into();
+    let balance_transfer_tx = polkadot::tx().balances().transfer_allow_death(dest, 10_000);
+
+    // Submit the balance transfer extrinsic from Alice, and then monitor the
+    // progress of it.
+    let from = dev::alice();
+    let mut balance_transfer_progress = api
+        .tx()
+        .sign_and_submit_then_watch_default(&balance_transfer_tx, &from)
+        .await?;
+
+    while let Some(status) = balance_transfer_progress.next().await {
+        match status? {
+            // It's finalized in a block!
+            TxStatus::InFinalizedBlock(in_block) => {
+                println!(
+                    "Transaction {:?} is finalized in block {:?}",
+                    in_block.extrinsic_hash(),
+                    in_block.block_hash()
+                );
+
+                // grab the events and fail if no ExtrinsicSuccess event seen:
+                let events = in_block.wait_for_success().await?;
+                // We can look for events (this uses the static interface; we can also iterate
+                // over them and dynamically decode them):
+                let transfer_event = events.find_first::<polkadot::balances::events::Transfer>()?;
+
+                if let Some(event) = transfer_event {
+                    println!("Balance transfer success: {event:?}");
+                } else {
+                    println!("Failed to find Balances::Transfer Event");
+                }
+            }
+            // Just log any other status we encounter:
+            other => {
+                println!("Status: {other:?}");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}

vendor/pezkuwi-subxt/subxt/examples/tx_with_params.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+#![allow(missing_docs)]
+use subxt::config::polkadot::PolkadotExtrinsicParamsBuilder as Params;
+use subxt::{OnlineClient, PolkadotConfig};
+use pezkuwi_subxt_signer::sr25519::dev;
+
+#[subxt::subxt(runtime_metadata_path = "../artifacts/polkadot_metadata_small.scale")]
+pub mod polkadot {}
+
+#[tokio::main]
+async fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
+    // Create a new API client, configured to talk to Polkadot nodes.
+    let api = OnlineClient::<PolkadotConfig>::new().await?;
+
+    // Build a balance transfer extrinsic.
+    let dest = dev::bob().public_key().into();
+    let tx = polkadot::tx().balances().transfer_allow_death(dest, 10_000);
+
+    // Configure the transaction parameters; we give a small tip and set the
+    // transaction to live for 32 blocks from the `latest_block` above.
+    let tx_params = Params::new().tip(1_000).mortal(32).build();
+
+    // submit the transaction:
+    let from = dev::alice();
+    let hash = api.tx().sign_and_submit(&tx, &from, tx_params).await?;
+    println!("Balance transfer extrinsic submitted with hash : {hash}");
+
+    Ok(())
+}

vendor/pezkuwi-subxt/subxt/src/backend/chain_head/follow_stream.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,336 @@
+// Copyright 2019-2025 Parity Technologies (UK) Ltd.
+// This file is dual-licensed as Apache-2.0 or GPL-3.0.
+// see LICENSE for license details.
+
+use crate::config::{Config, HashFor};
+use crate::error::BackendError;
+use futures::{FutureExt, Stream, StreamExt, TryStreamExt};
+use std::future::Future;
+use std::pin::Pin;
+use std::task::{Context, Poll};
+use pezkuwi_subxt_rpcs::methods::chain_head::{ChainHeadRpcMethods, FollowEvent};
+
+/// A `Stream` whose goal is to remain subscribed to `chainHead_follow`. It will re-subscribe if the subscription
+/// is ended for any reason, and it will return the current `subscription_id` as an event, along with the other
+/// follow events.
+pub struct FollowStream<Hash> {
+    // Using this and not just keeping a copy of the RPC methods
+    // around means that we can test this in isolation with dummy streams.
+    stream_getter: FollowEventStreamGetter<Hash>,
+    stream: InnerStreamState<Hash>,
+}
+
+impl<Hash> std::fmt::Debug for FollowStream<Hash> {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        f.debug_struct("FollowStream")
+            .field("stream_getter", &"..")
+            .field("stream", &self.stream)
+            .finish()
+    }
+}
+
+/// A getter function that returns an [`FollowEventStreamFut<Hash>`].
+pub type FollowEventStreamGetter<Hash> = Box<dyn FnMut() -> FollowEventStreamFut<Hash> + Send>;
+
+/// The future which will return a stream of follow events and the subscription ID for it.
+pub type FollowEventStreamFut<Hash> = Pin<
+    Box<
+        dyn Future<Output = Result<(FollowEventStream<Hash>, String), BackendError>>
+            + Send
+            + 'static,
+    >,
+>;
+
+/// The stream of follow events.
+pub type FollowEventStream<Hash> =
+    Pin<Box<dyn Stream<Item = Result<FollowEvent<Hash>, BackendError>> + Send + 'static>>;
+
+/// Either a ready message with the current subscription ID, or
+/// an event from the stream itself.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum FollowStreamMsg<Hash> {
+    /// The stream is ready (and has a subscription ID)
+    Ready(String),
+    /// An event from the stream.
+    Event(FollowEvent<Hash>),
+}
+
+impl<Hash> FollowStreamMsg<Hash> {
+    /// Return an event, or none if the message is a "ready" one.
+    pub fn into_event(self) -> Option<FollowEvent<Hash>> {
+        match self {
+            FollowStreamMsg::Ready(_) => None,
+            FollowStreamMsg::Event(e) => Some(e),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+enum InnerStreamState<Hash> {
+    /// We've just created the stream; we'll start Initializing it
+    New,
+    /// We're fetching the inner subscription. Move to Ready when we have one.
+    Initializing(FollowEventStreamFut<Hash>),
+    /// Report back the subscription ID here, and then start ReceivingEvents.
+    Ready(Option<(FollowEventStream<Hash>, String)>),
+    /// We are polling for, and receiving events from the stream.
+    ReceivingEvents(FollowEventStream<Hash>),
+    /// We received a stop event. We'll send one on and restart the stream.
+    Stopped,
+    /// The stream is finished and will not restart (likely due to an error).
+    Finished,
+}
+
+impl<Hash> std::fmt::Debug for InnerStreamState<Hash> {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        match self {
+            Self::New => write!(f, "New"),
+            Self::Initializing(_) => write!(f, "Initializing(..)"),
+            Self::Ready(_) => write!(f, "Ready(..)"),
+            Self::ReceivingEvents(_) => write!(f, "ReceivingEvents(..)"),
+            Self::Stopped => write!(f, "Stopped"),
+            Self::Finished => write!(f, "Finished"),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<Hash> FollowStream<Hash> {
+    /// Create a new [`FollowStream`] given a function which returns the stream.
+    pub fn new(stream_getter: FollowEventStreamGetter<Hash>) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            stream_getter,
+            stream: InnerStreamState::New,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Create a new [`FollowStream`] given the RPC methods.
+    pub fn from_methods<T: Config>(methods: ChainHeadRpcMethods<T>) -> FollowStream<HashFor<T>> {
+        FollowStream {
+            stream_getter: Box::new(move || {
+                let methods = methods.clone();
+                Box::pin(async move {
+                    // Make the RPC call:
+                    let stream = methods.chainhead_v1_follow(true).await?;
+                    // Extract the subscription ID:
+                    let Some(sub_id) = stream.subscription_id().map(ToOwned::to_owned) else {
+                        return Err(BackendError::Other(
+                            "Subscription ID expected for chainHead_follow response, but not given"
+                                .to_owned(),
+                        ));
+                    };
+                    // Map stream errors into the higher level subxt one:
+                    let stream = stream.map_err(|e| e.into());
+                    let stream: FollowEventStream<HashFor<T>> = Box::pin(stream);
+                    // Return both:
+                    Ok((stream, sub_id))
+                })
+            }),
+            stream: InnerStreamState::New,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<Hash> std::marker::Unpin for FollowStream<Hash> {}
+
+impl<Hash> Stream for FollowStream<Hash> {
+    type Item = Result<FollowStreamMsg<Hash>, BackendError>;
+
+    fn poll_next(self: Pin<&mut Self>, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Option<Self::Item>> {
+        let this = self.get_mut();
+
+        loop {
+            match &mut this.stream {
+                InnerStreamState::New => {
+                    let fut = (this.stream_getter)();
+                    this.stream = InnerStreamState::Initializing(fut);
+                    continue;
+                }
+                InnerStreamState::Initializing(fut) => {
+                    match fut.poll_unpin(cx) {
+                        Poll::Pending => {
+                            return Poll::Pending;
+                        }
+                        Poll::Ready(Ok(sub_with_id)) => {
+                            this.stream = InnerStreamState::Ready(Some(sub_with_id));
+                            continue;
+                        }
+                        Poll::Ready(Err(e)) => {
+                            // Re-start if a reconnecting backend was enabled.
+                            if e.is_disconnected_will_reconnect() {
+                                this.stream = InnerStreamState::Stopped;
+                                continue;
+                            }
+
+                            // Finish forever if there's an error, passing it on.
+                            this.stream = InnerStreamState::Finished;
+                            return Poll::Ready(Some(Err(e)));
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                InnerStreamState::Ready(stream) => {
+                    // We never set the Option to `None`; we just have an Option so
+                    // that we can take ownership of the contents easily here.
+                    let (sub, sub_id) = stream.take().expect("should always be Some");
+                    this.stream = InnerStreamState::ReceivingEvents(sub);
+                    return Poll::Ready(Some(Ok(FollowStreamMsg::Ready(sub_id))));
+                }
+                InnerStreamState::ReceivingEvents(stream) => {
+                    match stream.poll_next_unpin(cx) {
+                        Poll::Pending => {
+                            return Poll::Pending;
+                        }
+                        Poll::Ready(None) => {
+                            // No error happened but the stream ended; restart and
+                            // pass on a Stop message anyway.
+                            this.stream = InnerStreamState::Stopped;
+                            continue;
+                        }
+                        Poll::Ready(Some(Ok(ev))) => {
+                            if let FollowEvent::Stop = ev {
+                                // A stop event means the stream has ended, so start
+                                // over after passing on the stop message.
+                                this.stream = InnerStreamState::Stopped;
+                                continue;
+                            }
+                            return Poll::Ready(Some(Ok(FollowStreamMsg::Event(ev))));
+                        }
+                        Poll::Ready(Some(Err(e))) => {
+                            // Re-start if a reconnecting backend was enabled.
+                            if e.is_disconnected_will_reconnect() {
+                                this.stream = InnerStreamState::Stopped;
+                                continue;
+                            }
+
+                            // Finish forever if there's an error, passing it on.
+                            this.stream = InnerStreamState::Finished;
+                            return Poll::Ready(Some(Err(e)));
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                InnerStreamState::Stopped => {
+                    this.stream = InnerStreamState::New;
+                    return Poll::Ready(Some(Ok(FollowStreamMsg::Event(FollowEvent::Stop))));
+                }
+                InnerStreamState::Finished => {
+                    return Poll::Ready(None);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+pub(super) mod test_utils {
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::config::substrate::H256;
+    use std::sync::Arc;
+    use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicUsize, Ordering};
+    use pezkuwi_subxt_rpcs::methods::chain_head::{BestBlockChanged, Finalized, Initialized, NewBlock};
+
+    /// Given some events, returns a follow stream getter that we can use in
+    /// place of the usual RPC method.
+    pub fn test_stream_getter<Hash, F, I>(events: F) -> FollowEventStreamGetter<Hash>
+    where
+        Hash: Send + 'static,
+        F: Fn() -> I + Send + 'static,
+        I: IntoIterator<Item = Result<FollowEvent<Hash>, BackendError>>,
+    {
+        let start_idx = Arc::new(AtomicUsize::new(0));
+
+        Box::new(move || {
+            // Start the events from where we left off last time.
+            let start_idx = start_idx.clone();
+            let this_idx = start_idx.load(Ordering::Relaxed);
+            let events: Vec<_> = events().into_iter().skip(this_idx).collect();
+
+            Box::pin(async move {
+                // Increment start_idx for each event we see, so that if we get
+                // the stream again, we get only the remaining events for it.
+                let stream = futures::stream::iter(events).map(move |ev| {
+                    start_idx.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
+                    ev
+                });
+
+                let stream: FollowEventStream<Hash> = Box::pin(stream);
+                Ok((stream, format!("sub_id_{this_idx}")))
+            })
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// An initialized event
+    pub fn ev_initialized(n: u64) -> FollowEvent<H256> {
+        FollowEvent::Initialized(Initialized {
+            finalized_block_hashes: vec![H256::from_low_u64_le(n)],
+            finalized_block_runtime: None,
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// A new block event
+    pub fn ev_new_block(parent_n: u64, n: u64) -> FollowEvent<H256> {
+        FollowEvent::NewBlock(NewBlock {
+            parent_block_hash: H256::from_low_u64_le(parent_n),
+            block_hash: H256::from_low_u64_le(n),
+            new_runtime: None,
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// A best block event
+    pub fn ev_best_block(n: u64) -> FollowEvent<H256> {
+        FollowEvent::BestBlockChanged(BestBlockChanged {
+            best_block_hash: H256::from_low_u64_le(n),
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// A finalized event
+    pub fn ev_finalized(
+        finalized_ns: impl IntoIterator<Item = u64>,
+        pruned_ns: impl IntoIterator<Item = u64>,
+    ) -> FollowEvent<H256> {
+        FollowEvent::Finalized(Finalized {
+            finalized_block_hashes: finalized_ns
+                .into_iter()
+                .map(H256::from_low_u64_le)
+                .collect(),
+            pruned_block_hashes: pruned_ns.into_iter().map(H256::from_low_u64_le).collect(),
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+pub mod test {
+    use super::*;
+    use test_utils::{ev_initialized, ev_new_block, test_stream_getter};
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn follow_stream_provides_messages_until_error() {
+        // The events we'll get back on the stream.
+        let stream_getter = test_stream_getter(|| {
+            [
+                Ok(ev_initialized(1)),
+                // Stop should lead to a drop and resubscribe:
+                Ok(FollowEvent::Stop),
+                Ok(FollowEvent::Stop),
+                Ok(ev_new_block(1, 2)),
+                // Nothing should be emitted after an error:
+                Err(BackendError::Other("ended".to_owned())),
+                Ok(ev_new_block(2, 3)),
+            ]
+        });
+
+        let s = FollowStream::new(stream_getter);
+        let out: Vec<_> = s.filter_map(async |e| e.ok()).collect().await;
+
+        // The expected response, given the above.
+        assert_eq!(
+            out,
+            vec![
+                FollowStreamMsg::Ready("sub_id_0".to_owned()),
+                FollowStreamMsg::Event(ev_initialized(1)),
+                FollowStreamMsg::Event(FollowEvent::Stop),
+                FollowStreamMsg::Ready("sub_id_2".to_owned()),
+                FollowStreamMsg::Event(FollowEvent::Stop),
+                FollowStreamMsg::Ready("sub_id_3".to_owned()),
+                FollowStreamMsg::Event(ev_new_block(1, 2)),
+            ]
+        );
+    }
+}

vendor/pezkuwi-subxt/subxt/src/backend/chain_head/follow_stream_driver.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,755 @@
+// Copyright 2019-2025 Parity Technologies (UK) Ltd.
+// This file is dual-licensed as Apache-2.0 or GPL-3.0.
+// see LICENSE for license details.
+
+use super::follow_stream_unpin::{BlockRef, FollowStreamMsg, FollowStreamUnpin};
+use crate::config::Hash;
+use crate::error::{BackendError, RpcError};
+use futures::stream::{Stream, StreamExt};
+use std::collections::{HashMap, HashSet, VecDeque};
+use std::ops::DerefMut;
+use std::pin::Pin;
+use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};
+use std::task::{Context, Poll, Waker};
+use pezkuwi_subxt_rpcs::methods::chain_head::{FollowEvent, Initialized, RuntimeEvent};
+
+/// A `Stream` which builds on `FollowStreamDriver`, and allows multiple subscribers to obtain events
+/// from the single underlying subscription (each being provided an `Initialized` message and all new
+/// blocks since then, as if they were each creating a unique `chainHead_follow` subscription). This
+/// is the "top" layer of our follow stream subscriptions, and the one that's interacted with elsewhere.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct FollowStreamDriver<H: Hash> {
+    inner: FollowStreamUnpin<H>,
+    shared: Shared<H>,
+}
+
+impl<H: Hash> FollowStreamDriver<H> {
+    /// Create a new [`FollowStreamDriver`]. This must be polled by some executor
+    /// in order for any progress to be made. Things can subscribe to events.
+    pub fn new(follow_unpin: FollowStreamUnpin<H>) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            inner: follow_unpin,
+            shared: Shared::default(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Return a handle from which we can create new subscriptions to follow events.
+    pub fn handle(&self) -> FollowStreamDriverHandle<H> {
+        FollowStreamDriverHandle {
+            shared: self.shared.clone(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<H: Hash> Stream for FollowStreamDriver<H> {
+    type Item = Result<(), BackendError>;
+
+    fn poll_next(mut self: Pin<&mut Self>, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Option<Self::Item>> {
+        match self.inner.poll_next_unpin(cx) {
+            Poll::Pending => Poll::Pending,
+            Poll::Ready(None) => {
+                // Mark ourselves as done so that everything can end.
+                self.shared.done();
+                Poll::Ready(None)
+            }
+            Poll::Ready(Some(Err(e))) => Poll::Ready(Some(Err(e))),
+            Poll::Ready(Some(Ok(item))) => {
+                // Push item to any subscribers.
+                self.shared.push_item(item);
+                Poll::Ready(Some(Ok(())))
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// A handle that can be used to create subscribers, but that doesn't
+/// itself subscribe to events.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct FollowStreamDriverHandle<H: Hash> {
+    shared: Shared<H>,
+}
+
+impl<H: Hash> FollowStreamDriverHandle<H> {
+    /// Subscribe to follow events.
+    pub fn subscribe(&self) -> FollowStreamDriverSubscription<H> {
+        self.shared.subscribe()
+    }
+}
+
+/// A subscription to events from the [`FollowStreamDriver`]. All subscriptions
+/// begin first with a `Ready` event containing the current subscription ID, and
+/// then with an `Initialized` event containing the latest finalized block and latest
+/// runtime information, and then any new/best block events and so on received since
+/// the latest finalized block.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct FollowStreamDriverSubscription<H: Hash> {
+    id: usize,
+    done: bool,
+    shared: Shared<H>,
+    local_items: VecDeque<FollowStreamMsg<BlockRef<H>>>,
+}
+
+impl<H: Hash> Stream for FollowStreamDriverSubscription<H> {
+    type Item = FollowStreamMsg<BlockRef<H>>;
+
+    fn poll_next(mut self: Pin<&mut Self>, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Option<Self::Item>> {
+        if self.done {
+            return Poll::Ready(None);
+        }
+
+        loop {
+            if let Some(item) = self.local_items.pop_front() {
+                return Poll::Ready(Some(item));
+            }
+
+            let items = self.shared.take_items_and_save_waker(self.id, cx.waker());
+
+            // If no items left, mark locally as done (to avoid further locking)
+            // and return None to signal done-ness.
+            let Some(items) = items else {
+                self.done = true;
+                return Poll::Ready(None);
+            };
+
+            // No items? We've saved the waker so we'll be told when more come.
+            // Else, save the items locally and loop around to pop from them.
+            if items.is_empty() {
+                return Poll::Pending;
+            } else {
+                self.local_items = items;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<H: Hash> FollowStreamDriverSubscription<H> {
+    /// Return the current subscription ID. If the subscription has stopped, then this will
+    /// wait until a new subscription has started with a new ID.
+    pub async fn subscription_id(self) -> Option<String> {
+        let ready_event = self
+            .skip_while(|ev| std::future::ready(!matches!(ev, FollowStreamMsg::Ready(_))))
+            .next()
+            .await?;
+
+        match ready_event {
+            FollowStreamMsg::Ready(sub_id) => Some(sub_id),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Subscribe to the follow events, ignoring any other messages.
+    pub fn events(self) -> impl Stream<Item = FollowEvent<BlockRef<H>>> + Send + Sync {
+        self.filter_map(|ev| std::future::ready(ev.into_event()))
+    }
+}
+
+impl<H: Hash> Clone for FollowStreamDriverSubscription<H> {
+    fn clone(&self) -> Self {
+        self.shared.subscribe()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<H: Hash> Drop for FollowStreamDriverSubscription<H> {
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        self.shared.remove_sub(self.id);
+    }
+}
+
+/// Locked shared state. The driver stream will access this state to push
+/// events to any subscribers, and subscribers will access it to pull the
+/// events destined for themselves.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+struct Shared<H: Hash>(Arc<Mutex<SharedState<H>>>);
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+struct SharedState<H: Hash> {
+    done: bool,
+    next_id: usize,
+    subscribers: HashMap<usize, SubscriberDetails<H>>,
+    /// Keep a buffer of all events that should be handed to a new subscription.
+    block_events_for_new_subscriptions: VecDeque<FollowEvent<BlockRef<H>>>,
+    // Keep track of the subscription ID we send out on new subs.
+    current_subscription_id: Option<String>,
+    // Keep track of the init message we send out on new subs.
+    current_init_message: Option<Initialized<BlockRef<H>>>,
+    // Runtime events by block hash; we need to track these to know
+    // whether the runtime has changed when we see a finalized block notification.
+    seen_runtime_events: HashMap<H, RuntimeEvent>,
+}
+
+impl<H: Hash> Default for Shared<H> {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Shared(Arc::new(Mutex::new(SharedState {
+            next_id: 1,
+            done: false,
+            subscribers: HashMap::new(),
+            current_init_message: None,
+            current_subscription_id: None,
+            seen_runtime_events: HashMap::new(),
+            block_events_for_new_subscriptions: VecDeque::new(),
+        })))
+    }
+}
+
+impl<H: Hash> Shared<H> {
+    /// Set the shared state to "done"; no more items will be handed to it.
+    pub fn done(&self) {
+        let mut shared = self.0.lock().unwrap();
+        shared.done = true;
+
+        // Wake up all subscribers so they get notified that the backend was closed
+        for details in shared.subscribers.values_mut() {
+            if let Some(waker) = details.waker.take() {
+                waker.wake();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Cleanup a subscription.
+    pub fn remove_sub(&self, sub_id: usize) {
+        let mut shared = self.0.lock().unwrap();
+        shared.subscribers.remove(&sub_id);
+    }
+
+    /// Take items for some subscription ID and save the waker.
+    pub fn take_items_and_save_waker(
+        &self,
+        sub_id: usize,
+        waker: &Waker,
+    ) -> Option<VecDeque<FollowStreamMsg<BlockRef<H>>>> {
+        let mut shared = self.0.lock().unwrap();
+
+        let is_done = shared.done;
+        let details = shared.subscribers.get_mut(&sub_id)?;
+
+        // no more items to pull, and stream closed, so return None.
+        if details.items.is_empty() && is_done {
+            return None;
+        }
+
+        // else, take whatever items, and save the waker if not done yet.
+        let items = std::mem::take(&mut details.items);
+        if !is_done {
+            details.waker = Some(waker.clone());
+        }
+        Some(items)
+    }
+
+    /// Push a new item out to subscribers.
+    pub fn push_item(&self, item: FollowStreamMsg<BlockRef<H>>) {
+        let mut shared = self.0.lock().unwrap();
+        let shared = shared.deref_mut();
+
+        // broadcast item to subscribers:
+        for details in shared.subscribers.values_mut() {
+            details.items.push_back(item.clone());
+            if let Some(waker) = details.waker.take() {
+                waker.wake();
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Keep our buffer of ready/block events up-to-date:
+        match item {
+            FollowStreamMsg::Ready(sub_id) => {
+                // Set new subscription ID when it comes in.
+                shared.current_subscription_id = Some(sub_id);
+            }
+            FollowStreamMsg::Event(FollowEvent::Initialized(ev)) => {
+                // New subscriptions will be given this init message:
+                shared.current_init_message = Some(ev.clone());
+                // Clear block cache (since a new finalized block hash is seen):
+                shared.block_events_for_new_subscriptions.clear();
+            }
+            FollowStreamMsg::Event(FollowEvent::Finalized(finalized_ev)) => {
+                // Update the init message that we'll hand out to new subscriptions. If the init message
+                // is `None` for some reason, we just ignore this step.
+                if let Some(init_message) = &mut shared.current_init_message {
+                    // Find the latest runtime update that's been finalized.
+                    let newest_runtime = finalized_ev
+                        .finalized_block_hashes
+                        .iter()
+                        .rev()
+                        .filter_map(|h| shared.seen_runtime_events.get(&h.hash()).cloned())
+                        .next();
+
+                    shared.seen_runtime_events.clear();
+
+                    init_message
+                        .finalized_block_hashes
+                        .clone_from(&finalized_ev.finalized_block_hashes);
+
+                    if let Some(runtime_ev) = newest_runtime {
+                        init_message.finalized_block_runtime = Some(runtime_ev);
+                    }
+                }
+
+                // The last finalized block will be reported as Initialized by our driver,
+                // therefore there is no need to report NewBlock and BestBlock events for it.
+                // If the Finalized event reported multiple finalized hashes, we only care about
+                // the state at the head of the chain, therefore it is correct to remove those as well.
+                // Idem for the pruned hashes; they will never be reported again and we remove
+                // them from the window of events.
+                let to_remove: HashSet<H> = finalized_ev
+                    .finalized_block_hashes
+                    .iter()
+                    .chain(finalized_ev.pruned_block_hashes.iter())
+                    .map(|h| h.hash())
+                    .collect();
+
+                shared
+                    .block_events_for_new_subscriptions
+                    .retain(|ev| match ev {
+                        FollowEvent::NewBlock(new_block_ev) => {
+                            !to_remove.contains(&new_block_ev.block_hash.hash())
+                        }
+                        FollowEvent::BestBlockChanged(best_block_ev) => {
+                            !to_remove.contains(&best_block_ev.best_block_hash.hash())
+                        }
+                        _ => true,
+                    });
+            }
+            FollowStreamMsg::Event(FollowEvent::NewBlock(new_block_ev)) => {
+                // If a new runtime is seen, note it so that when a block is finalized, we
+                // can associate that with a runtime update having happened.
+                if let Some(runtime_event) = &new_block_ev.new_runtime {
+                    shared
+                        .seen_runtime_events
+                        .insert(new_block_ev.block_hash.hash(), runtime_event.clone());
+                }
+
+                shared
+                    .block_events_for_new_subscriptions
+                    .push_back(FollowEvent::NewBlock(new_block_ev));
+            }
+            FollowStreamMsg::Event(ev @ FollowEvent::BestBlockChanged(_)) => {
+                shared.block_events_for_new_subscriptions.push_back(ev);
+            }
+            FollowStreamMsg::Event(FollowEvent::Stop) => {
+                // On a stop event, clear everything. Wait for resubscription and new ready/initialised events.
+                shared.block_events_for_new_subscriptions.clear();
+                shared.current_subscription_id = None;
+                shared.current_init_message = None;
+            }
+            _ => {
+                // We don't buffer any other events.
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Create a new subscription.
+    pub fn subscribe(&self) -> FollowStreamDriverSubscription<H> {
+        let mut shared = self.0.lock().unwrap();
+
+        let id = shared.next_id;
+        shared.next_id += 1;
+
+        shared.subscribers.insert(
+            id,
+            SubscriberDetails {
+                items: VecDeque::new(),
+                waker: None,
+            },
+        );
+
+        // Any new subscription should start with a "Ready" message and then an "Initialized"
+        // message, and then any non-finalized block events since that. If these don't exist,
+        // it means the subscription is currently stopped, and we should expect new Ready/Init
+        // messages anyway once it restarts.
+        let mut local_items = VecDeque::new();
+        if let Some(sub_id) = &shared.current_subscription_id {
+            local_items.push_back(FollowStreamMsg::Ready(sub_id.clone()));
+        }
+        if let Some(init_msg) = &shared.current_init_message {
+            local_items.push_back(FollowStreamMsg::Event(FollowEvent::Initialized(
+                init_msg.clone(),
+            )));
+        }
+        for ev in &shared.block_events_for_new_subscriptions {
+            local_items.push_back(FollowStreamMsg::Event(ev.clone()));
+        }
+
+        drop(shared);
+
+        FollowStreamDriverSubscription {
+            id,
+            done: false,
+            shared: self.clone(),
+            local_items,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Details for a given subscriber: any items it's not yet claimed,
+/// and a way to wake it up when there are more items for it.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+struct SubscriberDetails<H: Hash> {
+    items: VecDeque<FollowStreamMsg<BlockRef<H>>>,
+    waker: Option<Waker>,
+}
+
+/// A stream that subscribes to finalized blocks
+/// and indicates whether a block was missed if was restarted.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct FollowStreamFinalizedHeads<H: Hash, F> {
+    stream: FollowStreamDriverSubscription<H>,
+    sub_id: Option<String>,
+    last_seen_block: Option<BlockRef<H>>,
+    f: F,
+    is_done: bool,
+}
+
+impl<H: Hash, F> Unpin for FollowStreamFinalizedHeads<H, F> {}
+
+impl<H, F> FollowStreamFinalizedHeads<H, F>
+where
+    H: Hash,
+    F: Fn(FollowEvent<BlockRef<H>>) -> Vec<BlockRef<H>>,
+{
+    pub fn new(stream: FollowStreamDriverSubscription<H>, f: F) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            stream,
+            sub_id: None,
+            last_seen_block: None,
+            f,
+            is_done: false,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<H, F> Stream for FollowStreamFinalizedHeads<H, F>
+where
+    H: Hash,
+    F: Fn(FollowEvent<BlockRef<H>>) -> Vec<BlockRef<H>>,
+{
+    type Item = Result<(String, Vec<BlockRef<H>>), BackendError>;
+
+    fn poll_next(mut self: Pin<&mut Self>, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Option<Self::Item>> {
+        if self.is_done {
+            return Poll::Ready(None);
+        }
+
+        loop {
+            let Some(ev) = futures::ready!(self.stream.poll_next_unpin(cx)) else {
+                self.is_done = true;
+                return Poll::Ready(None);
+            };
+
+            let block_refs = match ev {
+                FollowStreamMsg::Ready(sub_id) => {
+                    self.sub_id = Some(sub_id);
+                    continue;
+                }
+                FollowStreamMsg::Event(FollowEvent::Finalized(finalized)) => {
+                    self.last_seen_block = finalized.finalized_block_hashes.last().cloned();
+
+                    (self.f)(FollowEvent::Finalized(finalized))
+                }
+                FollowStreamMsg::Event(FollowEvent::Initialized(mut init)) => {
+                    let prev = self.last_seen_block.take();
+                    self.last_seen_block = init.finalized_block_hashes.last().cloned();
+
+                    if let Some(p) = prev {
+                        let Some(pos) = init
+                            .finalized_block_hashes
+                            .iter()
+                            .position(|b| b.hash() == p.hash())
+                        else {
+                            return Poll::Ready(Some(Err(RpcError::ClientError(
+                                pezkuwi_subxt_rpcs::Error::DisconnectedWillReconnect(
+                                    "Missed at least one block when the connection was lost"
+                                        .to_owned(),
+                                ),
+                            )
+                            .into())));
+                        };
+
+                        // If we got older blocks than `prev`, we need to remove them
+                        // because they should already have been sent at this point.
+                        init.finalized_block_hashes.drain(0..=pos);
+                    }
+
+                    (self.f)(FollowEvent::Initialized(init))
+                }
+                FollowStreamMsg::Event(ev) => (self.f)(ev),
+            };
+
+            if block_refs.is_empty() {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            let sub_id = self
+                .sub_id
+                .clone()
+                .expect("Ready is always emitted before any other event");
+
+            return Poll::Ready(Some(Ok((sub_id, block_refs))));
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod test_utils {
+    use super::super::follow_stream_unpin::test_utils::test_unpin_stream_getter;
+    use super::*;
+
+    /// Return a `FollowStreamDriver`
+    pub fn test_follow_stream_driver_getter<H, F, I>(
+        events: F,
+        max_life: usize,
+    ) -> FollowStreamDriver<H>
+    where
+        H: Hash + 'static,
+        F: Fn() -> I + Send + 'static,
+        I: IntoIterator<Item = Result<FollowEvent<H>, BackendError>>,
+    {
+        let (stream, _) = test_unpin_stream_getter(events, max_life);
+        FollowStreamDriver::new(stream)
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod test {
+    use futures::TryStreamExt;
+    use primitive_types::H256;
+
+    use super::super::follow_stream::test_utils::{
+        ev_best_block, ev_finalized, ev_initialized, ev_new_block,
+    };
+    use super::super::follow_stream_unpin::test_utils::{
+        ev_best_block_ref, ev_finalized_ref, ev_initialized_ref, ev_new_block_ref,
+    };
+    use super::test_utils::test_follow_stream_driver_getter;
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn follow_stream_driver_is_sendable() {
+        fn assert_send<T: Send + 'static>(_: T) {}
+        let stream_getter = test_follow_stream_driver_getter(|| [Ok(ev_initialized(1))], 10);
+        assert_send(stream_getter);
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn subscribers_all_receive_events_and_finish_gracefully_on_error() {
+        let mut driver = test_follow_stream_driver_getter(
+            || {
+                [
+                    Ok(ev_initialized(0)),
+                    Ok(ev_new_block(0, 1)),
+                    Ok(ev_best_block(1)),
+                    Ok(ev_finalized([1], [])),
+                    Err(BackendError::Other("ended".to_owned())),
+                ]
+            },
+            10,
+        );
+
+        let handle = driver.handle();
+
+        let a = handle.subscribe();
+        let b = handle.subscribe();
+        let c = handle.subscribe();
+
+        // Drive to completion (the sort of real life usage I'd expect):
+        tokio::spawn(async move { while driver.next().await.is_some() {} });
+
+        let a_vec: Vec<_> = a.collect().await;
+        let b_vec: Vec<_> = b.collect().await;
+        let c_vec: Vec<_> = c.collect().await;
+
+        let expected = vec![
+            FollowStreamMsg::Ready("sub_id_0".into()),
+            FollowStreamMsg::Event(ev_initialized_ref(0)),
+            FollowStreamMsg::Event(ev_new_block_ref(0, 1)),
+            FollowStreamMsg::Event(ev_best_block_ref(1)),
+            FollowStreamMsg::Event(ev_finalized_ref([1])),
+        ];
+
+        assert_eq!(a_vec, expected);
+        assert_eq!(b_vec, expected);
+        assert_eq!(c_vec, expected);
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn subscribers_receive_block_events_from_last_finalised() {
+        let mut driver = test_follow_stream_driver_getter(
+            || {
+                [
+                    Ok(ev_initialized(0)),
+                    Ok(ev_new_block(0, 1)),
+                    Ok(ev_best_block(1)),
+                    Ok(ev_finalized([1], [])),
+                    Ok(ev_new_block(1, 2)),
+                    Ok(ev_new_block(2, 3)),
+                    Err(BackendError::Other("ended".to_owned())),
+                ]
+            },
+            10,
+        );
+
+        // Skip past ready, init, new, best events.
+        let _r = driver.next().await.unwrap();
+        let _i0 = driver.next().await.unwrap();
+        let _n1 = driver.next().await.unwrap();
+        let _b1 = driver.next().await.unwrap();
+
+        // THEN subscribe; subscription should still receive them:
+        let evs: Vec<_> = driver.handle().subscribe().take(4).collect().await;
+        let expected = vec![
+            FollowStreamMsg::Ready("sub_id_0".into()),
+            FollowStreamMsg::Event(ev_initialized_ref(0)),
+            FollowStreamMsg::Event(ev_new_block_ref(0, 1)),
+            FollowStreamMsg::Event(ev_best_block_ref(1)),
+        ];
+        assert_eq!(evs, expected);
+
+        // Skip past finalized 1, new 2, new 3 events
+        let _f1 = driver.next().await.unwrap();
+        let _n2 = driver.next().await.unwrap();
+        let _n3 = driver.next().await.unwrap();
+
+        // THEN subscribe again; new subs will see an updated initialized message
+        // with the latest finalized block hash.
+        let evs: Vec<_> = driver.handle().subscribe().take(4).collect().await;
+        let expected = vec![
+            FollowStreamMsg::Ready("sub_id_0".into()),
+            FollowStreamMsg::Event(ev_initialized_ref(1)),
+            FollowStreamMsg::Event(ev_new_block_ref(1, 2)),
+            FollowStreamMsg::Event(ev_new_block_ref(2, 3)),
+        ];
+        assert_eq!(evs, expected);
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn subscribers_receive_new_blocks_before_subscribing() {
+        let mut driver = test_follow_stream_driver_getter(
+            || {
+                [
+                    Ok(ev_initialized(0)),
+                    Ok(ev_new_block(0, 1)),
+                    Ok(ev_best_block(1)),
+                    Ok(ev_new_block(1, 2)),
+                    Ok(ev_new_block(2, 3)),
+                    Ok(ev_finalized([1], [])),
+                    Err(BackendError::Other("ended".to_owned())),
+                ]
+            },
+            10,
+        );
+
+        // Skip to the first finalized block F1.
+        let _r = driver.next().await.unwrap();
+        let _i0 = driver.next().await.unwrap();
+        let _n1 = driver.next().await.unwrap();
+        let _b1 = driver.next().await.unwrap();
+        let _n2 = driver.next().await.unwrap();
+        let _n3 = driver.next().await.unwrap();
+        let _f1 = driver.next().await.unwrap();
+
+        // THEN subscribe; and make sure new block 1 and 2 are received.
+        let evs: Vec<_> = driver.handle().subscribe().take(4).collect().await;
+        let expected = vec![
+            FollowStreamMsg::Ready("sub_id_0".into()),
+            FollowStreamMsg::Event(ev_initialized_ref(1)),
+            FollowStreamMsg::Event(ev_new_block_ref(1, 2)),
+            FollowStreamMsg::Event(ev_new_block_ref(2, 3)),
+        ];
+        assert_eq!(evs, expected);
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn subscribe_finalized_blocks_restart_works() {
+        let mut driver = test_follow_stream_driver_getter(
+            || {
+                [
+                    Ok(ev_initialized(0)),
+                    Ok(ev_new_block(0, 1)),
+                    Ok(ev_best_block(1)),
+                    Ok(ev_finalized([1], [])),
+                    Ok(FollowEvent::Stop),
+                    Ok(ev_initialized(1)),
+                    Ok(ev_finalized([2], [])),
+                    Err(BackendError::Other("ended".to_owned())),
+                ]
+            },
+            10,
+        );
+
+        let handle = driver.handle();
+
+        tokio::spawn(async move { while driver.next().await.is_some() {} });
+
+        let f = |ev| match ev {
+            FollowEvent::Finalized(ev) => ev.finalized_block_hashes,
+            FollowEvent::Initialized(ev) => ev.finalized_block_hashes,
+            _ => vec![],
+        };
+
+        let stream = FollowStreamFinalizedHeads::new(handle.subscribe(), f);
+        let evs: Vec<_> = stream.try_collect().await.unwrap();
+
+        let expected = vec![
+            (
+                "sub_id_0".to_string(),
+                vec![BlockRef::new(H256::from_low_u64_le(0))],
+            ),
+            (
+                "sub_id_0".to_string(),
+                vec![BlockRef::new(H256::from_low_u64_le(1))],
+            ),
+            (
+                "sub_id_5".to_string(),
+                vec![BlockRef::new(H256::from_low_u64_le(2))],
+            ),
+        ];
+        assert_eq!(evs, expected);
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn subscribe_finalized_blocks_restart_with_missed_blocks() {
+        let mut driver = test_follow_stream_driver_getter(
+            || {
+                [
+                    Ok(ev_initialized(0)),
+                    Ok(FollowEvent::Stop),
+                    // Emulate that we missed some blocks.
+                    Ok(ev_initialized(13)),
+                    Ok(ev_finalized([14], [])),
+                    Err(BackendError::Other("ended".to_owned())),
+                ]
+            },
+            10,
+        );
+
+        let handle = driver.handle();
+
+        tokio::spawn(async move { while driver.next().await.is_some() {} });
+
+        let f = |ev| match ev {
+            FollowEvent::Finalized(ev) => ev.finalized_block_hashes,
+            FollowEvent::Initialized(ev) => ev.finalized_block_hashes,
+            _ => vec![],
+        };
+
+        let evs: Vec<_> = FollowStreamFinalizedHeads::new(handle.subscribe(), f)
+            .collect()
+            .await;
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            evs[0].as_ref().unwrap(),
+            &(
+                "sub_id_0".to_string(),
+                vec![BlockRef::new(H256::from_low_u64_le(0))]
+            )
+        );
+        assert!(
+            matches!(&evs[1], Err(BackendError::Rpc(RpcError::ClientError(pezkuwi_subxt_rpcs::Error::DisconnectedWillReconnect(e)))) if e.contains("Missed at least one block when the connection was lost"))
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            evs[2].as_ref().unwrap(),
+            &(
+                "sub_id_2".to_string(),
+                vec![BlockRef::new(H256::from_low_u64_le(14))]
+            )
+        );
+    }
+}

vendor/pezkuwi-subxt/subxt/src/backend/chain_head/follow_stream_unpin.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,813 @@
+// Copyright 2019-2025 Parity Technologies (UK) Ltd.
+// This file is dual-licensed as Apache-2.0 or GPL-3.0.
+// see LICENSE for license details.
+
+use super::ChainHeadRpcMethods;
+use super::follow_stream::FollowStream;
+use crate::config::{Config, Hash, HashFor};
+use crate::error::BackendError;
+use futures::stream::{FuturesUnordered, Stream, StreamExt};
+use pezkuwi_subxt_rpcs::methods::chain_head::{
+    BestBlockChanged, Finalized, FollowEvent, Initialized, NewBlock,
+};
+
+use std::collections::{HashMap, HashSet};
+use std::future::Future;
+use std::pin::Pin;
+use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};
+use std::task::{Context, Poll, Waker};
+
+/// The type of stream item.
+pub use super::follow_stream::FollowStreamMsg;
+
+/// A `Stream` which builds on `FollowStream`, and handles pinning. It replaces any block hash seen in
+/// the follow events with a `BlockRef` which, when all clones are dropped, will lead to an "unpin" call
+/// for that block hash being queued. It will also automatically unpin any blocks that exceed a given max
+/// age, to try and prevent the underlying stream from ending (and _all_ blocks from being unpinned as a
+/// result). Put simply, it tries to keep every block pinned as long as possible until the block is no longer
+/// used anywhere.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct FollowStreamUnpin<H: Hash> {
+    // The underlying stream of events.
+    inner: FollowStream<H>,
+    // A method to call to unpin a block, given a block hash and a subscription ID.
+    unpin_method: UnpinMethodHolder<H>,
+    // Futures for sending unpin events that we'll poll to completion as
+    // part of polling the stream as a whole.
+    unpin_futs: FuturesUnordered<UnpinFut>,
+    // Each time a new finalized block is seen, we give it an age of `next_rel_block_age`,
+    // and then increment this ready for the next finalized block. So, the first finalized
+    // block will have an age of 0, the next 1, 2, 3 and so on. We can then use `max_block_life`
+    // to say "unpin all blocks with an age < (next_rel_block_age-1) - max_block_life".
+    next_rel_block_age: usize,
+    // The latest ID of the FollowStream subscription, which we can use
+    // to unpin blocks.
+    subscription_id: Option<Arc<str>>,
+    // The longest period a block can be pinned for.
+    max_block_life: usize,
+    // The currently seen and pinned blocks.
+    pinned: HashMap<H, PinnedDetails<H>>,
+    // Shared state about blocks we've flagged to unpin from elsewhere
+    unpin_flags: UnpinFlags<H>,
+}
+
+// Just a wrapper to make implementing debug on the whole thing easier.
+struct UnpinMethodHolder<H>(UnpinMethod<H>);
+impl<H> std::fmt::Debug for UnpinMethodHolder<H> {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        write!(
+            f,
+            "UnpinMethodHolder(Box<dyn FnMut(Hash, Arc<str>) -> UnpinFut>)"
+        )
+    }
+}
+
+/// The type of the unpin method that we need to provide.
+pub type UnpinMethod<H> = Box<dyn FnMut(H, Arc<str>) -> UnpinFut + Send>;
+
+/// The future returned from [`UnpinMethod`].
+pub type UnpinFut = Pin<Box<dyn Future<Output = ()> + Send + 'static>>;
+
+impl<H: Hash> std::marker::Unpin for FollowStreamUnpin<H> {}
+
+impl<H: Hash> Stream for FollowStreamUnpin<H> {
+    type Item = Result<FollowStreamMsg<BlockRef<H>>, BackendError>;
+
+    fn poll_next(mut self: Pin<&mut Self>, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Option<Self::Item>> {
+        let mut this = self.as_mut();
+
+        loop {
+            // Poll any queued unpin tasks.
+            let unpin_futs_are_pending = match this.unpin_futs.poll_next_unpin(cx) {
+                Poll::Ready(Some(())) => continue,
+                Poll::Ready(None) => false,
+                Poll::Pending => true,
+            };
+
+            // Poll the inner stream for the next event.
+            let Poll::Ready(ev) = this.inner.poll_next_unpin(cx) else {
+                return Poll::Pending;
+            };
+
+            let Some(ev) = ev else {
+                // if the stream is done, but `unpin_futs` are still pending, then
+                // return pending here so that they are still driven to completion.
+                // Else, return `Ready(None)` to signal nothing left to do.
+                return match unpin_futs_are_pending {
+                    true => Poll::Pending,
+                    false => Poll::Ready(None),
+                };
+            };
+
+            // Error? just return it and do nothing further.
+            let ev = match ev {
+                Ok(ev) => ev,
+                Err(e) => {
+                    return Poll::Ready(Some(Err(e)));
+                }
+            };
+
+            // React to any actual FollowEvent we get back.
+            let ev = match ev {
+                FollowStreamMsg::Ready(subscription_id) => {
+                    // update the subscription ID we'll use to unpin things.
+                    this.subscription_id = Some(subscription_id.clone().into());
+
+                    FollowStreamMsg::Ready(subscription_id)
+                }
+                FollowStreamMsg::Event(FollowEvent::Initialized(details)) => {
+                    let mut finalized_block_hashes =
+                        Vec::with_capacity(details.finalized_block_hashes.len());
+
+                    // Pin each of the finalized blocks. None of them will show up again (except as a
+                    // parent block), and so they can all be unpinned immediately at any time. Increment
+                    // the block age for each one, so that older finalized blocks are pruned first.
+                    for finalized_block in &details.finalized_block_hashes {
+                        let rel_block_age = this.next_rel_block_age;
+                        let block_ref =
+                            this.pin_unpinnable_block_at(rel_block_age, *finalized_block);
+
+                        finalized_block_hashes.push(block_ref);
+                        this.next_rel_block_age += 1;
+                    }
+
+                    FollowStreamMsg::Event(FollowEvent::Initialized(Initialized {
+                        finalized_block_hashes,
+                        finalized_block_runtime: details.finalized_block_runtime,
+                    }))
+                }
+                FollowStreamMsg::Event(FollowEvent::NewBlock(details)) => {
+                    // One bigger than our parent, and if no parent seen (maybe it was
+                    // unpinned already), then one bigger than the last finalized block num
+                    // as a best guess.
+                    let parent_rel_block_age = this
+                        .pinned
+                        .get(&details.parent_block_hash)
+                        .map(|p| p.rel_block_age)
+                        .unwrap_or(this.next_rel_block_age.saturating_sub(1));
+
+                    let block_ref = this.pin_block_at(parent_rel_block_age + 1, details.block_hash);
+                    let parent_block_ref =
+                        this.pin_block_at(parent_rel_block_age, details.parent_block_hash);
+
+                    FollowStreamMsg::Event(FollowEvent::NewBlock(NewBlock {
+                        block_hash: block_ref,
+                        parent_block_hash: parent_block_ref,
+                        new_runtime: details.new_runtime,
+                    }))
+                }
+                FollowStreamMsg::Event(FollowEvent::BestBlockChanged(details)) => {
+                    // We expect this block to already exist, so it'll keep its existing block_num,
+                    // but worst case it'll just get the current finalized block_num + 1.
+                    let rel_block_age = this.next_rel_block_age;
+                    let block_ref = this.pin_block_at(rel_block_age, details.best_block_hash);
+
+                    FollowStreamMsg::Event(FollowEvent::BestBlockChanged(BestBlockChanged {
+                        best_block_hash: block_ref,
+                    }))
+                }
+                FollowStreamMsg::Event(FollowEvent::Finalized(details)) => {
+                    let finalized_block_refs: Vec<_> = details
+                        .finalized_block_hashes
+                        .into_iter()
+                        .enumerate()
+                        .map(|(idx, hash)| {
+                            // These blocks _should_ exist already and so will have a known block num,
+                            // but if they don't, we just increment the num from the last finalized block
+                            // we saw, which should be accurate.
+                            //
+                            // `pin_unpinnable_block_at` indicates that the block will not show up in future events
+                            // (They will show up as a parent block, but we don't care about that right now).
+                            let rel_block_age = this.next_rel_block_age + idx;
+                            this.pin_unpinnable_block_at(rel_block_age, hash)
+                        })
+                        .collect();
+
+                    // Our relative block height is increased by however many finalized
+                    // blocks we've seen.
+                    this.next_rel_block_age += finalized_block_refs.len();
+
+                    let pruned_block_refs: Vec<_> = details
+                        .pruned_block_hashes
+                        .into_iter()
+                        .map(|hash| {
+                            // We should know about these, too, and if not we set their age to last_finalized + 1.
+                            //
+                            // `pin_unpinnable_block_at` indicates that the block will not show up in future events.
+                            let rel_block_age = this.next_rel_block_age;
+                            this.pin_unpinnable_block_at(rel_block_age, hash)
+                        })
+                        .collect();
+
+                    // At this point, we also check to see which blocks we should submit unpin events
+                    // for. We will unpin:
+                    // - Any block that's older than the max age.
+                    // - Any block that has no references left (ie has been dropped) that _also_ has
+                    //   showed up in the pruned list in a finalized event (so it will never be in another event).
+                    this.unpin_blocks(cx.waker());
+
+                    FollowStreamMsg::Event(FollowEvent::Finalized(Finalized {
+                        finalized_block_hashes: finalized_block_refs,
+                        pruned_block_hashes: pruned_block_refs,
+                    }))
+                }
+                FollowStreamMsg::Event(FollowEvent::Stop) => {
+                    // clear out "old" things that are no longer applicable since
+                    // the subscription has ended (a new one will be created under the hood, at
+                    // which point we'll get given a new subscription ID.
+                    this.subscription_id = None;
+                    this.pinned.clear();
+                    this.unpin_futs.clear();
+                    this.unpin_flags.lock().unwrap().clear();
+                    this.next_rel_block_age = 0;
+
+                    FollowStreamMsg::Event(FollowEvent::Stop)
+                }
+                // These events aren't interesting; we just forward them on:
+                FollowStreamMsg::Event(FollowEvent::OperationBodyDone(details)) => {
+                    FollowStreamMsg::Event(FollowEvent::OperationBodyDone(details))
+                }
+                FollowStreamMsg::Event(FollowEvent::OperationCallDone(details)) => {
+                    FollowStreamMsg::Event(FollowEvent::OperationCallDone(details))
+                }
+                FollowStreamMsg::Event(FollowEvent::OperationStorageItems(details)) => {
+                    FollowStreamMsg::Event(FollowEvent::OperationStorageItems(details))
+                }
+                FollowStreamMsg::Event(FollowEvent::OperationWaitingForContinue(details)) => {
+                    FollowStreamMsg::Event(FollowEvent::OperationWaitingForContinue(details))
+                }
+                FollowStreamMsg::Event(FollowEvent::OperationStorageDone(details)) => {
+                    FollowStreamMsg::Event(FollowEvent::OperationStorageDone(details))
+                }
+                FollowStreamMsg::Event(FollowEvent::OperationInaccessible(details)) => {
+                    FollowStreamMsg::Event(FollowEvent::OperationInaccessible(details))
+                }
+                FollowStreamMsg::Event(FollowEvent::OperationError(details)) => {
+                    FollowStreamMsg::Event(FollowEvent::OperationError(details))
+                }
+            };
+
+            // Return our event.
+            return Poll::Ready(Some(Ok(ev)));
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<H: Hash> FollowStreamUnpin<H> {
+    /// Create a new [`FollowStreamUnpin`].
+    pub fn new(
+        follow_stream: FollowStream<H>,
+        unpin_method: UnpinMethod<H>,
+        max_block_life: usize,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            inner: follow_stream,
+            unpin_method: UnpinMethodHolder(unpin_method),
+            max_block_life,
+            pinned: Default::default(),
+            subscription_id: None,
+            next_rel_block_age: 0,
+            unpin_flags: Default::default(),
+            unpin_futs: Default::default(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Create a new [`FollowStreamUnpin`] given the RPC methods.
+    pub fn from_methods<T: Config>(
+        follow_stream: FollowStream<HashFor<T>>,
+        methods: ChainHeadRpcMethods<T>,
+        max_block_life: usize,
+    ) -> FollowStreamUnpin<HashFor<T>> {
+        let unpin_method = Box::new(move |hash: HashFor<T>, sub_id: Arc<str>| {
+            let methods = methods.clone();
+            let fut: UnpinFut = Box::pin(async move {
+                // We ignore any errors trying to unpin at the moment.
+                let _ = methods.chainhead_v1_unpin(&sub_id, hash).await;
+            });
+            fut
+        });
+
+        FollowStreamUnpin::new(follow_stream, unpin_method, max_block_life)
+    }
+
+    /// Is the block hash currently pinned.
+    pub fn is_pinned(&self, hash: &H) -> bool {
+        self.pinned.contains_key(hash)
+    }
+
+    /// Pin a block, or return the reference to an already-pinned block. If the block has been registered to
+    /// be unpinned, we'll clear those flags, so that it won't be unpinned. If the unpin request has already
+    /// been sent though, then the block will be unpinned.
+    fn pin_block_at(&mut self, rel_block_age: usize, hash: H) -> BlockRef<H> {
+        self.pin_block_at_setting_unpinnable_flag(rel_block_age, hash, false)
+    }
+
+    /// Pin a block, or return the reference to an already-pinned block.
+    ///
+    /// This is the same as [`Self::pin_block_at`], except that it also marks the block as being unpinnable now,
+    /// which should be done for any block that will no longer be seen in future events.
+    fn pin_unpinnable_block_at(&mut self, rel_block_age: usize, hash: H) -> BlockRef<H> {
+        self.pin_block_at_setting_unpinnable_flag(rel_block_age, hash, true)
+    }
+
+    fn pin_block_at_setting_unpinnable_flag(
+        &mut self,
+        rel_block_age: usize,
+        hash: H,
+        can_be_unpinned: bool,
+    ) -> BlockRef<H> {
+        let entry = self
+            .pinned
+            .entry(hash)
+            // If there's already an entry, then clear any unpin_flags and update the
+            // can_be_unpinned status (this can become true but cannot become false again
+            // once true).
+            .and_modify(|entry| {
+                entry.can_be_unpinned = entry.can_be_unpinned || can_be_unpinned;
+                self.unpin_flags.lock().unwrap().remove(&hash);
+            })
+            // If there's not an entry already, make one and return it.
+            .or_insert_with(|| PinnedDetails {
+                rel_block_age,
+                block_ref: BlockRef {
+                    inner: Arc::new(BlockRefInner {
+                        hash,
+                        unpin_flags: self.unpin_flags.clone(),
+                    }),
+                },
+                can_be_unpinned,
+            });
+
+        entry.block_ref.clone()
+    }
+
+    /// Unpin any blocks that are either too old, or have the unpin flag set and are old enough.
+    fn unpin_blocks(&mut self, waker: &Waker) {
+        let mut unpin_flags = self.unpin_flags.lock().unwrap();
+
+        // This gets the age of the last finalized block.
+        let rel_block_age = self.next_rel_block_age.saturating_sub(1);
+
+        // If we asked to unpin and there was no subscription_id, then there's nothing we can do,
+        // and nothing will need unpinning now anyway.
+        let Some(sub_id) = &self.subscription_id else {
+            return;
+        };
+
+        let mut blocks_to_unpin = vec![];
+        for (hash, details) in &self.pinned {
+            if rel_block_age.saturating_sub(details.rel_block_age) >= self.max_block_life
+                || (unpin_flags.contains(hash) && details.can_be_unpinned)
+            {
+                // The block is too old, or it's been flagged to be unpinned and won't be in a future
+                // backend event, so we can unpin it for real now.
+                blocks_to_unpin.push(*hash);
+                // Clear it from our unpin flags if present so that we don't try to unpin it again.
+                unpin_flags.remove(hash);
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Release our lock on unpin_flags ASAP.
+        drop(unpin_flags);
+
+        // No need to call the waker etc if nothing to do:
+        if blocks_to_unpin.is_empty() {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        for hash in blocks_to_unpin {
+            self.pinned.remove(&hash);
+            let fut = (self.unpin_method.0)(hash, sub_id.clone());
+            self.unpin_futs.push(fut);
+        }
+
+        // Any new futures pushed above need polling to start. We could
+        // just wait for the next stream event, but let's wake the task to
+        // have it polled sooner, just in case it's slow to receive things.
+        waker.wake_by_ref();
+    }
+}
+
+// The set of block hashes that can be unpinned when ready.
+// BlockRefs write to this when they are dropped.
+type UnpinFlags<H> = Arc<Mutex<HashSet<H>>>;
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+struct PinnedDetails<H: Hash> {
+    /// Relatively speaking, how old is the block? When we start following
+    /// blocks, the first finalized block gets an age of 0, the second an age
+    /// of 1 and so on.
+    rel_block_age: usize,
+    /// A block ref we can hand out to keep blocks pinned.
+    /// Because we store one here until it's unpinned, the live count
+    /// will only drop to 1 when no external refs are left.
+    block_ref: BlockRef<H>,
+    /// Has this block showed up in the list of pruned blocks, or has it
+    /// been finalized? In this case, it can now been pinned as it won't
+    /// show up again in future events (except as a "parent block" of some
+    /// new block, which we're currently ignoring).
+    can_be_unpinned: bool,
+}
+
+/// All blocks reported will be wrapped in this.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct BlockRef<H: Hash> {
+    inner: Arc<BlockRefInner<H>>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+struct BlockRefInner<H> {
+    hash: H,
+    unpin_flags: UnpinFlags<H>,
+}
+
+impl<H: Hash> BlockRef<H> {
+    /// For testing purposes only, create a BlockRef from a hash
+    /// that isn't pinned.
+    #[cfg(test)]
+    pub fn new(hash: H) -> Self {
+        BlockRef {
+            inner: Arc::new(BlockRefInner {
+                hash,
+                unpin_flags: Default::default(),
+            }),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Return the hash for this block.
+    pub fn hash(&self) -> H {
+        self.inner.hash
+    }
+}
+
+impl<H: Hash> PartialEq for BlockRef<H> {
+    fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
+        self.inner.hash == other.inner.hash
+    }
+}
+
+impl<H: Hash> PartialEq<H> for BlockRef<H> {
+    fn eq(&self, other: &H) -> bool {
+        &self.inner.hash == other
+    }
+}
+
+impl<H: Hash> Drop for BlockRef<H> {
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        // PinnedDetails keeps one ref, so if this is the second ref, it's the
+        // only "external" one left and we should ask to unpin it now. if it's
+        // the only ref remaining, it means that it's already been unpinned, so
+        // nothing to do here anyway.
+        if Arc::strong_count(&self.inner) == 2 {
+            if let Ok(mut unpin_flags) = self.inner.unpin_flags.lock() {
+                unpin_flags.insert(self.inner.hash);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+pub(super) mod test_utils {
+    use super::super::follow_stream::{FollowStream, test_utils::test_stream_getter};
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::config::substrate::H256;
+
+    pub type UnpinRx<H> = std::sync::mpsc::Receiver<(H, Arc<str>)>;
+
+    /// Get a [`FollowStreamUnpin`] from an iterator over events.
+    pub fn test_unpin_stream_getter<H, F, I>(
+        events: F,
+        max_life: usize,
+    ) -> (FollowStreamUnpin<H>, UnpinRx<H>)
+    where
+        H: Hash + 'static,
+        F: Fn() -> I + Send + 'static,
+        I: IntoIterator<Item = Result<FollowEvent<H>, BackendError>>,
+    {
+        // Unpin requests will come here so that we can look out for them.
+        let (unpin_tx, unpin_rx) = std::sync::mpsc::channel();
+
+        let follow_stream = FollowStream::new(test_stream_getter(events));
+        let unpin_method: UnpinMethod<H> = Box::new(move |hash, sub_id| {
+            unpin_tx.send((hash, sub_id)).unwrap();
+            Box::pin(std::future::ready(()))
+        });
+
+        let follow_unpin = FollowStreamUnpin::new(follow_stream, unpin_method, max_life);
+        (follow_unpin, unpin_rx)
+    }
+
+    /// Assert that the unpinned blocks sent from the `UnpinRx` channel match the items given.
+    pub fn assert_from_unpin_rx<H: Hash + 'static>(
+        unpin_rx: &UnpinRx<H>,
+        items: impl IntoIterator<Item = H>,
+    ) {
+        let expected_hashes = HashSet::<H>::from_iter(items);
+        for i in 0..expected_hashes.len() {
+            let Ok((hash, _)) = unpin_rx.try_recv() else {
+                panic!("Another unpin event is expected, but failed to pull item {i} from channel");
+            };
+            assert!(
+                expected_hashes.contains(&hash),
+                "Hash {hash:?} was unpinned, but is not expected to have been"
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// An initialized event containing a BlockRef (useful for comparisons)
+    pub fn ev_initialized_ref(n: u64) -> FollowEvent<BlockRef<H256>> {
+        FollowEvent::Initialized(Initialized {
+            finalized_block_hashes: vec![BlockRef::new(H256::from_low_u64_le(n))],
+            finalized_block_runtime: None,
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// A new block event containing a BlockRef (useful for comparisons)
+    pub fn ev_new_block_ref(parent: u64, n: u64) -> FollowEvent<BlockRef<H256>> {
+        FollowEvent::NewBlock(NewBlock {
+            parent_block_hash: BlockRef::new(H256::from_low_u64_le(parent)),
+            block_hash: BlockRef::new(H256::from_low_u64_le(n)),
+            new_runtime: None,
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// A best block event containing a BlockRef (useful for comparisons)
+    pub fn ev_best_block_ref(n: u64) -> FollowEvent<BlockRef<H256>> {
+        FollowEvent::BestBlockChanged(BestBlockChanged {
+            best_block_hash: BlockRef::new(H256::from_low_u64_le(n)),
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// A finalized event containing a BlockRef (useful for comparisons)
+    pub fn ev_finalized_ref(ns: impl IntoIterator<Item = u64>) -> FollowEvent<BlockRef<H256>> {
+        FollowEvent::Finalized(Finalized {
+            finalized_block_hashes: ns
+                .into_iter()
+                .map(|h| BlockRef::new(H256::from_low_u64_le(h)))
+                .collect(),
+            pruned_block_hashes: vec![],
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod test {
+    use super::super::follow_stream::test_utils::{
+        ev_best_block, ev_finalized, ev_initialized, ev_new_block,
+    };
+    use super::test_utils::{assert_from_unpin_rx, ev_new_block_ref, test_unpin_stream_getter};
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::config::substrate::H256;
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn hands_back_blocks() {
+        let (follow_unpin, _) = test_unpin_stream_getter(
+            || {
+                [
+                    Ok(ev_new_block(0, 1)),
+                    Ok(ev_new_block(1, 2)),
+                    Ok(ev_new_block(2, 3)),
+                    Err(BackendError::Other("ended".to_owned())),
+                ]
+            },
+            10,
+        );
+
+        let out: Vec<_> = follow_unpin.filter_map(async |e| e.ok()).collect().await;
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            out,
+            vec![
+                FollowStreamMsg::Ready("sub_id_0".into()),
+                FollowStreamMsg::Event(ev_new_block_ref(0, 1)),
+                FollowStreamMsg::Event(ev_new_block_ref(1, 2)),
+                FollowStreamMsg::Event(ev_new_block_ref(2, 3)),
+            ]
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn unpins_initialized_block() {
+        let (mut follow_unpin, unpin_rx) = test_unpin_stream_getter(
+            || {
+                [
+                    Ok(ev_initialized(0)),
+                    Ok(ev_finalized([1], [])),
+                    Err(BackendError::Other("ended".to_owned())),
+                ]
+            },
+            3,
+        );
+
+        let _r = follow_unpin.next().await.unwrap().unwrap();
+
+        // Drop the initialized block:
+        let i0 = follow_unpin.next().await.unwrap().unwrap();
+        drop(i0);
+
+        // Let a finalization event occur.
+        let _f1 = follow_unpin.next().await.unwrap().unwrap();
+
+        // Now, initialized block should be unpinned.
+        assert_from_unpin_rx(&unpin_rx, [H256::from_low_u64_le(0)]);
+        assert!(!follow_unpin.is_pinned(&H256::from_low_u64_le(0)));
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn unpins_old_blocks() {
+        let (mut follow_unpin, unpin_rx) = test_unpin_stream_getter(
+            || {
+                [
+                    Ok(ev_initialized(0)),
+                    Ok(ev_finalized([1], [])),
+                    Ok(ev_finalized([2], [])),
+                    Ok(ev_finalized([3], [])),
+                    Ok(ev_finalized([4], [])),
+                    Ok(ev_finalized([5], [])),
+                    Err(BackendError::Other("ended".to_owned())),
+                ]
+            },
+            3,
+        );
+
+        let _r = follow_unpin.next().await.unwrap().unwrap();
+        let _i0 = follow_unpin.next().await.unwrap().unwrap();
+        unpin_rx.try_recv().expect_err("nothing unpinned yet");
+        let _f1 = follow_unpin.next().await.unwrap().unwrap();
+        unpin_rx.try_recv().expect_err("nothing unpinned yet");
+        let _f2 = follow_unpin.next().await.unwrap().unwrap();
+        unpin_rx.try_recv().expect_err("nothing unpinned yet");
+        let _f3 = follow_unpin.next().await.unwrap().unwrap();
+
+        // Max age is 3, so after block 3 finalized, block 0 becomes too old and is unpinned.
+        assert_from_unpin_rx(&unpin_rx, [H256::from_low_u64_le(0)]);
+
+        let _f4 = follow_unpin.next().await.unwrap().unwrap();
+
+        // Block 1 is now too old and is unpinned.
+        assert_from_unpin_rx(&unpin_rx, [H256::from_low_u64_le(1)]);
+
+        let _f5 = follow_unpin.next().await.unwrap().unwrap();
+
+        // Block 2 is now too old and is unpinned.
+        assert_from_unpin_rx(&unpin_rx, [H256::from_low_u64_le(2)]);
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn dropped_new_blocks_should_not_get_unpinned_until_finalization() {
+        let (mut follow_unpin, unpin_rx) = test_unpin_stream_getter(
+            || {
+                [
+                    Ok(ev_initialized(0)),
+                    Ok(ev_new_block(0, 1)),
+                    Ok(ev_new_block(1, 2)),
+                    Ok(ev_finalized([1], [])),
+                    Ok(ev_finalized([2], [])),
+                    Err(BackendError::Other("ended".to_owned())),
+                ]
+            },
+            10,
+        );
+
+        let _r = follow_unpin.next().await.unwrap().unwrap();
+        let _i0 = follow_unpin.next().await.unwrap().unwrap();
+
+        let n1 = follow_unpin.next().await.unwrap().unwrap();
+        drop(n1);
+        let n2 = follow_unpin.next().await.unwrap().unwrap();
+        drop(n2);
+
+        // New blocks dropped but still pinned:
+        assert!(follow_unpin.is_pinned(&H256::from_low_u64_le(1)));
+        assert!(follow_unpin.is_pinned(&H256::from_low_u64_le(2)));
+
+        let f1 = follow_unpin.next().await.unwrap().unwrap();
+        drop(f1);
+
+        // After block 1 finalized, both blocks are still pinned because:
+        // - block 1 was handed back in the finalized event, so will be unpinned next time.
+        // - block 2 wasn't mentioned in the finalized event, so should not have been unpinned yet.
+        assert!(follow_unpin.is_pinned(&H256::from_low_u64_le(1)));
+        assert!(follow_unpin.is_pinned(&H256::from_low_u64_le(2)));
+
+        let f2 = follow_unpin.next().await.unwrap().unwrap();
+        drop(f2);
+
+        // After block 2 finalized, block 1 can be unpinned finally, but block 2 needs to wait one more event.
+        assert!(!follow_unpin.is_pinned(&H256::from_low_u64_le(1)));
+        assert!(follow_unpin.is_pinned(&H256::from_low_u64_le(2)));
+        assert_from_unpin_rx(&unpin_rx, [H256::from_low_u64_le(1)]);
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn dropped_new_blocks_should_not_get_unpinned_until_pruned() {
+        let (mut follow_unpin, unpin_rx) = test_unpin_stream_getter(
+            || {
+                [
+                    Ok(ev_initialized(0)),
+                    Ok(ev_new_block(0, 1)),
+                    Ok(ev_new_block(1, 2)),
+                    Ok(ev_new_block(1, 3)),
+                    Ok(ev_finalized([1], [])),
+                    Ok(ev_finalized([2], [3])),
+                    Ok(ev_finalized([4], [])),
+                    Err(BackendError::Other("ended".to_owned())),
+                ]
+            },
+            10,
+        );
+
+        let _r = follow_unpin.next().await.unwrap().unwrap();
+        let _i0 = follow_unpin.next().await.unwrap().unwrap();
+
+        let n1 = follow_unpin.next().await.unwrap().unwrap();
+        drop(n1);
+        let n2 = follow_unpin.next().await.unwrap().unwrap();
+        drop(n2);
+        let n3 = follow_unpin.next().await.unwrap().unwrap();
+        drop(n3);
+
+        let f1 = follow_unpin.next().await.unwrap().unwrap();
+        drop(f1);
+
+        // After block 1 is finalized, everything is still pinned because the finalization event
+        // itself returns 1, and 2/3 aren't finalized or pruned yet.
+        assert!(follow_unpin.is_pinned(&H256::from_low_u64_le(1)));
+        assert!(follow_unpin.is_pinned(&H256::from_low_u64_le(2)));
+        assert!(follow_unpin.is_pinned(&H256::from_low_u64_le(3)));
+
+        let f2 = follow_unpin.next().await.unwrap().unwrap();
+        drop(f2);
+
+        // After the next finalization event, block 1 can finally be unpinned since it was Finalized
+        // last event _and_ is no longer handed back anywhere. 2 and 3 should still be pinned.
+        assert!(!follow_unpin.is_pinned(&H256::from_low_u64_le(1)));
+        assert!(follow_unpin.is_pinned(&H256::from_low_u64_le(2)));
+        assert!(follow_unpin.is_pinned(&H256::from_low_u64_le(3)));
+        assert_from_unpin_rx(&unpin_rx, [H256::from_low_u64_le(1)]);
+
+        let f4 = follow_unpin.next().await.unwrap().unwrap();
+        drop(f4);
+
+        // After some other finalized event, we are now allowed to ditch the previously pruned and
+        // finalized blocks 2 and 3.
+        assert!(!follow_unpin.is_pinned(&H256::from_low_u64_le(2)));
+        assert!(!follow_unpin.is_pinned(&H256::from_low_u64_le(3)));
+        assert_from_unpin_rx(
+            &unpin_rx,
+            [H256::from_low_u64_le(2), H256::from_low_u64_le(3)],
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn never_unpin_new_block_before_finalized() {
+        // Ensure that if we drop a new block; the pinning is still active until the block is finalized.
+        let (mut follow_unpin, unpin_rx) = test_unpin_stream_getter(
+            || {
+                [
+                    Ok(ev_initialized(0)),
+                    Ok(ev_new_block(0, 1)),
+                    Ok(ev_new_block(1, 2)),
+                    Ok(ev_best_block(1)),
+                    Ok(ev_finalized([1], [])),
+                    Ok(ev_finalized([2], [])),
+                    Err(BackendError::Other("ended".to_owned())),
+                ]
+            },
+            10,
+        );
+
+        let _r = follow_unpin.next().await.unwrap().unwrap();
+
+        // drop initialised block 0 and new block 1 and new block 2.
+        let i0 = follow_unpin.next().await.unwrap().unwrap();
+        drop(i0);
+        let n1 = follow_unpin.next().await.unwrap().unwrap();
+        drop(n1);
+        let n2 = follow_unpin.next().await.unwrap().unwrap();
+        drop(n2);
+        let b1 = follow_unpin.next().await.unwrap().unwrap();
+        drop(b1);
+
+        // Nothing unpinned yet!
+        unpin_rx.try_recv().expect_err("nothing unpinned yet");
+
+        let f1 = follow_unpin.next().await.unwrap().unwrap();
+        drop(f1);
+
+        // After finalization, block 1 is now ready to be unpinned (it won't be seen again),
+        // but isn't actually unpinned yet (because it was just handed back in f1). Block 0
+        // however has now been unpinned.
+        assert!(!follow_unpin.is_pinned(&H256::from_low_u64_le(0)));
+        assert_from_unpin_rx(&unpin_rx, [H256::from_low_u64_le(0)]);
+        unpin_rx.try_recv().expect_err("nothing unpinned yet");
+
+        let f2 = follow_unpin.next().await.unwrap().unwrap();
+        drop(f2);
+
+        // After f2, we can get rid of block 1 now, which was finalized last time.
+        assert!(!follow_unpin.is_pinned(&H256::from_low_u64_le(1)));
+        assert_from_unpin_rx(&unpin_rx, [H256::from_low_u64_le(1)]);
+        unpin_rx.try_recv().expect_err("nothing unpinned yet");
+    }
+}

vendor/pezkuwi-subxt/subxt/src/backend/chain_head/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,878 @@
+// Copyright 2019-2025 Parity Technologies (UK) Ltd.
+// This file is dual-licensed as Apache-2.0 or GPL-3.0.
+// see LICENSE for license details.
+
+//! This module will expose a backend implementation based on the new APIs
+//! described at <https://github.com/paritytech/json-rpc-interface-spec/>. See
+//! [`rpc_methods`] for the raw API calls.
+//!
+//! # Warning
+//!
+//! Everything in this module is **unstable**, meaning that it could change without
+//! warning at any time.
+
+mod follow_stream;
+mod follow_stream_driver;
+mod follow_stream_unpin;
+mod storage_items;
+
+use self::follow_stream_driver::FollowStreamFinalizedHeads;
+use crate::backend::{
+    Backend, BlockRef, BlockRefT, RuntimeVersion, StorageResponse, StreamOf, StreamOfResults,
+    TransactionStatus, utils::retry,
+};
+use crate::config::{Config, Hash, HashFor};
+use crate::error::{BackendError, RpcError};
+use async_trait::async_trait;
+use follow_stream_driver::{FollowStreamDriver, FollowStreamDriverHandle};
+use futures::future::Either;
+use futures::{Stream, StreamExt};
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::task::Poll;
+use storage_items::StorageItems;
+use pezkuwi_subxt_rpcs::RpcClient;
+use pezkuwi_subxt_rpcs::methods::chain_head::{
+    FollowEvent, MethodResponse, RuntimeEvent, StorageQuery, StorageQueryType, StorageResultType,
+};
+
+/// Re-export RPC types and methods from [`pezkuwi_subxt_rpcs::methods::chain_head`].
+pub mod rpc_methods {
+    pub use pezkuwi_subxt_rpcs::methods::legacy::*;
+}
+
+// Expose the RPC methods.
+pub use pezkuwi_subxt_rpcs::methods::chain_head::ChainHeadRpcMethods;
+
+/// Configure and build an [`ChainHeadBackend`].
+pub struct ChainHeadBackendBuilder<T> {
+    max_block_life: usize,
+    transaction_timeout_secs: usize,
+    submit_transactions_ignoring_follow_events: bool,
+    _marker: std::marker::PhantomData<T>,
+}
+
+impl<T: Config> Default for ChainHeadBackendBuilder<T> {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::new()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: Config> ChainHeadBackendBuilder<T> {
+    /// Create a new [`ChainHeadBackendBuilder`].
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            max_block_life: usize::MAX,
+            transaction_timeout_secs: 240,
+            submit_transactions_ignoring_follow_events: false,
+            _marker: std::marker::PhantomData,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The age of a block is defined here as the difference between the current finalized block number
+    /// and the block number of a given block. Once the difference equals or exceeds the number given
+    /// here, the block is unpinned.
+    ///
+    /// By default, we will never automatically unpin blocks, but if the number of pinned blocks that we
+    /// keep hold of exceeds the number that the server can tolerate, then a `stop` event is generated and
+    /// we are forced to resubscribe, losing any pinned blocks.
+    pub fn max_block_life(mut self, max_block_life: usize) -> Self {
+        self.max_block_life = max_block_life;
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// When a transaction is submitted, we wait for events indicating it's successfully made it into a finalized
+    /// block. If it takes too long for this to happen, we assume that something went wrong and that we should
+    /// give up waiting.
+    ///
+    /// Provide a value here to denote how long, in seconds, to wait before giving up. Defaults to 240 seconds.
+    ///
+    /// If [`Self::submit_transactions_ignoring_follow_events()`] is called, this timeout is ignored.
+    pub fn transaction_timeout(mut self, timeout_secs: usize) -> Self {
+        self.transaction_timeout_secs = timeout_secs;
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// When a transaction is submitted, we normally synchronize the events that we get back with events from
+    /// our background `chainHead_follow` subscription, to ensure that any blocks hashes that we see can be
+    /// immediately queried (for example to get events or state at that block), and are kept around unless they
+    /// are no longer needed.
+    ///
+    /// The main downside of this synchronization is that there may be a delay in being handed back a
+    /// [`TransactionStatus::InFinalizedBlock`] event while we wait to see the same block hash emitted from
+    /// our background `chainHead_follow` subscription in order to ensure it's available for querying.
+    ///
+    /// Calling this method turns off this synchronization, speeding up the response and removing any reliance
+    /// on the `chainHead_follow` subscription continuing to run without stopping throughout submitting a transaction.
+    ///
+    /// # Warning
+    ///
+    /// This can lead to errors when calling APIs like `wait_for_finalized_success`, which will try to retrieve events
+    /// at the finalized block, because there will be a race and the finalized block may not be available for querying
+    /// yet.
+    pub fn submit_transactions_ignoring_follow_events(mut self) -> Self {
+        self.submit_transactions_ignoring_follow_events = true;
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// A low-level API to build the backend and driver which requires polling the driver for the backend
+    /// to make progress.
+    ///
+    /// This is useful if you want to manage the driver yourself, for example if you want to run it in on
+    /// a specific runtime.
+    ///
+    /// If you just want to run the driver in the background until completion in on the default runtime,
+    /// use [`ChainHeadBackendBuilder::build_with_background_driver`] instead.
+    pub fn build(
+        self,
+        client: impl Into<RpcClient>,
+    ) -> (ChainHeadBackend<T>, ChainHeadBackendDriver<T>) {
+        // Construct the underlying follow_stream layers:
+        let rpc_methods = ChainHeadRpcMethods::new(client.into());
+        let follow_stream =
+            follow_stream::FollowStream::<HashFor<T>>::from_methods(rpc_methods.clone());
+        let follow_stream_unpin =
+            follow_stream_unpin::FollowStreamUnpin::<HashFor<T>>::from_methods(
+                follow_stream,
+                rpc_methods.clone(),
+                self.max_block_life,
+            );
+        let follow_stream_driver = FollowStreamDriver::new(follow_stream_unpin);
+
+        // Wrap these into the backend and driver that we'll expose.
+        let backend = ChainHeadBackend {
+            methods: rpc_methods,
+            follow_handle: follow_stream_driver.handle(),
+            transaction_timeout_secs: self.transaction_timeout_secs,
+            submit_transactions_ignoring_follow_events: self
+                .submit_transactions_ignoring_follow_events,
+        };
+        let driver = ChainHeadBackendDriver {
+            driver: follow_stream_driver,
+        };
+
+        (backend, driver)
+    }
+
+    /// An API to build the backend and driver which will run in the background until completion
+    /// on the default runtime.
+    ///
+    /// - On non-wasm targets, this will spawn the driver on `tokio`.
+    /// - On wasm targets, this will spawn the driver on `wasm-bindgen-futures`.
+    #[cfg(feature = "runtime")]
+    #[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(feature = "runtime")))]
+    pub fn build_with_background_driver(self, client: impl Into<RpcClient>) -> ChainHeadBackend<T> {
+        fn spawn<F: std::future::Future + Send + 'static>(future: F) {
+            #[cfg(not(target_family = "wasm"))]
+            tokio::spawn(async move {
+                future.await;
+            });
+            #[cfg(all(target_arch = "wasm32", target_os = "unknown"))]
+            wasm_bindgen_futures::spawn_local(async move {
+                future.await;
+            });
+        }
+
+        let (backend, mut driver) = self.build(client);
+        spawn(async move {
+            // NOTE: we need to poll the driver until it's done i.e returns None
+            // to ensure that the backend is shutdown properly.
+            while let Some(res) = driver.next().await {
+                if let Err(err) = res {
+                    tracing::debug!(target: "subxt", "chainHead backend error={err}");
+                }
+            }
+
+            tracing::debug!(target: "subxt", "chainHead backend was closed");
+        });
+
+        backend
+    }
+}
+
+/// Driver for the [`ChainHeadBackend`]. This must be polled in order for the
+/// backend to make progress.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct ChainHeadBackendDriver<T: Config> {
+    driver: FollowStreamDriver<HashFor<T>>,
+}
+
+impl<T: Config> Stream for ChainHeadBackendDriver<T> {
+    type Item = <FollowStreamDriver<HashFor<T>> as Stream>::Item;
+    fn poll_next(
+        mut self: std::pin::Pin<&mut Self>,
+        cx: &mut std::task::Context<'_>,
+    ) -> std::task::Poll<Option<Self::Item>> {
+        self.driver.poll_next_unpin(cx)
+    }
+}
+
+/// The chainHead backend.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct ChainHeadBackend<T: Config> {
+    // RPC methods we'll want to call:
+    methods: ChainHeadRpcMethods<T>,
+    // A handle to the chainHead_follow subscription:
+    follow_handle: FollowStreamDriverHandle<HashFor<T>>,
+    // How long to wait until giving up on transactions:
+    transaction_timeout_secs: usize,
+    // Don't synchronise blocks with chainHead_follow when submitting txs:
+    submit_transactions_ignoring_follow_events: bool,
+}
+
+impl<T: Config> ChainHeadBackend<T> {
+    /// Configure and construct an [`ChainHeadBackend`] and the associated [`ChainHeadBackendDriver`].
+    pub fn builder() -> ChainHeadBackendBuilder<T> {
+        ChainHeadBackendBuilder::new()
+    }
+
+    /// Stream block headers based on the provided filter fn
+    async fn stream_headers<F>(
+        &self,
+        f: F,
+    ) -> Result<StreamOfResults<(T::Header, BlockRef<HashFor<T>>)>, BackendError>
+    where
+        F: Fn(
+                FollowEvent<follow_stream_unpin::BlockRef<HashFor<T>>>,
+            ) -> Vec<follow_stream_unpin::BlockRef<HashFor<T>>>
+            + Send
+            + Sync
+            + 'static,
+    {
+        let methods = self.methods.clone();
+
+        let headers =
+            FollowStreamFinalizedHeads::new(self.follow_handle.subscribe(), f).flat_map(move |r| {
+                let methods = methods.clone();
+
+                let (sub_id, block_refs) = match r {
+                    Ok(ev) => ev,
+                    Err(e) => return Either::Left(futures::stream::once(async { Err(e) })),
+                };
+
+                Either::Right(
+                    futures::stream::iter(block_refs).filter_map(move |block_ref| {
+                        let methods = methods.clone();
+                        let sub_id = sub_id.clone();
+
+                        async move {
+                            let res = methods
+                                .chainhead_v1_header(&sub_id, block_ref.hash())
+                                .await
+                                .transpose()?;
+
+                            let header = match res {
+                                Ok(header) => header,
+                                Err(e) => return Some(Err(e.into())),
+                            };
+
+                            Some(Ok((header, block_ref.into())))
+                        }
+                    }),
+                )
+            });
+
+        Ok(StreamOf(Box::pin(headers)))
+    }
+}
+
+impl<H: Hash + 'static> BlockRefT for follow_stream_unpin::BlockRef<H> {}
+impl<H: Hash + 'static> From<follow_stream_unpin::BlockRef<H>> for BlockRef<H> {
+    fn from(b: follow_stream_unpin::BlockRef<H>) -> Self {
+        BlockRef::new(b.hash(), b)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: Config> super::sealed::Sealed for ChainHeadBackend<T> {}
+
+#[async_trait]
+impl<T: Config + Send + Sync + 'static> Backend<T> for ChainHeadBackend<T> {
+    async fn storage_fetch_values(
+        &self,
+        keys: Vec<Vec<u8>>,
+        at: HashFor<T>,
+    ) -> Result<StreamOfResults<StorageResponse>, BackendError> {
+        retry(|| async {
+            let queries = keys.iter().map(|key| StorageQuery {
+                key: &**key,
+                query_type: StorageQueryType::Value,
+            });
+
+            let storage_items =
+                StorageItems::from_methods(queries, at, &self.follow_handle, self.methods.clone())
+                    .await?;
+
+            let stream = storage_items.filter_map(async |val| {
+                let val = match val {
+                    Ok(val) => val,
+                    Err(e) => return Some(Err(e)),
+                };
+
+                let StorageResultType::Value(result) = val.result else {
+                    return None;
+                };
+                Some(Ok(StorageResponse {
+                    key: val.key.0,
+                    value: result.0,
+                }))
+            });
+
+            Ok(StreamOf(Box::pin(stream)))
+        })
+        .await
+    }
+
+    async fn storage_fetch_descendant_keys(
+        &self,
+        key: Vec<u8>,
+        at: HashFor<T>,
+    ) -> Result<StreamOfResults<Vec<u8>>, BackendError> {
+        retry(|| async {
+            // Ask for hashes, and then just ignore them and return the keys that come back.
+            let query = StorageQuery {
+                key: &*key,
+                query_type: StorageQueryType::DescendantsHashes,
+            };
+
+            let storage_items = StorageItems::from_methods(
+                std::iter::once(query),
+                at,
+                &self.follow_handle,
+                self.methods.clone(),
+            )
+            .await?;
+
+            let storage_result_stream = storage_items.map(|val| val.map(|v| v.key.0));
+            Ok(StreamOf(Box::pin(storage_result_stream)))
+        })
+        .await
+    }
+
+    async fn storage_fetch_descendant_values(
+        &self,
+        key: Vec<u8>,
+        at: HashFor<T>,
+    ) -> Result<StreamOfResults<StorageResponse>, BackendError> {
+        retry(|| async {
+            let query = StorageQuery {
+                key: &*key,
+                query_type: StorageQueryType::DescendantsValues,
+            };
+
+            let storage_items = StorageItems::from_methods(
+                std::iter::once(query),
+                at,
+                &self.follow_handle,
+                self.methods.clone(),
+            )
+            .await?;
+
+            let storage_result_stream = storage_items.filter_map(async |val| {
+                let val = match val {
+                    Ok(val) => val,
+                    Err(e) => return Some(Err(e)),
+                };
+
+                let StorageResultType::Value(result) = val.result else {
+                    return None;
+                };
+                Some(Ok(StorageResponse {
+                    key: val.key.0,
+                    value: result.0,
+                }))
+            });
+
+            Ok(StreamOf(Box::pin(storage_result_stream)))
+        })
+        .await
+    }
+
+    async fn genesis_hash(&self) -> Result<HashFor<T>, BackendError> {
+        retry(|| async {
+            let genesis_hash = self.methods.chainspec_v1_genesis_hash().await?;
+            Ok(genesis_hash)
+        })
+        .await
+    }
+
+    async fn block_header(&self, at: HashFor<T>) -> Result<Option<T::Header>, BackendError> {
+        retry(|| async {
+            let sub_id = get_subscription_id(&self.follow_handle).await?;
+            let header = self.methods.chainhead_v1_header(&sub_id, at).await?;
+            Ok(header)
+        })
+        .await
+    }
+
+    async fn block_body(&self, at: HashFor<T>) -> Result<Option<Vec<Vec<u8>>>, BackendError> {
+        retry(|| async {
+            let sub_id = get_subscription_id(&self.follow_handle).await?;
+
+            // Subscribe to the body response and get our operationId back.
+            let follow_events = self.follow_handle.subscribe().events();
+            let status = self.methods.chainhead_v1_body(&sub_id, at).await?;
+            let operation_id = match status {
+                MethodResponse::LimitReached => return Err(RpcError::LimitReached.into()),
+                MethodResponse::Started(s) => s.operation_id,
+            };
+
+            // Wait for the response to come back with the correct operationId.
+            let mut exts_stream = follow_events.filter_map(|ev| {
+                let FollowEvent::OperationBodyDone(body) = ev else {
+                    return std::future::ready(None);
+                };
+                if body.operation_id != operation_id {
+                    return std::future::ready(None);
+                }
+                let exts: Vec<_> = body.value.into_iter().map(|ext| ext.0).collect();
+                std::future::ready(Some(exts))
+            });
+
+            Ok(exts_stream.next().await)
+        })
+        .await
+    }
+
+    async fn latest_finalized_block_ref(&self) -> Result<BlockRef<HashFor<T>>, BackendError> {
+        let next_ref: Option<BlockRef<HashFor<T>>> = self
+            .follow_handle
+            .subscribe()
+            .events()
+            .filter_map(|ev| {
+                let out = match ev {
+                    FollowEvent::Initialized(init) => {
+                        init.finalized_block_hashes.last().map(|b| b.clone().into())
+                    }
+                    _ => None,
+                };
+                std::future::ready(out)
+            })
+            .next()
+            .await;
+
+        next_ref.ok_or_else(|| RpcError::SubscriptionDropped.into())
+    }
+
+    async fn current_runtime_version(&self) -> Result<RuntimeVersion, BackendError> {
+        // Just start a stream of version infos, and return the first value we get from it.
+        let runtime_version = self.stream_runtime_version().await?.next().await;
+        match runtime_version {
+            None => Err(BackendError::Rpc(RpcError::SubscriptionDropped)),
+            Some(Err(e)) => Err(e),
+            Some(Ok(version)) => Ok(version),
+        }
+    }
+
+    async fn stream_runtime_version(
+        &self,
+    ) -> Result<StreamOfResults<RuntimeVersion>, BackendError> {
+        // Keep track of runtime details announced in new blocks, and then when blocks
+        // are finalized, find the latest of these that has runtime details, and clear the rest.
+        let mut runtimes = HashMap::new();
+        let runtime_stream = self
+            .follow_handle
+            .subscribe()
+            .events()
+            .filter_map(move |ev| {
+                let output = match ev {
+                    FollowEvent::Initialized(ev) => {
+                        for finalized_block in ev.finalized_block_hashes {
+                            runtimes.remove(&finalized_block.hash());
+                        }
+                        ev.finalized_block_runtime
+                    }
+                    FollowEvent::NewBlock(ev) => {
+                        if let Some(runtime) = ev.new_runtime {
+                            runtimes.insert(ev.block_hash.hash(), runtime);
+                        }
+                        None
+                    }
+                    FollowEvent::Finalized(ev) => {
+                        let next_runtime = {
+                            let mut it = ev
+                                .finalized_block_hashes
+                                .iter()
+                                .rev()
+                                .filter_map(|h| runtimes.get(&h.hash()).cloned())
+                                .peekable();
+
+                            let next = it.next();
+
+                            if it.peek().is_some() {
+                                tracing::warn!(
+                                    target: "subxt",
+                                    "Several runtime upgrades in the finalized blocks but only the latest runtime upgrade is returned"
+                                );
+                            }
+
+                            next
+                        };
+
+                        // Remove finalized and pruned blocks as valid runtime upgrades.
+                        for block in ev
+                            .finalized_block_hashes
+                            .iter()
+                            .chain(ev.pruned_block_hashes.iter())
+                        {
+                            runtimes.remove(&block.hash());
+                        }
+
+                        next_runtime
+                    }
+                    _ => None,
+                };
+
+                let runtime_event = match output {
+                    None => return std::future::ready(None),
+                    Some(ev) => ev,
+                };
+
+                let runtime_details = match runtime_event {
+                    RuntimeEvent::Invalid(err) => {
+                        return std::future::ready(Some(Err(BackendError::Other(format!("Invalid runtime error using chainHead RPCs: {}", err.error)))))
+                    }
+                    RuntimeEvent::Valid(ev) => ev,
+                };
+
+                let runtime_version = RuntimeVersion {
+                    spec_version: runtime_details.spec.spec_version,
+                    transaction_version: runtime_details.spec.transaction_version
+                };
+                std::future::ready(Some(Ok(runtime_version)))
+            });
+
+        Ok(StreamOf::new(Box::pin(runtime_stream)))
+    }
+
+    async fn stream_all_block_headers(
+        &self,
+        _hasher: T::Hasher,
+    ) -> Result<StreamOfResults<(T::Header, BlockRef<HashFor<T>>)>, BackendError> {
+        // TODO: https://github.com/paritytech/subxt/issues/1568
+        //
+        // It's possible that blocks may be silently missed if
+        // a reconnection occurs because it's restarted by the unstable backend.
+        self.stream_headers(|ev| match ev {
+            FollowEvent::Initialized(init) => init.finalized_block_hashes,
+            FollowEvent::NewBlock(ev) => {
+                vec![ev.block_hash]
+            }
+            _ => vec![],
+        })
+        .await
+    }
+
+    async fn stream_best_block_headers(
+        &self,
+        _hasher: T::Hasher,
+    ) -> Result<StreamOfResults<(T::Header, BlockRef<HashFor<T>>)>, BackendError> {
+        // TODO: https://github.com/paritytech/subxt/issues/1568
+        //
+        // It's possible that blocks may be silently missed if
+        // a reconnection occurs because it's restarted by the unstable backend.
+        self.stream_headers(|ev| match ev {
+            FollowEvent::Initialized(init) => init.finalized_block_hashes,
+            FollowEvent::BestBlockChanged(ev) => vec![ev.best_block_hash],
+            _ => vec![],
+        })
+        .await
+    }
+
+    async fn stream_finalized_block_headers(
+        &self,
+        _hasher: T::Hasher,
+    ) -> Result<StreamOfResults<(T::Header, BlockRef<HashFor<T>>)>, BackendError> {
+        self.stream_headers(|ev| match ev {
+            FollowEvent::Initialized(init) => init.finalized_block_hashes,
+            FollowEvent::Finalized(ev) => ev.finalized_block_hashes,
+            _ => vec![],
+        })
+        .await
+    }
+
+    async fn submit_transaction(
+        &self,
+        extrinsic: &[u8],
+    ) -> Result<StreamOfResults<TransactionStatus<HashFor<T>>>, BackendError> {
+        // Submit a transaction. This makes no attempt to sync with follow events,
+        async fn submit_transaction_ignoring_follow_events<T: Config>(
+            extrinsic: &[u8],
+            methods: &ChainHeadRpcMethods<T>,
+        ) -> Result<StreamOfResults<TransactionStatus<HashFor<T>>>, BackendError> {
+            let tx_progress = methods
+                .transactionwatch_v1_submit_and_watch(extrinsic)
+                .await?
+                .map(|ev| {
+                    ev.map(|tx_status| {
+                        use pezkuwi_subxt_rpcs::methods::chain_head::TransactionStatus as RpcTransactionStatus;
+                        match tx_status {
+                            RpcTransactionStatus::Validated => TransactionStatus::Validated,
+                            RpcTransactionStatus::Broadcasted => TransactionStatus::Broadcasted,
+                            RpcTransactionStatus::BestChainBlockIncluded { block: None } => {
+                                TransactionStatus::NoLongerInBestBlock
+                            },
+                            RpcTransactionStatus::BestChainBlockIncluded { block: Some(block) } => {
+                                TransactionStatus::InBestBlock { hash: BlockRef::from_hash(block.hash) }
+                            },
+                            RpcTransactionStatus::Finalized { block } => {
+                                TransactionStatus::InFinalizedBlock { hash: BlockRef::from_hash(block.hash) }
+                            },
+                            RpcTransactionStatus::Error { error } => {
+                                TransactionStatus::Error { message: error }
+                            },
+                            RpcTransactionStatus::Invalid { error } => {
+                                TransactionStatus::Invalid { message: error }
+                            },
+                            RpcTransactionStatus::Dropped { error } => {
+                                TransactionStatus::Dropped { message: error }
+                            },
+                        }
+                    }).map_err(Into::into)
+                });
+
+            Ok(StreamOf(Box::pin(tx_progress)))
+        }
+
+        // Submit a transaction. This synchronizes with chainHead_follow events to ensure
+        // that block hashes returned are ready to be queried.
+        async fn submit_transaction_tracking_follow_events<T: Config>(
+            extrinsic: &[u8],
+            transaction_timeout_secs: u64,
+            methods: &ChainHeadRpcMethods<T>,
+            follow_handle: &FollowStreamDriverHandle<HashFor<T>>,
+        ) -> Result<StreamOfResults<TransactionStatus<HashFor<T>>>, BackendError> {
+            // We care about new and finalized block hashes.
+            enum SeenBlockMarker {
+                New,
+                Finalized,
+            }
+
+            // First, subscribe to new blocks.
+            let mut seen_blocks_sub = follow_handle.subscribe().events();
+
+            // Then, submit the transaction.
+            let mut tx_progress = methods
+                .transactionwatch_v1_submit_and_watch(extrinsic)
+                .await?;
+
+            let mut seen_blocks = HashMap::new();
+            let mut done = false;
+
+            // If we see the finalized event, we start waiting until we find a finalized block that
+            // matches, so we can guarantee to return a pinned block hash and be properly in sync
+            // with chainHead_follow.
+            let mut finalized_hash: Option<HashFor<T>> = None;
+
+            // Record the start time so that we can time out if things appear to take too long.
+            let start_instant = web_time::Instant::now();
+
+            // A quick helper to return a generic error.
+            let err_other = |s: &str| Some(Err(BackendError::Other(s.into())));
+
+            // Now we can attempt to associate tx events with pinned blocks.
+            let tx_stream = futures::stream::poll_fn(move |cx| {
+                loop {
+                    // Bail early if we're finished; nothing else to do.
+                    if done {
+                        return Poll::Ready(None);
+                    }
+
+                    // Bail if we exceed 4 mins; something very likely went wrong.
+                    if start_instant.elapsed().as_secs() > transaction_timeout_secs {
+                        return Poll::Ready(err_other(
+                            "Timeout waiting for the transaction to be finalized",
+                        ));
+                    }
+
+                    // Poll for a follow event, and error if the stream has unexpectedly ended.
+                    let follow_ev_poll = match seen_blocks_sub.poll_next_unpin(cx) {
+                        Poll::Ready(None) => {
+                            return Poll::Ready(err_other(
+                                "chainHead_follow stream ended unexpectedly",
+                            ));
+                        }
+                        Poll::Ready(Some(follow_ev)) => Poll::Ready(follow_ev),
+                        Poll::Pending => Poll::Pending,
+                    };
+                    let follow_ev_is_pending = follow_ev_poll.is_pending();
+
+                    // If there was a follow event, then handle it and loop around to see if there are more.
+                    // We want to buffer follow events until we hit Pending, so that we are as up-to-date as possible
+                    // for when we see a BestBlockChanged event, so that we have the best change of already having
+                    // seen the block that it mentions and returning a proper pinned block.
+                    if let Poll::Ready(follow_ev) = follow_ev_poll {
+                        match follow_ev {
+                            FollowEvent::NewBlock(ev) => {
+                                // Optimization: once we have a `finalized_hash`, we only care about finalized
+                                // block refs now and can avoid bothering to save new blocks.
+                                if finalized_hash.is_none() {
+                                    seen_blocks.insert(
+                                        ev.block_hash.hash(),
+                                        (SeenBlockMarker::New, ev.block_hash),
+                                    );
+                                }
+                            }
+                            FollowEvent::Finalized(ev) => {
+                                for block_ref in ev.finalized_block_hashes {
+                                    seen_blocks.insert(
+                                        block_ref.hash(),
+                                        (SeenBlockMarker::Finalized, block_ref),
+                                    );
+                                }
+                            }
+                            FollowEvent::Stop => {
+                                // If we get this event, we'll lose all of our existing pinned blocks and have a gap
+                                // in which we may lose the finalized block that the TX is in. For now, just error if
+                                // this happens, to prevent the case in which we never see a finalized block and wait
+                                // forever.
+                                return Poll::Ready(err_other(
+                                    "chainHead_follow emitted 'stop' event during transaction submission",
+                                ));
+                            }
+                            _ => {}
+                        }
+                        continue;
+                    }
+
+                    // If we have a finalized hash, we are done looking for tx events and we are just waiting
+                    // for a pinned block with a matching hash (which must appear eventually given it's finalized).
+                    if let Some(hash) = &finalized_hash {
+                        if let Some((SeenBlockMarker::Finalized, block_ref)) =
+                            seen_blocks.remove(hash)
+                        {
+                            // Found it! Hand back the event with a pinned block. We're done.
+                            done = true;
+                            let ev = TransactionStatus::InFinalizedBlock {
+                                hash: block_ref.into(),
+                            };
+                            return Poll::Ready(Some(Ok(ev)));
+                        } else {
+                            // Not found it! If follow ev is pending, then return pending here and wait for
+                            // a new one to come in, else loop around and see if we get another one immediately.
+                            seen_blocks.clear();
+                            if follow_ev_is_pending {
+                                return Poll::Pending;
+                            } else {
+                                continue;
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    // If we don't have a finalized block yet, we keep polling for tx progress events.
+                    let tx_progress_ev = match tx_progress.poll_next_unpin(cx) {
+                        Poll::Pending => return Poll::Pending,
+                        Poll::Ready(None) => {
+                            return Poll::Ready(err_other(
+                                "No more transaction progress events, but we haven't seen a Finalized one yet",
+                            ));
+                        }
+                        Poll::Ready(Some(Err(e))) => return Poll::Ready(Some(Err(e.into()))),
+                        Poll::Ready(Some(Ok(ev))) => ev,
+                    };
+
+                    // When we get one, map it to the correct format (or for finalized ev, wait for the pinned block):
+                    use pezkuwi_subxt_rpcs::methods::chain_head::TransactionStatus as RpcTransactionStatus;
+                    let tx_progress_ev = match tx_progress_ev {
+                        RpcTransactionStatus::Finalized { block } => {
+                            // We'll wait until we have seen this hash, to try to guarantee
+                            // that when we return this event, the corresponding block is
+                            // pinned and accessible.
+                            finalized_hash = Some(block.hash);
+                            continue;
+                        }
+                        RpcTransactionStatus::BestChainBlockIncluded { block: Some(block) } => {
+                            // Look up a pinned block ref if we can, else return a non-pinned
+                            // block that likely isn't accessible. We have no guarantee that a best
+                            // block on the node a tx was sent to will ever be known about on the
+                            // chainHead_follow subscription.
+                            let block_ref = match seen_blocks.get(&block.hash) {
+                                Some((_, block_ref)) => block_ref.clone().into(),
+                                None => BlockRef::from_hash(block.hash),
+                            };
+                            TransactionStatus::InBestBlock { hash: block_ref }
+                        }
+                        RpcTransactionStatus::BestChainBlockIncluded { block: None } => {
+                            TransactionStatus::NoLongerInBestBlock
+                        }
+                        RpcTransactionStatus::Broadcasted => TransactionStatus::Broadcasted,
+                        RpcTransactionStatus::Dropped { error, .. } => {
+                            TransactionStatus::Dropped { message: error }
+                        }
+                        RpcTransactionStatus::Error { error } => {
+                            TransactionStatus::Error { message: error }
+                        }
+                        RpcTransactionStatus::Invalid { error } => {
+                            TransactionStatus::Invalid { message: error }
+                        }
+                        RpcTransactionStatus::Validated => TransactionStatus::Validated,
+                    };
+                    return Poll::Ready(Some(Ok(tx_progress_ev)));
+                }
+            });
+
+            Ok(StreamOf(Box::pin(tx_stream)))
+        }
+
+        if self.submit_transactions_ignoring_follow_events {
+            submit_transaction_ignoring_follow_events(extrinsic, &self.methods).await
+        } else {
+            submit_transaction_tracking_follow_events::<T>(
+                extrinsic,
+                self.transaction_timeout_secs as u64,
+                &self.methods,
+                &self.follow_handle,
+            )
+            .await
+        }
+    }
+
+    async fn call(
+        &self,
+        method: &str,
+        call_parameters: Option<&[u8]>,
+        at: HashFor<T>,
+    ) -> Result<Vec<u8>, BackendError> {
+        retry(|| async {
+            let sub_id = get_subscription_id(&self.follow_handle).await?;
+
+            // Subscribe to the body response and get our operationId back.
+            let follow_events = self.follow_handle.subscribe().events();
+            let call_parameters = call_parameters.unwrap_or(&[]);
+            let status = self
+                .methods
+                .chainhead_v1_call(&sub_id, at, method, call_parameters)
+                .await?;
+            let operation_id = match status {
+                MethodResponse::LimitReached => return Err(RpcError::LimitReached.into()),
+                MethodResponse::Started(s) => s.operation_id,
+            };
+
+            // Wait for the response to come back with the correct operationId.
+            let mut call_data_stream = follow_events.filter_map(|ev| {
+                let FollowEvent::OperationCallDone(body) = ev else {
+                    return std::future::ready(None);
+                };
+                if body.operation_id != operation_id {
+                    return std::future::ready(None);
+                }
+                std::future::ready(Some(body.output.0))
+            });
+
+            call_data_stream
+                .next()
+                .await
+                .ok_or_else(|| RpcError::SubscriptionDropped.into())
+        })
+        .await
+    }
+}
+
+/// A helper to obtain a subscription ID.
+async fn get_subscription_id<H: Hash>(
+    follow_handle: &FollowStreamDriverHandle<H>,
+) -> Result<String, BackendError> {
+    let Some(sub_id) = follow_handle.subscribe().subscription_id().await else {
+        return Err(RpcError::SubscriptionDropped.into());
+    };
+
+    Ok(sub_id)
+}

vendor/pezkuwi-subxt/subxt/src/backend/chain_head/storage_items.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,169 @@
+// Copyright 2019-2025 Parity Technologies (UK) Ltd.
+// This file is dual-licensed as Apache-2.0 or GPL-3.0.
+// see LICENSE for license details.
+
+use super::follow_stream_driver::FollowStreamDriverHandle;
+use super::follow_stream_unpin::BlockRef;
+use crate::config::{Config, HashFor};
+use crate::error::{BackendError, RpcError};
+use futures::{FutureExt, Stream, StreamExt};
+use std::collections::VecDeque;
+use std::future::Future;
+use std::pin::Pin;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+use std::task::{Context, Poll};
+use pezkuwi_subxt_rpcs::methods::chain_head::{
+    ChainHeadRpcMethods, FollowEvent, MethodResponse, StorageQuery, StorageResult,
+};
+
+/// Obtain a stream of storage items given some query. this handles continuing
+/// and stopping under the hood, and returns a stream of `StorageResult`s.
+pub struct StorageItems<T: Config> {
+    done: bool,
+    operation_id: Arc<str>,
+    buffered_responses: VecDeque<StorageResult>,
+    continue_call: ContinueFutGetter,
+    continue_fut: Option<ContinueFut>,
+    follow_event_stream: FollowEventStream<HashFor<T>>,
+}
+
+impl<T: Config> StorageItems<T> {
+    // Subscribe to follow events, and return a stream of storage results
+    // given some storage queries. The stream will automatically resume as
+    // needed, and stop when done.
+    pub async fn from_methods(
+        queries: impl Iterator<Item = StorageQuery<&[u8]>>,
+        at: HashFor<T>,
+        follow_handle: &FollowStreamDriverHandle<HashFor<T>>,
+        methods: ChainHeadRpcMethods<T>,
+    ) -> Result<Self, BackendError> {
+        let sub_id = super::get_subscription_id(follow_handle).await?;
+
+        // Subscribe to events and make the initial request to get an operation ID.
+        let follow_events = follow_handle.subscribe().events();
+        let status = methods
+            .chainhead_v1_storage(&sub_id, at, queries, None)
+            .await?;
+        let operation_id: Arc<str> = match status {
+            MethodResponse::LimitReached => return Err(RpcError::LimitReached.into()),
+            MethodResponse::Started(s) => s.operation_id.into(),
+        };
+
+        // A function which returns the call to continue the subscription:
+        let continue_call: ContinueFutGetter = {
+            let operation_id = operation_id.clone();
+            Box::new(move || {
+                let sub_id = sub_id.clone();
+                let operation_id = operation_id.clone();
+                let methods = methods.clone();
+
+                Box::pin(async move {
+                    methods
+                        .chainhead_v1_continue(&sub_id, &operation_id)
+                        .await?;
+                    Ok(())
+                })
+            })
+        };
+
+        Ok(StorageItems::new(
+            operation_id,
+            continue_call,
+            Box::pin(follow_events),
+        ))
+    }
+
+    fn new(
+        operation_id: Arc<str>,
+        continue_call: ContinueFutGetter,
+        follow_event_stream: FollowEventStream<HashFor<T>>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            done: false,
+            buffered_responses: VecDeque::new(),
+            operation_id,
+            continue_call,
+            continue_fut: None,
+            follow_event_stream,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub type FollowEventStream<Hash> =
+    Pin<Box<dyn Stream<Item = FollowEvent<BlockRef<Hash>>> + Send + 'static>>;
+pub type ContinueFutGetter = Box<dyn Fn() -> ContinueFut + Send + 'static>;
+pub type ContinueFut = Pin<Box<dyn Future<Output = Result<(), BackendError>> + Send + 'static>>;
+
+impl<T: Config> Stream for StorageItems<T> {
+    type Item = Result<StorageResult, BackendError>;
+
+    fn poll_next(mut self: Pin<&mut Self>, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Option<Self::Item>> {
+        loop {
+            if self.done {
+                return Poll::Ready(None);
+            }
+
+            if let Some(item) = self.buffered_responses.pop_front() {
+                return Poll::Ready(Some(Ok(item)));
+            }
+
+            if let Some(mut fut) = self.continue_fut.take() {
+                match fut.poll_unpin(cx) {
+                    Poll::Pending => {
+                        self.continue_fut = Some(fut);
+                        return Poll::Pending;
+                    }
+                    Poll::Ready(Err(e)) => {
+                        if e.is_disconnected_will_reconnect() {
+                            self.continue_fut = Some((self.continue_call)());
+                            continue;
+                        }
+
+                        self.done = true;
+                        return Poll::Ready(Some(Err(e)));
+                    }
+                    Poll::Ready(Ok(())) => {
+                        // Finished; carry on.
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            let ev = match self.follow_event_stream.poll_next_unpin(cx) {
+                Poll::Pending => return Poll::Pending,
+                Poll::Ready(None) => return Poll::Ready(None),
+                Poll::Ready(Some(ev)) => ev,
+            };
+
+            match ev {
+                FollowEvent::OperationWaitingForContinue(id)
+                    if id.operation_id == *self.operation_id =>
+                {
+                    // Start a call to ask for more events
+                    self.continue_fut = Some((self.continue_call)());
+                    continue;
+                }
+                FollowEvent::OperationStorageDone(id) if id.operation_id == *self.operation_id => {
+                    // We're finished!
+                    self.done = true;
+                    return Poll::Ready(None);
+                }
+                FollowEvent::OperationStorageItems(items)
+                    if items.operation_id == *self.operation_id =>
+                {
+                    // We have items; buffer them to emit next loops.
+                    self.buffered_responses = items.items;
+                    continue;
+                }
+                FollowEvent::OperationError(err) if err.operation_id == *self.operation_id => {
+                    // Something went wrong obtaining storage items; mark as done and return the error.
+                    self.done = true;
+                    return Poll::Ready(Some(Err(BackendError::Other(err.error))));
+                }
+                _ => {
+                    // We don't care about this event; wait for the next.
+                    continue;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}

vendor/pezkuwi-subxt/subxt/src/backend/legacy.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,662 @@
+// Copyright 2019-2025 Parity Technologies (UK) Ltd.
+// This file is dual-licensed as Apache-2.0 or GPL-3.0.
+// see LICENSE for license details.
+
+//! This module exposes a legacy backend implementation, which relies
+//! on the legacy RPC API methods.
+
+use self::rpc_methods::TransactionStatus as RpcTransactionStatus;
+use crate::backend::utils::{retry, retry_stream};
+use crate::backend::{
+    Backend, BlockRef, RuntimeVersion, StorageResponse, StreamOf, StreamOfResults,
+    TransactionStatus,
+};
+use crate::config::{Config, HashFor, Header};
+use crate::error::BackendError;
+use async_trait::async_trait;
+use futures::TryStreamExt;
+use futures::{Future, FutureExt, Stream, StreamExt, future, future::Either, stream};
+use std::collections::VecDeque;
+use std::pin::Pin;
+use std::task::{Context, Poll};
+use pezkuwi_subxt_rpcs::RpcClient;
+
+/// Re-export legacy RPC types and methods from [`pezkuwi_subxt_rpcs::methods::legacy`].
+pub mod rpc_methods {
+    pub use pezkuwi_subxt_rpcs::methods::legacy::*;
+}
+
+// Expose the RPC methods.
+pub use rpc_methods::LegacyRpcMethods;
+
+/// Configure and build an [`LegacyBackend`].
+pub struct LegacyBackendBuilder<T> {
+    storage_page_size: u32,
+    _marker: std::marker::PhantomData<T>,
+}
+
+impl<T: Config> Default for LegacyBackendBuilder<T> {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::new()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: Config> LegacyBackendBuilder<T> {
+    /// Create a new [`LegacyBackendBuilder`].
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            storage_page_size: 64,
+            _marker: std::marker::PhantomData,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Iterating over storage entries using the [`LegacyBackend`] requires
+    /// fetching entries in batches. This configures the number of entries that
+    /// we'll try to obtain in each batch (default: 64).
+    pub fn storage_page_size(mut self, storage_page_size: u32) -> Self {
+        self.storage_page_size = storage_page_size;
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Given an [`RpcClient`] to use to make requests, this returns a [`LegacyBackend`],
+    /// which implements the [`Backend`] trait.
+    pub fn build(self, client: impl Into<RpcClient>) -> LegacyBackend<T> {
+        LegacyBackend {
+            storage_page_size: self.storage_page_size,
+            methods: LegacyRpcMethods::new(client.into()),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// The legacy backend.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct LegacyBackend<T> {
+    storage_page_size: u32,
+    methods: LegacyRpcMethods<T>,
+}
+
+impl<T> Clone for LegacyBackend<T> {
+    fn clone(&self) -> LegacyBackend<T> {
+        LegacyBackend {
+            storage_page_size: self.storage_page_size,
+            methods: self.methods.clone(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: Config> LegacyBackend<T> {
+    /// Configure and construct an [`LegacyBackend`].
+    pub fn builder() -> LegacyBackendBuilder<T> {
+        LegacyBackendBuilder::new()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: Config> super::sealed::Sealed for LegacyBackend<T> {}
+
+#[async_trait]
+impl<T: Config + Send + Sync + 'static> Backend<T> for LegacyBackend<T> {
+    async fn storage_fetch_values(
+        &self,
+        keys: Vec<Vec<u8>>,
+        at: HashFor<T>,
+    ) -> Result<StreamOfResults<StorageResponse>, BackendError> {
+        fn get_entry<T: Config>(
+            key: Vec<u8>,
+            at: HashFor<T>,
+            methods: LegacyRpcMethods<T>,
+        ) -> impl Future<Output = Result<Option<StorageResponse>, BackendError>> {
+            retry(move || {
+                let methods = methods.clone();
+                let key = key.clone();
+                async move {
+                    let res = methods.state_get_storage(&key, Some(at)).await?;
+                    Ok(res.map(move |value| StorageResponse { key, value }))
+                }
+            })
+        }
+
+        let keys = keys.clone();
+        let methods = self.methods.clone();
+
+        // For each key, return it + a future to get the result.
+        let iter = keys
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(move |key| get_entry(key, at, methods.clone()));
+
+        let s = stream::iter(iter)
+            // Resolve the future
+            .then(|fut| fut)
+            // Filter any Options out (ie if we didn't find a value at some key we return nothing for it).
+            .filter_map(|r| future::ready(r.transpose()));
+
+        Ok(StreamOf(Box::pin(s)))
+    }
+
+    async fn storage_fetch_descendant_keys(
+        &self,
+        key: Vec<u8>,
+        at: HashFor<T>,
+    ) -> Result<StreamOfResults<Vec<u8>>, BackendError> {
+        let keys = StorageFetchDescendantKeysStream {
+            at,
+            key,
+            storage_page_size: self.storage_page_size,
+            methods: self.methods.clone(),
+            done: Default::default(),
+            keys_fut: Default::default(),
+            pagination_start_key: None,
+        };
+
+        let keys = keys.flat_map(|keys| {
+            match keys {
+                Err(e) => {
+                    // If there's an error, return that next:
+                    Either::Left(stream::iter(std::iter::once(Err(e))))
+                }
+                Ok(keys) => {
+                    // Or, stream each "ok" value:
+                    Either::Right(stream::iter(keys.into_iter().map(Ok)))
+                }
+            }
+        });
+
+        Ok(StreamOf(Box::pin(keys)))
+    }
+
+    async fn storage_fetch_descendant_values(
+        &self,
+        key: Vec<u8>,
+        at: HashFor<T>,
+    ) -> Result<StreamOfResults<StorageResponse>, BackendError> {
+        let keys_stream = StorageFetchDescendantKeysStream {
+            at,
+            key,
+            storage_page_size: self.storage_page_size,
+            methods: self.methods.clone(),
+            done: Default::default(),
+            keys_fut: Default::default(),
+            pagination_start_key: None,
+        };
+
+        Ok(StreamOf(Box::pin(StorageFetchDescendantValuesStream {
+            keys: keys_stream,
+            results_fut: None,
+            results: Default::default(),
+        })))
+    }
+
+    async fn genesis_hash(&self) -> Result<HashFor<T>, BackendError> {
+        retry(|| async {
+            let hash = self.methods.genesis_hash().await?;
+            Ok(hash)
+        })
+        .await
+    }
+
+    async fn block_header(&self, at: HashFor<T>) -> Result<Option<T::Header>, BackendError> {
+        retry(|| async {
+            let header = self.methods.chain_get_header(Some(at)).await?;
+            Ok(header)
+        })
+        .await
+    }
+
+    async fn block_body(&self, at: HashFor<T>) -> Result<Option<Vec<Vec<u8>>>, BackendError> {
+        retry(|| async {
+            let Some(details) = self.methods.chain_get_block(Some(at)).await? else {
+                return Ok(None);
+            };
+            Ok(Some(
+                details.block.extrinsics.into_iter().map(|b| b.0).collect(),
+            ))
+        })
+        .await
+    }
+
+    async fn latest_finalized_block_ref(&self) -> Result<BlockRef<HashFor<T>>, BackendError> {
+        retry(|| async {
+            let hash = self.methods.chain_get_finalized_head().await?;
+            Ok(BlockRef::from_hash(hash))
+        })
+        .await
+    }
+
+    async fn current_runtime_version(&self) -> Result<RuntimeVersion, BackendError> {
+        retry(|| async {
+            let details = self.methods.state_get_runtime_version(None).await?;
+            Ok(RuntimeVersion {
+                spec_version: details.spec_version,
+                transaction_version: details.transaction_version,
+            })
+        })
+        .await
+    }
+
+    async fn stream_runtime_version(
+        &self,
+    ) -> Result<StreamOfResults<RuntimeVersion>, BackendError> {
+        let methods = self.methods.clone();
+
+        let retry_sub = retry_stream(move || {
+            let methods = methods.clone();
+
+            Box::pin(async move {
+                let sub = methods.state_subscribe_runtime_version().await?;
+                let sub = sub.map_err(|e| e.into()).map(|r| {
+                    r.map(|v| RuntimeVersion {
+                        spec_version: v.spec_version,
+                        transaction_version: v.transaction_version,
+                    })
+                });
+                Ok(StreamOf(Box::pin(sub)))
+            })
+        })
+        .await?;
+
+        // For runtime version subscriptions we omit the `DisconnectedWillReconnect` error
+        // because the once it resubscribes it will emit the latest runtime version.
+        //
+        // Thus, it's technically possible that a runtime version can be missed if
+        // two runtime upgrades happen in quick succession, but this is very unlikely.
+        let stream = retry_sub.filter(|r| {
+            let mut keep = true;
+            if let Err(e) = r {
+                if e.is_disconnected_will_reconnect() {
+                    keep = false;
+                }
+            }
+            async move { keep }
+        });
+
+        Ok(StreamOf(Box::pin(stream)))
+    }
+
+    async fn stream_all_block_headers(
+        &self,
+        hasher: T::Hasher,
+    ) -> Result<StreamOfResults<(T::Header, BlockRef<HashFor<T>>)>, BackendError> {
+        let methods = self.methods.clone();
+        let retry_sub = retry_stream(move || {
+            let methods = methods.clone();
+            Box::pin(async move {
+                let sub = methods.chain_subscribe_all_heads().await?;
+                let sub = sub.map_err(|e| e.into()).map(move |r| {
+                    r.map(|h| {
+                        let hash = h.hash_with(hasher);
+                        (h, BlockRef::from_hash(hash))
+                    })
+                });
+                Ok(StreamOf(Box::pin(sub)))
+            })
+        })
+        .await?;
+
+        Ok(retry_sub)
+    }
+
+    async fn stream_best_block_headers(
+        &self,
+        hasher: T::Hasher,
+    ) -> Result<StreamOfResults<(T::Header, BlockRef<HashFor<T>>)>, BackendError> {
+        let methods = self.methods.clone();
+
+        let retry_sub = retry_stream(move || {
+            let methods = methods.clone();
+            Box::pin(async move {
+                let sub = methods.chain_subscribe_new_heads().await?;
+                let sub = sub.map_err(|e| e.into()).map(move |r| {
+                    r.map(|h| {
+                        let hash = h.hash_with(hasher);
+                        (h, BlockRef::from_hash(hash))
+                    })
+                });
+                Ok(StreamOf(Box::pin(sub)))
+            })
+        })
+        .await?;
+
+        Ok(retry_sub)
+    }
+
+    async fn stream_finalized_block_headers(
+        &self,
+        hasher: T::Hasher,
+    ) -> Result<StreamOfResults<(T::Header, BlockRef<HashFor<T>>)>, BackendError> {
+        let this = self.clone();
+
+        let retry_sub = retry_stream(move || {
+            let this = this.clone();
+            Box::pin(async move {
+                let sub = this.methods.chain_subscribe_finalized_heads().await?;
+
+                // Get the last finalized block immediately so that the stream will emit every finalized block after this.
+                let last_finalized_block_ref = this.latest_finalized_block_ref().await?;
+                let last_finalized_block_num = this
+                    .block_header(last_finalized_block_ref.hash())
+                    .await?
+                    .map(|h| h.number().into());
+
+                // Fill in any missing blocks, because the backend may not emit every finalized block; just the latest ones which
+                // are finalized each time.
+                let sub = subscribe_to_block_headers_filling_in_gaps(
+                    this.methods.clone(),
+                    sub,
+                    last_finalized_block_num,
+                );
+                let sub = sub.map(move |r| {
+                    r.map(|h| {
+                        let hash = h.hash_with(hasher);
+                        (h, BlockRef::from_hash(hash))
+                    })
+                });
+
+                Ok(StreamOf(Box::pin(sub)))
+            })
+        })
+        .await?;
+
+        Ok(retry_sub)
+    }
+
+    async fn submit_transaction(
+        &self,
+        extrinsic: &[u8],
+    ) -> Result<StreamOfResults<TransactionStatus<HashFor<T>>>, BackendError> {
+        let sub = self
+            .methods
+            .author_submit_and_watch_extrinsic(extrinsic)
+            .await?;
+
+        let sub = sub.filter_map(|r| {
+            let mapped = r
+                .map_err(|e| e.into())
+                .map(|tx| {
+                    match tx {
+                        // We ignore these because they don't map nicely to the new API. They don't signal "end states" so this should be fine.
+                        RpcTransactionStatus::Future => None,
+                        RpcTransactionStatus::Retracted(_) => None,
+                        // These roughly map across:
+                        RpcTransactionStatus::Ready => Some(TransactionStatus::Validated),
+                        RpcTransactionStatus::Broadcast(_peers) => {
+                            Some(TransactionStatus::Broadcasted)
+                        }
+                        RpcTransactionStatus::InBlock(hash) => {
+                            Some(TransactionStatus::InBestBlock {
+                                hash: BlockRef::from_hash(hash),
+                            })
+                        }
+                        // These 5 mean that the stream will very likely end:
+                        RpcTransactionStatus::FinalityTimeout(_) => {
+                            Some(TransactionStatus::Dropped {
+                                message: "Finality timeout".into(),
+                            })
+                        }
+                        RpcTransactionStatus::Finalized(hash) => {
+                            Some(TransactionStatus::InFinalizedBlock {
+                                hash: BlockRef::from_hash(hash),
+                            })
+                        }
+                        RpcTransactionStatus::Usurped(_) => Some(TransactionStatus::Invalid {
+                            message: "Transaction was usurped by another with the same nonce"
+                                .into(),
+                        }),
+                        RpcTransactionStatus::Dropped => Some(TransactionStatus::Dropped {
+                            message: "Transaction was dropped".into(),
+                        }),
+                        RpcTransactionStatus::Invalid => Some(TransactionStatus::Invalid {
+                            message:
+                                "Transaction is invalid (eg because of a bad nonce, signature etc)"
+                                    .into(),
+                        }),
+                    }
+                })
+                .transpose();
+
+            future::ready(mapped)
+        });
+
+        Ok(StreamOf::new(Box::pin(sub)))
+    }
+
+    async fn call(
+        &self,
+        method: &str,
+        call_parameters: Option<&[u8]>,
+        at: HashFor<T>,
+    ) -> Result<Vec<u8>, BackendError> {
+        retry(|| async {
+            let res = self
+                .methods
+                .state_call(method, call_parameters, Some(at))
+                .await?;
+            Ok(res)
+        })
+        .await
+    }
+}
+
+/// Note: This is exposed for testing but is not considered stable and may change
+/// without notice in a patch release.
+#[doc(hidden)]
+pub fn subscribe_to_block_headers_filling_in_gaps<T, S, E>(
+    methods: LegacyRpcMethods<T>,
+    sub: S,
+    mut last_block_num: Option<u64>,
+) -> impl Stream<Item = Result<T::Header, BackendError>> + Send
+where
+    T: Config,
+    S: Stream<Item = Result<T::Header, E>> + Send,
+    E: Into<BackendError> + Send + 'static,
+{
+    sub.flat_map(move |s| {
+        // Get the header, or return a stream containing just the error.
+        let header = match s {
+            Ok(header) => header,
+            Err(e) => return Either::Left(stream::once(async { Err(e.into()) })),
+        };
+
+        // We want all previous details up to, but not including this current block num.
+        let end_block_num = header.number().into();
+
+        // This is one after the last block we returned details for last time.
+        let start_block_num = last_block_num.map(|n| n + 1).unwrap_or(end_block_num);
+
+        // Iterate over all of the previous blocks we need headers for, ignoring the current block
+        // (which we already have the header info for):
+        let methods = methods.clone();
+        let previous_headers = stream::iter(start_block_num..end_block_num)
+            .then(move |n| {
+                let methods = methods.clone();
+                async move {
+                    let hash = methods.chain_get_block_hash(Some(n.into())).await?;
+                    let header = methods.chain_get_header(hash).await?;
+                    Ok::<_, BackendError>(header)
+                }
+            })
+            .filter_map(async |h| h.transpose());
+
+        // On the next iteration, we'll get details starting just after this end block.
+        last_block_num = Some(end_block_num);
+
+        // Return a combination of any previous headers plus the new header.
+        Either::Right(previous_headers.chain(stream::once(async { Ok(header) })))
+    })
+}
+
+/// This provides a stream of values given some prefix `key`. It
+/// internally manages pagination and such.
+#[allow(clippy::type_complexity)]
+pub struct StorageFetchDescendantKeysStream<T: Config> {
+    methods: LegacyRpcMethods<T>,
+    key: Vec<u8>,
+    at: HashFor<T>,
+    // How many entries to ask for each time.
+    storage_page_size: u32,
+    // What key do we start paginating from? None = from the beginning.
+    pagination_start_key: Option<Vec<u8>>,
+    // Keys, future and cached:
+    keys_fut:
+        Option<Pin<Box<dyn Future<Output = Result<Vec<Vec<u8>>, BackendError>> + Send + 'static>>>,
+    // Set to true when we're done:
+    done: bool,
+}
+
+impl<T: Config> std::marker::Unpin for StorageFetchDescendantKeysStream<T> {}
+
+impl<T: Config> Stream for StorageFetchDescendantKeysStream<T> {
+    type Item = Result<Vec<Vec<u8>>, BackendError>;
+    fn poll_next(mut self: Pin<&mut Self>, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Option<Self::Item>> {
+        let mut this = self.as_mut();
+        loop {
+            // We're already done.
+            if this.done {
+                return Poll::Ready(None);
+            }
+
+            // Poll future to fetch next keys.
+            if let Some(mut keys_fut) = this.keys_fut.take() {
+                let Poll::Ready(keys) = keys_fut.poll_unpin(cx) else {
+                    this.keys_fut = Some(keys_fut);
+                    return Poll::Pending;
+                };
+
+                match keys {
+                    Ok(mut keys) => {
+                        if this.pagination_start_key.is_some()
+                            && keys.first() == this.pagination_start_key.as_ref()
+                        {
+                            // Currently, Smoldot returns the "start key" as the first key in the input
+                            // (see https://github.com/smol-dot/smoldot/issues/1692), whereas Substrate doesn't.
+                            // We don't expect the start key to be returned either (since it was the last key of prev
+                            // iteration), so remove it if we see it. This `remove()` method isn't very efficient but
+                            // this will be a non issue with the RPC V2 APIs or if Smoldot aligns with Substrate anyway.
+                            keys.remove(0);
+                        }
+                        if keys.is_empty() {
+                            // No keys left; we're done!
+                            this.done = true;
+                            return Poll::Ready(None);
+                        }
+                        // The last key is where we want to paginate from next time.
+                        this.pagination_start_key = keys.last().cloned();
+                        // return all of the keys from this run.
+                        return Poll::Ready(Some(Ok(keys)));
+                    }
+                    Err(e) => {
+                        if e.is_disconnected_will_reconnect() {
+                            this.keys_fut = Some(keys_fut);
+                            continue;
+                        }
+
+                        // Error getting keys? Return it.
+                        return Poll::Ready(Some(Err(e)));
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            // Else, we don't have a fut to get keys yet so start one going.
+            let methods = this.methods.clone();
+            let key = this.key.clone();
+            let at = this.at;
+            let storage_page_size = this.storage_page_size;
+            let pagination_start_key = this.pagination_start_key.clone();
+            let keys_fut = async move {
+                let keys = methods
+                    .state_get_keys_paged(
+                        &key,
+                        storage_page_size,
+                        pagination_start_key.as_deref(),
+                        Some(at),
+                    )
+                    .await?;
+                Ok(keys)
+            };
+            this.keys_fut = Some(Box::pin(keys_fut));
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// This provides a stream of values given some stream of keys.
+#[allow(clippy::type_complexity)]
+pub struct StorageFetchDescendantValuesStream<T: Config> {
+    // Stream of keys.
+    keys: StorageFetchDescendantKeysStream<T>,
+    // Then we track the future to get the values back for each key:
+    results_fut: Option<
+        Pin<
+            Box<
+                dyn Future<Output = Result<Option<VecDeque<(Vec<u8>, Vec<u8>)>>, BackendError>>
+                    + Send
+                    + 'static,
+            >,
+        >,
+    >,
+    // And finally we return each result back one at a time:
+    results: VecDeque<(Vec<u8>, Vec<u8>)>,
+}
+
+impl<T: Config> Stream for StorageFetchDescendantValuesStream<T> {
+    type Item = Result<StorageResponse, BackendError>;
+    fn poll_next(mut self: Pin<&mut Self>, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Option<Self::Item>> {
+        let mut this = self.as_mut();
+        loop {
+            // If we have results back, return them one by one
+            if let Some((key, value)) = this.results.pop_front() {
+                let res = StorageResponse { key, value };
+                return Poll::Ready(Some(Ok(res)));
+            }
+
+            // If we're waiting on the next results then poll that future:
+            if let Some(mut results_fut) = this.results_fut.take() {
+                match results_fut.poll_unpin(cx) {
+                    Poll::Ready(Ok(Some(results))) => {
+                        this.results = results;
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                    Poll::Ready(Ok(None)) => {
+                        // No values back for some keys? Skip.
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                    Poll::Ready(Err(e)) => return Poll::Ready(Some(Err(e))),
+                    Poll::Pending => {
+                        this.results_fut = Some(results_fut);
+                        return Poll::Pending;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            match this.keys.poll_next_unpin(cx) {
+                Poll::Ready(Some(Ok(keys))) => {
+                    let methods = this.keys.methods.clone();
+                    let at = this.keys.at;
+                    let results_fut = async move {
+                        let keys = keys.iter().map(|k| &**k);
+                        let values = retry(|| async {
+                            let res = methods
+                                .state_query_storage_at(keys.clone(), Some(at))
+                                .await?;
+                            Ok(res)
+                        })
+                        .await?;
+                        let values: VecDeque<_> = values
+                            .into_iter()
+                            .flat_map(|v| {
+                                v.changes.into_iter().filter_map(|(k, v)| {
+                                    let v = v?;
+                                    Some((k.0, v.0))
+                                })
+                            })
+                            .collect();
+                        Ok(Some(values))
+                    };
+
+                    this.results_fut = Some(Box::pin(results_fut));
+                    continue;
+                }
+                Poll::Ready(Some(Err(e))) => return Poll::Ready(Some(Err(e))),
+                Poll::Ready(None) => return Poll::Ready(None),
+                Poll::Pending => return Poll::Pending,
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}

vendor/pezkuwi-subxt/subxt/src/backend/utils.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,276 @@
+//! RPC utils.
+
+use super::{StreamOf, StreamOfResults};
+use crate::error::BackendError;
+use futures::future::BoxFuture;
+use futures::{FutureExt, Stream, StreamExt};
+use std::{future::Future, pin::Pin, task::Poll};
+
+/// Resubscribe callback.
+type ResubscribeGetter<T> = Box<dyn FnMut() -> ResubscribeFuture<T> + Send>;
+
+/// Future that resolves to a subscription stream.
+type ResubscribeFuture<T> =
+    Pin<Box<dyn Future<Output = Result<StreamOfResults<T>, BackendError>> + Send>>;
+
+pub(crate) enum PendingOrStream<T> {
+    Pending(BoxFuture<'static, Result<StreamOfResults<T>, BackendError>>),
+    Stream(StreamOfResults<T>),
+}
+
+impl<T> std::fmt::Debug for PendingOrStream<T> {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        match self {
+            PendingOrStream::Pending(_) => write!(f, "Pending"),
+            PendingOrStream::Stream(_) => write!(f, "Stream"),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Retry subscription.
+struct RetrySubscription<T> {
+    resubscribe: ResubscribeGetter<T>,
+    state: Option<PendingOrStream<T>>,
+}
+
+impl<T> std::marker::Unpin for RetrySubscription<T> {}
+
+impl<T> Stream for RetrySubscription<T> {
+    type Item = Result<T, BackendError>;
+
+    fn poll_next(
+        mut self: Pin<&mut Self>,
+        cx: &mut std::task::Context<'_>,
+    ) -> Poll<Option<Self::Item>> {
+        loop {
+            let Some(mut this) = self.state.take() else {
+                return Poll::Ready(None);
+            };
+
+            match this {
+                PendingOrStream::Stream(ref mut s) => match s.poll_next_unpin(cx) {
+                    Poll::Ready(Some(Err(err))) => {
+                        if err.is_disconnected_will_reconnect() {
+                            self.state = Some(PendingOrStream::Pending((self.resubscribe)()));
+                        }
+                        return Poll::Ready(Some(Err(err)));
+                    }
+                    Poll::Ready(None) => return Poll::Ready(None),
+                    Poll::Ready(Some(Ok(val))) => {
+                        self.state = Some(this);
+                        return Poll::Ready(Some(Ok(val)));
+                    }
+                    Poll::Pending => {
+                        self.state = Some(this);
+                        return Poll::Pending;
+                    }
+                },
+                PendingOrStream::Pending(mut fut) => match fut.poll_unpin(cx) {
+                    Poll::Ready(Ok(stream)) => {
+                        self.state = Some(PendingOrStream::Stream(stream));
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                    Poll::Ready(Err(err)) => {
+                        if err.is_disconnected_will_reconnect() {
+                            self.state = Some(PendingOrStream::Pending((self.resubscribe)()));
+                        }
+                        return Poll::Ready(Some(Err(err)));
+                    }
+                    Poll::Pending => {
+                        self.state = Some(PendingOrStream::Pending(fut));
+                        return Poll::Pending;
+                    }
+                },
+            };
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Retry a future until it doesn't return a disconnected error.
+///
+/// # Example
+///
+/// ```rust,no_run,standalone_crate
+/// use subxt::backend::utils::retry;
+///
+/// async fn some_future() -> Result<(), subxt::error::BackendError> {
+///    Ok(())
+/// }
+///
+/// #[tokio::main]
+/// async fn main() {
+///    let result = retry(|| some_future()).await;
+/// }
+/// ```
+pub async fn retry<T, F, R>(mut retry_future: F) -> Result<R, BackendError>
+where
+    F: FnMut() -> T,
+    T: Future<Output = Result<R, BackendError>>,
+{
+    const REJECTED_MAX_RETRIES: usize = 10;
+    let mut rejected_retries = 0;
+
+    loop {
+        match retry_future().await {
+            Ok(v) => return Ok(v),
+            Err(e) => {
+                if e.is_disconnected_will_reconnect() {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                // TODO: https://github.com/paritytech/subxt/issues/1567
+                // This is a hack because, in the event of a disconnection,
+                // we may not get the correct subscription ID back on reconnecting.
+                //
+                // This is because we have a race between this future and the
+                // separate chainHead subscription, which runs in a different task.
+                // if this future is too quick, it'll be given back an old
+                // subscription ID from the chainHead subscription which has yet
+                // to reconnect and establish a new subscription ID.
+                //
+                // In the event of a wrong subscription Id being used, we happen to
+                // hand back an `RpcError::LimitReached`, and so can retry when we
+                // specifically hit that error to see if we get a new subscription ID
+                // eventually.
+                if e.is_rpc_limit_reached() && rejected_retries < REJECTED_MAX_RETRIES {
+                    rejected_retries += 1;
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                return Err(e);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Create a retry stream that will resubscribe on disconnect.
+///
+/// It's important to note that this function is intended to work only for stateless subscriptions.
+/// If the subscription takes input or modifies state, this function should not be used.
+///
+/// # Example
+///
+/// ```rust,no_run,standalone_crate
+/// use subxt::backend::{utils::retry_stream, StreamOf};
+/// use futures::future::FutureExt;
+///
+/// #[tokio::main]
+/// async fn main() {
+///    retry_stream(|| {
+///         // This needs to return a stream of results but if you are using
+///         // the subxt backend already it will return StreamOf so you can just
+///         // return it directly in the async block below.
+///         async move { Ok(StreamOf::new(Box::pin(futures::stream::iter([Ok(2)])))) }.boxed()
+///    }).await;
+/// }
+/// ```
+pub async fn retry_stream<F, R>(sub_stream: F) -> Result<StreamOfResults<R>, BackendError>
+where
+    F: FnMut() -> ResubscribeFuture<R> + Send + 'static + Clone,
+    R: Send + 'static,
+{
+    let stream = retry(sub_stream.clone()).await?;
+
+    let resubscribe = Box::new(move || {
+        let sub_stream = sub_stream.clone();
+        async move { retry(sub_stream).await }.boxed()
+    });
+
+    // The extra Box is to encapsulate the retry subscription type
+    Ok(StreamOf::new(Box::pin(RetrySubscription {
+        state: Some(PendingOrStream::Stream(stream)),
+        resubscribe,
+    })))
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::backend::StreamOf;
+
+    fn disconnect_err() -> BackendError {
+        BackendError::Rpc(pezkuwi_subxt_rpcs::Error::DisconnectedWillReconnect(String::new()).into())
+    }
+
+    fn custom_err() -> BackendError {
+        BackendError::Other(String::new())
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn retry_stream_works() {
+        let retry_stream = retry_stream(|| {
+            async {
+                Ok(StreamOf::new(Box::pin(futures::stream::iter([
+                    Ok(1),
+                    Ok(2),
+                    Ok(3),
+                    Err(disconnect_err()),
+                ]))))
+            }
+            .boxed()
+        })
+        .await
+        .unwrap();
+
+        let result = retry_stream
+            .take(5)
+            .collect::<Vec<Result<usize, BackendError>>>()
+            .await;
+
+        assert!(matches!(result[0], Ok(r) if r == 1));
+        assert!(matches!(result[1], Ok(r) if r == 2));
+        assert!(matches!(result[2], Ok(r) if r == 3));
+        assert!(matches!(result[3], Err(ref e) if e.is_disconnected_will_reconnect()));
+        assert!(matches!(result[4], Ok(r) if r == 1));
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn retry_sub_works() {
+        let stream = futures::stream::iter([Ok(1), Err(disconnect_err())]);
+
+        let resubscribe = Box::new(move || {
+            async move { Ok(StreamOf::new(Box::pin(futures::stream::iter([Ok(2)])))) }.boxed()
+        });
+
+        let retry_stream = RetrySubscription {
+            state: Some(PendingOrStream::Stream(StreamOf::new(Box::pin(stream)))),
+            resubscribe,
+        };
+
+        let result: Vec<_> = retry_stream.collect().await;
+
+        assert!(matches!(result[0], Ok(r) if r == 1));
+        assert!(matches!(result[1], Err(ref e) if e.is_disconnected_will_reconnect()));
+        assert!(matches!(result[2], Ok(r) if r == 2));
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn retry_sub_err_terminates_stream() {
+        let stream = futures::stream::iter([Ok(1)]);
+        let resubscribe = Box::new(|| async move { Err(custom_err()) }.boxed());
+
+        let retry_stream = RetrySubscription {
+            state: Some(PendingOrStream::Stream(StreamOf::new(Box::pin(stream)))),
+            resubscribe,
+        };
+
+        assert_eq!(retry_stream.count().await, 1);
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn retry_sub_resubscribe_err() {
+        let stream = futures::stream::iter([Ok(1), Err(disconnect_err())]);
+        let resubscribe = Box::new(|| async move { Err(custom_err()) }.boxed());
+
+        let retry_stream = RetrySubscription {
+            state: Some(PendingOrStream::Stream(StreamOf::new(Box::pin(stream)))),
+            resubscribe,
+        };
+
+        let result: Vec<_> = retry_stream.collect().await;
+
+        assert!(matches!(result[0], Ok(r) if r == 1));
+        assert!(matches!(result[1], Err(ref e) if e.is_disconnected_will_reconnect()));
+        assert!(matches!(result[2], Err(ref e) if matches!(e, BackendError::Other(_))));
+    }
+}

vendor/pezkuwi-subxt/subxt/src/blocks/block_types.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,195 @@
+// Copyright 2019-2025 Parity Technologies (UK) Ltd.
+// This file is dual-licensed as Apache-2.0 or GPL-3.0.
+// see LICENSE for license details.
+
+use crate::{
+    backend::BlockRef,
+    blocks::Extrinsics,
+    client::{OfflineClientT, OnlineClientT},
+    config::{Config, HashFor, Header},
+    error::{AccountNonceError, BlockError, EventsError, ExtrinsicError},
+    events,
+    runtime_api::RuntimeApi,
+    storage::StorageClientAt,
+};
+
+use codec::{Decode, Encode};
+use futures::lock::Mutex as AsyncMutex;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+/// A representation of a block.
+pub struct Block<T: Config, C> {
+    header: T::Header,
+    block_ref: BlockRef<HashFor<T>>,
+    client: C,
+    // Since we obtain the same events for every extrinsic, let's
+    // cache them so that we only ever do that once:
+    cached_events: CachedEvents<T>,
+}
+
+impl<T: Config, C: Clone> Clone for Block<T, C> {
+    fn clone(&self) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            header: self.header.clone(),
+            block_ref: self.block_ref.clone(),
+            client: self.client.clone(),
+            cached_events: self.cached_events.clone(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// A cache for our events so we don't fetch them more than once when
+// iterating over events for extrinsics.
+pub(crate) type CachedEvents<T> = Arc<AsyncMutex<Option<events::Events<T>>>>;
+
+impl<T, C> Block<T, C>
+where
+    T: Config,
+    C: OfflineClientT<T>,
+{
+    pub(crate) fn new(header: T::Header, block_ref: BlockRef<HashFor<T>>, client: C) -> Self {
+        Block {
+            header,
+            block_ref,
+            client,
+            cached_events: Default::default(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Return a reference to the given block. While this reference is kept alive,
+    /// the backend will (if possible) endeavour to keep hold of the block.
+    pub fn reference(&self) -> BlockRef<HashFor<T>> {
+        self.block_ref.clone()
+    }
+
+    /// Return the block hash.
+    pub fn hash(&self) -> HashFor<T> {
+        self.block_ref.hash()
+    }
+
+    /// Return the block number.
+    pub fn number(&self) -> <T::Header as crate::config::Header>::Number {
+        self.header().number()
+    }
+
+    /// Return the entire block header.
+    pub fn header(&self) -> &T::Header {
+        &self.header
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T, C> Block<T, C>
+where
+    T: Config,
+    C: OnlineClientT<T>,
+{
+    /// Return the events associated with the block, fetching them from the node if necessary.
+    pub async fn events(&self) -> Result<events::Events<T>, EventsError> {
+        get_events(&self.client, self.hash(), &self.cached_events).await
+    }
+
+    /// Fetch and return the extrinsics in the block body.
+    pub async fn extrinsics(&self) -> Result<Extrinsics<T, C>, ExtrinsicError> {
+        let block_hash = self.hash();
+
+        let extrinsics = self
+            .client
+            .backend()
+            .block_body(block_hash)
+            .await
+            .map_err(ExtrinsicError::CannotGetBlockBody)?
+            .ok_or_else(|| ExtrinsicError::BlockNotFound(block_hash.into()))?;
+
+        let extrinsics = Extrinsics::new(
+            self.client.clone(),
+            extrinsics,
+            self.cached_events.clone(),
+            block_hash,
+        )?;
+
+        Ok(extrinsics)
+    }
+
+    /// Work with storage.
+    pub fn storage(&self) -> StorageClientAt<T, C> {
+        StorageClientAt::new(self.client.clone(), self.block_ref.clone())
+    }
+
+    /// Execute a runtime API call at this block.
+    pub async fn runtime_api(&self) -> RuntimeApi<T, C> {
+        RuntimeApi::new(self.client.clone(), self.block_ref.clone())
+    }
+
+    /// Get the account nonce for a given account ID at this block.
+    pub async fn account_nonce(&self, account_id: &T::AccountId) -> Result<u64, BlockError> {
+        get_account_nonce(&self.client, account_id, self.hash())
+            .await
+            .map_err(|e| BlockError::AccountNonceError {
+                block_hash: self.hash().into(),
+                account_id: account_id.encode().into(),
+                reason: e,
+            })
+    }
+}
+
+// Return Events from the cache, or fetch from the node if needed.
+pub(crate) async fn get_events<C, T>(
+    client: &C,
+    block_hash: HashFor<T>,
+    cached_events: &AsyncMutex<Option<events::Events<T>>>,
+) -> Result<events::Events<T>, EventsError>
+where
+    T: Config,
+    C: OnlineClientT<T>,
+{
+    // Acquire lock on the events cache. We either get back our events or we fetch and set them
+    // before unlocking, so only one fetch call should ever be made. We do this because the
+    // same events can be shared across all extrinsics in the block.
+    let mut lock = cached_events.lock().await;
+    let events = match &*lock {
+        Some(events) => events.clone(),
+        None => {
+            let events = events::EventsClient::new(client.clone())
+                .at(block_hash)
+                .await?;
+            lock.replace(events.clone());
+            events
+        }
+    };
+
+    Ok(events)
+}
+
+// Return the account nonce at some block hash for an account ID.
+pub(crate) async fn get_account_nonce<C, T>(
+    client: &C,
+    account_id: &T::AccountId,
+    block_hash: HashFor<T>,
+) -> Result<u64, AccountNonceError>
+where
+    C: OnlineClientT<T>,
+    T: Config,
+{
+    let account_nonce_bytes = client
+        .backend()
+        .call(
+            "AccountNonceApi_account_nonce",
+            Some(&account_id.encode()),
+            block_hash,
+        )
+        .await?;
+
+    // custom decoding from a u16/u32/u64 into a u64, based on the number of bytes we got back.
+    let cursor = &mut &account_nonce_bytes[..];
+    let account_nonce: u64 = match account_nonce_bytes.len() {
+        2 => u16::decode(cursor)?.into(),
+        4 => u32::decode(cursor)?.into(),
+        8 => u64::decode(cursor)?,
+        _ => {
+            return Err(AccountNonceError::WrongNumberOfBytes(
+                account_nonce_bytes.len(),
+            ));
+        }
+    };
+    Ok(account_nonce)
+}

vendor/pezkuwi-subxt/subxt/src/blocks/blocks_client.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,192 @@
+// Copyright 2019-2025 Parity Technologies (UK) Ltd.
+// This file is dual-licensed as Apache-2.0 or GPL-3.0.
+// see LICENSE for license details.
+
+use super::Block;
+use crate::{
+    backend::{BlockRef, StreamOfResults},
+    client::OnlineClientT,
+    config::{Config, HashFor},
+    error::BlockError,
+    utils::PhantomDataSendSync,
+};
+use derive_where::derive_where;
+use futures::StreamExt;
+use std::future::Future;
+
+type BlockStream<T> = StreamOfResults<T>;
+type BlockStreamRes<T> = Result<BlockStream<T>, BlockError>;
+
+/// A client for working with blocks.
+#[derive_where(Clone; Client)]
+pub struct BlocksClient<T, Client> {
+    client: Client,
+    _marker: PhantomDataSendSync<T>,
+}
+
+impl<T, Client> BlocksClient<T, Client> {
+    /// Create a new [`BlocksClient`].
+    pub fn new(client: Client) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            client,
+            _marker: PhantomDataSendSync::new(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T, Client> BlocksClient<T, Client>
+where
+    T: Config,
+    Client: OnlineClientT<T>,
+{
+    /// Obtain block details given the provided block hash.
+    ///
+    /// # Warning
+    ///
+    /// This call only supports blocks produced since the most recent
+    /// runtime upgrade. You can attempt to retrieve older blocks,
+    /// but may run into errors attempting to work with them.
+    pub fn at(
+        &self,
+        block_ref: impl Into<BlockRef<HashFor<T>>>,
+    ) -> impl Future<Output = Result<Block<T, Client>, BlockError>> + Send + 'static {
+        self.at_or_latest(Some(block_ref.into()))
+    }
+
+    /// Obtain block details of the latest finalized block.
+    pub fn at_latest(
+        &self,
+    ) -> impl Future<Output = Result<Block<T, Client>, BlockError>> + Send + 'static {
+        self.at_or_latest(None)
+    }
+
+    /// Obtain block details given the provided block hash, or the latest block if `None` is
+    /// provided.
+    fn at_or_latest(
+        &self,
+        block_ref: Option<BlockRef<HashFor<T>>>,
+    ) -> impl Future<Output = Result<Block<T, Client>, BlockError>> + Send + 'static {
+        let client = self.client.clone();
+        async move {
+            // If a block ref isn't provided, we'll get the latest finalized ref to use.
+            let block_ref = match block_ref {
+                Some(r) => r,
+                None => client
+                    .backend()
+                    .latest_finalized_block_ref()
+                    .await
+                    .map_err(BlockError::CouldNotGetLatestBlock)?,
+            };
+
+            let maybe_block_header = client
+                .backend()
+                .block_header(block_ref.hash())
+                .await
+                .map_err(|e| BlockError::CouldNotGetBlockHeader {
+                    block_hash: block_ref.hash().into(),
+                    reason: e,
+                })?;
+
+            let block_header = match maybe_block_header {
+                Some(header) => header,
+                None => {
+                    return Err(BlockError::BlockNotFound {
+                        block_hash: block_ref.hash().into(),
+                    });
+                }
+            };
+
+            Ok(Block::new(block_header, block_ref, client))
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Subscribe to all new blocks imported by the node.
+    ///
+    /// **Note:** You probably want to use [`Self::subscribe_finalized()`] most of
+    /// the time.
+    pub fn subscribe_all(
+        &self,
+    ) -> impl Future<Output = Result<BlockStream<Block<T, Client>>, BlockError>> + Send + 'static
+    where
+        Client: Send + Sync + 'static,
+    {
+        let client = self.client.clone();
+        let hasher = client.hasher();
+        header_sub_fut_to_block_sub(self.clone(), async move {
+            let stream = client
+                .backend()
+                .stream_all_block_headers(hasher)
+                .await
+                .map_err(BlockError::CouldNotSubscribeToAllBlocks)?;
+            BlockStreamRes::Ok(stream)
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Subscribe to all new blocks imported by the node onto the current best fork.
+    ///
+    /// **Note:** You probably want to use [`Self::subscribe_finalized()`] most of
+    /// the time.
+    pub fn subscribe_best(
+        &self,
+    ) -> impl Future<Output = Result<BlockStream<Block<T, Client>>, BlockError>> + Send + 'static
+    where
+        Client: Send + Sync + 'static,
+    {
+        let client = self.client.clone();
+        let hasher = client.hasher();
+        header_sub_fut_to_block_sub(self.clone(), async move {
+            let stream = client
+                .backend()
+                .stream_best_block_headers(hasher)
+                .await
+                .map_err(BlockError::CouldNotSubscribeToBestBlocks)?;
+            BlockStreamRes::Ok(stream)
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Subscribe to finalized blocks.
+    pub fn subscribe_finalized(
+        &self,
+    ) -> impl Future<Output = Result<BlockStream<Block<T, Client>>, BlockError>> + Send + 'static
+    where
+        Client: Send + Sync + 'static,
+    {
+        let client = self.client.clone();
+        let hasher = client.hasher();
+        header_sub_fut_to_block_sub(self.clone(), async move {
+            let stream = client
+                .backend()
+                .stream_finalized_block_headers(hasher)
+                .await
+                .map_err(BlockError::CouldNotSubscribeToFinalizedBlocks)?;
+            BlockStreamRes::Ok(stream)
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+/// Take a promise that will return a subscription to some block headers,
+/// and return a subscription to some blocks based on this.
+async fn header_sub_fut_to_block_sub<T, Client, S>(
+    blocks_client: BlocksClient<T, Client>,
+    sub: S,
+) -> Result<BlockStream<Block<T, Client>>, BlockError>
+where
+    T: Config,
+    S: Future<Output = Result<BlockStream<(T::Header, BlockRef<HashFor<T>>)>, BlockError>>
+        + Send
+        + 'static,
+    Client: OnlineClientT<T> + Send + Sync + 'static,
+{
+    let sub = sub.await?.then(move |header_and_ref| {
+        let client = blocks_client.client.clone();
+        async move {
+            let (header, block_ref) = match header_and_ref {
+                Ok(header_and_ref) => header_and_ref,
+                Err(e) => return Err(e),
+            };
+
+            Ok(Block::new(header, block_ref, client))
+        }
+    });
+    BlockStreamRes::Ok(StreamOfResults::new(Box::pin(sub)))
+}

vendor/pezkuwi-subxt/subxt/src/blocks/extrinsic_types.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,350 @@
+// Copyright 2019-2025 Parity Technologies (UK) Ltd.
+// This file is dual-licensed as Apache-2.0 or GPL-3.0.
+// see LICENSE for license details.
+
+use crate::{
+    blocks::block_types::{CachedEvents, get_events},
+    client::{OfflineClientT, OnlineClientT},
+    config::{Config, HashFor},
+    error::{EventsError, ExtrinsicDecodeErrorAt, ExtrinsicError},
+    events,
+};
+use derive_where::derive_where;
+use scale_decode::{DecodeAsFields, DecodeAsType};
+use pezkuwi_subxt_core::blocks::{ExtrinsicDetails as CoreExtrinsicDetails, Extrinsics as CoreExtrinsics};
+
+// Re-export anything that's directly returned/used in the APIs below.
+pub use pezkuwi_subxt_core::blocks::{
+    ExtrinsicTransactionExtension, ExtrinsicTransactionExtensions, StaticExtrinsic,
+};
+
+/// The body of a block.
+pub struct Extrinsics<T: Config, C> {
+    inner: CoreExtrinsics<T>,
+    client: C,
+    cached_events: CachedEvents<T>,
+    hash: HashFor<T>,
+}
+
+impl<T, C> Extrinsics<T, C>
+where
+    T: Config,
+    C: OfflineClientT<T>,
+{
+    pub(crate) fn new(
+        client: C,
+        extrinsics: Vec<Vec<u8>>,
+        cached_events: CachedEvents<T>,
+        hash: HashFor<T>,
+    ) -> Result<Self, ExtrinsicDecodeErrorAt> {
+        let inner = CoreExtrinsics::decode_from(extrinsics, client.metadata())?;
+        Ok(Self {
+            inner,
+            client,
+            cached_events,
+            hash,
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// See [`pezkuwi_subxt_core::blocks::Extrinsics::len()`].
+    pub fn len(&self) -> usize {
+        self.inner.len()
+    }
+
+    /// See [`pezkuwi_subxt_core::blocks::Extrinsics::is_empty()`].
+    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
+        self.inner.is_empty()
+    }
+
+    /// Return the block hash that these extrinsics are from.
+    pub fn block_hash(&self) -> HashFor<T> {
+        self.hash
+    }
+
+    /// Returns an iterator over the extrinsics in the block body.
+    // Dev note: The returned iterator is 'static + Send so that we can box it up and make
+    // use of it with our `FilterExtrinsic` stuff.
+    pub fn iter(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = ExtrinsicDetails<T, C>> + Send + Sync + 'static {
+        let client = self.client.clone();
+        let cached_events = self.cached_events.clone();
+        let block_hash = self.hash;
+
+        self.inner.iter().map(move |inner| {
+            ExtrinsicDetails::new(inner, client.clone(), block_hash, cached_events.clone())
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Iterate through the extrinsics using metadata to dynamically decode and skip
+    /// them, and return only those which should decode to the provided `E` type.
+    /// If an error occurs, all subsequent iterations return `None`.
+    pub fn find<E: StaticExtrinsic>(
+        &self,
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = Result<FoundExtrinsic<T, C, E>, ExtrinsicError>> {
+        self.inner.find::<E>().map(|res| {
+            match res {
+                Err(e) => Err(ExtrinsicError::from(e)),
+                Ok(ext) => {
+                    // Wrap details from subxt-core into what we want here:
+                    let details = ExtrinsicDetails::new(
+                        ext.details,
+                        self.client.clone(),
+                        self.hash,
+                        self.cached_events.clone(),
+                    );
+
+                    Ok(FoundExtrinsic {
+                        details,
+                        value: ext.value,
+                    })
+                }
+            }
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Iterate through the extrinsics using metadata to dynamically decode and skip
+    /// them, and return the first extrinsic found which decodes to the provided `E` type.
+    pub fn find_first<E: StaticExtrinsic>(
+        &self,
+    ) -> Result<Option<FoundExtrinsic<T, C, E>>, ExtrinsicError> {
+        self.find::<E>().next().transpose()
+    }
+
+    /// Iterate through the extrinsics using metadata to dynamically decode and skip
+    /// them, and return the last extrinsic found which decodes to the provided `Ev` type.
+    pub fn find_last<E: StaticExtrinsic>(
+        &self,
+    ) -> Result<Option<FoundExtrinsic<T, C, E>>, ExtrinsicError> {
+        self.find::<E>().last().transpose()
+    }
+
+    /// Find an extrinsics that decodes to the type provided. Returns true if it was found.
+    pub fn has<E: StaticExtrinsic>(&self) -> Result<bool, ExtrinsicError> {
+        Ok(self.find::<E>().next().transpose()?.is_some())
+    }
+}
+
+/// A single extrinsic in a block.
+pub struct ExtrinsicDetails<T: Config, C> {
+    inner: CoreExtrinsicDetails<T>,
+    /// The block hash of this extrinsic (needed to fetch events).
+    block_hash: HashFor<T>,
+    /// Subxt client.
+    client: C,
+    /// Cached events.
+    cached_events: CachedEvents<T>,
+}
+
+impl<T, C> ExtrinsicDetails<T, C>
+where
+    T: Config,
+    C: OfflineClientT<T>,
+{
+    // Attempt to dynamically decode a single extrinsic from the given input.
+    pub(crate) fn new(
+        inner: CoreExtrinsicDetails<T>,
+        client: C,
+        block_hash: HashFor<T>,
+        cached_events: CachedEvents<T>,
+    ) -> ExtrinsicDetails<T, C> {
+        ExtrinsicDetails {
+            inner,
+            client,
+            block_hash,
+            cached_events,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// See [`pezkuwi_subxt_core::blocks::ExtrinsicDetails::hash()`].
+    pub fn hash(&self) -> HashFor<T> {
+        self.inner.hash()
+    }
+
+    /// See [`pezkuwi_subxt_core::blocks::ExtrinsicDetails::is_signed()`].
+    pub fn is_signed(&self) -> bool {
+        self.inner.is_signed()
+    }
+
+    /// See [`pezkuwi_subxt_core::blocks::ExtrinsicDetails::index()`].
+    pub fn index(&self) -> u32 {
+        self.inner.index()
+    }
+
+    /// See [`pezkuwi_subxt_core::blocks::ExtrinsicDetails::bytes()`].
+    pub fn bytes(&self) -> &[u8] {
+        self.inner.bytes()
+    }
+
+    /// See [`pezkuwi_subxt_core::blocks::ExtrinsicDetails::call_bytes()`].
+    pub fn call_bytes(&self) -> &[u8] {
+        self.inner.call_bytes()
+    }
+
+    /// See [`pezkuwi_subxt_core::blocks::ExtrinsicDetails::field_bytes()`].
+    pub fn field_bytes(&self) -> &[u8] {
+        self.inner.field_bytes()
+    }
+
+    /// See [`pezkuwi_subxt_core::blocks::ExtrinsicDetails::address_bytes()`].
+    pub fn address_bytes(&self) -> Option<&[u8]> {
+        self.inner.address_bytes()
+    }
+
+    /// See [`pezkuwi_subxt_core::blocks::ExtrinsicDetails::signature_bytes()`].
+    pub fn signature_bytes(&self) -> Option<&[u8]> {
+        self.inner.signature_bytes()
+    }
+
+    /// See [`pezkuwi_subxt_core::blocks::ExtrinsicDetails::transaction_extensions_bytes()`].
+    pub fn transaction_extensions_bytes(&self) -> Option<&[u8]> {
+        self.inner.transaction_extensions_bytes()
+    }
+
+    /// See [`pezkuwi_subxt_core::blocks::ExtrinsicDetails::transaction_extensions()`].
+    pub fn transaction_extensions(&self) -> Option<ExtrinsicTransactionExtensions<'_, T>> {
+        self.inner.transaction_extensions()
+    }
+
+    /// See [`pezkuwi_subxt_core::blocks::ExtrinsicDetails::pallet_index()`].
+    pub fn pallet_index(&self) -> u8 {
+        self.inner.pallet_index()
+    }
+
+    /// See [`pezkuwi_subxt_core::blocks::ExtrinsicDetails::call_index()`].
+    pub fn call_index(&self) -> u8 {
+        self.inner.call_index()
+    }
+
+    /// See [`pezkuwi_subxt_core::blocks::ExtrinsicDetails::pallet_name()`].
+    pub fn pallet_name(&self) -> &str {
+        self.inner.pallet_name()
+    }
+
+    /// See [`pezkuwi_subxt_core::blocks::ExtrinsicDetails::call_name()`].
+    pub fn call_name(&self) -> &str {
+        self.inner.call_name()
+    }
+
+    /// See [`pezkuwi_subxt_core::blocks::ExtrinsicDetails::decode_as_fields()`].
+    pub fn decode_as_fields<E: DecodeAsFields>(&self) -> Result<E, ExtrinsicError> {
+        self.inner.decode_as_fields().map_err(Into::into)
+    }
+
+    /// See [`pezkuwi_subxt_core::blocks::ExtrinsicDetails::as_extrinsic()`].
+    pub fn as_extrinsic<E: StaticExtrinsic>(&self) -> Result<Option<E>, ExtrinsicError> {
+        self.inner.as_extrinsic::<E>().map_err(Into::into)
+    }
+
+    /// See [`pezkuwi_subxt_core::blocks::ExtrinsicDetails::as_root_extrinsic()`].
+    pub fn as_root_extrinsic<E: DecodeAsType>(&self) -> Result<E, ExtrinsicError> {
+        self.inner.as_root_extrinsic::<E>().map_err(Into::into)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T, C> ExtrinsicDetails<T, C>
+where
+    T: Config,
+    C: OnlineClientT<T>,
+{
+    /// The events associated with the extrinsic.
+    pub async fn events(&self) -> Result<ExtrinsicEvents<T>, EventsError> {
+        let events = get_events(&self.client, self.block_hash, &self.cached_events).await?;
+        let ext_hash = self.inner.hash();
+        Ok(ExtrinsicEvents::new(ext_hash, self.index(), events))
+    }
+}
+
+/// A Static Extrinsic found in a block coupled with it's details.
+pub struct FoundExtrinsic<T: Config, C, E> {
+    /// Details for the extrinsic.
+    pub details: ExtrinsicDetails<T, C>,
+    /// The decoded extrinsic value.
+    pub value: E,
+}
+
+/// The events associated with a given extrinsic.
+#[derive_where(Debug)]
+pub struct ExtrinsicEvents<T: Config> {
+    // The hash of the extrinsic (handy to expose here because
+    // this type is returned from TxProgress things in the most
+    // basic flows, so it's the only place people can access it
+    // without complicating things for themselves).
+    ext_hash: HashFor<T>,
+    // The index of the extrinsic:
+    idx: u32,
+    // All of the events in the block:
+    events: events::Events<T>,
+}
+
+impl<T: Config> ExtrinsicEvents<T> {
+    /// Creates a new instance of `ExtrinsicEvents`.
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    pub fn new(ext_hash: HashFor<T>, idx: u32, events: events::Events<T>) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            ext_hash,
+            idx,
+            events,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The index of the extrinsic that these events are produced from.
+    pub fn extrinsic_index(&self) -> u32 {
+        self.idx
+    }
+
+    /// Return the hash of the extrinsic.
+    pub fn extrinsic_hash(&self) -> HashFor<T> {
+        self.ext_hash
+    }
+
+    /// Return all of the events in the block that the extrinsic is in.
+    pub fn all_events_in_block(&self) -> &events::Events<T> {
+        &self.events
+    }
+
+    /// Iterate over all of the raw events associated with this transaction.
+    ///
+    /// This works in the same way that [`events::Events::iter()`] does, with the
+    /// exception that it filters out events not related to the submitted extrinsic.
+    pub fn iter(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = Result<events::EventDetails<T>, EventsError>> {
+        self.events.iter().filter(|ev| {
+            ev.as_ref()
+                .map(|ev| ev.phase() == events::Phase::ApplyExtrinsic(self.idx))
+                .unwrap_or(true) // Keep any errors.
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Find all of the transaction events matching the event type provided as a generic parameter.
+    ///
+    /// This works in the same way that [`events::Events::find()`] does, with the
+    /// exception that it filters out events not related to the submitted extrinsic.
+    pub fn find<Ev: events::StaticEvent>(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = Result<Ev, EventsError>> {
+        self.iter()
+            .filter_map(|ev| ev.and_then(|ev| ev.as_event::<Ev>()).transpose())
+    }
+
+    /// Iterate through the transaction events using metadata to dynamically decode and skip
+    /// them, and return the first event found which decodes to the provided `Ev` type.
+    ///
+    /// This works in the same way that [`events::Events::find_first()`] does, with the
+    /// exception that it ignores events not related to the submitted extrinsic.
+    pub fn find_first<Ev: events::StaticEvent>(&self) -> Result<Option<Ev>, EventsError> {
+        self.find::<Ev>().next().transpose()
+    }
+
+    /// Iterate through the transaction events using metadata to dynamically decode and skip
+    /// them, and return the last event found which decodes to the provided `Ev` type.
+    ///
+    /// This works in the same way that [`events::Events::find_last()`] does, with the
+    /// exception that it ignores events not related to the submitted extrinsic.
+    pub fn find_last<Ev: events::StaticEvent>(&self) -> Result<Option<Ev>, EventsError> {
+        self.find::<Ev>().last().transpose()
+    }
+
+    /// Find an event in those associated with this transaction. Returns true if it was found.
+    ///
+    /// This works in the same way that [`events::Events::has()`] does, with the
+    /// exception that it ignores events not related to the submitted extrinsic.
+    pub fn has<Ev: events::StaticEvent>(&self) -> Result<bool, EventsError> {
+        Ok(self.find::<Ev>().next().transpose()?.is_some())
+    }
+}

vendor/pezkuwi-subxt/subxt/src/blocks/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+// Copyright 2019-2025 Parity Technologies (UK) Ltd.
+// This file is dual-licensed as Apache-2.0 or GPL-3.0.
+// see LICENSE for license details.
+
+//! This module exposes the necessary functionality for working with events.
+
+mod block_types;
+mod blocks_client;
+mod extrinsic_types;
+
+/// A reference to a block.
+pub use crate::backend::BlockRef;
+
+pub use block_types::Block;
+pub use blocks_client::BlocksClient;
+pub use extrinsic_types::{
+    ExtrinsicDetails, ExtrinsicEvents, ExtrinsicTransactionExtension,
+    ExtrinsicTransactionExtensions, Extrinsics, FoundExtrinsic, StaticExtrinsic,
+};
+
+// We get account nonce info in tx_client, too, so re-use the logic:
+pub(crate) use block_types::get_account_nonce;

vendor/pezkuwi-subxt/subxt/src/book/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+// Copyright 2019-2025 Parity Technologies (UK) Ltd.
+// This file is dual-licensed as Apache-2.0 or GPL-3.0.
+// see LICENSE for license details.
+
+// Dev note; I used the following command to normalize and wrap comments:
+// rustfmt +nightly --config wrap_comments=true,comment_width=100,normalize_comments=true subxt/src/book/custom_values
+// It messed up comments in code blocks though, so be prepared to go and fix those.
+
+//! # The Subxt Guide
+//!
+//! Subxt is a library for interacting with Substrate based nodes. It has a focus on **sub**mitting
+//! e**xt**rinsics, hence the name, however it's also capable of reading blocks, storage, events and
+//! constants from a node. The aim of this guide is to explain key concepts and get you started with
+//! using Subxt.
+//!
+//! 1. [Features](#features-at-a-glance)
+//! 2. [Limitations](#limitations)
+//! 3. [Quick start](#quick-start)
+//! 4. [Usage](#usage)
+//!
+//! ## Features at a glance
+//!
+//! Here's a quick overview of the features that Subxt has to offer:
+//!
+//! - Subxt allows you to generate a static, type safe interface to a node given some metadata; this
+//!   allows you to catch many errors at compile time rather than runtime.
+//! - Subxt also makes heavy use of node metadata to encode/decode the data sent to/from it. This
+//!   allows it to target almost any node which can output the correct metadata, and allows it some
+//!   flexibility in encoding and decoding things to account for cross-node differences.
+//! - Subxt has a pallet-oriented interface, meaning that code you write to talk to some pallet on
+//!   one node will often "Just Work" when pointed at different nodes that use the same pallet.
+//! - Subxt can work offline; you can generate and sign transactions, access constants from node
+//!   metadata and more, without a network connection. This is all checked at compile time, so you
+//!   can be certain it won't try to establish a network connection if you don't want it to.
+//! - Subxt can forego the statically generated interface and build transactions, storage queries
+//!   and constant queries using data provided at runtime, rather than queries constructed
+//!   statically.
+//! - Subxt can be compiled to WASM to run in the browser, allowing it to back Rust based browser
+//!   apps, or even bind to JS apps.
+//!
+//! ## Limitations
+//!
+//! In various places, you can provide a block hash to access data at a particular block, for
+//! instance:
+//!
+//! - [`crate::storage::StorageClient::at`]
+//! - [`crate::events::EventsClient::at`]
+//! - [`crate::blocks::BlocksClient::at`]
+//! - [`crate::runtime_api::RuntimeApiClient::at`]
+//!
+//! However, Subxt is (by default) only capable of properly working with blocks that were produced
+//! after the most recent runtime update. This is because it uses the most recent metadata given
+//! back by a node to encode and decode things. It's possible to decode older blocks produced by a
+//! runtime that emits compatible (currently, V14) metadata by manually setting the metadata used by
+//! the client using [`crate::client::OnlineClient::set_metadata()`].
+//!
+//! Subxt does not support working with blocks produced prior to the runtime update that introduces
+//! V14 metadata. It may have some success decoding older blocks using newer metadata, but may also
+//! completely fail to do so.
+//!
+//! ## Quick start
+//!
+//! Here is a simple but complete example of using Subxt to transfer some tokens from the example
+//! accounts, Alice to Bob:
+//!
+//! ```rust,ignore
+#![doc = include_str!("../../examples/tx_basic.rs")]
+//! ```
+//!
+//! This example assumes that a Polkadot node is running locally (Subxt endeavors to support all
+//! recent releases). Typically, to use Subxt to talk to some custom Substrate node (for example a
+//! parachain node), you'll want to:
+//!
+//! 1. [Generate an interface](setup::codegen)
+//! 2. [Create a config](setup::config)
+//! 3. [Use the config to instantiate the client](setup::client)
+//!
+//! Follow the above links to learn more about each step.
+//!
+//! ## Usage
+//!
+//! Once Subxt is configured, the next step is interacting with a node. Follow the links
+//! below to learn more about how to use Subxt for each of the following things:
+//!
+//! - [Transactions](usage::transactions): Subxt can build and submit transactions, wait until they are in
+//!   blocks, and retrieve the associated events.
+//! - [Storage](usage::storage): Subxt can query the node storage.
+//! - [Events](usage::events): Subxt can read the events emitted for recent blocks.
+//! - [Constants](usage::constants): Subxt can access the constant values stored in a node, which
+//!   remain the same for a given runtime version.
+//! - [Blocks](usage::blocks): Subxt can load recent blocks or subscribe to new/finalized blocks,
+//!   reading the extrinsics, events and storage at these blocks.
+//! - [Runtime APIs](usage::runtime_apis): Subxt can make calls into pallet runtime APIs to retrieve
+//!   data.
+//! - [Custom values](usage::custom_values): Subxt can access "custom values" stored in the metadata.
+//! - [Raw RPC calls](usage::rpc): Subxt can be used to make raw RPC requests to compatible nodes.
+//!
+//! ## Examples
+//!
+//! Some complete, self contained examples which are not a part of this guide:
+//!
+//! - [`parachain-example`](https://github.com/paritytech/subxt/tree/master/examples/parachain-example) is an example
+//!   which uses Zombienet to spawn a parachain locally, and then connects to it using Subxt.
+//! - [`wasm-example`](https://github.com/paritytech/subxt/tree/master/examples/wasm-example) is an example of writing
+//!   a Rust app that contains a Yew based UI, uses Subxt to interact with a chain, and compiles to WASM in order to
+//!   run entirely in the browser.
+pub mod setup;
+pub mod usage;

vendor/pezkuwi-subxt/subxt/src/book/setup/client.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+// Copyright 2019-2025 Parity Technologies (UK) Ltd.
+// This file is dual-licensed as Apache-2.0 or GPL-3.0.
+// see LICENSE for license details.
+
+//! # The Subxt client.
+//!
+//! The client forms the entry point to all of the Subxt APIs. Every client implements one or
+//! both of [`crate::client::OfflineClientT`] and [`crate::client::OnlineClientT`].
+//!
+//! Subxt ships with three clients which implement one or both of traits:
+//! - An [online client](crate::client::OnlineClient).
+//! - An [offline client](crate::client::OfflineClient).
+//! - A light client (which is currently still unstable).
+//!
+//! In theory it's possible for users to implement their own clients, although this isn't generally
+//! expected.
+//!
+//! The provided clients are all generic over the [`crate::config::Config`] that they accept, which
+//! determines how they will interact with the chain.
+//!
+//! In the case of the [`crate::OnlineClient`], we have various ways to instantiate it:
+//!
+//! - [`crate::OnlineClient::new()`] to connect to a node running locally. This uses the default Subxt
+//!   backend, and the default RPC client.
+//! - [`crate::OnlineClient::from_url()`] to connect to a node at a specific URL. This uses the default Subxt
+//!   backend, and the default RPC client.
+//! - [`crate::OnlineClient::from_rpc_client()`] to instantiate the client with a [`crate::backend::rpc::RpcClient`].
+//! - [`crate::OnlineClient::from_backend()`] to instantiate Subxt using a custom backend. Currently there
+//!   is just one backend, [`crate::backend::legacy::LegacyBackend`]. This backend can be instantiated from
+//!   a [`crate::backend::rpc::RpcClient`].
+//!
+//! [`crate::backend::rpc::RpcClient`] can itself be instantiated from anything that implements the low level
+//! [`crate::backend::rpc::RpcClientT`] trait; this allows you to decide how Subxt will attempt to talk to a node
+//! if you'd prefer something other default client. We use this approach under the hood to implement the light client.
+//!
+//! ## Examples
+//!
+//! Most of the other examples will instantiate a client. Here are a couple of examples for less common
+//! cases.
+//!
+//! ### Writing a custom [`crate::backend::rpc::RpcClientT`] implementation:
+//!
+//! ```rust,ignore
+#![doc = include_str!("../../../examples/setup_client_custom_rpc.rs")]
+//! ```
+//!
+//! ### Creating an [`crate::OfflineClient`]:
+//!
+//! ```rust,ignore
+#![doc = include_str!("../../../examples/setup_client_offline.rs")]
+//! ```
+//!

vendor/pezkuwi-subxt/subxt/src/book/setup/codegen.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+// Copyright 2019-2025 Parity Technologies (UK) Ltd.
+// This file is dual-licensed as Apache-2.0 or GPL-3.0.
+// see LICENSE for license details.
+
+//! # Generating an interface
+//!
+//! The simplest way to use Subxt is to generate an interface to a chain that you'd like to interact
+//! with. This generated interface allows you to build transactions and construct queries to access
+//! data while leveraging the full type safety of the Rust compiler.
+//!
+//! ## The `#[subxt]` macro
+//!
+//! The most common way to generate the interface is to use the [`#[subxt]`](crate::subxt) macro.
+//! Using this macro looks something like:
+//!
+//! ```rust,no_run,standalone_crate
+//! #[subxt::subxt(runtime_metadata_path = "../artifacts/polkadot_metadata_tiny.scale")]
+//! pub mod polkadot {}
+//! ```
+//!
+//! The macro takes a path to some node metadata, and uses that to generate the interface you'll use
+//! to talk to it. [Go here](crate::subxt) to learn more about the options available to the macro.
+//!
+//! To obtain this metadata you'll need for the above, you can use the `subxt` CLI tool to download it
+//! from a node. The tool can be installed via `cargo`:
+//!
+//! ```shell
+//! cargo install subxt-cli
+//! ```
+//!
+//! And then it can be used to fetch metadata and save it to a file:
+//!
+//! ```shell
+//! # Download and save all of the metadata:
+//! subxt metadata > metadata.scale
+//! # Download and save only the pallets you want to generate an interface for:
+//! subxt metadata --pallets Balances,System > metadata.scale
+//! ```
+//!
+//! Explicitly specifying pallets will cause the tool to strip out all unnecessary metadata and type
+//! information, making the bundle much smaller in the event that you only need to generate an
+//! interface for a subset of the available pallets on the node.
+//!
+//! ## The CLI tool
+//!
+//! Using the [`#[subxt]`](crate::subxt) macro carries some downsides:
+//!
+//! - Using it to generate an interface will have a small impact on compile times (though much less of
+//!   one if you only need a few pallets).
+//! - IDE support for autocompletion and documentation when using the macro interface can be poor.
+//! - It's impossible to manually look at the generated code to understand and debug things.
+//!
+//! If these are an issue, you can manually generate the same code that the macro generates under the hood
+//! by using the `subxt codegen` command:
+//!
+//! ```shell
+//! # Install the CLI tool if you haven't already:
+//! cargo install subxt-cli
+//! # Generate and format rust code, saving it to `interface.rs`:
+//! subxt codegen | rustfmt > interface.rs
+//! ```
+//!
+//! Use `subxt codegen --help` for more options; many of the options available via the macro are
+//! also available via the CLI tool, such as the ability to substitute generated types for others,
+//! or strip out docs from the generated code.
+//!

vendor/pezkuwi-subxt/subxt/src/book/setup/config.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,166 @@
+//! # Creating a Config
+//!
+//! Subxt requires you to provide a type implementing [`crate::config::Config`] in order to connect to a node.
+//! The [`crate::config::Config`] trait for the most part mimics the `frame_system::Config` trait.
+//! For most use cases, you can just use one of the following Configs shipped with Subxt:
+//!
+//! - [`PolkadotConfig`](crate::config::PolkadotConfig) for talking to Polkadot nodes, and
+//! - [`SubstrateConfig`](crate::config::SubstrateConfig) for talking to generic nodes built with Substrate.
+//!
+//! # How to create a Config for a custom chain?
+//!
+//! Some chains may use config that is not compatible with our [`PolkadotConfig`](crate::config::PolkadotConfig) or
+//! [`SubstrateConfig`](crate::config::SubstrateConfig).
+//!
+//! We now walk through creating a custom [`crate::config::Config`] for a parachain, using the
+//! ["Statemint"](https://parachains.info/details/statemint) parachain, also known as "Asset Hub", as an example. It
+//! is currently (as of 2023-06-26) deployed on Polkadot and [Kusama (as "Statemine")](https://parachains.info/details/statemine).
+//!
+//! To construct a valid [`crate::config::Config`] implementation, we need to find out which types to use for `AccountId`, `Hasher`, etc.
+//! For this, we need to take a look at the source code of Statemint, which is currently a part of the [Cumulus Github repository](https://github.com/paritytech/cumulus).
+//! The crate defining the asset hub runtime can be found [here](https://github.com/paritytech/cumulus/tree/master/parachains/runtimes/assets/asset-hub-polkadot).
+//!
+//! ## `AccountId`, `Hash`, `Hasher` and `Header`
+//!
+//! For these config types, we need to find out where the parachain runtime implements the `frame_system::Config` trait.
+//! Look for a code fragment like `impl frame_system::Config for Runtime { ... }` In the source code.
+//! For Statemint it looks like [this](https://github.com/paritytech/cumulus/blob/e2b7ad2061824f490c08df27a922c64f50accd6b/parachains/runtimes/assets/asset-hub-polkadot/src/lib.rs#L179)
+//! at the time of writing. The `AccountId`, `Hash` and `Header` types of the [frame_system::pallet::Config](https://docs.rs/frame-system/latest/frame_system/pallet/trait.Config.html)
+//! correspond to the ones we want to use in our Subxt [crate::Config]. In the Case of Statemint (Asset Hub) they are:
+//!
+//! - AccountId: `sp_core::crypto::AccountId32`
+//! - Hash: `sp_core::H256`
+//! - Hasher (type `Hashing` in [frame_system::pallet::Config](https://docs.rs/frame-system/latest/frame_system/pallet/trait.Config.html)): `sp_runtime::traits::BlakeTwo256`
+//! - Header: `sp_runtime::generic::Header<u32, sp_runtime::traits::BlakeTwo256>`
+//!
+//! Subxt has its own versions of some of these types in order to avoid needing to pull in Substrate dependencies:
+//!
+//! - `sp_core::crypto::AccountId32` can be swapped with [`crate::utils::AccountId32`].
+//! - `sp_core::H256` is a re-export which subxt also provides as [`crate::config::substrate::H256`].
+//! - `sp_runtime::traits::BlakeTwo256` can be swapped with [`crate::config::substrate::BlakeTwo256`].
+//! - `sp_runtime::generic::Header` can be swapped with [`crate::config::substrate::SubstrateHeader`].
+//!
+//! Having a look at how those types are implemented can give some clues as to how to implement other custom types that
+//! you may need to use as part of your config.
+//!
+//! ## `Address`, `Signature`
+//!
+//! A Substrate runtime is typically constructed by using the [frame_support::construct_runtime](https://docs.rs/frame-support/latest/frame_support/macro.construct_runtime.html) macro.
+//! In this macro, we need to specify the type of an `UncheckedExtrinsic`. Most of the time, the `UncheckedExtrinsic` will be of the type
+//! `sp_runtime::generic::UncheckedExtrinsic<Address, RuntimeCall, Signature, SignedExtra>`.
+//! The generic parameters `Address` and `Signature` specified when declaring the `UncheckedExtrinsic` type
+//! are the types for `Address` and `Signature` we should use with our [crate::Config] implementation. This information can
+//! also be obtained from the metadata (see [`frame_metadata::v15::ExtrinsicMetadata`]). In case of Statemint (Polkadot Asset Hub)
+//! we see the following types being used in `UncheckedExtrinsic`:
+//!
+//! - Address: `sp_runtime::MultiAddress<Self::AccountId, ()>`
+//! - Signature: `sp_runtime::MultiSignature`
+//!
+//! As above, Subxt has its own versions of these types that can be used instead to avoid pulling in Substrate dependencies.
+//! Using the Subxt versions also makes interacting with generated code (which uses them in some places) a little nicer:
+//!
+//! - `sp_runtime::MultiAddress` can be swapped with [`crate::utils::MultiAddress`].
+//! - `sp_runtime::MultiSignature` can be swapped with [`crate::utils::MultiSignature`].
+//!
+//! ## ExtrinsicParams
+//!
+//! Chains each have a set of "transaction extensions" (formally called "signed extensions") configured. Transaction extensions provide
+//! a means to extend how transactions work. Each transaction extension can potentially encode some "extra" data which is sent along with a transaction, as well as some
+//! "additional" data which is included in the transaction signer payload, but not transmitted along with the transaction. On
+//! a node, transaction extensions can then perform additional checks on the submitted transactions to ensure their validity.
+//!
+//! The `ExtrinsicParams` config type expects to be given an implementation of the [`crate::config::ExtrinsicParams`] trait.
+//! Implementations of the [`crate::config::ExtrinsicParams`] trait are handed some parameters from Subxt itself, and can
+//! accept arbitrary other `Params` from users, and are then expected to provide this "extra" and "additional" data when asked
+//! via the required [`crate::config::ExtrinsicParamsEncoder`] impl.
+//!
+//! **In most cases, the default [crate::config::DefaultExtrinsicParams] type will work**: it understands the "standard"
+//! transaction extensions that are in use, and allows the user to provide things like a tip, and set the extrinsic mortality via
+//! [`crate::config::DefaultExtrinsicParamsBuilder`]. It will use the chain metadata to decide which transaction extensions to use
+//! and in which order. It will return an error if the chain uses a transaction extension which it doesn't know how to handle.
+//!
+//! If the chain uses novel transaction extensions (or if you just wish to provide a different interface for users to configure
+//! transactions), you can either:
+//!
+//! 1. Implement a new transaction extension and add it to the list.
+//! 2. Implement [`crate::config::DefaultExtrinsicParams`] from scratch.
+//!
+//! See below for examples of each.
+//!
+//! ### Finding out which transaction extensions a chain is using.
+//!
+//! In either case, you'll want to find out which transaction extensions a chain is using. This information can be obtained from
+//! the `SignedExtra` parameter of the `UncheckedExtrinsic` of your parachain, which will be a tuple of transaction extensions.
+//! It can also be obtained from the metadata (see [`frame_metadata::v15::SignedExtensionMetadata`]).
+//!
+//! For statemint, the transaction extensions look like
+//! [this](https://github.com/paritytech/cumulus/blob/d4bb2215bb28ee05159c4c7df1b3435177b5bf4e/parachains/runtimes/assets/asset-hub-polkadot/src/lib.rs#L786):
+//!
+//! ```rust,ignore
+//! pub type SignedExtra = (
+//!     frame_system::CheckNonZeroSender<Runtime>,
+//!     frame_system::CheckSpecVersion<Runtime>,
+//!     frame_system::CheckTxVersion<Runtime>,
+//!     frame_system::CheckGenesis<Runtime>,
+//!     frame_system::CheckEra<Runtime>,
+//!     frame_system::CheckNonce<Runtime>,
+//!     frame_system::CheckWeight<Runtime>,
+//!     pallet_asset_tx_payment::ChargeAssetTxPayment<Runtime>,
+//! );
+//! ```
+//!
+//! Each element of the `SignedExtra` tuple implements [codec::Encode] and `sp_runtime::traits::SignedExtension`
+//! which has an associated type `AdditionalSigned` that also implements [codec::Encode]. Let's look at the underlying types
+//! for each tuple element. All zero-sized types have been replaced by `()` for simplicity.
+//!
+//! | tuple element                                                                                                             | struct type                                                                                                                                              | `AdditionalSigned` type          |
+//! | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | -------------------------------- |
+//! | [`frame_system::CheckNonZeroSender`](https://docs.rs/frame-system/latest/frame_system/struct.CheckNonZeroSender.html)     | ()                                                                                                                                                       | ()                               |
+//! | [`frame_system::CheckSpecVersion`](https://docs.rs/frame-system/latest/frame_system/struct.CheckSpecVersion.html)         | ()                                                                                                                                                       | [u32]                            |
+//! | [`frame_system::CheckTxVersion`](https://docs.rs/frame-system/latest/frame_system/struct.CheckTxVersion.html)             | ()                                                                                                                                                       | [u32]                            |
+//! | [`frame_system::CheckGenesis`](https://docs.rs/frame-system/latest/frame_system/struct.CheckGenesis.html)                 | ()                                                                                                                                                       | `Config::Hash` = `sp_core::H256` |
+//! | [`frame_system::CheckMortality`](https://docs.rs/frame-system/latest/frame_system/struct.CheckMortality.html)             | `sp_runtime::generic::Era`                                                                                                                               | `Config::Hash` = `sp_core::H256` |
+//! | [`frame_system::CheckNonce`](https://docs.rs/frame-system/latest/frame_system/struct.CheckNonce.html)                     | `frame_system::pallet::Config::Index` = u32                                                                                                              | ()                               |
+//! | [`frame_system::CheckWeight`](https://docs.rs/frame-system/latest/frame_system/struct.CheckWeight.html)                   | ()                                                                                                                                                       | ()                               |
+//! | [`frame_system::ChargeAssetTxPayment`](https://docs.rs/frame-system/latest/frame_system/struct.ChargeAssetTxPayment.html) | [pallet_asset_tx_payment::ChargeAssetTxPayment](https://docs.rs/pallet-asset-tx-payment/latest/pallet_asset_tx_payment/struct.ChargeAssetTxPayment.html) | ()                               |
+//!
+//! All types in the `struct type` column make up the "extra" data that we're expected to provide. All types in the
+//! `AdditionalSigned` column make up the "additional" data that we're expected to provide. This information will be useful
+//! whether we want to implement [`crate::config::TransactionExtension`] for a transaction extension, or implement
+//! [`crate::config::ExtrinsicParams`] from scratch.
+//!
+//! As it happens, all of the transaction extensions in the table are either already exported in [`crate::config::transaction_extensions`],
+//! or they hand back no "additional" or "extra" data. In both of these cases, the default `ExtrinsicParams` configuration will
+//! work out of the box.
+//!
+//! ### Implementing and adding new transaction extensions to the config
+//!
+//! If you do need to implement a novel transaction extension, then you can implement [`crate::config::transaction_extensions::TransactionExtension`]
+//! on a custom type and place it into a new set of transaction extensions, like so:
+//!
+//! ```rust,ignore
+#![doc = include_str ! ("../../../examples/setup_config_transaction_extension.rs")]
+//! ```
+//!
+//! ### Implementing [`crate::config::ExtrinsicParams`] from scratch
+//!
+//! Alternately, you are free to implement [`crate::config::ExtrinsicParams`] entirely from scratch if you know exactly what "extra" and
+//! "additional" data your node needs and would prefer to craft your own interface.
+//!
+//! Let's see what this looks like (this config won't work on any real node):
+//!
+//! ```rust,ignore
+#![doc = include_str ! ("../../../examples/setup_config_custom.rs")]
+//! ```
+//!
+//! ### Using a type from the metadata as a config parameter
+//!
+//! You can also use types that are generated from chain metadata as type parameters of the Config trait.
+//! Just make sure all trait bounds are satisfied. This can often be achieved by using custom derives with the subxt macro.
+//! For example, the AssetHub Parachain expects tips to include a `MultiLocation`, which is a type we can draw from the metadata.
+//!
+//! This example shows what using the `MultiLocation` struct as part of your config would look like in subxt:
+//!
+//! ```rust,ignore
+#![doc = include_str ! ("../../../examples/setup_config_assethub.rs")]
+//! ```

vendor/pezkuwi-subxt/subxt/src/book/setup/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+// Copyright 2019-2025 Parity Technologies (UK) Ltd.
+// This file is dual-licensed as Apache-2.0 or GPL-3.0.
+// see LICENSE for license details.
+
+//! This modules contains details on setting up Subxt:
+//!
+//! - [Codegen](codegen)
+//! - [Client](client)
+//!
+//! Alternately, [go back](super).
+
+pub mod client;
+pub mod codegen;
+pub mod config;

vendor/pezkuwi-subxt/subxt/src/book/usage/blocks.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+// Copyright 2019-2025 Parity Technologies (UK) Ltd.
+// This file is dual-licensed as Apache-2.0 or GPL-3.0.
+// see LICENSE for license details.
+
+//! # Blocks
+//!
+//! The [blocks API](crate::blocks::BlocksClient) in Subxt unifies many of the other interfaces, and
+//! allows you to:
+//!
+//! - Access information about specific blocks (see [`crate::blocks::BlocksClient::at()`] and
+//!   [`crate::blocks::BlocksClient::at_latest()`]).
+//! - Subscribe to [all](crate::blocks::BlocksClient::subscribe_all()),
+//!   [best](crate::blocks::BlocksClient::subscribe_best()) or
+//!   [finalized](crate::blocks::BlocksClient::subscribe_finalized()) blocks as they are produced.
+//!   **Prefer to subscribe to finalized blocks unless you know what you're doing.**
+//!
+//! In either case, you'll end up with [`crate::blocks::Block`]'s, from which you can access various
+//! information about the block, such a the [header](crate::blocks::Block::header()),
+//! [block number](crate::blocks::Block::number()) and [body (the extrinsics)](crate::blocks::Block::extrinsics()).
+//! [`crate::blocks::Block`]'s also provide shortcuts to other Subxt APIs that will operate at the
+//! given block:
+//!
+//! - [storage](crate::blocks::Block::storage()),
+//! - [events](crate::blocks::Block::events())
+//! - [runtime APIs](crate::blocks::Block::runtime_api())
+//!
+//! Aside from these links to other Subxt APIs, the main thing that we can do here is iterate over and
+//! decode the extrinsics in a block body.
+//!
+//! ## Decoding Extrinsics
+//!
+//! Given a block, you can [download the block body](crate::blocks::Block::extrinsics()) and
+//! [iterate over the extrinsics](crate::blocks::Extrinsics::iter) stored within it. The extrinsics yielded are of type
+//! [ExtrinsicDetails](crate::blocks::ExtrinsicDetails), which is just a blob of bytes that also stores which
+//! pallet and call in that pallet it belongs to. It also contains information about signed extensions that
+//! have been used for submitting this extrinsic.
+//!
+//! To use the extrinsic, you probably want to decode it into a concrete Rust type. These Rust types representing
+//! extrinsics from different pallets can be generated from metadata using the subxt macro or the CLI tool.
+//!
+//! When decoding the extrinsic into a static type you have two options:
+//!
+//! ### Statically decode the extrinsics into [the root extrinsic type](crate::blocks::ExtrinsicDetails::as_root_extrinsic())
+//!
+//! The root extrinsic type generated by subxt is a Rust enum with one variant for each pallet. Each of these
+//! variants has a field that is another enum whose variants cover all calls of the respective pallet.
+//! If the extrinsic bytes are valid and your metadata matches the chain's metadata, decoding the bytes of an extrinsic into
+//! this root extrinsic type should always succeed.
+//!
+//! This example shows how to subscribe to blocks and decode the extrinsics in each block into the root extrinsic type.
+//! Once we get hold of the [ExtrinsicDetails](crate::blocks::ExtrinsicDetails), we can decode it statically or dynamically.
+//! We can also access details about the extrinsic, including the associated events and transaction extensions.
+//!
+//! ```rust,ignore
+#![doc = include_str!("../../../examples/blocks_subscribing.rs")]
+//! ```
+//!
+//! ### Statically decode the extrinsic into [a specific pallet call](crate::blocks::ExtrinsicDetails::as_extrinsic())
+//!
+//! This is useful if you are expecting a specific extrinsic to be part of some block. If the extrinsic you try to decode
+//! is a different extrinsic, an `Ok(None)` value is returned from [`as_extrinsic::<T>()`](crate::blocks::ExtrinsicDetails::as_extrinsic());
+//!
+//! If you are only interested in finding specific extrinsics in a block, you can also [iterate over all of them](crate::blocks::Extrinsics::find),
+//! get only [the first one](crate::blocks::Extrinsics::find_first), or [the last one](crate::blocks::Extrinsics::find_last).
+//!
+//! The following example monitors `TransferKeepAlive` extrinsics on the Polkadot network.
+//! We statically decode them and access the [tip](crate::blocks::ExtrinsicTransactionExtensions::tip()) and
+//! [account nonce](crate::blocks::ExtrinsicTransactionExtensions::nonce()) transaction extensions.
+//!
+//! ```rust,ignore  
+#![doc = include_str!("../../../examples/block_decoding_static.rs")]
+//! ```
+//!
+//! ### Dynamically decode the extrinsic
+//!
+//! Sometimes you might use subxt with metadata that is not known at compile time. In this case, you do not
+//! have access to a statically generated interface module that contains the relevant Rust types. You can
+//! [decode ExtrinsicDetails dynamically](crate::blocks::ExtrinsicDetails::decode_as_fields()), which gives
+//! you access to it's fields as a [scale value composite](scale_value::Composite). The following example
+//! looks for signed extrinsics on the Polkadot network and retrieves their pallet name, variant name, data
+//! fields and transaction extensions dynamically. Notice how we do not need to use code generation via the
+//! subxt macro. The only fixed component we provide is the [PolkadotConfig](crate::config::PolkadotConfig).
+//! Other than that it works in a chain-agnostic way:
+//!
+//! ```rust,ignore
+#![doc = include_str!("../../../examples/block_decoding_dynamic.rs")]
+//! ```
+//!
+//! ##  Decoding transaction extensions
+//!
+//! Extrinsics can contain transaction extensions. The transaction extensions can be different across chains.
+//! The [Config](crate::Config) implementation for your chain defines which transaction extensions you expect.
+//! Once you get hold of the [ExtrinsicDetails](crate::blocks::ExtrinsicDetails) for an extrinsic you are interested in,
+//! you can try to [get its transaction extensions](crate::blocks::ExtrinsicDetails::transaction_extensions()).
+//! These are only available on V4 signed extrinsics or V5 general extrinsics. You can try to
+//! [find a specific transaction extension](crate::blocks::ExtrinsicTransactionExtensions::find), in the returned
+//! [transaction extensions](crate::blocks::ExtrinsicTransactionExtensions).
+//!
+//! Subxt also provides utility functions to get the [tip](crate::blocks::ExtrinsicTransactionExtensions::tip()) and
+//! the [account nonce](crate::blocks::ExtrinsicTransactionExtensions::nonce()) associated with an extrinsic, given
+//! its transaction extensions. If you prefer to do things dynamically you can get the data of the transaction extension
+//! as a [scale value](crate::blocks::ExtrinsicTransactionExtension::value()).
+//!

vendor/pezkuwi-subxt/subxt/src/book/usage/constants.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+// Copyright 2019-2025 Parity Technologies (UK) Ltd.
+// This file is dual-licensed as Apache-2.0 or GPL-3.0.
+// see LICENSE for license details.
+
+//! # Constants
+//!
+//! There are various constants stored in a node; the types and values of these are defined in a
+//! runtime, and can only change when the runtime is updated. Much like [`super::storage`], we can
+//! query these using Subxt by taking the following steps:
+//!
+//! 1. [Constructing a constant query](#constructing-a-query).
+//! 2. [Submitting the query to get back the associated value](#submitting-it).
+//!
+//! ## Constructing a constant query
+//!
+//! We can use the statically generated interface to build constant queries:
+//!
+//! ```rust,no_run,standalone_crate
+//! #[subxt::subxt(runtime_metadata_path = "../artifacts/polkadot_metadata_full.scale")]
+//! pub mod polkadot {}
+//!
+//! let constant_query = polkadot::constants().system().block_length();
+//! ```
+//!
+//! Alternately, we can dynamically construct a constant query. A dynamic query needs the return
+//! type to be specified, where we can use [`crate::dynamic::Value`] if unsure:
+//!
+//! ```rust,no_run,standalone_crate
+//! use subxt::dynamic::Value;
+//!
+//! let storage_query = subxt::dynamic::constant::<Value>("System", "BlockLength");
+//! ```
+//!
+//! ## Submitting it
+//!
+//! Call [`crate::constants::ConstantsClient::at()`] to return and decode the constant into the
+//! type given by the address, or [`crate::constants::ConstantsClient::bytes_at()`] to return the
+//! raw bytes for some constant.
+//!
+//! Constant values are pulled directly out of the node metadata which Subxt has
+//! already acquired, and so this function requires no network access and is available from a
+//! [`crate::OfflineClient`].
+//!
+//! Here's an example using a static query:
+//!
+//! ```rust,ignore
+#![doc = include_str!("../../../examples/constants_static.rs")]
+//! ```
+//!
+//! And here's one using a dynamic query:
+//!
+//! ```rust,ignore
+#![doc = include_str!("../../../examples/constants_dynamic.rs")]
+//! ```
+//!

vendor/pezkuwi-subxt/subxt/src/book/usage/custom_values.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+// Copyright 2019-2025 Parity Technologies (UK) Ltd.
+// This file is dual-licensed as Apache-2.0 or GPL-3.0.
+// see LICENSE for license details.
+
+//! # Custom Values
+//!
+//! Substrate-based chains can expose custom values in their metadata.
+//! Each of these values:
+//!
+//! - can be accessed by a unique __name__.
+//! - refers to a concrete __type__ stored in the metadata.
+//! - contains a scale encoded __value__ of that type.
+//!
+//! ## Getting a custom value
+//!
+//! First, you must construct an address to access a custom value. This can be either:
+//! - a raw [`str`] which assumes the return type to be the dynamic [`crate::dynamic::Value`] type,
+//! - created via [`dynamic`](crate::custom_values::dynamic) function whereby you set the return type
+//!   that you want back,
+//! - created via statically generated addresses as part of the `#[subxt]` macro which define the return type.
+//!
+//! With an address, use [`at`](crate::custom_values::CustomValuesClient::at) to access and decode specific values, and
+//! [`bytes_at`](crate::custom_values::CustomValuesClient::bytes_at) to access the raw bytes.
+//!
+//! ## Examples
+//!
+//! Dynamically accessing a custom value using a [`str`] to select which one:
+//!
+//! ```rust,ignore
+//! use subxt::{OnlineClient, PolkadotConfig, ext::scale_decode::DecodeAsType};
+//! use subxt::dynamic::Value;
+//!
+//! let api = OnlineClient::<PolkadotConfig>::new().await?;
+//! let custom_value_client = api.custom_values();
+//! let foo: Value = custom_value_client.at("foo")?;
+//! ```
+//!
+//! Use the [`dynamic`](crate::custom_values::dynamic) function to select the return type:
+//!
+//! ```rust,ignore
+//! use subxt::{OnlineClient, PolkadotConfig, ext::scale_decode::DecodeAsType};
+//!
+//! #[derive(Decode, DecodeAsType, Debug)]
+//! struct Foo {
+//!     n: u8,
+//!     b: bool,
+//! }
+//!
+//! let api = OnlineClient::<PolkadotConfig>::new().await?;
+//! let custom_value_client = api.custom_values();
+//! let custom_value_addr = subxt::custom_values::dynamic::<Foo>("foo");
+//! let foo: Foo = custom_value_client.at(&custom_value_addr)?;
+//! ```
+//!
+//! Alternatively we also provide a statically generated api for custom values:
+//!
+//! ```rust,ignore
+//! #[subxt::subxt(runtime_metadata_path = "some_metadata.scale")]
+//! pub mod interface {}
+//!
+//! let static_address = interface::custom().foo();
+//!
+//! let api = OnlineClient::<PolkadotConfig>::new().await?;
+//! let custom_value_client = api.custom_values();
+//!
+//! // Now the `at()` function already decodes the value into the Foo type:
+//! let foo = custom_value_client.at(&static_address)?;
+//! ```         
+//!

vendor/pezkuwi-subxt/subxt/src/book/usage/events.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+// Copyright 2019-2025 Parity Technologies (UK) Ltd.
+// This file is dual-licensed as Apache-2.0 or GPL-3.0.
+// see LICENSE for license details.
+
+//! # Events
+//!
+//! In the process of adding extrinsics to a block, they are executed. When extrinsics are executed,
+//! they normally produce events describing what's happening (at the very least, an event dictating whether
+//! the extrinsic has succeeded or failed). The node may also emit some events of its own as the block is
+//! processed.
+//!
+//! Events live in a single location in node storage which is overwritten at each block. Normal nodes tend to
+//! keep a snapshot of the state at a small number of previous blocks, so you can sometimes access
+//! older events by using [`crate::events::EventsClient::at()`] and providing an older block hash.
+//!
+//! When we submit transactions using Subxt, methods like [`crate::tx::TxProgress::wait_for_finalized_success()`]
+//! return [`crate::blocks::ExtrinsicEvents`], which can be used to iterate and inspect the events produced
+//! by that transaction being executed. We can also access _all_ of the events produced in a single block using one
+//! of these two interfaces:
+//!
+//! ```rust,no_run,standalone_crate
+//! # #[tokio::main]
+//! # async fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
+//! use subxt::client::OnlineClient;
+//! use subxt::config::PolkadotConfig;
+//!
+//! // Create client:
+//! let client = OnlineClient::<PolkadotConfig>::new().await?;
+//!
+//! // Get events from the latest block (use .at() to specify a block hash):
+//! let events = client.blocks().at_latest().await?.events().await?;
+//! // We can use this shorthand too:
+//! let events = client.events().at_latest().await?;
+//! # Ok(())
+//! # }
+//! ```
+//!
+//! Once we've loaded our events, we can iterate all events or search for specific events via
+//! methods like [`crate::events::Events::iter()`] and [`crate::events::Events::find()`]. See
+//! [`crate::events::Events`] and [`crate::events::EventDetails`] for more information.
+//!
+//! ## Example
+//!
+//! Here's an example which puts this all together:
+//!
+//! ```rust,ignore
+#![doc = include_str!("../../../examples/events.rs")]
+//! ```
+//!

vendor/pezkuwi-subxt/subxt/src/book/usage/light_client.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+// Copyright 2019-2025 Parity Technologies (UK) Ltd.
+// This file is dual-licensed as Apache-2.0 or GPL-3.0.
+// see LICENSE for license details.
+
+//! # Light Client
+//!
+//! The light client based interface uses _Smoldot_ to connect to a _chain_, rather than an individual
+//! node. This means that you don't have to trust a specific node when interacting with some chain.
+//!
+//! This feature is currently unstable. Use the `unstable-light-client` feature flag to enable it.
+//! To use this in WASM environments, enable the `web` feature flag and disable the "native" one.
+//!
+//! To connect to a blockchain network, the Light Client requires a trusted sync state of the network,
+//! known as a _chain spec_. One way to obtain this is by making a `sync_state_genSyncSpec` RPC call to a
+//! trusted node belonging to the chain that you wish to interact with.
+//!
+//! Subxt exposes a utility method to obtain the chain spec: [`crate::utils::fetch_chainspec_from_rpc_node()`].
+//! Alternately, you can manually make an RPC call to `sync_state_genSyncSpec` like do (assuming a node running
+//! locally on port 9933):
+//!
+//! ```bash
+//! curl -H "Content-Type: application/json" -d '{"id":1, "jsonrpc":"2.0", "method": "sync_state_genSyncSpec", "params":[true]}' http://localhost:9933/ | jq .result > chain_spec.json
+//! ```
+//!
+//! ## Examples
+//!
+//! ### Basic Example
+//!
+//! This basic example uses some already-known chain specs to connect to a relay chain and parachain
+//! and stream information about their finalized blocks:
+//!
+//! ```rust,ignore
+#![doc = include_str!("../../../examples/light_client_basic.rs")]
+//! ```
+//!
+//! ### Connecting to a local node
+//!
+//! This example connects to a local chain and submits a transaction. To run this, you first need
+//! to have a local polkadot node running using the following command:
+//!
+//! ```text
+//! polkadot --dev --node-key 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001
+//! ```
+//!
+//! Then, the following code will download a chain spec from this local node, alter the bootnodes
+//! to point only to the local node, and then submit a transaction through it.
+//!
+//! ```rust,ignore
+#![doc = include_str!("../../../examples/light_client_local_node.rs")]
+//! ```
+//!

vendor/pezkuwi-subxt/subxt/src/book/usage/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+// Copyright 2019-2025 Parity Technologies (UK) Ltd.
+// This file is dual-licensed as Apache-2.0 or GPL-3.0.
+// see LICENSE for license details.
+
+//! This modules contains examples of using Subxt; follow the links for more:
+//!
+//! - [Transactions](transactions)
+//! - [Storage](storage)
+//! - [Events](events)
+//! - [Constants](constants)
+//! - [Blocks](blocks)
+//! - [Runtime APIs](runtime_apis)
+//! - [Unstable Light Client](light_client)
+//! - [Custom Values](custom_values)
+//! - [RPC calls](rpc)
+//!
+//! Alternately, [go back](super).
+
+pub mod blocks;
+pub mod constants;
+pub mod custom_values;
+pub mod events;
+pub mod light_client;
+pub mod rpc;
+pub mod runtime_apis;
+pub mod storage;
+pub mod transactions;

vendor/pezkuwi-subxt/subxt/src/book/usage/rpc.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+// Copyright 2019-2025 Parity Technologies (UK) Ltd.
+// This file is dual-licensed as Apache-2.0 or GPL-3.0.
+// see LICENSE for license details.
+
+//! # RPC calls
+//!
+//! The RPC interface is provided by the [`pezkuwi_subxt_rpcs`] crate but re-exposed here. We have:
+//!
+//! - [`crate::backend::rpc::RpcClient`] and [`crate::backend::rpc::RpcClientT`]: the underlying type and trait
+//!   which provides a basic RPC client.
+//! - [`crate::backend::legacy::rpc_methods`] and [`crate::backend::chain_head::rpc_methods`]: RPc methods that
+//!   can be instantiated with an RPC client.
+//!
+//! See [`pezkuwi_subxt_rpcs`] or [`crate::ext::pezkuwi_subxt_rpcs`] for more.
+//!
+//! # Example
+//!
+//! Here's an example which calls some legacy JSON-RPC methods, and reuses the same connection to run a full Subxt client
+//!
+//! ```rust,ignore
+#![doc = include_str!("../../../examples/rpc_legacy.rs")]
+//! ```

vendor/pezkuwi-subxt/subxt/src/book/usage/runtime_apis.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+// Copyright 2019-2025 Parity Technologies (UK) Ltd.
+// This file is dual-licensed as Apache-2.0 or GPL-3.0.
+// see LICENSE for license details.
+
+//! # Runtime API interface
+//!
+//! The Runtime API interface allows Subxt to call runtime APIs exposed by certain pallets in order
+//! to obtain information. Much like [`super::storage`] and [`super::transactions`], Making a runtime
+//! call to a node and getting the response back takes the following steps:
+//!
+//! 1. [Constructing a runtime call](#constructing-a-runtime-call)
+//! 2. [Submitting it to get back the response](#submitting-it)
+//!
+//! **Note:** Runtime APIs are only available when using V15 metadata, which is currently unstable.
+//! You'll need to use `subxt metadata --version unstable` command to download the unstable V15 metadata,
+//! and activate the `unstable-metadata` feature in Subxt for it to also use this metadata from a node. The
+//! metadata format is unstable because it may change and break compatibility with Subxt at any moment, so
+//! use at your own risk.
+//!
+//! ## Constructing a runtime call
+//!
+//! We can use the statically generated interface to build runtime calls:
+//!
+//! ```rust,no_run,standalone_crate
+//! #[subxt::subxt(runtime_metadata_path = "../artifacts/polkadot_metadata_small.scale")]
+//! pub mod polkadot {}
+//!
+//! let runtime_call = polkadot::apis().metadata().metadata_versions();
+//! ```
+//!
+//! Alternately, we can dynamically construct a runtime call. The input type can be a tuple or
+//! vec or valid types implementing [`scale_encode::EncodeAsType`], and the output can be anything
+//! implementing [`scale_decode::DecodeAsType`]:
+//!
+//! ```rust,no_run
+//! use subxt::dynamic::Value;
+//!
+//! let runtime_call = subxt::dynamic::runtime_api_call::<(), Vec<u32>>(
+//!     "Metadata",
+//!     "metadata_versions",
+//!     ()
+//! );
+//! ```
+//!
+//! All valid runtime calls implement [`crate::runtime_api::Payload`], a trait which
+//! describes how to encode the runtime call arguments and what return type to decode from the
+//! response.
+//!
+//! ## Submitting it
+//!
+//! Runtime calls can be handed to [`crate::runtime_api::RuntimeApi::call()`], which will submit
+//! them and hand back the associated response.
+//!
+//! ### Making a static Runtime API call
+//!
+//! The easiest way to make a runtime API call is to use the statically generated interface.
+//!
+//! ```rust,ignore
+#![doc = include_str!("../../../examples/runtime_apis_static.rs")]
+//! ```
+//!
+//! ### Making a dynamic Runtime API call
+//!
+//! If you'd prefer to construct the call at runtime, you can do this using the
+//! [`crate::dynamic::runtime_api_call`] method.
+//!
+//! ```rust,ignore
+#![doc = include_str!("../../../examples/runtime_apis_dynamic.rs")]
+//! ```
+//!
+//! ### Making a raw call
+//!
+//! This is generally discouraged in favour of one of the above, but may be necessary (especially if
+//! the node you're talking to does not yet serve V15 metadata). Here, you must manually encode
+//! the argument bytes and manually provide a type for the response bytes to be decoded into.
+//!
+//! ```rust,ignore
+#![doc = include_str!("../../../examples/runtime_apis_raw.rs")]
+//! ```
+//!

vendor/pezkuwi-subxt/subxt/src/book/usage/storage.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+// Copyright 2019-2025 Parity Technologies (UK) Ltd.
+// This file is dual-licensed as Apache-2.0 or GPL-3.0.
+// see LICENSE for license details.
+
+//! # Storage
+//!
+//! A Substrate based chain can be seen as a key/value database which starts off at some initial
+//! state, and is modified by the extrinsics in each block. This database is referred to as the
+//! node storage. With Subxt, you can query this key/value storage with the following steps:
+//!
+//! 1. [Constructing a storage query](#constructing-a-storage-query).
+//! 2. [Submitting the query to get back the associated entry](#submitting-it).
+//! 3. [Fetching](#fetching-storage-entries) or [iterating](#iterating-storage-entries) over that
+//!    entry to retrieve the value or values within it.
+//!
+//! ## Constructing a storage query
+//!
+//! We can use the statically generated interface to build storage queries:
+//!
+//! ```rust,no_run,standalone_crate
+//! #[subxt::subxt(runtime_metadata_path = "../artifacts/polkadot_metadata_small.scale")]
+//! pub mod polkadot {}
+//!
+//! let storage_query = polkadot::storage().system().account();
+//! ```
+//!
+//! Alternately, we can dynamically construct a storage query. A dynamic query needs the input
+//! and return value types to be specified, where we can use [`crate::dynamic::Value`] if unsure.
+//!
+//! ```rust,no_run,standalone_crate
+//! use subxt::dynamic::Value;
+//!
+//! let storage_query = subxt::dynamic::storage::<(Value,), Value>("System", "Account");
+//! ```
+//!
+//! ## Submitting it
+//!
+//! Storage queries can be handed to various functions in [`crate::storage::StorageClientAt`] in order to
+//! obtain the associated values (also referred to as storage entries) back.
+//!
+//! The core API here is [`crate::storage::StorageClientAt::entry()`], which takes a query and looks up the
+//! corresponding storage entry, from which you can then fetch or iterate over the values contained within.
+//! [`crate::storage::StorageClientAt::fetch()`] and [`crate::storage::StorageClientAt::iter()`] are shorthand
+//! for this.
+//!
+//! When you wish to manually query some entry, [`crate::storage::StorageClientAt::fetch_raw()`] exists to take
+//! in raw bytes pointing at some storage value, and return the value bytes if possible. [`crate::storage::StorageClientAt::storage_version()`]
+//! and [`crate::storage::StorageClientAt::runtime_wasm_code()`] use this to retrieve the version of some storage API
+//! and the current Runtime WASM blob respectively.
+//!
+//! ### Fetching storage entries
+//!
+//! The simplest way to access storage entries is to construct a query and then call either
+//! [`crate::storage::StorageClientAt::fetch()`]:
+//!
+//! ```rust,ignore
+#![doc = include_str!("../../../examples/storage_fetch.rs")]
+//! ```
+//!
+//! For completeness, below is an example using a dynamic query instead. Dynamic queries can define the types that
+//! they wish to accept inputs and decode the return value into ([`crate::dynamic::Value`] can be used here anywhere we
+//! are not sure of the specific types).
+//!
+//! ```rust,ignore
+#![doc = include_str!("../../../examples/storage_fetch_dynamic.rs")]
+//! ```
+//!
+//! ### Iterating storage entries
+//!
+//! Many storage entries are maps of values; as well as fetching individual values, it's possible to
+//! iterate over all of the values stored at that location:
+//!
+//! ```rust,ignore
+#![doc = include_str!("../../../examples/storage_iterating.rs")]
+//! ```
+//!
+//! Here's the same logic but using dynamically constructed values instead:
+//!
+//! ```rust,ignore
+#![doc = include_str!("../../../examples/storage_iterating_dynamic.rs")]
+//! ```
+//!

vendor/pezkuwi-subxt/subxt/src/book/usage/transactions.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,202 @@
+// Copyright 2019-2025 Parity Technologies (UK) Ltd.
+// This file is dual-licensed as Apache-2.0 or GPL-3.0.
+// see LICENSE for license details.
+
+//! # Transactions
+//!
+//! A transaction is an extrinsic that's signed (ie it originates from a given address). The purpose
+//! of extrinsics is to modify the node storage in a deterministic way, and so being able to submit
+//! transactions to a node is one of the core features of Subxt.
+//!
+//! > Note: the documentation tends to use the terms _extrinsic_ and _transaction_ interchangeably;
+//! > An extrinsic is some data that can be added to a block, and is either signed (a _transaction_)
+//! > or unsigned (an _inherent_). Subxt can construct either, but overwhelmingly you'll need to
+//! > sign the payload you'd like to submit.
+//!
+//! Submitting a transaction to a node consists of the following steps:
+//!
+//! 1. [Constructing a transaction payload to submit](#constructing-a-transaction-payload).
+//! 2. [Signing it](#signing-it).
+//! 3. [Submitting it (optionally with some additional parameters)](#submitting-it).
+//!
+//! We'll look at each of these steps in turn.
+//!
+//! ## Constructing a transaction payload
+//!
+//! We can use the statically generated interface to build transaction payloads:
+//!
+//! ```rust,no_run,standalone_crate
+//! #[subxt::subxt(runtime_metadata_path = "../artifacts/polkadot_metadata_small.scale")]
+//! pub mod polkadot {}
+//!
+//! let remark = "Hello there".as_bytes().to_vec();
+//! let tx_payload = polkadot::tx().system().remark(remark);
+//! ```
+//!
+//! > If you're not sure what types to import and use to build a given payload, you can use the
+//! > `subxt` CLI tool to generate the interface by using something like `subxt codegen | rustfmt >
+//! > interface.rs`, to see what types and things are available (or even just to use directly
+//! > instead of the [`#[subxt]`](crate::subxt) macro).
+//!
+//! Alternately, we can dynamically construct a transaction payload. This will not be type checked or
+//! validated until it's submitted:
+//!
+//! ```rust,no_run,standalone_crate
+//! use subxt::dynamic::Value;
+//!
+//! let tx_payload = subxt::dynamic::tx("System", "remark", vec![
+//!     Value::from_bytes("Hello there")
+//! ]);
+//! ```
+//!
+//! The [`crate::dynamic::Value`] type is a dynamic type much like a `serde_json::Value` but instead
+//! represents any type of data that can be SCALE encoded or decoded. It can be serialized,
+//! deserialized and parsed from/to strings.
+//!
+//! A valid transaction payload is just something that implements the [`crate::tx::Payload`] trait;
+//! you can implement this trait on your own custom types if the built-in ones are not suitable for
+//! your needs.
+//!
+//! ## Signing it
+//!
+//! You'll normally need to sign an extrinsic to prove that it originated from an account that you
+//! control. To do this, you will typically first create a [`crate::tx::Signer`] instance, which tells
+//! Subxt who the extrinsic is from, and takes care of signing the relevant details to prove this.
+//!
+//! There are two main ways to create a compatible signer instance:
+//! 1. The `pezkuwi_subxt_signer` crate provides a WASM compatible implementation of [`crate::tx::Signer`]
+//! for chains which require sr25519 or ecdsa signatures (requires the `subxt` feature to be enabled).
+//! 2. Alternately, implement your own [`crate::tx::Signer`] instance by wrapping it in a new type pattern.
+//!
+//! Going for 1 leads to fewer dependencies being imported and WASM compatibility out of the box via
+//! the `web` feature flag. Going for 2 is useful if you're already using the Substrate dependencies or
+//! need additional signing algorithms that `pezkuwi_subxt_signer` doesn't support, and don't care about WASM
+//! compatibility.
+//!
+//! Because 2 is more complex and require more code, we'll focus on 1 here.
+//! For 2, see the example in `subxt/examples/substrate_compat_signer.rs` how
+//! you can integrate things like sp_core's signer in subxt.
+//!
+//! Let's go through how to create a signer using the `pezkuwi_subxt_signer` crate:
+//!
+//! ```rust,standalone_crate
+//! use subxt::config::PolkadotConfig;
+//! use std::str::FromStr;
+//!
+//! use pezkuwi_subxt_signer::{SecretUri, sr25519};
+//!
+//! // Get hold of a `Signer` for a test account:
+//! let alice = sr25519::dev::alice();
+//!
+//! // Or generate a keypair, here from an SURI:
+//! let uri = SecretUri::from_str("vessel ladder alter error federal sibling chat ability sun glass valve picture/0/1///Password")
+//!     .expect("valid URI");
+//! let keypair = sr25519::Keypair::from_uri(&uri)
+//!     .expect("valid keypair");
+//!```
+//!
+//! After initializing the signer, let's also go through how to create a transaction and sign it:
+//!
+//! ```rust,no_run,standalone_crate
+//! # #[tokio::main]
+//! # async fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
+//! use subxt::client::OnlineClient;
+//! use subxt::config::PolkadotConfig;
+//! use subxt::dynamic::Value;
+//!
+//! // Create client:
+//! let client = OnlineClient::<PolkadotConfig>::new().await?;
+//!
+//! // Create a dummy tx payload to sign:
+//! let payload = subxt::dynamic::tx("System", "remark", vec![
+//!     Value::from_bytes("Hello there")
+//! ]);
+//!
+//! // Construct the tx but don't sign it. The account nonce here defaults to 0.
+//! // You can use `create_partial` to fetch the correct nonce.
+//! let mut partial_tx = client.tx().create_partial_offline(
+//!     &payload,
+//!     Default::default()
+//! )?;
+//!
+//! // Fetch the payload that needs to be signed:
+//! let signer_payload = partial_tx.signer_payload();
+//!
+//! // ... At this point, we can hand off the `signer_payload` to be signed externally.
+//! // Ultimately we need to be given back a `signature` (or really, anything
+//! // that can be SCALE encoded) and an `address`:
+//! let signature;
+//! let account_id;
+//! # use subxt::tx::Signer;
+//! # let signer = pezkuwi_subxt_signer::sr25519::dev::alice();
+//! # signature = signer.sign(&signer_payload).into();
+//! # account_id = signer.public_key().to_account_id();
+//!
+//! // Now we can build an tx, which one can call `submit` or `submit_and_watch`
+//! // on to submit to a node and optionally watch the status.
+//! let tx = partial_tx.sign_with_account_and_signature(
+//!     &account_id,
+//!     &signature
+//! );
+//! # Ok(())
+//! # }
+//! ```
+//!
+//! ## Submitting it
+//!
+//! Once we have signed the transaction, we need to submit it.
+//!
+//! ### The high level API
+//!
+//! The highest level approach to doing this is to call
+//! [`crate::tx::TxClient::sign_and_submit_then_watch_default`]. This hands back a
+//! [`crate::tx::TxProgress`] struct which will monitor the transaction status. We can then call
+//! [`crate::tx::TxProgress::wait_for_finalized_success()`] to wait for this transaction to make it
+//! into a finalized block, check for an `ExtrinsicSuccess` event, and then hand back the events for
+//! inspection. This looks like:
+//!
+//! ```rust,ignore
+#![doc = include_str!("../../../examples/tx_basic.rs")]
+//! ```
+//!
+//! ### Providing transaction parameters
+//!
+//! If you'd like to provide parameters (such as mortality) to the transaction, you can use
+//! [`crate::tx::TxClient::sign_and_submit_then_watch`] instead:
+//!
+//! ```rust,ignore
+#![doc = include_str!("../../../examples/tx_with_params.rs")]
+//! ```
+//!
+//! This example doesn't wait for the transaction to be included in a block; it just submits it and
+//! hopes for the best!
+//!
+//! ### Boxing transaction payloads
+//!
+//! Transaction payloads can be boxed so that they all share a common type and can be stored together.
+//!
+//! ```rust,ignore
+#![doc = include_str!("../../../examples/tx_boxed.rs")]
+//! ```
+//!
+//! ### Custom handling of transaction status updates
+//!
+//! If you'd like more control or visibility over exactly which status updates are being emitted for
+//! the transaction, you can monitor them as they are emitted and react however you choose:
+//!
+//! ```rust,ignore
+#![doc = include_str!("../../../examples/tx_status_stream.rs")]
+//! ```
+//!
+//! ### Signing transactions externally
+//!
+//! Subxt also allows you to get hold of the signer payload and hand that off to something else to be
+//! signed. The signature can then be provided back to Subxt to build the final transaction to submit:
+//!
+//! ```rust,ignore
+#![doc = include_str!("../../../examples/tx_partial.rs")]
+//! ```
+//!
+//! Take a look at the API docs for [`crate::tx::TxProgress`], [`crate::tx::TxStatus`] and
+//! [`crate::tx::TxInBlock`] for more options.
+//!

vendor/pezkuwi-subxt/subxt/src/client/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+// Copyright 2019-2025 Parity Technologies (UK) Ltd.
+// This file is dual-licensed as Apache-2.0 or GPL-3.0.
+// see LICENSE for license details.
+
+//! This module provides two clients that can be used to work with
+//! transactions, storage and events. The [`OfflineClient`] works
+//! entirely offline and can be passed to any function that doesn't
+//! require network access. The [`OnlineClient`] requires network
+//! access.
+
+mod offline_client;
+mod online_client;
+
+pub use offline_client::{OfflineClient, OfflineClientT};
+pub use online_client::{
+    ClientRuntimeUpdater, OnlineClient, OnlineClientT, RuntimeUpdaterStream, Update,
+};
+pub use pezkuwi_subxt_core::client::{ClientState, RuntimeVersion};

vendor/pezkuwi-subxt/subxt/src/client/offline_client.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,203 @@
+// Copyright 2019-2025 Parity Technologies (UK) Ltd.
+// This file is dual-licensed as Apache-2.0 or GPL-3.0.
+// see LICENSE for license details.
+
+use crate::custom_values::CustomValuesClient;
+use crate::{
+    Metadata,
+    blocks::BlocksClient,
+    config::{Config, HashFor},
+    constants::ConstantsClient,
+    events::EventsClient,
+    runtime_api::RuntimeApiClient,
+    storage::StorageClient,
+    tx::TxClient,
+    view_functions::ViewFunctionsClient,
+};
+
+use derive_where::derive_where;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+use pezkuwi_subxt_core::client::{ClientState, RuntimeVersion};
+
+/// A trait representing a client that can perform
+/// offline-only actions.
+pub trait OfflineClientT<T: Config>: Clone + Send + Sync + 'static {
+    /// Return the provided [`Metadata`].
+    fn metadata(&self) -> Metadata;
+
+    /// Return the provided genesis hash.
+    fn genesis_hash(&self) -> HashFor<T>;
+
+    /// Return the provided [`RuntimeVersion`].
+    fn runtime_version(&self) -> RuntimeVersion;
+
+    /// Return the hasher used on the chain.
+    fn hasher(&self) -> T::Hasher;
+
+    /// Return the [pezkuwi_subxt_core::client::ClientState] (metadata, runtime version and genesis hash).
+    fn client_state(&self) -> ClientState<T> {
+        ClientState {
+            genesis_hash: self.genesis_hash(),
+            runtime_version: self.runtime_version(),
+            metadata: self.metadata(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Work with transactions.
+    fn tx(&self) -> TxClient<T, Self> {
+        TxClient::new(self.clone())
+    }
+
+    /// Work with events.
+    fn events(&self) -> EventsClient<T, Self> {
+        EventsClient::new(self.clone())
+    }
+
+    /// Work with storage.
+    fn storage(&self) -> StorageClient<T, Self> {
+        StorageClient::new(self.clone())
+    }
+
+    /// Access constants.
+    fn constants(&self) -> ConstantsClient<T, Self> {
+        ConstantsClient::new(self.clone())
+    }
+
+    /// Work with blocks.
+    fn blocks(&self) -> BlocksClient<T, Self> {
+        BlocksClient::new(self.clone())
+    }
+
+    /// Work with runtime APIs.
+    fn runtime_api(&self) -> RuntimeApiClient<T, Self> {
+        RuntimeApiClient::new(self.clone())
+    }
+
+    /// Work with View Functions.
+    fn view_functions(&self) -> ViewFunctionsClient<T, Self> {
+        ViewFunctionsClient::new(self.clone())
+    }
+
+    /// Work this custom types.
+    fn custom_values(&self) -> CustomValuesClient<T, Self> {
+        CustomValuesClient::new(self.clone())
+    }
+}
+
+/// A client that is capable of performing offline-only operations.
+/// Can be constructed as long as you can populate the required fields.
+#[derive_where(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct OfflineClient<T: Config> {
+    inner: Arc<ClientState<T>>,
+    hasher: T::Hasher,
+}
+
+impl<T: Config> OfflineClient<T> {
+    /// Construct a new [`OfflineClient`], providing
+    /// the necessary runtime and compile-time arguments.
+    pub fn new(
+        genesis_hash: HashFor<T>,
+        runtime_version: RuntimeVersion,
+        metadata: impl Into<Metadata>,
+    ) -> OfflineClient<T> {
+        let metadata = metadata.into();
+        let hasher = <T::Hasher as pezkuwi_subxt_core::config::Hasher>::new(&metadata);
+
+        OfflineClient {
+            hasher,
+            inner: Arc::new(ClientState {
+                genesis_hash,
+                runtime_version,
+                metadata,
+            }),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Return the genesis hash.
+    pub fn genesis_hash(&self) -> HashFor<T> {
+        self.inner.genesis_hash
+    }
+
+    /// Return the runtime version.
+    pub fn runtime_version(&self) -> RuntimeVersion {
+        self.inner.runtime_version
+    }
+
+    /// Return the [`Metadata`] used in this client.
+    pub fn metadata(&self) -> Metadata {
+        self.inner.metadata.clone()
+    }
+
+    /// Return the hasher used for the chain.
+    pub fn hasher(&self) -> T::Hasher {
+        self.hasher
+    }
+
+    // Just a copy of the most important trait methods so that people
+    // don't need to import the trait for most things:
+
+    /// Work with transactions.
+    pub fn tx(&self) -> TxClient<T, Self> {
+        <Self as OfflineClientT<T>>::tx(self)
+    }
+
+    /// Work with events.
+    pub fn events(&self) -> EventsClient<T, Self> {
+        <Self as OfflineClientT<T>>::events(self)
+    }
+
+    /// Work with storage.
+    pub fn storage(&self) -> StorageClient<T, Self> {
+        <Self as OfflineClientT<T>>::storage(self)
+    }
+
+    /// Access constants.
+    pub fn constants(&self) -> ConstantsClient<T, Self> {
+        <Self as OfflineClientT<T>>::constants(self)
+    }
+
+    /// Work with blocks.
+    pub fn blocks(&self) -> BlocksClient<T, Self> {
+        <Self as OfflineClientT<T>>::blocks(self)
+    }
+
+    /// Work with runtime APIs.
+    pub fn runtime_api(&self) -> RuntimeApiClient<T, Self> {
+        <Self as OfflineClientT<T>>::runtime_api(self)
+    }
+
+    /// Work with View Functions.
+    pub fn view_functions(&self) -> ViewFunctionsClient<T, Self> {
+        <Self as OfflineClientT<T>>::view_functions(self)
+    }
+
+    /// Access custom types
+    pub fn custom_values(&self) -> CustomValuesClient<T, Self> {
+        <Self as OfflineClientT<T>>::custom_values(self)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: Config> OfflineClientT<T> for OfflineClient<T> {
+    fn genesis_hash(&self) -> HashFor<T> {
+        self.genesis_hash()
+    }
+    fn runtime_version(&self) -> RuntimeVersion {
+        self.runtime_version()
+    }
+    fn metadata(&self) -> Metadata {
+        self.metadata()
+    }
+    fn hasher(&self) -> T::Hasher {
+        self.hasher()
+    }
+}
+
+// For ergonomics; cloning a client is deliberately fairly cheap (via Arc),
+// so this allows users to pass references to a client rather than explicitly
+// cloning. This is partly for consistency with OnlineClient, which can be
+// easily converted into an OfflineClient for ergonomics.
+impl<'a, T: Config> From<&'a OfflineClient<T>> for OfflineClient<T> {
+    fn from(c: &'a OfflineClient<T>) -> Self {
+        c.clone()
+    }
+}

vendor/pezkuwi-subxt/subxt/src/client/online_client.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,580 @@
+// Copyright 2019-2025 Parity Technologies (UK) Ltd.
+// This file is dual-licensed as Apache-2.0 or GPL-3.0.
+// see LICENSE for license details.
+
+use super::{OfflineClient, OfflineClientT};
+use crate::custom_values::CustomValuesClient;
+use crate::{
+    Metadata,
+    backend::{Backend, BackendExt, StreamOfResults, legacy::LegacyBackend, rpc::RpcClient},
+    blocks::{BlockRef, BlocksClient},
+    config::{Config, HashFor},
+    constants::ConstantsClient,
+    error::{BackendError, OnlineClientError, RuntimeUpdateeApplyError, RuntimeUpdaterError},
+    events::EventsClient,
+    runtime_api::RuntimeApiClient,
+    storage::StorageClient,
+    tx::TxClient,
+    view_functions::ViewFunctionsClient,
+};
+use derive_where::derive_where;
+use futures::TryFutureExt;
+use futures::future;
+use std::sync::{Arc, RwLock};
+use pezkuwi_subxt_core::client::{ClientState, RuntimeVersion};
+
+/// A trait representing a client that can perform
+/// online actions.
+pub trait OnlineClientT<T: Config>: OfflineClientT<T> {
+    /// Return a backend that can be used to communicate with a node.
+    fn backend(&self) -> &dyn Backend<T>;
+}
+
+/// A client that can be used to perform API calls (that is, either those
+/// requiring an [`OfflineClientT`] or those requiring an [`OnlineClientT`]).
+#[derive_where(Clone)]
+pub struct OnlineClient<T: Config> {
+    inner: Arc<RwLock<Inner<T>>>,
+    backend: Arc<dyn Backend<T>>,
+}
+
+#[derive_where(Debug)]
+struct Inner<T: Config> {
+    genesis_hash: HashFor<T>,
+    runtime_version: RuntimeVersion,
+    metadata: Metadata,
+    hasher: T::Hasher,
+}
+
+impl<T: Config> std::fmt::Debug for OnlineClient<T> {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        f.debug_struct("Client")
+            .field("rpc", &"RpcClient")
+            .field("inner", &self.inner)
+            .finish()
+    }
+}
+
+// The default constructors assume Jsonrpsee.
+#[cfg(feature = "jsonrpsee")]
+#[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(feature = "jsonrpsee")))]
+impl<T: Config> OnlineClient<T> {
+    /// Construct a new [`OnlineClient`] using default settings which
+    /// point to a locally running node on `ws://127.0.0.1:9944`.
+    pub async fn new() -> Result<OnlineClient<T>, OnlineClientError> {
+        let url = "ws://127.0.0.1:9944";
+        OnlineClient::from_url(url).await
+    }
+
+    /// Construct a new [`OnlineClient`], providing a URL to connect to.
+    pub async fn from_url(url: impl AsRef<str>) -> Result<OnlineClient<T>, OnlineClientError> {
+        pezkuwi_subxt_rpcs::utils::validate_url_is_secure(url.as_ref())?;
+        OnlineClient::from_insecure_url(url).await
+    }
+
+    /// Construct a new [`OnlineClient`], providing a URL to connect to.
+    ///
+    /// Allows insecure URLs without SSL encryption, e.g. (http:// and ws:// URLs).
+    pub async fn from_insecure_url(
+        url: impl AsRef<str>,
+    ) -> Result<OnlineClient<T>, OnlineClientError> {
+        let client = RpcClient::from_insecure_url(url).await?;
+        let backend = LegacyBackend::builder().build(client);
+        OnlineClient::from_backend(Arc::new(backend)).await
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: Config> OnlineClient<T> {
+    /// Construct a new [`OnlineClient`] by providing an [`RpcClient`] to drive the connection.
+    /// This will use the current default [`Backend`], which may change in future releases.
+    pub async fn from_rpc_client(
+        rpc_client: impl Into<RpcClient>,
+    ) -> Result<OnlineClient<T>, OnlineClientError> {
+        let rpc_client = rpc_client.into();
+        let backend = Arc::new(LegacyBackend::builder().build(rpc_client));
+        OnlineClient::from_backend(backend).await
+    }
+
+    /// Construct a new [`OnlineClient`] by providing an RPC client along with the other
+    /// necessary details. This will use the current default [`Backend`], which may change
+    /// in future releases.
+    ///
+    /// # Warning
+    ///
+    /// This is considered the most primitive and also error prone way to
+    /// instantiate a client; the genesis hash, metadata and runtime version provided will
+    /// entirely determine which node and blocks this client will be able to interact with,
+    /// and whether it will be able to successfully do things like submit transactions.
+    ///
+    /// If you're unsure what you're doing, prefer one of the alternate methods to instantiate
+    /// a client.
+    pub fn from_rpc_client_with(
+        genesis_hash: HashFor<T>,
+        runtime_version: RuntimeVersion,
+        metadata: impl Into<Metadata>,
+        rpc_client: impl Into<RpcClient>,
+    ) -> Result<OnlineClient<T>, OnlineClientError> {
+        let rpc_client = rpc_client.into();
+        let backend = Arc::new(LegacyBackend::builder().build(rpc_client));
+        OnlineClient::from_backend_with(genesis_hash, runtime_version, metadata, backend)
+    }
+
+    /// Construct a new [`OnlineClient`] by providing an underlying [`Backend`]
+    /// implementation to power it. Other details will be obtained from the chain.
+    pub async fn from_backend<B: Backend<T>>(
+        backend: Arc<B>,
+    ) -> Result<OnlineClient<T>, OnlineClientError> {
+        let latest_block = backend
+            .latest_finalized_block_ref()
+            .await
+            .map_err(OnlineClientError::CannotGetLatestFinalizedBlock)?;
+
+        let (genesis_hash, runtime_version, metadata) = future::join3(
+            backend
+                .genesis_hash()
+                .map_err(OnlineClientError::CannotGetGenesisHash),
+            backend
+                .current_runtime_version()
+                .map_err(OnlineClientError::CannotGetCurrentRuntimeVersion),
+            OnlineClient::fetch_metadata(&*backend, latest_block.hash())
+                .map_err(OnlineClientError::CannotFetchMetadata),
+        )
+        .await;
+
+        OnlineClient::from_backend_with(genesis_hash?, runtime_version?, metadata?, backend)
+    }
+
+    /// Construct a new [`OnlineClient`] by providing all of the underlying details needed
+    /// to make it work.
+    ///
+    /// # Warning
+    ///
+    /// This is considered the most primitive and also error prone way to
+    /// instantiate a client; the genesis hash, metadata and runtime version provided will
+    /// entirely determine which node and blocks this client will be able to interact with,
+    /// and whether it will be able to successfully do things like submit transactions.
+    ///
+    /// If you're unsure what you're doing, prefer one of the alternate methods to instantiate
+    /// a client.
+    pub fn from_backend_with<B: Backend<T>>(
+        genesis_hash: HashFor<T>,
+        runtime_version: RuntimeVersion,
+        metadata: impl Into<Metadata>,
+        backend: Arc<B>,
+    ) -> Result<OnlineClient<T>, OnlineClientError> {
+        use pezkuwi_subxt_core::config::Hasher;
+
+        let metadata = metadata.into();
+        let hasher = T::Hasher::new(&metadata);
+
+        Ok(OnlineClient {
+            inner: Arc::new(RwLock::new(Inner {
+                genesis_hash,
+                runtime_version,
+                metadata,
+                hasher,
+            })),
+            backend,
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Fetch the metadata from substrate using the runtime API.
+    async fn fetch_metadata(
+        backend: &dyn Backend<T>,
+        block_hash: HashFor<T>,
+    ) -> Result<Metadata, BackendError> {
+        #[cfg(feature = "unstable-metadata")]
+        {
+            /// The unstable metadata version number.
+            const UNSTABLE_METADATA_VERSION: u32 = u32::MAX;
+
+            // Try to fetch the latest unstable metadata, if that fails fall back to
+            // fetching the latest stable metadata.
+            match backend
+                .metadata_at_version(UNSTABLE_METADATA_VERSION, block_hash)
+                .await
+            {
+                Ok(bytes) => Ok(bytes),
+                Err(_) => OnlineClient::fetch_latest_stable_metadata(backend, block_hash).await,
+            }
+        }
+
+        #[cfg(not(feature = "unstable-metadata"))]
+        OnlineClient::fetch_latest_stable_metadata(backend, block_hash).await
+    }
+
+    /// Fetch the latest stable metadata from the node.
+    async fn fetch_latest_stable_metadata(
+        backend: &dyn Backend<T>,
+        block_hash: HashFor<T>,
+    ) -> Result<Metadata, BackendError> {
+        // The metadata versions we support in Subxt, from newest to oldest.
+        use pezkuwi_subxt_metadata::SUPPORTED_METADATA_VERSIONS;
+
+        // Try to fetch each version that we support in order from newest to oldest.
+        for version in SUPPORTED_METADATA_VERSIONS {
+            if let Ok(bytes) = backend.metadata_at_version(version, block_hash).await {
+                return Ok(bytes);
+            }
+        }
+
+        // If that fails, fetch the metadata V14 using the old API.
+        backend.legacy_metadata(block_hash).await
+    }
+
+    /// Create an object which can be used to keep the runtime up to date
+    /// in a separate thread.
+    ///
+    /// # Example
+    ///
+    /// ```rust,no_run,standalone_crate
+    /// # #[tokio::main]
+    /// # async fn main() {
+    /// use subxt::{ OnlineClient, PolkadotConfig };
+    ///
+    /// let client = OnlineClient::<PolkadotConfig>::new().await.unwrap();
+    ///
+    /// // high level API.
+    ///
+    /// let update_task = client.updater();
+    /// tokio::spawn(async move {
+    ///     update_task.perform_runtime_updates().await;
+    /// });
+    ///
+    ///
+    /// // low level API.
+    ///
+    /// let updater = client.updater();
+    /// tokio::spawn(async move {
+    ///     let mut update_stream = updater.runtime_updates().await.unwrap();
+    ///
+    ///     while let Ok(update) = update_stream.next().await {
+    ///         let version = update.runtime_version().spec_version;
+    ///
+    ///         match updater.apply_update(update) {
+    ///             Ok(()) => {
+    ///                 println!("Upgrade to version: {} successful", version)
+    ///             }
+    ///             Err(e) => {
+    ///                println!("Upgrade to version {} failed {:?}", version, e);
+    ///             }
+    ///        };
+    ///     }
+    /// });
+    /// # }
+    /// ```
+    pub fn updater(&self) -> ClientRuntimeUpdater<T> {
+        ClientRuntimeUpdater(self.clone())
+    }
+
+    /// Return the hasher configured for hashing blocks and extrinsics.
+    pub fn hasher(&self) -> T::Hasher {
+        self.inner.read().expect("shouldn't be poisoned").hasher
+    }
+
+    /// Return the [`Metadata`] used in this client.
+    pub fn metadata(&self) -> Metadata {
+        let inner = self.inner.read().expect("shouldn't be poisoned");
+        inner.metadata.clone()
+    }
+
+    /// Change the [`Metadata`] used in this client.
+    ///
+    /// # Warning
+    ///
+    /// Setting custom metadata may leave Subxt unable to work with certain blocks,
+    /// subscribe to latest blocks or submit valid transactions.
+    pub fn set_metadata(&self, metadata: impl Into<Metadata>) {
+        let mut inner = self.inner.write().expect("shouldn't be poisoned");
+        inner.metadata = metadata.into();
+    }
+
+    /// Return the genesis hash.
+    pub fn genesis_hash(&self) -> HashFor<T> {
+        let inner = self.inner.read().expect("shouldn't be poisoned");
+        inner.genesis_hash
+    }
+
+    /// Change the genesis hash used in this client.
+    ///
+    /// # Warning
+    ///
+    /// Setting a custom genesis hash may leave Subxt unable to
+    /// submit valid transactions.
+    pub fn set_genesis_hash(&self, genesis_hash: HashFor<T>) {
+        let mut inner = self.inner.write().expect("shouldn't be poisoned");
+        inner.genesis_hash = genesis_hash;
+    }
+
+    /// Return the runtime version.
+    pub fn runtime_version(&self) -> RuntimeVersion {
+        let inner = self.inner.read().expect("shouldn't be poisoned");
+        inner.runtime_version
+    }
+
+    /// Change the [`RuntimeVersion`] used in this client.
+    ///
+    /// # Warning
+    ///
+    /// Setting a custom runtime version may leave Subxt unable to
+    /// submit valid transactions.
+    pub fn set_runtime_version(&self, runtime_version: RuntimeVersion) {
+        let mut inner = self.inner.write().expect("shouldn't be poisoned");
+        inner.runtime_version = runtime_version;
+    }
+
+    /// Return an RPC client to make raw requests with.
+    pub fn backend(&self) -> &dyn Backend<T> {
+        &*self.backend
+    }
+
+    /// Return an offline client with the same configuration as this.
+    pub fn offline(&self) -> OfflineClient<T> {
+        let inner = self.inner.read().expect("shouldn't be poisoned");
+        OfflineClient::new(
+            inner.genesis_hash,
+            inner.runtime_version,
+            inner.metadata.clone(),
+        )
+    }
+
+    // Just a copy of the most important trait methods so that people
+    // don't need to import the trait for most things:
+
+    /// Work with transactions.
+    pub fn tx(&self) -> TxClient<T, Self> {
+        <Self as OfflineClientT<T>>::tx(self)
+    }
+
+    /// Work with events.
+    pub fn events(&self) -> EventsClient<T, Self> {
+        <Self as OfflineClientT<T>>::events(self)
+    }
+
+    /// Work with storage.
+    pub fn storage(&self) -> StorageClient<T, Self> {
+        <Self as OfflineClientT<T>>::storage(self)
+    }
+
+    /// Access constants.
+    pub fn constants(&self) -> ConstantsClient<T, Self> {
+        <Self as OfflineClientT<T>>::constants(self)
+    }
+
+    /// Work with blocks.
+    pub fn blocks(&self) -> BlocksClient<T, Self> {
+        <Self as OfflineClientT<T>>::blocks(self)
+    }
+
+    /// Work with runtime API.
+    pub fn runtime_api(&self) -> RuntimeApiClient<T, Self> {
+        <Self as OfflineClientT<T>>::runtime_api(self)
+    }
+
+    /// Work with View Functions.
+    pub fn view_functions(&self) -> ViewFunctionsClient<T, Self> {
+        <Self as OfflineClientT<T>>::view_functions(self)
+    }
+
+    /// Access custom types.
+    pub fn custom_values(&self) -> CustomValuesClient<T, Self> {
+        <Self as OfflineClientT<T>>::custom_values(self)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: Config> OfflineClientT<T> for OnlineClient<T> {
+    fn metadata(&self) -> Metadata {
+        self.metadata()
+    }
+    fn genesis_hash(&self) -> HashFor<T> {
+        self.genesis_hash()
+    }
+    fn runtime_version(&self) -> RuntimeVersion {
+        self.runtime_version()
+    }
+    fn hasher(&self) -> T::Hasher {
+        self.hasher()
+    }
+    // This is provided by default, but we can optimise here and only lock once:
+    fn client_state(&self) -> ClientState<T> {
+        let inner = self.inner.read().expect("shouldn't be poisoned");
+        ClientState {
+            genesis_hash: inner.genesis_hash,
+            runtime_version: inner.runtime_version,
+            metadata: inner.metadata.clone(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: Config> OnlineClientT<T> for OnlineClient<T> {
+    fn backend(&self) -> &dyn Backend<T> {
+        &*self.backend
+    }
+}
+
+/// Client wrapper for performing runtime updates. See [`OnlineClient::updater()`]
+/// for example usage.
+pub struct ClientRuntimeUpdater<T: Config>(OnlineClient<T>);
+
+impl<T: Config> ClientRuntimeUpdater<T> {
+    fn is_runtime_version_different(&self, new: &RuntimeVersion) -> bool {
+        let curr = self.0.inner.read().expect("shouldn't be poisoned");
+        &curr.runtime_version != new
+    }
+
+    fn do_update(&self, update: Update) {
+        let mut writable = self.0.inner.write().expect("shouldn't be poisoned");
+        writable.metadata = update.metadata;
+        writable.runtime_version = update.runtime_version;
+    }
+
+    /// Tries to apply a new update.
+    pub fn apply_update(&self, update: Update) -> Result<(), RuntimeUpdateeApplyError> {
+        if !self.is_runtime_version_different(&update.runtime_version) {
+            return Err(RuntimeUpdateeApplyError::SameVersion);
+        }
+
+        self.do_update(update);
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Performs runtime updates indefinitely unless encountering an error.
+    ///
+    /// *Note:* This will run indefinitely until it errors, so the typical usage
+    /// would be to run it in a separate background task.
+    pub async fn perform_runtime_updates(&self) -> Result<(), RuntimeUpdaterError> {
+        // Obtain an update subscription to further detect changes in the runtime version of the node.
+        let mut runtime_version_stream = self.runtime_updates().await?;
+
+        loop {
+            let update = runtime_version_stream.next().await?;
+
+            // This only fails if received the runtime version is the same the current runtime version
+            // which might occur because that runtime subscriptions in substrate sends out the initial
+            // value when they created and not only when runtime upgrades occurs.
+            // Thus, fine to ignore here as it strictly speaking isn't really an error
+            let _ = self.apply_update(update);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Low-level API to get runtime updates as a stream but it's doesn't check if the
+    /// runtime version is newer or updates the runtime.
+    ///
+    /// Instead that's up to the user of this API to decide when to update and
+    /// to perform the actual updating.
+    pub async fn runtime_updates(&self) -> Result<RuntimeUpdaterStream<T>, RuntimeUpdaterError> {
+        let stream = self
+            .0
+            .backend()
+            .stream_runtime_version()
+            .await
+            .map_err(RuntimeUpdaterError::CannotStreamRuntimeVersion)?;
+
+        Ok(RuntimeUpdaterStream {
+            stream,
+            client: self.0.clone(),
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+/// Stream to perform runtime upgrades.
+pub struct RuntimeUpdaterStream<T: Config> {
+    stream: StreamOfResults<RuntimeVersion>,
+    client: OnlineClient<T>,
+}
+
+impl<T: Config> RuntimeUpdaterStream<T> {
+    /// Wait for the next runtime update.
+    pub async fn next(&mut self) -> Result<Update, RuntimeUpdaterError> {
+        let runtime_version = self
+            .stream
+            .next()
+            .await
+            .ok_or(RuntimeUpdaterError::UnexpectedEndOfUpdateStream)?
+            .map_err(RuntimeUpdaterError::CannotGetNextRuntimeVersion)?;
+
+        let at = wait_runtime_upgrade_in_finalized_block(&self.client, &runtime_version).await?;
+
+        let metadata = OnlineClient::fetch_metadata(self.client.backend(), at.hash())
+            .await
+            .map_err(RuntimeUpdaterError::CannotFetchNewMetadata)?;
+
+        Ok(Update {
+            metadata,
+            runtime_version,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+/// Represents the state when a runtime upgrade occurred.
+pub struct Update {
+    runtime_version: RuntimeVersion,
+    metadata: Metadata,
+}
+
+impl Update {
+    /// Get the runtime version.
+    pub fn runtime_version(&self) -> &RuntimeVersion {
+        &self.runtime_version
+    }
+
+    /// Get the metadata.
+    pub fn metadata(&self) -> &Metadata {
+        &self.metadata
+    }
+}
+
+/// Helper to wait until the runtime upgrade is applied on at finalized block.
+async fn wait_runtime_upgrade_in_finalized_block<T: Config>(
+    client: &OnlineClient<T>,
+    runtime_version: &RuntimeVersion,
+) -> Result<BlockRef<HashFor<T>>, RuntimeUpdaterError> {
+    let hasher = client
+        .inner
+        .read()
+        .expect("Lock shouldn't be poisoned")
+        .hasher;
+
+    let mut block_sub = client
+        .backend()
+        .stream_finalized_block_headers(hasher)
+        .await
+        .map_err(RuntimeUpdaterError::CannotStreamFinalizedBlocks)?;
+
+    let block_ref = loop {
+        let (_, block_ref) = block_sub
+            .next()
+            .await
+            .ok_or(RuntimeUpdaterError::UnexpectedEndOfBlockStream)?
+            .map_err(RuntimeUpdaterError::CannotGetNextFinalizedBlock)?;
+
+        let addr =
+            crate::dynamic::storage::<(), scale_value::Value>("System", "LastRuntimeUpgrade");
+
+        let client_at = client.storage().at(block_ref.hash());
+        let value = client_at
+            .entry(addr)
+            // The storage `system::lastRuntimeUpgrade` should always exist.
+            // <https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk/blob/master/substrate/frame/system/src/lib.rs#L958>
+            .map_err(|_| RuntimeUpdaterError::CantFindSystemLastRuntimeUpgrade)?
+            .fetch(())
+            .await
+            .map_err(RuntimeUpdaterError::CantFetchLastRuntimeUpgrade)?
+            .decode_as::<LastRuntimeUpgrade>()
+            .map_err(RuntimeUpdaterError::CannotDecodeLastRuntimeUpgrade)?;
+
+        #[derive(scale_decode::DecodeAsType)]
+        struct LastRuntimeUpgrade {
+            spec_version: u32,
+        }
+
+        // We are waiting for the chain to have the same spec version
+        // as sent out via the runtime subscription.
+        if value.spec_version == runtime_version.spec_version {
+            break block_ref;
+        }
+    };
+
+    Ok(block_ref)
+}

vendor/pezkuwi-subxt/subxt/src/constants/constants_client.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+// Copyright 2019-2025 Parity Technologies (UK) Ltd.
+// This file is dual-licensed as Apache-2.0 or GPL-3.0.
+// see LICENSE for license details.
+
+use crate::{Config, client::OfflineClientT, error::ConstantError};
+use derive_where::derive_where;
+use pezkuwi_subxt_core::constants::address::Address;
+
+/// A client for accessing constants.
+#[derive_where(Clone; Client)]
+pub struct ConstantsClient<T, Client> {
+    client: Client,
+    _marker: std::marker::PhantomData<T>,
+}
+
+impl<T, Client> ConstantsClient<T, Client> {
+    /// Create a new [`ConstantsClient`].
+    pub fn new(client: Client) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            client,
+            _marker: std::marker::PhantomData,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: Config, Client: OfflineClientT<T>> ConstantsClient<T, Client> {
+    /// Run the validation logic against some constant address you'd like to access. Returns `Ok(())`
+    /// if the address is valid (or if it's not possible to check since the address has no validation hash).
+    /// Return an error if the address was not valid or something went wrong trying to validate it (ie
+    /// the pallet or constant in question do not exist at all).
+    pub fn validate<Addr: Address>(&self, address: Addr) -> Result<(), ConstantError> {
+        let metadata = self.client.metadata();
+        pezkuwi_subxt_core::constants::validate(address, &metadata)
+    }
+
+    /// Access the constant at the address given, returning the type defined by this address.
+    /// This is probably used with addresses given from static codegen, although you can manually
+    /// construct your own, too.
+    pub fn at<Addr: Address>(&self, address: Addr) -> Result<Addr::Target, ConstantError> {
+        let metadata = self.client.metadata();
+        pezkuwi_subxt_core::constants::get(address, &metadata)
+    }
+
+    /// Access the bytes of a constant by the address it is registered under.
+    pub fn bytes_at<Addr: Address>(&self, address: Addr) -> Result<Vec<u8>, ConstantError> {
+        let metadata = self.client.metadata();
+        pezkuwi_subxt_core::constants::get_bytes(address, &metadata)
+    }
+}

vendor/pezkuwi-subxt/subxt/src/constants/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+// Copyright 2019-2025 Parity Technologies (UK) Ltd.
+// This file is dual-licensed as Apache-2.0 or GPL-3.0.
+// see LICENSE for license details.
+
+//! Types associated with accessing constants.
+
+mod constants_client;
+
+pub use constants_client::ConstantsClient;
+pub use pezkuwi_subxt_core::constants::address::{Address, DynamicAddress, StaticAddress, dynamic};

vendor/pezkuwi-subxt/subxt/src/custom_values/custom_values_client.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,134 @@
+use crate::client::OfflineClientT;
+use crate::{Config, error::CustomValueError};
+use derive_where::derive_where;
+
+use pezkuwi_subxt_core::custom_values::address::{Address, Maybe};
+
+/// A client for accessing custom values stored in the metadata.
+#[derive_where(Clone; Client)]
+pub struct CustomValuesClient<T, Client> {
+    client: Client,
+    _marker: std::marker::PhantomData<T>,
+}
+
+impl<T, Client> CustomValuesClient<T, Client> {
+    /// Create a new [`CustomValuesClient`].
+    pub fn new(client: Client) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            client,
+            _marker: std::marker::PhantomData,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: Config, Client: OfflineClientT<T>> CustomValuesClient<T, Client> {
+    /// Access a custom value by the address it is registered under. This can be just a [str] to get back a dynamic value,
+    /// or a static address from the generated static interface to get a value of a static type returned.
+    pub fn at<Addr: Address<IsDecodable = Maybe>>(
+        &self,
+        address: Addr,
+    ) -> Result<Addr::Target, CustomValueError> {
+        pezkuwi_subxt_core::custom_values::get(address, &self.client.metadata())
+    }
+
+    /// Access the bytes of a custom value by the address it is registered under.
+    pub fn bytes_at<Addr: Address>(&self, address: Addr) -> Result<Vec<u8>, CustomValueError> {
+        pezkuwi_subxt_core::custom_values::get_bytes(address, &self.client.metadata())
+    }
+
+    /// Run the validation logic against some custom value address you'd like to access. Returns `Ok(())`
+    /// if the address is valid (or if it's not possible to check since the address has no validation hash).
+    /// Returns an error if the address was not valid (wrong name, type or raw bytes)
+    pub fn validate<Addr: Address>(&self, address: Addr) -> Result<(), CustomValueError> {
+        pezkuwi_subxt_core::custom_values::validate(address, &self.client.metadata())
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use crate::custom_values::{self, CustomValuesClient};
+    use crate::{Metadata, OfflineClient, SubstrateConfig};
+    use codec::Encode;
+    use scale_decode::DecodeAsType;
+    use scale_info::TypeInfo;
+    use scale_info::form::PortableForm;
+    use std::collections::BTreeMap;
+    use pezkuwi_subxt_core::client::RuntimeVersion;
+
+    #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Encode, TypeInfo, DecodeAsType)]
+    pub struct Person {
+        age: u16,
+        name: String,
+    }
+
+    fn mock_metadata() -> Metadata {
+        let person_ty = scale_info::MetaType::new::<Person>();
+        let unit = scale_info::MetaType::new::<()>();
+        let mut types = scale_info::Registry::new();
+        let person_ty_id = types.register_type(&person_ty);
+        let unit_id = types.register_type(&unit);
+        let types: scale_info::PortableRegistry = types.into();
+
+        let person = Person {
+            age: 42,
+            name: "Neo".into(),
+        };
+
+        let person_value_metadata: frame_metadata::v15::CustomValueMetadata<PortableForm> =
+            frame_metadata::v15::CustomValueMetadata {
+                ty: person_ty_id,
+                value: person.encode(),
+            };
+
+        let frame_metadata = frame_metadata::v15::RuntimeMetadataV15 {
+            types,
+            pallets: vec![],
+            extrinsic: frame_metadata::v15::ExtrinsicMetadata {
+                version: 0,
+                address_ty: unit_id,
+                call_ty: unit_id,
+                signature_ty: unit_id,
+                extra_ty: unit_id,
+                signed_extensions: vec![],
+            },
+            ty: unit_id,
+            apis: vec![],
+            outer_enums: frame_metadata::v15::OuterEnums {
+                call_enum_ty: unit_id,
+                event_enum_ty: unit_id,
+                error_enum_ty: unit_id,
+            },
+            custom: frame_metadata::v15::CustomMetadata {
+                map: BTreeMap::from_iter([("Person".to_string(), person_value_metadata)]),
+            },
+        };
+
+        let metadata: pezkuwi_subxt_metadata::Metadata = frame_metadata.try_into().unwrap();
+        metadata
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_decoding() {
+        let client = OfflineClient::<SubstrateConfig>::new(
+            Default::default(),
+            RuntimeVersion {
+                spec_version: 0,
+                transaction_version: 0,
+            },
+            mock_metadata(),
+        );
+
+        let custom_value_client = CustomValuesClient::new(client);
+        assert!(custom_value_client.at("No one").is_err());
+
+        let person_addr = custom_values::dynamic::<Person>("Person");
+        let person = custom_value_client.at(&person_addr).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(
+            person,
+            Person {
+                age: 42,
+                name: "Neo".into()
+            }
+        )
+    }
+}

vendor/pezkuwi-subxt/subxt/src/custom_values/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+// Copyright 2019-2025 Parity Technologies (UK) Ltd.
+// This file is dual-licensed as Apache-2.0 or GPL-3.0.
+// see LICENSE for license details.
+
+//! Types associated with accessing custom types
+
+mod custom_values_client;
+
+pub use custom_values_client::CustomValuesClient;
+pub use pezkuwi_subxt_core::custom_values::address::{Address, DynamicAddress, StaticAddress, dynamic};

vendor/pezkuwi-subxt/subxt/src/error/dispatch_error.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,358 @@
+// Copyright 2019-2025 Parity Technologies (UK) Ltd.
+// This file is dual-licensed as Apache-2.0 or GPL-3.0.
+// see LICENSE for license details.
+
+//! A representation of the dispatch error; an error returned when
+//! something fails in trying to submit/execute a transaction.
+
+use super::{DispatchErrorDecodeError, ModuleErrorDecodeError, ModuleErrorDetailsError};
+use crate::metadata::Metadata;
+use core::fmt::Debug;
+use scale_decode::{DecodeAsType, TypeResolver, visitor::DecodeAsTypeResult};
+use std::{borrow::Cow, marker::PhantomData};
+
+/// An error dispatching a transaction.
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[allow(clippy::large_enum_variant)]
+#[non_exhaustive]
+pub enum DispatchError {
+    /// Some error occurred.
+    #[error("Some unknown error occurred.")]
+    Other,
+    /// Failed to lookup some data.
+    #[error("Failed to lookup some data.")]
+    CannotLookup,
+    /// A bad origin.
+    #[error("Bad origin.")]
+    BadOrigin,
+    /// A custom error in a module.
+    #[error("Pallet error: {0}")]
+    Module(ModuleError),
+    /// At least one consumer is remaining so the account cannot be destroyed.
+    #[error("At least one consumer is remaining so the account cannot be destroyed.")]
+    ConsumerRemaining,
+    /// There are no providers so the account cannot be created.
+    #[error("There are no providers so the account cannot be created.")]
+    NoProviders,
+    /// There are too many consumers so the account cannot be created.
+    #[error("There are too many consumers so the account cannot be created.")]
+    TooManyConsumers,
+    /// An error to do with tokens.
+    #[error("Token error: {0}")]
+    Token(TokenError),
+    /// An arithmetic error.
+    #[error("Arithmetic error: {0}")]
+    Arithmetic(ArithmeticError),
+    /// The number of transactional layers has been reached, or we are not in a transactional layer.
+    #[error("Transactional error: {0}")]
+    Transactional(TransactionalError),
+    /// Resources exhausted, e.g. attempt to read/write data which is too large to manipulate.
+    #[error(
+        "Resources exhausted, e.g. attempt to read/write data which is too large to manipulate."
+    )]
+    Exhausted,
+    /// The state is corrupt; this is generally not going to fix itself.
+    #[error("The state is corrupt; this is generally not going to fix itself.")]
+    Corruption,
+    /// Some resource (e.g. a preimage) is unavailable right now. This might fix itself later.
+    #[error(
+        "Some resource (e.g. a preimage) is unavailable right now. This might fix itself later."
+    )]
+    Unavailable,
+    /// Root origin is not allowed.
+    #[error("Root origin is not allowed.")]
+    RootNotAllowed,
+}
+
+/// An error relating to tokens when dispatching a transaction.
+#[derive(scale_decode::DecodeAsType, Debug, thiserror::Error, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[non_exhaustive]
+pub enum TokenError {
+    /// Funds are unavailable.
+    #[error("Funds are unavailable.")]
+    FundsUnavailable,
+    /// Some part of the balance gives the only provider reference to the account and thus cannot be (re)moved.
+    #[error(
+        "Some part of the balance gives the only provider reference to the account and thus cannot be (re)moved."
+    )]
+    OnlyProvider,
+    /// Account cannot exist with the funds that would be given.
+    #[error("Account cannot exist with the funds that would be given.")]
+    BelowMinimum,
+    /// Account cannot be created.
+    #[error("Account cannot be created.")]
+    CannotCreate,
+    /// The asset in question is unknown.
+    #[error("The asset in question is unknown.")]
+    UnknownAsset,
+    /// Funds exist but are frozen.
+    #[error("Funds exist but are frozen.")]
+    Frozen,
+    /// Operation is not supported by the asset.
+    #[error("Operation is not supported by the asset.")]
+    Unsupported,
+    /// Account cannot be created for a held balance.
+    #[error("Account cannot be created for a held balance.")]
+    CannotCreateHold,
+    /// Withdrawal would cause unwanted loss of account.
+    #[error("Withdrawal would cause unwanted loss of account.")]
+    NotExpendable,
+    /// Account cannot receive the assets.
+    #[error("Account cannot receive the assets.")]
+    Blocked,
+}
+
+/// An error relating to arithmetic when dispatching a transaction.
+#[derive(scale_decode::DecodeAsType, Debug, thiserror::Error, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[non_exhaustive]
+pub enum ArithmeticError {
+    /// Underflow.
+    #[error("Underflow.")]
+    Underflow,
+    /// Overflow.
+    #[error("Overflow.")]
+    Overflow,
+    /// Division by zero.
+    #[error("Division by zero.")]
+    DivisionByZero,
+}
+
+/// An error relating to the transactional layers when dispatching a transaction.
+#[derive(scale_decode::DecodeAsType, Debug, thiserror::Error, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[non_exhaustive]
+pub enum TransactionalError {
+    /// Too many transactional layers have been spawned.
+    #[error("Too many transactional layers have been spawned.")]
+    LimitReached,
+    /// A transactional layer was expected, but does not exist.
+    #[error("A transactional layer was expected, but does not exist.")]
+    NoLayer,
+}
+
+/// Details about a module error that has occurred.
+#[derive(Clone, thiserror::Error)]
+#[non_exhaustive]
+pub struct ModuleError {
+    metadata: Metadata,
+    /// Bytes representation:
+    ///  - `bytes[0]`:   pallet index
+    ///  - `bytes[1]`:   error index
+    ///  - `bytes[2..]`: 3 bytes specific for the module error
+    bytes: [u8; 5],
+}
+
+impl PartialEq for ModuleError {
+    fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
+        // A module error is the same if the raw underlying details are the same.
+        self.bytes == other.bytes
+    }
+}
+
+impl Eq for ModuleError {}
+
+/// Custom `Debug` implementation, ignores the very large `metadata` field, using it instead (as
+/// intended) to resolve the actual pallet and error names. This is much more useful for debugging.
+impl Debug for ModuleError {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        let details = self.details_string();
+        write!(f, "ModuleError(<{details}>)")
+    }
+}
+
+impl std::fmt::Display for ModuleError {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        let details = self.details_string();
+        write!(f, "{details}")
+    }
+}
+
+impl ModuleError {
+    /// Return more details about this error.
+    pub fn details(&self) -> Result<ModuleErrorDetails<'_>, ModuleErrorDetailsError> {
+        let pallet = self
+            .metadata
+            .pallet_by_error_index(self.pallet_index())
+            .ok_or(ModuleErrorDetailsError::PalletNotFound {
+                pallet_index: self.pallet_index(),
+            })?;
+
+        let variant = pallet
+            .error_variant_by_index(self.error_index())
+            .ok_or_else(|| ModuleErrorDetailsError::ErrorVariantNotFound {
+                pallet_name: pallet.name().into(),
+                error_index: self.error_index(),
+            })?;
+
+        Ok(ModuleErrorDetails { pallet, variant })
+    }
+
+    /// Return a formatted string of the resolved error details for debugging/display purposes.
+    pub fn details_string(&self) -> String {
+        match self.details() {
+            Ok(details) => format!(
+                "{pallet_name}::{variant_name}",
+                pallet_name = details.pallet.name(),
+                variant_name = details.variant.name,
+            ),
+            Err(_) => format!(
+                "Unknown pallet error '{bytes:?}' (pallet and error details cannot be retrieved)",
+                bytes = self.bytes
+            ),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Return the underlying module error data that was decoded.
+    pub fn bytes(&self) -> [u8; 5] {
+        self.bytes
+    }
+
+    /// Obtain the pallet index from the underlying byte data.
+    pub fn pallet_index(&self) -> u8 {
+        self.bytes[0]
+    }
+
+    /// Obtain the error index from the underlying byte data.
+    pub fn error_index(&self) -> u8 {
+        self.bytes[1]
+    }
+
+    /// Attempts to decode the ModuleError into the top outer Error enum.
+    pub fn as_root_error<E: DecodeAsType>(&self) -> Result<E, ModuleErrorDecodeError> {
+        let decoded = E::decode_as_type(
+            &mut &self.bytes[..],
+            self.metadata.outer_enums().error_enum_ty(),
+            self.metadata.types(),
+        )
+        .map_err(ModuleErrorDecodeError)?;
+
+        Ok(decoded)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Details about the module error.
+pub struct ModuleErrorDetails<'a> {
+    /// The pallet that the error is in
+    pub pallet: pezkuwi_subxt_metadata::PalletMetadata<'a>,
+    /// The variant representing the error
+    pub variant: &'a scale_info::Variant<scale_info::form::PortableForm>,
+}
+
+impl DispatchError {
+    /// Attempt to decode a runtime [`DispatchError`].
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    pub fn decode_from<'a>(
+        bytes: impl Into<Cow<'a, [u8]>>,
+        metadata: Metadata,
+    ) -> Result<Self, DispatchErrorDecodeError> {
+        let bytes = bytes.into();
+        let dispatch_error_ty_id = metadata
+            .dispatch_error_ty()
+            .ok_or(DispatchErrorDecodeError::DispatchErrorTypeIdNotFound)?;
+
+        // The aim is to decode our bytes into roughly this shape. This is copied from
+        // `sp_runtime::DispatchError`; we need the variant names and any inner variant
+        // names/shapes to line up in order for decoding to be successful.
+        #[derive(scale_decode::DecodeAsType)]
+        enum DecodedDispatchError {
+            Other,
+            CannotLookup,
+            BadOrigin,
+            Module(DecodedModuleErrorBytes),
+            ConsumerRemaining,
+            NoProviders,
+            TooManyConsumers,
+            Token(TokenError),
+            Arithmetic(ArithmeticError),
+            Transactional(TransactionalError),
+            Exhausted,
+            Corruption,
+            Unavailable,
+            RootNotAllowed,
+        }
+
+        // ModuleError is a bit special; we want to support being decoded from either
+        // a legacy format of 2 bytes, or a newer format of 5 bytes. So, just grab the bytes
+        // out when decoding to manually work with them.
+        struct DecodedModuleErrorBytes(Vec<u8>);
+        struct DecodedModuleErrorBytesVisitor<R: TypeResolver>(PhantomData<R>);
+        impl<R: TypeResolver> scale_decode::Visitor for DecodedModuleErrorBytesVisitor<R> {
+            type Error = scale_decode::Error;
+            type Value<'scale, 'info> = DecodedModuleErrorBytes;
+            type TypeResolver = R;
+
+            fn unchecked_decode_as_type<'scale, 'info>(
+                self,
+                input: &mut &'scale [u8],
+                _type_id: R::TypeId,
+                _types: &'info R,
+            ) -> DecodeAsTypeResult<Self, Result<Self::Value<'scale, 'info>, Self::Error>>
+            {
+                DecodeAsTypeResult::Decoded(Ok(DecodedModuleErrorBytes(input.to_vec())))
+            }
+        }
+
+        impl scale_decode::IntoVisitor for DecodedModuleErrorBytes {
+            type AnyVisitor<R: TypeResolver> = DecodedModuleErrorBytesVisitor<R>;
+            fn into_visitor<R: TypeResolver>() -> DecodedModuleErrorBytesVisitor<R> {
+                DecodedModuleErrorBytesVisitor(PhantomData)
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Decode into our temporary error:
+        let decoded_dispatch_err = DecodedDispatchError::decode_as_type(
+            &mut &*bytes,
+            dispatch_error_ty_id,
+            metadata.types(),
+        )
+        .map_err(DispatchErrorDecodeError::CouldNotDecodeDispatchError)?;
+
+        // Convert into the outward-facing error, mainly by handling the Module variant.
+        let dispatch_error = match decoded_dispatch_err {
+            // Mostly we don't change anything from our decoded to our outward-facing error:
+            DecodedDispatchError::Other => DispatchError::Other,
+            DecodedDispatchError::CannotLookup => DispatchError::CannotLookup,
+            DecodedDispatchError::BadOrigin => DispatchError::BadOrigin,
+            DecodedDispatchError::ConsumerRemaining => DispatchError::ConsumerRemaining,
+            DecodedDispatchError::NoProviders => DispatchError::NoProviders,
+            DecodedDispatchError::TooManyConsumers => DispatchError::TooManyConsumers,
+            DecodedDispatchError::Token(val) => DispatchError::Token(val),
+            DecodedDispatchError::Arithmetic(val) => DispatchError::Arithmetic(val),
+            DecodedDispatchError::Transactional(val) => DispatchError::Transactional(val),
+            DecodedDispatchError::Exhausted => DispatchError::Exhausted,
+            DecodedDispatchError::Corruption => DispatchError::Corruption,
+            DecodedDispatchError::Unavailable => DispatchError::Unavailable,
+            DecodedDispatchError::RootNotAllowed => DispatchError::RootNotAllowed,
+            // But we apply custom logic to transform the module error into the outward facing version:
+            DecodedDispatchError::Module(module_bytes) => {
+                let module_bytes = module_bytes.0;
+
+                // The old version is 2 bytes; a pallet and error index.
+                // The new version is 5 bytes; a pallet and error index and then 3 extra bytes.
+                let bytes = if module_bytes.len() == 2 {
+                    [module_bytes[0], module_bytes[1], 0, 0, 0]
+                } else if module_bytes.len() == 5 {
+                    [
+                        module_bytes[0],
+                        module_bytes[1],
+                        module_bytes[2],
+                        module_bytes[3],
+                        module_bytes[4],
+                    ]
+                } else {
+                    tracing::warn!(
+                        "Can't decode error sp_runtime::DispatchError: bytes do not match known shapes"
+                    );
+                    // Return _all_ of the bytes; every "unknown" return should be consistent.
+                    return Err(DispatchErrorDecodeError::CouldNotDecodeModuleError {
+                        bytes: bytes.to_vec(),
+                    });
+                };
+
+                // And return our outward-facing version:
+                DispatchError::Module(ModuleError { metadata, bytes })
+            }
+        };
+
+        Ok(dispatch_error)
+    }
+}

vendor/pezkuwi-subxt/subxt/src/error/hex.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+/// Display hex strings.
+#[derive(PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Debug, PartialOrd, Ord)]
+pub struct Hex(String);
+
+impl<T: AsRef<[u8]>> From<T> for Hex {
+    fn from(value: T) -> Self {
+        Hex(hex::encode(value.as_ref()))
+    }
+}
+
+impl std::fmt::Display for Hex {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        self.0.fmt(f)
+    }
+}

vendor/pezkuwi-subxt/subxt/src/error/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,702 @@
+// Copyright 2019-2025 Parity Technologies (UK) Ltd.
+// This file is dual-licensed as Apache-2.0 or GPL-3.0.
+// see LICENSE for license details.
+
+//! Types representing the errors that can be returned.
+
+mod dispatch_error;
+mod hex;
+
+crate::macros::cfg_unstable_light_client! {
+    pub use pezkuwi_subxt_lightclient::LightClientError;
+}
+
+// Re-export dispatch error types:
+pub use dispatch_error::{
+    ArithmeticError, DispatchError, ModuleError, TokenError, TransactionalError,
+};
+
+// Re-expose the errors we use from other crates here:
+pub use crate::Metadata;
+pub use hex::Hex;
+pub use scale_decode::Error as DecodeError;
+pub use scale_encode::Error as EncodeError;
+pub use pezkuwi_subxt_metadata::TryFromError as MetadataTryFromError;
+
+// Re-export core error types we're just reusing.
+pub use pezkuwi_subxt_core::error::{
+    ConstantError,
+    CustomValueError,
+    EventsError as CoreEventsError,
+    // These errors are exposed as-is:
+    ExtrinsicDecodeErrorAt,
+    // These errors are wrapped:
+    ExtrinsicError as CoreExtrinsicError,
+    RuntimeApiError as CoreRuntimeApiError,
+    StorageError as CoreStorageError,
+    StorageKeyError,
+    StorageValueError,
+    ViewFunctionError as CoreViewFunctionError,
+};
+
+/// A global error type. Any of the errors exposed here can convert into this
+/// error via `.into()`, but this error isn't itself exposed from anything.
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+#[non_exhaustive]
+#[allow(missing_docs)]
+pub enum Error {
+    #[error(transparent)]
+    ExtrinsicDecodeErrorAt(#[from] ExtrinsicDecodeErrorAt),
+    #[error(transparent)]
+    ConstantError(#[from] ConstantError),
+    #[error(transparent)]
+    CustomValueError(#[from] CustomValueError),
+    #[error(transparent)]
+    StorageKeyError(#[from] StorageKeyError),
+    #[error(transparent)]
+    StorageValueError(#[from] StorageValueError),
+    #[error(transparent)]
+    BackendError(#[from] BackendError),
+    #[error(transparent)]
+    BlockError(#[from] BlockError),
+    #[error(transparent)]
+    AccountNonceError(#[from] AccountNonceError),
+    #[error(transparent)]
+    OnlineClientError(#[from] OnlineClientError),
+    #[error(transparent)]
+    RuntimeUpdaterError(#[from] RuntimeUpdaterError),
+    #[error(transparent)]
+    RuntimeUpdateeApplyError(#[from] RuntimeUpdateeApplyError),
+    #[error(transparent)]
+    RuntimeApiError(#[from] RuntimeApiError),
+    #[error(transparent)]
+    EventsError(#[from] EventsError),
+    #[error(transparent)]
+    ExtrinsicError(#[from] ExtrinsicError),
+    #[error(transparent)]
+    ViewFunctionError(#[from] ViewFunctionError),
+    #[error(transparent)]
+    TransactionProgressError(#[from] TransactionProgressError),
+    #[error(transparent)]
+    TransactionStatusError(#[from] TransactionStatusError),
+    #[error(transparent)]
+    TransactionEventsError(#[from] TransactionEventsError),
+    #[error(transparent)]
+    TransactionFinalizedSuccessError(#[from] TransactionFinalizedSuccessError),
+    #[error(transparent)]
+    ModuleErrorDetailsError(#[from] ModuleErrorDetailsError),
+    #[error(transparent)]
+    ModuleErrorDecodeError(#[from] ModuleErrorDecodeError),
+    #[error(transparent)]
+    DispatchErrorDecodeError(#[from] DispatchErrorDecodeError),
+    #[error(transparent)]
+    StorageError(#[from] StorageError),
+    // Dev note: Subxt doesn't directly return Raw* errors. These exist so that when
+    // users use common crates (like parity-scale-codec and subxt-rpcs), errors returned
+    // there can be handled automatically using ? when the expected error is subxt::Error.
+    #[error("Other RPC client error: {0}")]
+    OtherRpcClientError(#[from] pezkuwi_subxt_rpcs::Error),
+    #[error("Other codec error: {0}")]
+    OtherCodecError(#[from] codec::Error),
+    #[cfg(feature = "unstable-light-client")]
+    #[error("Other light client error: {0}")]
+    OtherLightClientError(#[from] pezkuwi_subxt_lightclient::LightClientError),
+    #[cfg(feature = "unstable-light-client")]
+    #[error("Other light client RPC error: {0}")]
+    OtherLightClientRpcError(#[from] pezkuwi_subxt_lightclient::LightClientRpcError),
+    // Dev note: Nothing in subxt should ever emit this error. It can instead be used
+    // to easily map other errors into a subxt::Error for convenience. Some From impls
+    // make this automatic for common "other" error types.
+    #[error("Other error: {0}")]
+    Other(Box<dyn std::error::Error + Send + Sync + 'static>),
+}
+
+impl From<std::convert::Infallible> for Error {
+    fn from(value: std::convert::Infallible) -> Self {
+        match value {}
+    }
+}
+
+impl Error {
+    /// Create a generic error. This is a quick workaround when you are using
+    /// [`Error`] and have a non-Subxt error to return.
+    pub fn other<E: std::error::Error + Send + Sync + 'static>(error: E) -> Error {
+        Error::Other(Box::new(error))
+    }
+
+    /// Create a generic error from a string. This is a quick workaround when you are using
+    /// [`Error`] and have a non-Subxt error to return.
+    pub fn other_str(error: impl Into<String>) -> Error {
+        #[derive(thiserror::Error, Debug, Clone)]
+        #[error("{0}")]
+        struct StrError(String);
+        Error::Other(Box::new(StrError(error.into())))
+    }
+
+    /// Checks whether the error was caused by a RPC re-connection.
+    pub fn is_disconnected_will_reconnect(&self) -> bool {
+        matches!(
+            self.backend_error(),
+            Some(BackendError::Rpc(RpcError::ClientError(
+                pezkuwi_subxt_rpcs::Error::DisconnectedWillReconnect(_)
+            )))
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// Checks whether the error was caused by a RPC request being rejected.
+    pub fn is_rpc_limit_reached(&self) -> bool {
+        matches!(
+            self.backend_error(),
+            Some(BackendError::Rpc(RpcError::LimitReached))
+        )
+    }
+
+    fn backend_error(&self) -> Option<&BackendError> {
+        match self {
+            Error::BlockError(e) => e.backend_error(),
+            Error::AccountNonceError(e) => e.backend_error(),
+            Error::OnlineClientError(e) => e.backend_error(),
+            Error::RuntimeUpdaterError(e) => e.backend_error(),
+            Error::RuntimeApiError(e) => e.backend_error(),
+            Error::EventsError(e) => e.backend_error(),
+            Error::ExtrinsicError(e) => e.backend_error(),
+            Error::ViewFunctionError(e) => e.backend_error(),
+            Error::TransactionProgressError(e) => e.backend_error(),
+            Error::TransactionEventsError(e) => e.backend_error(),
+            Error::TransactionFinalizedSuccessError(e) => e.backend_error(),
+            Error::StorageError(e) => e.backend_error(),
+            // Any errors that **don't** return a BackendError anywhere will return None:
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+#[non_exhaustive]
+#[allow(missing_docs)]
+pub enum BackendError {
+    #[error("Backend error: RPC error: {0}")]
+    Rpc(#[from] RpcError),
+    #[error("Backend error: Could not find metadata version {0}")]
+    MetadataVersionNotFound(u32),
+    #[error("Backend error: Could not codec::Decode Runtime API response: {0}")]
+    CouldNotScaleDecodeRuntimeResponse(codec::Error),
+    #[error("Backend error: Could not codec::Decode metadata bytes into subxt::Metadata: {0}")]
+    CouldNotDecodeMetadata(codec::Error),
+    // This is for errors in `Backend` implementations which aren't any of the "pre-defined" set above:
+    #[error("Custom backend error: {0}")]
+    Other(String),
+}
+
+impl BackendError {
+    /// Checks whether the error was caused by a RPC re-connection.
+    pub fn is_disconnected_will_reconnect(&self) -> bool {
+        matches!(
+            self,
+            BackendError::Rpc(RpcError::ClientError(
+                pezkuwi_subxt_rpcs::Error::DisconnectedWillReconnect(_)
+            ))
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// Checks whether the error was caused by a RPC request being rejected.
+    pub fn is_rpc_limit_reached(&self) -> bool {
+        matches!(self, BackendError::Rpc(RpcError::LimitReached))
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<pezkuwi_subxt_rpcs::Error> for BackendError {
+    fn from(value: pezkuwi_subxt_rpcs::Error) -> Self {
+        BackendError::Rpc(RpcError::ClientError(value))
+    }
+}
+
+/// An RPC error. Since we are generic over the RPC client that is used,
+/// the error is boxed and could be casted.
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+#[non_exhaustive]
+pub enum RpcError {
+    /// Error related to the RPC client.
+    #[error("RPC error: {0}")]
+    ClientError(#[from] pezkuwi_subxt_rpcs::Error),
+    /// This error signals that we got back a [`pezkuwi_subxt_rpcs::methods::chain_head::MethodResponse::LimitReached`],
+    /// which is not technically an RPC error but is treated as an error in our own APIs.
+    #[error("RPC error: limit reached")]
+    LimitReached,
+    /// The RPC subscription was dropped.
+    #[error("RPC error: subscription dropped.")]
+    SubscriptionDropped,
+}
+
+/// Block error
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+#[non_exhaustive]
+#[allow(missing_docs)]
+pub enum BlockError {
+    #[error(
+        "Could not find the block body with hash {block_hash} (perhaps it was on a non-finalized fork?)"
+    )]
+    BlockNotFound { block_hash: Hex },
+    #[error("Could not download the block header with hash {block_hash}: {reason}")]
+    CouldNotGetBlockHeader {
+        block_hash: Hex,
+        reason: BackendError,
+    },
+    #[error("Could not download the latest block header: {0}")]
+    CouldNotGetLatestBlock(BackendError),
+    #[error("Could not subscribe to all blocks: {0}")]
+    CouldNotSubscribeToAllBlocks(BackendError),
+    #[error("Could not subscribe to best blocks: {0}")]
+    CouldNotSubscribeToBestBlocks(BackendError),
+    #[error("Could not subscribe to finalized blocks: {0}")]
+    CouldNotSubscribeToFinalizedBlocks(BackendError),
+    #[error("Error getting account nonce at block {block_hash}")]
+    AccountNonceError {
+        block_hash: Hex,
+        account_id: Hex,
+        reason: AccountNonceError,
+    },
+}
+
+impl BlockError {
+    fn backend_error(&self) -> Option<&BackendError> {
+        match self {
+            BlockError::CouldNotGetBlockHeader { reason: e, .. }
+            | BlockError::CouldNotGetLatestBlock(e)
+            | BlockError::CouldNotSubscribeToAllBlocks(e)
+            | BlockError::CouldNotSubscribeToBestBlocks(e)
+            | BlockError::CouldNotSubscribeToFinalizedBlocks(e) => Some(e),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+#[non_exhaustive]
+#[allow(missing_docs)]
+pub enum AccountNonceError {
+    #[error("Could not retrieve account nonce: {0}")]
+    CouldNotRetrieve(#[from] BackendError),
+    #[error("Could not decode account nonce: {0}")]
+    CouldNotDecode(#[from] codec::Error),
+    #[error("Wrong number of account nonce bytes returned: {0} (expected 2, 4 or 8)")]
+    WrongNumberOfBytes(usize),
+}
+
+impl AccountNonceError {
+    fn backend_error(&self) -> Option<&BackendError> {
+        match self {
+            AccountNonceError::CouldNotRetrieve(e) => Some(e),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+#[non_exhaustive]
+#[allow(missing_docs)]
+pub enum OnlineClientError {
+    #[error("Cannot construct OnlineClient: {0}")]
+    RpcError(#[from] pezkuwi_subxt_rpcs::Error),
+    #[error(
+        "Cannot construct OnlineClient: Cannot fetch latest finalized block to obtain init details from: {0}"
+    )]
+    CannotGetLatestFinalizedBlock(BackendError),
+    #[error("Cannot construct OnlineClient: Cannot fetch genesis hash: {0}")]
+    CannotGetGenesisHash(BackendError),
+    #[error("Cannot construct OnlineClient: Cannot fetch current runtime version: {0}")]
+    CannotGetCurrentRuntimeVersion(BackendError),
+    #[error("Cannot construct OnlineClient: Cannot fetch metadata: {0}")]
+    CannotFetchMetadata(BackendError),
+}
+
+impl OnlineClientError {
+    fn backend_error(&self) -> Option<&BackendError> {
+        match self {
+            OnlineClientError::CannotGetLatestFinalizedBlock(e)
+            | OnlineClientError::CannotGetGenesisHash(e)
+            | OnlineClientError::CannotGetCurrentRuntimeVersion(e)
+            | OnlineClientError::CannotFetchMetadata(e) => Some(e),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+#[non_exhaustive]
+#[allow(missing_docs)]
+pub enum RuntimeUpdaterError {
+    #[error("Error subscribing to runtime updates: The update stream ended unexpectedly")]
+    UnexpectedEndOfUpdateStream,
+    #[error("Error subscribing to runtime updates: The finalized block stream ended unexpectedly")]
+    UnexpectedEndOfBlockStream,
+    #[error("Error subscribing to runtime updates: Can't stream runtime version: {0}")]
+    CannotStreamRuntimeVersion(BackendError),
+    #[error("Error subscribing to runtime updates: Can't get next runtime version in stream: {0}")]
+    CannotGetNextRuntimeVersion(BackendError),
+    #[error("Error subscribing to runtime updates: Cannot stream finalized blocks: {0}")]
+    CannotStreamFinalizedBlocks(BackendError),
+    #[error("Error subscribing to runtime updates: Cannot get next finalized block in stream: {0}")]
+    CannotGetNextFinalizedBlock(BackendError),
+    #[error("Cannot fetch new metadata for runtime update: {0}")]
+    CannotFetchNewMetadata(BackendError),
+    #[error(
+        "Error subscribing to runtime updates: Cannot find the System.LastRuntimeUpgrade storage entry"
+    )]
+    CantFindSystemLastRuntimeUpgrade,
+    #[error("Error subscribing to runtime updates: Cannot fetch last runtime upgrade: {0}")]
+    CantFetchLastRuntimeUpgrade(StorageError),
+    #[error("Error subscribing to runtime updates: Cannot decode last runtime upgrade: {0}")]
+    CannotDecodeLastRuntimeUpgrade(StorageValueError),
+}
+
+impl RuntimeUpdaterError {
+    fn backend_error(&self) -> Option<&BackendError> {
+        match self {
+            RuntimeUpdaterError::CannotStreamRuntimeVersion(e)
+            | RuntimeUpdaterError::CannotGetNextRuntimeVersion(e)
+            | RuntimeUpdaterError::CannotStreamFinalizedBlocks(e)
+            | RuntimeUpdaterError::CannotGetNextFinalizedBlock(e)
+            | RuntimeUpdaterError::CannotFetchNewMetadata(e) => Some(e),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Error that can occur during upgrade.
+#[non_exhaustive]
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+#[allow(missing_docs)]
+pub enum RuntimeUpdateeApplyError {
+    #[error("The proposed runtime update is the same as the current version")]
+    SameVersion,
+}
+
+/// Error working with Runtime APIs
+#[non_exhaustive]
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+#[allow(missing_docs)]
+pub enum RuntimeApiError {
+    #[error("Cannot access Runtime APIs at latest block: Cannot fetch latest finalized block: {0}")]
+    CannotGetLatestFinalizedBlock(BackendError),
+    #[error("{0}")]
+    OfflineError(#[from] CoreRuntimeApiError),
+    #[error("Cannot call the Runtime API: {0}")]
+    CannotCallApi(BackendError),
+}
+
+impl RuntimeApiError {
+    fn backend_error(&self) -> Option<&BackendError> {
+        match self {
+            RuntimeApiError::CannotGetLatestFinalizedBlock(e)
+            | RuntimeApiError::CannotCallApi(e) => Some(e),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Error working with events.
+#[non_exhaustive]
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+#[allow(missing_docs)]
+pub enum EventsError {
+    #[error("{0}")]
+    OfflineError(#[from] CoreEventsError),
+    #[error("Cannot access events at latest block: Cannot fetch latest finalized block: {0}")]
+    CannotGetLatestFinalizedBlock(BackendError),
+    #[error("Cannot fetch event bytes: {0}")]
+    CannotFetchEventBytes(BackendError),
+}
+
+impl EventsError {
+    fn backend_error(&self) -> Option<&BackendError> {
+        match self {
+            EventsError::CannotGetLatestFinalizedBlock(e)
+            | EventsError::CannotFetchEventBytes(e) => Some(e),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Error working with extrinsics.
+#[non_exhaustive]
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+#[allow(missing_docs)]
+pub enum ExtrinsicError {
+    #[error("{0}")]
+    OfflineError(#[from] CoreExtrinsicError),
+    #[error("Could not download block body to extract extrinsics from: {0}")]
+    CannotGetBlockBody(BackendError),
+    #[error("Block not found: {0}")]
+    BlockNotFound(Hex),
+    #[error("{0}")]
+    CouldNotDecodeExtrinsics(#[from] ExtrinsicDecodeErrorAt),
+    #[error(
+        "Extrinsic submission error: Cannot get latest finalized block to grab account nonce at: {0}"
+    )]
+    CannotGetLatestFinalizedBlock(BackendError),
+    #[error("Cannot find block header for block {block_hash}")]
+    CannotFindBlockHeader { block_hash: Hex },
+    #[error("Error getting account nonce at block {block_hash}")]
+    AccountNonceError {
+        block_hash: Hex,
+        account_id: Hex,
+        reason: AccountNonceError,
+    },
+    #[error("Cannot submit extrinsic: {0}")]
+    ErrorSubmittingTransaction(BackendError),
+    #[error("A transaction status error was returned while submitting the extrinsic: {0}")]
+    TransactionStatusError(TransactionStatusError),
+    #[error(
+        "The transaction status stream encountered an error while submitting the extrinsic: {0}"
+    )]
+    TransactionStatusStreamError(BackendError),
+    #[error(
+        "The transaction status stream unexpectedly ended, so we don't know the status of the submitted extrinsic"
+    )]
+    UnexpectedEndOfTransactionStatusStream,
+    #[error("Cannot get fee info from Runtime API: {0}")]
+    CannotGetFeeInfo(BackendError),
+    #[error("Cannot get validation info from Runtime API: {0}")]
+    CannotGetValidationInfo(BackendError),
+    #[error("Cannot decode ValidationResult bytes: {0}")]
+    CannotDecodeValidationResult(codec::Error),
+    #[error("ValidationResult bytes could not be decoded")]
+    UnexpectedValidationResultBytes(Vec<u8>),
+}
+
+impl ExtrinsicError {
+    fn backend_error(&self) -> Option<&BackendError> {
+        match self {
+            ExtrinsicError::CannotGetBlockBody(e)
+            | ExtrinsicError::CannotGetLatestFinalizedBlock(e)
+            | ExtrinsicError::ErrorSubmittingTransaction(e)
+            | ExtrinsicError::TransactionStatusStreamError(e)
+            | ExtrinsicError::CannotGetFeeInfo(e)
+            | ExtrinsicError::CannotGetValidationInfo(e) => Some(e),
+            ExtrinsicError::AccountNonceError { reason, .. } => reason.backend_error(),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Error working with View Functions.
+#[non_exhaustive]
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+#[allow(missing_docs)]
+pub enum ViewFunctionError {
+    #[error("{0}")]
+    OfflineError(#[from] CoreViewFunctionError),
+    #[error(
+        "Cannot access View Functions at latest block: Cannot fetch latest finalized block: {0}"
+    )]
+    CannotGetLatestFinalizedBlock(BackendError),
+    #[error("Cannot call the View Function Runtime API: {0}")]
+    CannotCallApi(BackendError),
+}
+
+impl ViewFunctionError {
+    fn backend_error(&self) -> Option<&BackendError> {
+        match self {
+            ViewFunctionError::CannotGetLatestFinalizedBlock(e)
+            | ViewFunctionError::CannotCallApi(e) => Some(e),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Error during the transaction progress.
+#[non_exhaustive]
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+#[allow(missing_docs)]
+pub enum TransactionProgressError {
+    #[error("Cannot get the next transaction progress update: {0}")]
+    CannotGetNextProgressUpdate(BackendError),
+    #[error("Error during transaction progress: {0}")]
+    TransactionStatusError(#[from] TransactionStatusError),
+    #[error(
+        "The transaction status stream unexpectedly ended, so we have no further transaction progress updates"
+    )]
+    UnexpectedEndOfTransactionStatusStream,
+}
+
+impl TransactionProgressError {
+    fn backend_error(&self) -> Option<&BackendError> {
+        match self {
+            TransactionProgressError::CannotGetNextProgressUpdate(e) => Some(e),
+            TransactionProgressError::TransactionStatusError(_) => None,
+            TransactionProgressError::UnexpectedEndOfTransactionStatusStream => None,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// An error emitted as the result of a transaction progress update.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, Eq, thiserror::Error, PartialEq)]
+#[non_exhaustive]
+#[allow(missing_docs)]
+pub enum TransactionStatusError {
+    /// An error happened on the node that the transaction was submitted to.
+    #[error("Error handling transaction: {0}")]
+    Error(String),
+    /// The transaction was deemed invalid.
+    #[error("The transaction is not valid: {0}")]
+    Invalid(String),
+    /// The transaction was dropped.
+    #[error("The transaction was dropped: {0}")]
+    Dropped(String),
+}
+
+/// Error fetching events for a just-submitted transaction
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+#[non_exhaustive]
+#[allow(missing_docs)]
+pub enum TransactionEventsError {
+    #[error(
+        "The block containing the submitted transaction ({block_hash}) could not be downloaded: {error}"
+    )]
+    CannotFetchBlockBody {
+        block_hash: Hex,
+        error: BackendError,
+    },
+    #[error(
+        "Cannot find the the submitted transaction (hash: {transaction_hash}) in the block (hash: {block_hash}) it is supposed to be in."
+    )]
+    CannotFindTransactionInBlock {
+        block_hash: Hex,
+        transaction_hash: Hex,
+    },
+    #[error("The block containing the submitted transaction ({block_hash}) could not be found")]
+    BlockNotFound { block_hash: Hex },
+    #[error(
+        "Could not decode event at index {event_index} for the submitted transaction at block {block_hash}: {error}"
+    )]
+    CannotDecodeEventInBlock {
+        event_index: usize,
+        block_hash: Hex,
+        error: EventsError,
+    },
+    #[error("Could not fetch events for the submitted transaction: {error}")]
+    CannotFetchEventsForTransaction {
+        block_hash: Hex,
+        transaction_hash: Hex,
+        error: EventsError,
+    },
+    #[error("The transaction led to a DispatchError, but we failed to decode it: {error}")]
+    CannotDecodeDispatchError {
+        error: DispatchErrorDecodeError,
+        bytes: Vec<u8>,
+    },
+    #[error("The transaction failed with the following dispatch error: {0}")]
+    ExtrinsicFailed(#[from] DispatchError),
+}
+
+impl TransactionEventsError {
+    fn backend_error(&self) -> Option<&BackendError> {
+        match self {
+            TransactionEventsError::CannotFetchBlockBody { error, .. } => Some(error),
+            TransactionEventsError::CannotDecodeEventInBlock { error, .. }
+            | TransactionEventsError::CannotFetchEventsForTransaction { error, .. } => {
+                error.backend_error()
+            }
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Error waiting for the transaction to be finalized and successful.
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+#[non_exhaustive]
+#[allow(missing_docs, clippy::large_enum_variant)]
+pub enum TransactionFinalizedSuccessError {
+    #[error("Could not finalize the transaction: {0}")]
+    FinalizationError(#[from] TransactionProgressError),
+    #[error("The transaction did not succeed: {0}")]
+    SuccessError(#[from] TransactionEventsError),
+}
+
+impl TransactionFinalizedSuccessError {
+    fn backend_error(&self) -> Option<&BackendError> {
+        match self {
+            TransactionFinalizedSuccessError::FinalizationError(e) => e.backend_error(),
+            TransactionFinalizedSuccessError::SuccessError(e) => e.backend_error(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Error decoding the [`DispatchError`]
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+#[non_exhaustive]
+#[allow(missing_docs)]
+pub enum ModuleErrorDetailsError {
+    #[error(
+        "Could not get details for the DispatchError: could not find pallet index {pallet_index}"
+    )]
+    PalletNotFound { pallet_index: u8 },
+    #[error(
+        "Could not get details for the DispatchError: could not find error index {error_index} in pallet {pallet_name}"
+    )]
+    ErrorVariantNotFound {
+        pallet_name: String,
+        error_index: u8,
+    },
+}
+
+/// Error decoding the [`ModuleError`]
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+#[non_exhaustive]
+#[allow(missing_docs)]
+#[error("Could not decode the DispatchError::Module payload into the given type: {0}")]
+pub struct ModuleErrorDecodeError(scale_decode::Error);
+
+/// Error decoding the [`DispatchError`]
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+#[non_exhaustive]
+#[allow(missing_docs)]
+pub enum DispatchErrorDecodeError {
+    #[error(
+        "Could not decode the DispatchError: could not find the corresponding type ID in the metadata"
+    )]
+    DispatchErrorTypeIdNotFound,
+    #[error("Could not decode the DispatchError: {0}")]
+    CouldNotDecodeDispatchError(scale_decode::Error),
+    #[error("Could not decode the DispatchError::Module variant")]
+    CouldNotDecodeModuleError {
+        /// The bytes corresponding to the Module variant we were unable to decode:
+        bytes: Vec<u8>,
+    },
+}
+
+/// Error working with storage.
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+#[non_exhaustive]
+#[allow(missing_docs)]
+pub enum StorageError {
+    #[error("{0}")]
+    Offline(#[from] CoreStorageError),
+    #[error("Cannot access storage at latest block: Cannot fetch latest finalized block: {0}")]
+    CannotGetLatestFinalizedBlock(BackendError),
+    #[error(
+        "No storage value found at the given address, and no default value to fall back to using."
+    )]
+    NoValueFound,
+    #[error("Cannot fetch the storage value: {0}")]
+    CannotFetchValue(BackendError),
+    #[error("Cannot iterate storage values: {0}")]
+    CannotIterateValues(BackendError),
+    #[error("Encountered an error iterating over storage values: {0}")]
+    StreamFailure(BackendError),
+    #[error("Cannot decode the storage version for a given entry: {0}")]
+    CannotDecodeStorageVersion(codec::Error),
+}
+
+impl StorageError {
+    fn backend_error(&self) -> Option<&BackendError> {
+        match self {
+            StorageError::CannotGetLatestFinalizedBlock(e)
+            | StorageError::CannotFetchValue(e)
+            | StorageError::CannotIterateValues(e)
+            | StorageError::StreamFailure(e) => Some(e),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+}

vendor/pezkuwi-subxt/subxt/src/events/events_client.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+// Copyright 2019-2025 Parity Technologies (UK) Ltd.
+// This file is dual-licensed as Apache-2.0 or GPL-3.0.
+// see LICENSE for license details.
+
+use crate::backend::{Backend, BackendExt, BlockRef};
+use crate::{
+    client::OnlineClientT,
+    config::{Config, HashFor},
+    error::EventsError,
+    events::Events,
+};
+use derive_where::derive_where;
+use std::future::Future;
+
+/// A client for working with events.
+#[derive_where(Clone; Client)]
+pub struct EventsClient<T, Client> {
+    client: Client,
+    _marker: std::marker::PhantomData<T>,
+}
+
+impl<T, Client> EventsClient<T, Client> {
+    /// Create a new [`EventsClient`].
+    pub fn new(client: Client) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            client,
+            _marker: std::marker::PhantomData,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T, Client> EventsClient<T, Client>
+where
+    T: Config,
+    Client: OnlineClientT<T>,
+{
+    /// Obtain events at some block hash.
+    ///
+    /// # Warning
+    ///
+    /// This call only supports blocks produced since the most recent
+    /// runtime upgrade. You can attempt to retrieve events from older blocks,
+    /// but may run into errors attempting to work with them.
+    pub fn at(
+        &self,
+        block_ref: impl Into<BlockRef<HashFor<T>>>,
+    ) -> impl Future<Output = Result<Events<T>, EventsError>> + Send + 'static {
+        self.at_or_latest(Some(block_ref.into()))
+    }
+
+    /// Obtain events for the latest finalized block.
+    pub fn at_latest(
+        &self,
+    ) -> impl Future<Output = Result<Events<T>, EventsError>> + Send + 'static {
+        self.at_or_latest(None)
+    }
+
+    /// Obtain events at some block hash.
+    fn at_or_latest(
+        &self,
+        block_ref: Option<BlockRef<HashFor<T>>>,
+    ) -> impl Future<Output = Result<Events<T>, EventsError>> + Send + 'static {
+        // Clone and pass the client in like this so that we can explicitly
+        // return a Future that's Send + 'static, rather than tied to &self.
+        let client = self.client.clone();
+        async move {
+            // If a block ref isn't provided, we'll get the latest finalized block to use.
+            let block_ref = match block_ref {
+                Some(r) => r,
+                None => client
+                    .backend()
+                    .latest_finalized_block_ref()
+                    .await
+                    .map_err(EventsError::CannotGetLatestFinalizedBlock)?,
+            };
+
+            let event_bytes = get_event_bytes(client.backend(), block_ref.hash()).await?;
+            Ok(Events::decode_from(event_bytes, client.metadata()))
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// The storage key needed to access events.
+fn system_events_key() -> [u8; 32] {
+    let a = pezsp_crypto_hashing::twox_128(b"System");
+    let b = pezsp_crypto_hashing::twox_128(b"Events");
+    let mut res = [0; 32];
+    res[0..16].clone_from_slice(&a);
+    res[16..32].clone_from_slice(&b);
+    res
+}
+
+// Get the event bytes from the provided client, at the provided block hash.
+pub(crate) async fn get_event_bytes<T: Config>(
+    backend: &dyn Backend<T>,
+    block_hash: HashFor<T>,
+) -> Result<Vec<u8>, EventsError> {
+    let bytes = backend
+        .storage_fetch_value(system_events_key().to_vec(), block_hash)
+        .await
+        .map_err(EventsError::CannotFetchEventBytes)?
+        .unwrap_or_default();
+    Ok(bytes)
+}

vendor/pezkuwi-subxt/subxt/src/events/events_type.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,163 @@
+use crate::{
+    Metadata,
+    config::{Config, HashFor},
+    error::EventsError,
+};
+use derive_where::derive_where;
+use scale_decode::{DecodeAsFields, DecodeAsType};
+use pezkuwi_subxt_core::events::{EventDetails as CoreEventDetails, Events as CoreEvents};
+
+pub use pezkuwi_subxt_core::events::{EventMetadataDetails, Phase, StaticEvent};
+
+/// A collection of events obtained from a block, bundled with the necessary
+/// information needed to decode and iterate over them.
+// Dev note: we are just wrapping the pezkuwi_subxt_core types here to avoid leaking them
+// in Subxt and map any errors into Subxt errors so that we don't have this part of the
+// API returning a different error type (ie the pezkuwi_subxt_core::Error).
+#[derive_where(Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct Events<T> {
+    inner: CoreEvents<T>,
+}
+
+impl<T: Config> Events<T> {
+    /// Create a new [`Events`] instance from the given bytes.
+    pub fn decode_from(event_bytes: Vec<u8>, metadata: Metadata) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            inner: CoreEvents::decode_from(event_bytes, metadata),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The number of events.
+    pub fn len(&self) -> u32 {
+        self.inner.len()
+    }
+
+    /// Are there no events in this block?
+    // Note: mainly here to satisfy clippy..
+    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
+        self.inner.is_empty()
+    }
+
+    /// Return the bytes representing all of the events.
+    pub fn bytes(&self) -> &[u8] {
+        self.inner.bytes()
+    }
+
+    /// Iterate over all of the events, using metadata to dynamically
+    /// decode them as we go, and returning the raw bytes and other associated
+    /// details. If an error occurs, all subsequent iterations return `None`.
+    // Dev note: The returned iterator is 'static + Send so that we can box it up and make
+    // use of it with our `FilterEvents` stuff.
+    pub fn iter(
+        &self,
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = Result<EventDetails<T>, EventsError>> + Send + Sync + 'static {
+        self.inner
+            .iter()
+            .map(|item| item.map(|e| EventDetails { inner: e }).map_err(Into::into))
+    }
+
+    /// Iterate through the events using metadata to dynamically decode and skip
+    /// them, and return only those which should decode to the provided `Ev` type.
+    /// If an error occurs, all subsequent iterations return `None`.
+    pub fn find<Ev: StaticEvent>(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = Result<Ev, EventsError>> {
+        self.inner.find::<Ev>().map(|item| item.map_err(Into::into))
+    }
+
+    /// Iterate through the events using metadata to dynamically decode and skip
+    /// them, and return the first event found which decodes to the provided `Ev` type.
+    pub fn find_first<Ev: StaticEvent>(&self) -> Result<Option<Ev>, EventsError> {
+        self.inner.find_first::<Ev>().map_err(Into::into)
+    }
+
+    /// Iterate through the events using metadata to dynamically decode and skip
+    /// them, and return the last event found which decodes to the provided `Ev` type.
+    pub fn find_last<Ev: StaticEvent>(&self) -> Result<Option<Ev>, EventsError> {
+        self.inner.find_last::<Ev>().map_err(Into::into)
+    }
+
+    /// Find an event that decodes to the type provided. Returns true if it was found.
+    pub fn has<Ev: StaticEvent>(&self) -> Result<bool, EventsError> {
+        self.inner.has::<Ev>().map_err(Into::into)
+    }
+}
+
+/// The event details.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct EventDetails<T: Config> {
+    inner: CoreEventDetails<T>,
+}
+
+impl<T: Config> EventDetails<T> {
+    /// When was the event produced?
+    pub fn phase(&self) -> Phase {
+        self.inner.phase()
+    }
+
+    /// What index is this event in the stored events for this block.
+    pub fn index(&self) -> u32 {
+        self.inner.index()
+    }
+
+    /// The index of the pallet that the event originated from.
+    pub fn pallet_index(&self) -> u8 {
+        self.inner.pallet_index()
+    }
+
+    /// The index of the event variant that the event originated from.
+    pub fn variant_index(&self) -> u8 {
+        self.inner.variant_index()
+    }
+
+    /// The name of the pallet from whence the Event originated.
+    pub fn pallet_name(&self) -> &str {
+        self.inner.pallet_name()
+    }
+
+    /// The name of the event (ie the name of the variant that it corresponds to).
+    pub fn variant_name(&self) -> &str {
+        self.inner.variant_name()
+    }
+
+    /// Fetch details from the metadata for this event.
+    pub fn event_metadata(&self) -> EventMetadataDetails<'_> {
+        self.inner.event_metadata()
+    }
+
+    /// Return _all_ of the bytes representing this event, which include, in order:
+    /// - The phase.
+    /// - Pallet and event index.
+    /// - Event fields.
+    /// - Event Topics.
+    pub fn bytes(&self) -> &[u8] {
+        self.inner.bytes()
+    }
+
+    /// Return the bytes representing the fields stored in this event.
+    pub fn field_bytes(&self) -> &[u8] {
+        self.inner.field_bytes()
+    }
+
+    /// Decode and provide the event fields back in the form of a [`scale_value::Composite`]
+    /// type which represents the named or unnamed fields that were present in the event.
+    pub fn decode_as_fields<E: DecodeAsFields>(&self) -> Result<E, EventsError> {
+        self.inner.decode_as_fields().map_err(Into::into)
+    }
+
+    /// Attempt to decode these [`EventDetails`] into a type representing the event fields.
+    /// Such types are exposed in the codegen as `pallet_name::events::EventName` types.
+    pub fn as_event<E: StaticEvent>(&self) -> Result<Option<E>, EventsError> {
+        self.inner.as_event::<E>().map_err(Into::into)
+    }
+
+    /// Attempt to decode these [`EventDetails`] into a root event type (which includes
+    /// the pallet and event enum variants as well as the event fields). A compatible
+    /// type for this is exposed via static codegen as a root level `Event` type.
+    pub fn as_root_event<E: DecodeAsType>(&self) -> Result<E, EventsError> {
+        self.inner.as_root_event::<E>().map_err(Into::into)
+    }
+
+    /// Return the topics associated with this event.
+    pub fn topics(&self) -> &[HashFor<T>] {
+        self.inner.topics()
+    }
+}

vendor/pezkuwi-subxt/subxt/src/events/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+// Copyright 2019-2025 Parity Technologies (UK) Ltd.
+// This file is dual-licensed as Apache-2.0 or GPL-3.0.
+// see LICENSE for license details.
+
+//! This module exposes the types and such necessary for working with events.
+//! The two main entry points into events are [`crate::OnlineClient::events()`]
+//! and calls like [crate::tx::TxProgress::wait_for_finalized_success()].
+
+mod events_client;
+mod events_type;
+
+use crate::client::OnlineClientT;
+use crate::error::EventsError;
+use pezkuwi_subxt_core::{
+    Metadata,
+    config::{Config, HashFor},
+};
+
+pub use events_client::EventsClient;
+pub use events_type::{EventDetails, EventMetadataDetails, Events, Phase, StaticEvent};
+
+/// Creates a new [`Events`] instance by fetching the corresponding bytes at `block_hash` from the client.
+pub async fn new_events_from_client<T, C>(
+    metadata: Metadata,
+    block_hash: HashFor<T>,
+    client: C,
+) -> Result<Events<T>, EventsError>
+where
+    T: Config,
+    C: OnlineClientT<T>,
+{
+    let event_bytes = events_client::get_event_bytes(client.backend(), block_hash).await?;
+    Ok(Events::<T>::decode_from(event_bytes, metadata))
+}

vendor/pezkuwi-subxt/subxt/src/lib.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,370 @@
+// Copyright 2019-2025 Parity Technologies (UK) Ltd.
+// This file is dual-licensed as Apache-2.0 or GPL-3.0.
+// see LICENSE for license details.
+
+//! Subxt is a library for interacting with Substrate based nodes. Using it looks something like this:
+//!
+//! ```rust,ignore
+#![doc = include_str!("../examples/tx_basic.rs")]
+//! ```
+//!
+//! Take a look at [the Subxt guide](book) to learn more about how to use Subxt.
+
+#![cfg_attr(docsrs, feature(doc_cfg))]
+
+#[cfg(any(
+    all(feature = "web", feature = "native"),
+    not(any(feature = "web", feature = "native"))
+))]
+compile_error!("subxt: exactly one of the 'web' and 'native' features should be used.");
+
+// Internal helper macros
+#[macro_use]
+mod macros;
+
+// The guide is here.
+pub mod book;
+
+// Suppress an unused dependency warning because tokio is
+// only used in example code snippets at the time of writing.
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod only_used_in_docs_or_tests {
+    use pezkuwi_subxt_signer as _;
+    use tokio as _;
+}
+
+// Suppress an unused dependency warning because tracing_subscriber is
+// only used in example code snippets at the time of writing.
+#[cfg(test)]
+use tracing_subscriber as _;
+
+pub mod backend;
+pub mod blocks;
+pub mod client;
+pub mod constants;
+pub mod custom_values;
+pub mod error;
+pub mod events;
+pub mod runtime_api;
+pub mod storage;
+pub mod tx;
+pub mod utils;
+pub mod view_functions;
+
+/// This module provides a [`Config`] type, which is used to define various
+/// types that are important in order to speak to a particular chain.
+/// [`SubstrateConfig`] provides a default set of these types suitable for the
+/// default Substrate node implementation, and [`PolkadotConfig`] for a
+/// Polkadot node.
+pub mod config {
+    pub use pezkuwi_subxt_core::config::{
+        Config, DefaultExtrinsicParams, DefaultExtrinsicParamsBuilder, ExtrinsicParams,
+        ExtrinsicParamsEncoder, Hash, HashFor, Hasher, Header, PolkadotConfig,
+        PolkadotExtrinsicParams, SubstrateConfig, SubstrateExtrinsicParams, TransactionExtension,
+        polkadot, substrate, transaction_extensions,
+    };
+    pub use pezkuwi_subxt_core::error::ExtrinsicParamsError;
+}
+
+/// Types representing the metadata obtained from a node.
+pub mod metadata {
+    pub use pezkuwi_subxt_metadata::*;
+}
+
+/// Submit dynamic transactions.
+pub mod dynamic {
+    pub use pezkuwi_subxt_core::dynamic::*;
+}
+
+// Expose light client bits
+cfg_unstable_light_client! {
+    pub use pezkuwi_subxt_lightclient as lightclient;
+}
+
+// Expose a few of the most common types at root,
+// but leave most types behind their respective modules.
+pub use crate::{
+    client::{OfflineClient, OnlineClient},
+    config::{Config, PolkadotConfig, SubstrateConfig},
+    error::Error,
+    metadata::Metadata,
+};
+
+/// Re-export external crates that are made use of in the subxt API.
+pub mod ext {
+    pub use codec;
+    pub use frame_metadata;
+    pub use futures;
+    pub use scale_bits;
+    pub use scale_decode;
+    pub use scale_encode;
+    pub use scale_value;
+    pub use pezkuwi_subxt_core;
+    pub use pezkuwi_subxt_rpcs;
+
+    cfg_jsonrpsee! {
+        pub use jsonrpsee;
+    }
+}
+
+/// Generate a strongly typed API for interacting with a Substrate runtime from its metadata of WASM.
+///
+/// # Metadata
+///
+/// First, you'll need to get hold of some metadata for the node you'd like to interact with. One
+/// way to do this is by using the `subxt` CLI tool:
+///
+/// ```bash
+/// # Install the CLI tool:
+/// cargo install subxt-cli
+/// # Use it to download metadata (in this case, from a node running locally)
+/// subxt metadata > polkadot_metadata.scale
+/// ```
+///
+/// Run `subxt metadata --help` for more options.
+///
+/// # Basic usage
+///
+/// We can generate an interface to a chain given either:
+/// - A locally saved SCALE encoded metadata file (see above) for that chain,
+/// - The Runtime WASM for that chain, or
+/// - A URL pointing at the JSON-RPC interface for a node on that chain.
+///
+/// In each case, the `subxt` macro will use this data to populate the annotated module with all of the methods
+/// and types required for interacting with the chain that the Runtime/metadata was loaded from.
+///
+/// Let's look at each of these:
+///
+/// ## Using a locally saved metadata file
+///
+/// Annotate a Rust module with the `subxt` attribute referencing a metadata file like so:
+///
+/// ```rust,no_run,standalone_crate
+/// #[subxt::subxt(
+///     runtime_metadata_path = "../artifacts/polkadot_metadata_full.scale",
+/// )]
+/// mod polkadot {}
+/// ```
+///
+/// You can use the `$OUT_DIR` placeholder in the path to reference metadata generated at build time:
+///
+/// ```rust,ignore
+/// #[subxt::subxt(
+///     runtime_metadata_path = "$OUT_DIR/metadata.scale",
+/// )]
+/// mod polkadot {}
+/// ```
+///
+/// ## Using a WASM runtime via `runtime_path = "..."`
+///
+/// This requires the `runtime-wasm-path` feature flag.
+///
+/// Annotate a Rust module with the `subxt` attribute referencing some runtime WASM like so:
+///
+/// ```rust,ignore
+/// #[subxt::subxt(
+///     runtime_path = "../artifacts/westend_runtime.wasm",
+/// )]
+/// mod polkadot {}
+/// ```
+///
+/// You can also use the `$OUT_DIR` placeholder in the path to reference WASM files generated at build time:
+///
+/// ```rust,ignore
+/// #[subxt::subxt(
+///     runtime_path = "$OUT_DIR/runtime.wasm",
+/// )]
+/// mod polkadot {}
+/// ```
+///
+/// ## Connecting to a node to download metadata via `runtime_metadata_insecure_url = "..."`
+///
+/// This will, at compile time, connect to the JSON-RPC interface for some node at the URL given,
+/// download the metadata from it, and use that. This can be useful in CI, but is **not recommended**
+/// in production code, because:
+///
+/// - The compilation time is increased since we have to download metadata from a URL each time. If
+///   the node we connect to is unresponsive, this will be slow or could fail.
+/// - The metadata may change from what is expected without notice, causing compilation to fail if
+///   it leads to changes in the generated interfaces that are being used.
+/// - The node that you connect to could be malicious and provide incorrect metadata for the chain.
+///
+/// ```rust,ignore
+/// #[subxt::subxt(
+///     runtime_metadata_insecure_url = "wss://rpc.polkadot.io:443"
+/// )]
+/// mod polkadot {}
+/// ```
+///
+/// # Configuration
+///
+/// This macro supports a number of attributes to configure what is generated:
+///
+/// ## `crate = "..."`
+///
+/// Use this attribute to specify a custom path to the `pezkuwi_subxt_core` crate:
+///
+/// ```rust,standalone_crate
+/// # pub extern crate pezkuwi_subxt_core;
+/// # pub mod path { pub mod to { pub use pezkuwi_subxt_core; } }
+/// # fn main() {}
+/// #[subxt::subxt(
+///     runtime_metadata_path = "../artifacts/polkadot_metadata_full.scale",
+///     crate = "crate::path::to::pezkuwi_subxt_core"
+/// )]
+/// mod polkadot {}
+/// ```
+///
+/// This is useful if you write a library which uses this macro, but don't want to force users to depend on `subxt`
+/// at the top level too. By default the path `::subxt` is used.
+///
+/// ## `substitute_type(path = "...", with = "...")`
+///
+/// This attribute replaces any reference to the generated type at the path given by `path` with a
+/// reference to the path given by `with`.
+///
+/// ```rust,standalone_crate
+/// #[subxt::subxt(
+///     runtime_metadata_path = "../artifacts/polkadot_metadata_full.scale",
+///     substitute_type(path = "sp_arithmetic::per_things::Perbill", with = "crate::Foo")
+/// )]
+/// mod polkadot {}
+///
+/// # #[derive(
+/// #     scale_encode::EncodeAsType,
+/// #     scale_decode::DecodeAsType,
+/// #     codec::Encode,
+/// #     codec::Decode,
+/// #     Clone,
+/// #     Debug,
+/// # )]
+/// // In reality this needs some traits implementing on
+/// // it to allow it to be used in place of Perbill:
+/// pub struct Foo(u32);
+/// # impl codec::CompactAs for Foo {
+/// #     type As = u32;
+/// #     fn encode_as(&self) -> &Self::As {
+/// #         &self.0
+/// #     }
+/// #     fn decode_from(x: Self::As) -> Result<Self, codec::Error> {
+/// #         Ok(Foo(x))
+/// #     }
+/// # }
+/// # impl From<codec::Compact<Foo>> for Foo {
+/// #     fn from(v: codec::Compact<Foo>) -> Foo {
+/// #         v.0
+/// #     }
+/// # }
+/// # fn main() {}
+/// ```
+///
+/// If the type you're substituting contains generic parameters, you can "pattern match" on those, and
+/// make use of them in the substituted type, like so:
+///
+/// ```rust,no_run,standalone_crate
+/// #[subxt::subxt(
+///     runtime_metadata_path = "../artifacts/polkadot_metadata_full.scale",
+///     substitute_type(
+///         path = "sp_runtime::multiaddress::MultiAddress<A, B>",
+///         with = "::pezkuwi_subxt::utils::Static<sp_runtime::MultiAddress<A, B>>"
+///     )
+/// )]
+/// mod polkadot {}
+/// ```
+///
+/// The above is also an example of using the [`crate::utils::Static`] type to wrap some type which doesn't
+/// on it's own implement [`scale_encode::EncodeAsType`] or [`scale_decode::DecodeAsType`], which are required traits
+/// for any substitute type to implement by default.
+///
+/// ## `derive_for_all_types = "..."`
+///
+/// By default, all generated types derive a small set of traits. This attribute allows you to derive additional
+/// traits on all generated types:
+///
+/// ```rust,no_run,standalone_crate
+/// #[subxt::subxt(
+///     runtime_metadata_path = "../artifacts/polkadot_metadata_full.scale",
+///     derive_for_all_types = "Eq, PartialEq"
+/// )]
+/// mod polkadot {}
+/// ```
+///
+/// Any substituted types (including the default substitutes) must also implement these traits in order to avoid errors
+/// here.
+///
+/// ## `derive_for_type(path = "...", derive = "...")`
+///
+/// Unlike the above, which derives some trait on every generated type, this attribute allows you to derive traits only
+/// for specific types. Note that any types which are used inside the specified type may also need to derive the same traits.
+///
+/// ```rust,no_run,standalone_crate
+/// #[subxt::subxt(
+///     runtime_metadata_path = "../artifacts/polkadot_metadata_full.scale",
+///     derive_for_all_types = "Eq, PartialEq",
+///     derive_for_type(path = "frame_support::PalletId", derive = "Ord, PartialOrd"),
+///     derive_for_type(path = "sp_runtime::ModuleError", derive = "Hash"),
+/// )]
+/// mod polkadot {}
+/// ```
+///
+/// ## `generate_docs`
+///
+/// By default, documentation is not generated via the macro, since IDEs do not typically make use of it. This attribute
+/// forces documentation to be generated, too.
+///
+/// ```rust,no_run,standalone_crate
+/// #[subxt::subxt(
+///     runtime_metadata_path = "../artifacts/polkadot_metadata_full.scale",
+///     generate_docs
+/// )]
+/// mod polkadot {}
+/// ```
+///
+/// ## `runtime_types_only`
+///
+/// By default, the macro will generate various interfaces to make using Subxt simpler in addition with any types that need
+/// generating to make this possible. This attribute makes the codegen only generate the types and not the Subxt interface.
+///
+/// ```rust,no_run,standalone_crate
+/// #[subxt::subxt(
+///     runtime_metadata_path = "../artifacts/polkadot_metadata_full.scale",
+///     runtime_types_only
+/// )]
+/// mod polkadot {}
+/// ```
+///
+/// ## `no_default_derives`
+///
+/// By default, the macro will add all derives necessary for the generated code to play nicely with Subxt. Adding this attribute
+/// removes all default derives.
+///
+/// ```rust,no_run,standalone_crate
+/// #[subxt::subxt(
+///     runtime_metadata_path = "../artifacts/polkadot_metadata_full.scale",
+///     runtime_types_only,
+///     no_default_derives,
+///     derive_for_all_types="codec::Encode, codec::Decode"
+/// )]
+/// mod polkadot {}
+/// ```
+///
+/// **Note**: At the moment, you must derive at least one of `codec::Encode` or `codec::Decode` or `scale_encode::EncodeAsType` or
+/// `scale_decode::DecodeAsType` (because we add `#[codec(..)]` attributes on some fields/types during codegen), and you must use this
+/// feature in conjunction with `runtime_types_only` (or manually specify a bunch of defaults to make codegen work properly when
+/// generating the subxt interfaces).
+///
+/// ## `unstable_metadata`
+///
+/// This attribute works only in combination with `runtime_metadata_insecure_url`. By default, the macro will fetch the latest stable
+/// version of the metadata from the target node. This attribute makes the codegen attempt to fetch the unstable version of
+/// the metadata first. This is **not recommended** in production code, since the unstable metadata a node is providing is likely
+/// to be incompatible with Subxt.
+///
+/// ```rust,ignore
+/// #[subxt::subxt(
+///     runtime_metadata_insecure_url = "wss://rpc.polkadot.io:443",
+///     unstable_metadata
+/// )]
+/// mod polkadot {}
+/// ```
+pub use pezkuwi_subxt_macro::subxt;

vendor/pezkuwi-subxt/subxt/src/macros.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+// Copyright 2019-2025 Parity Technologies (UK) Ltd.
+// This file is dual-licensed as Apache-2.0 or GPL-3.0.
+// see LICENSE for license details.
+
+macro_rules! cfg_feature {
+	($feature:literal, $($item:item)*) => {
+		$(
+			#[cfg(feature = $feature)]
+			#[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(feature = $feature)))]
+			$item
+		)*
+	}
+}
+
+macro_rules! cfg_unstable_light_client {
+	($($item:item)*) => {
+		crate::macros::cfg_feature!("unstable-light-client", $($item)*);
+	};
+}
+
+macro_rules! cfg_reconnecting_rpc_client {
+	($($item:item)*) => {
+		crate::macros::cfg_feature!("reconnecting-rpc-client", $($item)*);
+	};
+}
+
+macro_rules! cfg_jsonrpsee {
+	($($item:item)*) => {
+		crate::macros::cfg_feature!("jsonrpsee", $($item)*);
+	};
+}
+
+#[allow(unused)]
+macro_rules! cfg_jsonrpsee_native {
+	($($item:item)*) => {
+		$(
+			#[cfg(all(feature = "jsonrpsee", feature = "native"))]
+			#[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(all(feature = "jsonrpsee", feature = "native"))))]
+			$item
+		)*
+	}
+}
+
+#[allow(unused)]
+macro_rules! cfg_jsonrpsee_web {
+	($($item:item)*) => {
+		$(
+			#[cfg(all(feature = "jsonrpsee", feature = "web"))]
+			#[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(all(feature = "jsonrpsee", feature = "web"))))]
+			$item
+		)*
+	}
+}
+
+pub(crate) use {cfg_feature, cfg_jsonrpsee, cfg_unstable_light_client};
+
+// Only used by light-client.
+#[allow(unused)]
+pub(crate) use {cfg_jsonrpsee_native, cfg_jsonrpsee_web, cfg_reconnecting_rpc_client};

vendor/pezkuwi-subxt/subxt/src/runtime_api/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+// Copyright 2019-2025 Parity Technologies (UK) Ltd.
+// This file is dual-licensed as Apache-2.0 or GPL-3.0.
+// see LICENSE for license details.
+
+//! Types associated with executing runtime API calls.
+
+mod runtime_client;
+mod runtime_types;
+
+pub use runtime_client::RuntimeApiClient;
+pub use runtime_types::RuntimeApi;
+pub use pezkuwi_subxt_core::runtime_api::payload::{DynamicPayload, Payload, StaticPayload, dynamic};

vendor/pezkuwi-subxt/subxt/src/runtime_api/runtime_client.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+// Copyright 2019-2025 Parity Technologies (UK) Ltd.
+// This file is dual-licensed as Apache-2.0 or GPL-3.0.
+// see LICENSE for license details.
+
+use super::runtime_types::RuntimeApi;
+
+use crate::{
+    backend::BlockRef,
+    client::OnlineClientT,
+    config::{Config, HashFor},
+    error::RuntimeApiError,
+};
+use derive_where::derive_where;
+use std::{future::Future, marker::PhantomData};
+
+/// Execute runtime API calls.
+#[derive_where(Clone; Client)]
+pub struct RuntimeApiClient<T, Client> {
+    client: Client,
+    _marker: PhantomData<T>,
+}
+
+impl<T, Client> RuntimeApiClient<T, Client> {
+    /// Create a new [`RuntimeApiClient`]
+    pub fn new(client: Client) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            client,
+            _marker: PhantomData,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T, Client> RuntimeApiClient<T, Client>
+where
+    T: Config,
+    Client: OnlineClientT<T>,
+{
+    /// Obtain a runtime API interface at some block hash.
+    pub fn at(&self, block_ref: impl Into<BlockRef<HashFor<T>>>) -> RuntimeApi<T, Client> {
+        RuntimeApi::new(self.client.clone(), block_ref.into())
+    }
+
+    /// Obtain a runtime API interface at the latest finalized block.
+    pub fn at_latest(
+        &self,
+    ) -> impl Future<Output = Result<RuntimeApi<T, Client>, RuntimeApiError>> + Send + 'static {
+        // Clone and pass the client in like this so that we can explicitly
+        // return a Future that's Send + 'static, rather than tied to &self.
+        let client = self.client.clone();
+        async move {
+            // get the ref for the latest finalized block and use that.
+            let block_ref = client
+                .backend()
+                .latest_finalized_block_ref()
+                .await
+                .map_err(RuntimeApiError::CannotGetLatestFinalizedBlock)?;
+
+            Ok(RuntimeApi::new(client, block_ref))
+        }
+    }
+}

vendor/pezkuwi-subxt/subxt/src/runtime_api/runtime_types.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+// Copyright 2019-2025 Parity Technologies (UK) Ltd.
+// This file is dual-licensed as Apache-2.0 or GPL-3.0.
+// see LICENSE for license details.
+
+use super::Payload;
+use crate::{
+    backend::BlockRef,
+    client::OnlineClientT,
+    config::{Config, HashFor},
+    error::RuntimeApiError,
+};
+use derive_where::derive_where;
+use std::{future::Future, marker::PhantomData};
+
+/// Execute runtime API calls.
+#[derive_where(Clone; Client)]
+pub struct RuntimeApi<T: Config, Client> {
+    client: Client,
+    block_ref: BlockRef<HashFor<T>>,
+    _marker: PhantomData<T>,
+}
+
+impl<T: Config, Client> RuntimeApi<T, Client> {
+    /// Create a new [`RuntimeApi`]
+    pub(crate) fn new(client: Client, block_ref: BlockRef<HashFor<T>>) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            client,
+            block_ref,
+            _marker: PhantomData,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T, Client> RuntimeApi<T, Client>
+where
+    T: Config,
+    Client: OnlineClientT<T>,
+{
+    /// Run the validation logic against some runtime API payload you'd like to use. Returns `Ok(())`
+    /// if the payload is valid (or if it's not possible to check since the payload has no validation hash).
+    /// Return an error if the payload was not valid or something went wrong trying to validate it (ie
+    /// the runtime API in question do not exist at all)
+    pub fn validate<Call: Payload>(&self, payload: Call) -> Result<(), RuntimeApiError> {
+        pezkuwi_subxt_core::runtime_api::validate(payload, &self.client.metadata()).map_err(Into::into)
+    }
+
+    /// Execute a raw runtime API call. This returns the raw bytes representing the result
+    /// of this call. The caller is responsible for decoding the result.
+    pub fn call_raw<'a>(
+        &self,
+        function: &'a str,
+        call_parameters: Option<&'a [u8]>,
+    ) -> impl Future<Output = Result<Vec<u8>, RuntimeApiError>> + use<'a, Client, T> {
+        let client = self.client.clone();
+        let block_hash = self.block_ref.hash();
+        // Ensure that the returned future doesn't have a lifetime tied to api.runtime_api(),
+        // which is a temporary thing we'll be throwing away quickly:
+        async move {
+            let data = client
+                .backend()
+                .call(function, call_parameters, block_hash)
+                .await
+                .map_err(RuntimeApiError::CannotCallApi)?;
+            Ok(data)
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Execute a runtime API call.
+    pub fn call<Call: Payload>(
+        &self,
+        payload: Call,
+    ) -> impl Future<Output = Result<Call::ReturnType, RuntimeApiError>> + use<Call, Client, T>
+    {
+        let client = self.client.clone();
+        let block_hash = self.block_ref.hash();
+        // Ensure that the returned future doesn't have a lifetime tied to api.runtime_api(),
+        // which is a temporary thing we'll be throwing away quickly:
+        async move {
+            let metadata = client.metadata();
+
+            // Validate the runtime API payload hash against the compile hash from codegen.
+            pezkuwi_subxt_core::runtime_api::validate(&payload, &metadata)?;
+
+            // Encode the arguments of the runtime call.
+            let call_name = pezkuwi_subxt_core::runtime_api::call_name(&payload);
+            let call_args = pezkuwi_subxt_core::runtime_api::call_args(&payload, &metadata)?;
+
+            // Make the call.
+            let bytes = client
+                .backend()
+                .call(&call_name, Some(call_args.as_slice()), block_hash)
+                .await
+                .map_err(RuntimeApiError::CannotCallApi)?;
+
+            // Decode the response.
+            let value = pezkuwi_subxt_core::runtime_api::decode_value(&mut &*bytes, &payload, &metadata)?;
+            Ok(value)
+        }
+    }
+}

vendor/pezkuwi-subxt/subxt/src/storage/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+// Copyright 2019-2025 Parity Technologies (UK) Ltd.
+// This file is dual-licensed as Apache-2.0 or GPL-3.0.
+// see LICENSE for license details.
+
+//! Types associated with accessing and working with storage items.
+
+mod storage_client;
+mod storage_client_at;
+
+pub use storage_client::StorageClient;
+pub use storage_client_at::{StorageClientAt, StorageEntryClient, StorageKeyValue, StorageValue};
+pub use pezkuwi_subxt_core::storage::address::{Address, DynamicAddress, StaticAddress, dynamic};

vendor/pezkuwi-subxt/subxt/src/storage/storage_client.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+// Copyright 2019-2025 Parity Technologies (UK) Ltd.
+// This file is dual-licensed as Apache-2.0 or GPL-3.0.
+// see LICENSE for license details.
+
+use super::storage_client_at::StorageClientAt;
+use crate::{
+    backend::BlockRef,
+    client::{OfflineClientT, OnlineClientT},
+    config::{Config, HashFor},
+    error::StorageError,
+};
+use derive_where::derive_where;
+use std::{future::Future, marker::PhantomData};
+use pezkuwi_subxt_core::storage::address::Address;
+
+/// Query the runtime storage.
+#[derive_where(Clone; Client)]
+pub struct StorageClient<T, Client> {
+    client: Client,
+    _marker: PhantomData<T>,
+}
+
+impl<T, Client> StorageClient<T, Client> {
+    /// Create a new [`StorageClient`]
+    pub fn new(client: Client) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            client,
+            _marker: PhantomData,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T, Client> StorageClient<T, Client>
+where
+    T: Config,
+    Client: OfflineClientT<T>,
+{
+    /// Run the validation logic against some storage address you'd like to access. Returns `Ok(())`
+    /// if the address is valid (or if it's not possible to check since the address has no validation hash).
+    /// Return an error if the address was not valid or something went wrong trying to validate it (ie
+    /// the pallet or storage entry in question do not exist at all).
+    pub fn validate<Addr: Address>(&self, address: &Addr) -> Result<(), StorageError> {
+        pezkuwi_subxt_core::storage::validate(address, &self.client.metadata()).map_err(Into::into)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T, Client> StorageClient<T, Client>
+where
+    T: Config,
+    Client: OnlineClientT<T>,
+{
+    /// Obtain storage at some block hash.
+    pub fn at(&self, block_ref: impl Into<BlockRef<HashFor<T>>>) -> StorageClientAt<T, Client> {
+        StorageClientAt::new(self.client.clone(), block_ref.into())
+    }
+
+    /// Obtain storage at the latest finalized block.
+    pub fn at_latest(
+        &self,
+    ) -> impl Future<Output = Result<StorageClientAt<T, Client>, StorageError>> + Send + 'static
+    {
+        // Clone and pass the client in like this so that we can explicitly
+        // return a Future that's Send + 'static, rather than tied to &self.
+        let client = self.client.clone();
+        async move {
+            // get the ref for the latest finalized block and use that.
+            let block_ref = client
+                .backend()
+                .latest_finalized_block_ref()
+                .await
+                .map_err(StorageError::CannotGetLatestFinalizedBlock)?;
+
+            Ok(StorageClientAt::new(client, block_ref))
+        }
+    }
+}

vendor/pezkuwi-subxt/subxt/src/storage/storage_client_at.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,383 @@
+// Copyright 2019-2025 Parity Technologies (UK) Ltd.
+// This file is dual-licensed as Apache-2.0 or GPL-3.0.
+// see LICENSE for license details.
+
+use crate::{
+    backend::{BackendExt, BlockRef},
+    client::{OfflineClientT, OnlineClientT},
+    config::{Config, HashFor},
+    error::StorageError,
+};
+use derive_where::derive_where;
+use futures::StreamExt;
+use std::marker::PhantomData;
+use pezkuwi_subxt_core::Metadata;
+use pezkuwi_subxt_core::storage::{PrefixOf, address::Address};
+use pezkuwi_subxt_core::utils::{Maybe, Yes};
+
+pub use pezkuwi_subxt_core::storage::{StorageKeyValue, StorageValue};
+
+/// Query the runtime storage.
+#[derive_where(Clone; Client)]
+pub struct StorageClientAt<T: Config, Client> {
+    client: Client,
+    metadata: Metadata,
+    block_ref: BlockRef<HashFor<T>>,
+    _marker: PhantomData<T>,
+}
+
+impl<T, Client> StorageClientAt<T, Client>
+where
+    T: Config,
+    Client: OfflineClientT<T>,
+{
+    /// Create a new [`StorageClientAt`].
+    pub(crate) fn new(client: Client, block_ref: BlockRef<HashFor<T>>) -> Self {
+        // Retrieve and store metadata here so that we can borrow it in
+        // subsequent structs, and thus also borrow storage info and
+        // things that borrow from metadata.
+        let metadata = client.metadata();
+
+        Self {
+            client,
+            metadata,
+            block_ref,
+            _marker: PhantomData,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T, Client> StorageClientAt<T, Client>
+where
+    T: Config,
+    Client: OfflineClientT<T>,
+{
+    /// This returns a [`StorageEntryClient`], which allows working with the storage entry at the provided address.
+    pub fn entry<Addr: Address>(
+        &self,
+        address: Addr,
+    ) -> Result<StorageEntryClient<'_, T, Client, Addr, Addr::IsPlain>, StorageError> {
+        let inner = pezkuwi_subxt_core::storage::entry(address, &self.metadata)?;
+        Ok(StorageEntryClient {
+            inner,
+            client: self.client.clone(),
+            block_ref: self.block_ref.clone(),
+            _marker: core::marker::PhantomData,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T, Client> StorageClientAt<T, Client>
+where
+    T: Config,
+    Client: OnlineClientT<T>,
+{
+    /// This is essentially a shorthand for `client.entry(addr)?.fetch(key_parts)`. See [`StorageEntryClient::fetch()`].
+    pub async fn fetch<Addr: Address>(
+        &self,
+        addr: Addr,
+        key_parts: Addr::KeyParts,
+    ) -> Result<StorageValue<'_, Addr::Value>, StorageError> {
+        let entry = pezkuwi_subxt_core::storage::entry(addr, &self.metadata)?;
+        fetch(&entry, &self.client, self.block_ref.hash(), key_parts).await
+    }
+
+    /// This is essentially a shorthand for `client.entry(addr)?.try_fetch(key_parts)`. See [`StorageEntryClient::try_fetch()`].
+    pub async fn try_fetch<Addr: Address>(
+        &self,
+        addr: Addr,
+        key_parts: Addr::KeyParts,
+    ) -> Result<Option<StorageValue<'_, Addr::Value>>, StorageError> {
+        let entry = pezkuwi_subxt_core::storage::entry(addr, &self.metadata)?;
+        try_fetch(&entry, &self.client, self.block_ref.hash(), key_parts).await
+    }
+
+    /// This is essentially a shorthand for `client.entry(addr)?.iter(key_parts)`. See [`StorageEntryClient::iter()`].
+    pub async fn iter<Addr: Address, KeyParts: PrefixOf<Addr::KeyParts>>(
+        &'_ self,
+        addr: Addr,
+        key_parts: KeyParts,
+    ) -> Result<
+        impl futures::Stream<Item = Result<StorageKeyValue<'_, Addr>, StorageError>>
+        + use<'_, Addr, Client, T, KeyParts>,
+        StorageError,
+    > {
+        let entry = pezkuwi_subxt_core::storage::entry(addr, &self.metadata)?;
+        iter(entry, &self.client, self.block_ref.hash(), key_parts).await
+    }
+
+    /// In rare cases, you may wish to fetch a storage value that does not live at a typical address. This method
+    /// is a fallback for those cases, and allows you to provide the raw storage key bytes corresponding to the
+    /// entry you wish to obtain. The response will either be the bytes for the value found at that location, or
+    /// otherwise an error. [`StorageError::NoValueFound`] will be returned in the event that the request was valid
+    /// but no value lives at the given location).
+    pub async fn fetch_raw(&self, key_bytes: Vec<u8>) -> Result<Vec<u8>, StorageError> {
+        let block_hash = self.block_ref.hash();
+        let value = self
+            .client
+            .backend()
+            .storage_fetch_value(key_bytes, block_hash)
+            .await
+            .map_err(StorageError::CannotFetchValue)?
+            .ok_or(StorageError::NoValueFound)?;
+
+        Ok(value)
+    }
+
+    /// The storage version of a pallet.
+    /// The storage version refers to the `frame_support::traits::Metadata::StorageVersion` type.
+    pub async fn storage_version(&self, pallet_name: impl AsRef<str>) -> Result<u16, StorageError> {
+        // construct the storage key. This is done similarly in
+        // `frame_support::traits::metadata::StorageVersion::storage_key()`:
+        let mut key_bytes: Vec<u8> = vec![];
+        key_bytes.extend(&pezsp_crypto_hashing::twox_128(
+            pallet_name.as_ref().as_bytes(),
+        ));
+        key_bytes.extend(&pezsp_crypto_hashing::twox_128(b":__STORAGE_VERSION__:"));
+
+        // fetch the raw bytes and decode them into the StorageVersion struct:
+        let storage_version_bytes = self.fetch_raw(key_bytes).await?;
+
+        <u16 as codec::Decode>::decode(&mut &storage_version_bytes[..])
+            .map_err(StorageError::CannotDecodeStorageVersion)
+    }
+
+    /// Fetch the runtime WASM code.
+    pub async fn runtime_wasm_code(&self) -> Result<Vec<u8>, StorageError> {
+        // note: this should match the `CODE` constant in `sp_core::storage::well_known_keys`
+        self.fetch_raw(b":code".to_vec()).await
+    }
+}
+
+/// This represents a single storage entry (be it a plain value or map)
+/// and the operations that can be performed on it.
+pub struct StorageEntryClient<'atblock, T: Config, Client, Addr, IsPlain> {
+    inner: pezkuwi_subxt_core::storage::StorageEntry<'atblock, Addr>,
+    client: Client,
+    block_ref: BlockRef<HashFor<T>>,
+    _marker: PhantomData<(T, IsPlain)>,
+}
+
+impl<'atblock, T, Client, Addr, IsPlain> StorageEntryClient<'atblock, T, Client, Addr, IsPlain>
+where
+    T: Config,
+    Addr: Address,
+{
+    /// Name of the pallet containing this storage entry.
+    pub fn pallet_name(&self) -> &str {
+        self.inner.pallet_name()
+    }
+
+    /// Name of the storage entry.
+    pub fn entry_name(&self) -> &str {
+        self.inner.entry_name()
+    }
+
+    /// Is the storage entry a plain value?
+    pub fn is_plain(&self) -> bool {
+        self.inner.is_plain()
+    }
+
+    /// Is the storage entry a map?
+    pub fn is_map(&self) -> bool {
+        self.inner.is_map()
+    }
+
+    /// Return the default value for this storage entry, if there is one. Returns `None` if there
+    /// is no default value.
+    pub fn default_value(&self) -> Option<StorageValue<'atblock, Addr::Value>> {
+        self.inner.default_value()
+    }
+}
+
+// Plain values get a fetch method with no extra arguments.
+impl<'atblock, T, Client, Addr> StorageEntryClient<'atblock, T, Client, Addr, Yes>
+where
+    T: Config,
+    Addr: Address,
+    Client: OnlineClientT<T>,
+{
+    /// Fetch the storage value at this location. If no value is found, the default value will be returned
+    /// for this entry if one exists. If no value is found and no default value exists, an error will be returned.
+    pub async fn fetch(&self) -> Result<StorageValue<'atblock, Addr::Value>, StorageError> {
+        let value = self.try_fetch().await?.map_or_else(
+            || self.inner.default_value().ok_or(StorageError::NoValueFound),
+            Ok,
+        )?;
+
+        Ok(value)
+    }
+
+    /// Fetch the storage value at this location. If no value is found, `None` will be returned.
+    pub async fn try_fetch(
+        &self,
+    ) -> Result<Option<StorageValue<'atblock, Addr::Value>>, StorageError> {
+        let value = self
+            .client
+            .backend()
+            .storage_fetch_value(self.key_prefix().to_vec(), self.block_ref.hash())
+            .await
+            .map_err(StorageError::CannotFetchValue)?
+            .map(|bytes| self.inner.value(bytes));
+
+        Ok(value)
+    }
+
+    /// This is identical to [`StorageEntryClient::key_prefix()`] and is the full
+    /// key for this storage entry.
+    pub fn key(&self) -> [u8; 32] {
+        self.inner.key_prefix()
+    }
+
+    /// The keys for plain storage values are always 32 byte hashes.
+    pub fn key_prefix(&self) -> [u8; 32] {
+        self.inner.key_prefix()
+    }
+}
+
+// When HasDefaultValue = Yes, we expect there to exist a valid default value and will use that
+// if we fetch an entry and get nothing back.
+impl<'atblock, T, Client, Addr> StorageEntryClient<'atblock, T, Client, Addr, Maybe>
+where
+    T: Config,
+    Addr: Address,
+    Client: OnlineClientT<T>,
+{
+    /// Fetch a storage value within this storage entry.
+    ///
+    /// This entry may be a map, and so you must provide the relevant values for each part of the storage
+    /// key that is required in order to point to a single value.
+    ///
+    /// If no value is found, the default value will be returned for this entry if one exists. If no value is
+    /// found and no default value exists, an error will be returned.
+    pub async fn fetch(
+        &self,
+        key_parts: Addr::KeyParts,
+    ) -> Result<StorageValue<'atblock, Addr::Value>, StorageError> {
+        fetch(&self.inner, &self.client, self.block_ref.hash(), key_parts).await
+    }
+
+    /// Fetch a storage value within this storage entry.
+    ///
+    /// This entry may be a map, and so you must provide the relevant values for each part of the storage
+    /// key that is required in order to point to a single value.
+    ///
+    /// If no value is found, `None` will be returned.
+    pub async fn try_fetch(
+        &self,
+        key_parts: Addr::KeyParts,
+    ) -> Result<Option<StorageValue<'atblock, Addr::Value>>, StorageError> {
+        try_fetch(&self.inner, &self.client, self.block_ref.hash(), key_parts).await
+    }
+
+    /// Iterate over storage values within this storage entry.
+    ///
+    /// You may provide any prefix of the values needed to point to a single value. Normally you will
+    /// provide `()` to iterate over _everything_, or `(first_key,)` to iterate over everything underneath
+    /// `first_key` in the map, or `(first_key, second_key)` to iterate over everything underneath `first_key`
+    /// and `second_key` in the map, and so on, up to the actual depth of the map - 1.
+    pub async fn iter<KeyParts: PrefixOf<Addr::KeyParts>>(
+        &self,
+        key_parts: KeyParts,
+    ) -> Result<
+        impl futures::Stream<Item = Result<StorageKeyValue<'atblock, Addr>, StorageError>>
+        + use<'atblock, Addr, Client, T, KeyParts>,
+        StorageError,
+    > {
+        iter(
+            self.inner.clone(),
+            &self.client,
+            self.block_ref.hash(),
+            key_parts,
+        )
+        .await
+    }
+
+    /// This returns a full key to a single value in this storage entry.
+    pub fn key(&self, key_parts: Addr::KeyParts) -> Result<Vec<u8>, StorageError> {
+        let key = self.inner.fetch_key(key_parts)?;
+        Ok(key)
+    }
+
+    /// This returns valid keys to iterate over the storage entry at the available levels.
+    pub fn iter_key<KeyParts: PrefixOf<Addr::KeyParts>>(
+        &self,
+        key_parts: KeyParts,
+    ) -> Result<Vec<u8>, StorageError> {
+        let key = self.inner.iter_key(key_parts)?;
+        Ok(key)
+    }
+
+    /// The first 32 bytes of the storage entry key, which points to the entry but not necessarily
+    /// a single storage value (unless the entry is a plain value).
+    pub fn key_prefix(&self) -> [u8; 32] {
+        self.inner.key_prefix()
+    }
+}
+
+async fn fetch<'atblock, T: Config, Client: OnlineClientT<T>, Addr: Address>(
+    entry: &pezkuwi_subxt_core::storage::StorageEntry<'atblock, Addr>,
+    client: &Client,
+    block_hash: HashFor<T>,
+    key_parts: Addr::KeyParts,
+) -> Result<StorageValue<'atblock, Addr::Value>, StorageError> {
+    let value = try_fetch(entry, client, block_hash, key_parts)
+        .await?
+        .or_else(|| entry.default_value())
+        .unwrap();
+
+    Ok(value)
+}
+
+async fn try_fetch<'atblock, T: Config, Client: OnlineClientT<T>, Addr: Address>(
+    entry: &pezkuwi_subxt_core::storage::StorageEntry<'atblock, Addr>,
+    client: &Client,
+    block_hash: HashFor<T>,
+    key_parts: Addr::KeyParts,
+) -> Result<Option<StorageValue<'atblock, Addr::Value>>, StorageError> {
+    let key = entry.fetch_key(key_parts)?;
+
+    let value = client
+        .backend()
+        .storage_fetch_value(key, block_hash)
+        .await
+        .map_err(StorageError::CannotFetchValue)?
+        .map(|bytes| entry.value(bytes))
+        .or_else(|| entry.default_value());
+
+    Ok(value)
+}
+
+async fn iter<
+    'atblock,
+    T: Config,
+    Client: OnlineClientT<T>,
+    Addr: Address,
+    KeyParts: PrefixOf<Addr::KeyParts>,
+>(
+    entry: pezkuwi_subxt_core::storage::StorageEntry<'atblock, Addr>,
+    client: &Client,
+    block_hash: HashFor<T>,
+    key_parts: KeyParts,
+) -> Result<
+    impl futures::Stream<Item = Result<StorageKeyValue<'atblock, Addr>, StorageError>>
+    + use<'atblock, Addr, Client, T, KeyParts>,
+    StorageError,
+> {
+    let key_bytes = entry.iter_key(key_parts)?;
+
+    let stream = client
+        .backend()
+        .storage_fetch_descendant_values(key_bytes, block_hash)
+        .await
+        .map_err(StorageError::CannotIterateValues)?
+        .map(move |kv| {
+            let kv = match kv {
+                Ok(kv) => kv,
+                Err(e) => return Err(StorageError::StreamFailure(e)),
+            };
+            Ok(entry.key_value(kv.key, kv.value))
+        });
+
+    Ok(Box::pin(stream))
+}

vendor/pezkuwi-subxt/subxt/src/tx/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+// Copyright 2019-2025 Parity Technologies (UK) Ltd.
+// This file is dual-licensed as Apache-2.0 or GPL-3.0.
+// see LICENSE for license details.
+
+//! Create and submit extrinsics.
+//!
+//! An extrinsic is submitted with an "signed extra" and "additional" parameters, which can be
+//! different for each chain. The trait [`crate::config::ExtrinsicParams`] determines exactly which
+//! additional and signed extra parameters are used when constructing an extrinsic, and is a part
+//! of the chain configuration (see [`crate::config::Config`]).
+
+mod tx_client;
+mod tx_progress;
+
+pub use pezkuwi_subxt_core::tx::payload::{DefaultPayload, DynamicPayload, Payload, dynamic};
+pub use pezkuwi_subxt_core::tx::signer::{self, Signer};
+pub use tx_client::{
+    DefaultParams, PartialTransaction, SubmittableTransaction, TransactionInvalid,
+    TransactionUnknown, TxClient, ValidationResult,
+};
+pub use tx_progress::{TxInBlock, TxProgress, TxStatus};

vendor/pezkuwi-subxt/subxt/src/tx/tx_client.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,997 @@
+// Copyright 2019-2025 Parity Technologies (UK) Ltd.
+// This file is dual-licensed as Apache-2.0 or GPL-3.0.
+// see LICENSE for license details.
+
+use crate::{
+    backend::{BackendExt, BlockRef, TransactionStatus},
+    client::{OfflineClientT, OnlineClientT},
+    config::{Config, ExtrinsicParams, HashFor, Header},
+    error::{ExtrinsicError, TransactionStatusError},
+    tx::{Payload, Signer as SignerT, TxProgress},
+    utils::PhantomDataSendSync,
+};
+use codec::{Compact, Decode, Encode};
+use derive_where::derive_where;
+use futures::future::{TryFutureExt, try_join};
+use pezkuwi_subxt_core::tx::TransactionVersion;
+
+/// A client for working with transactions.
+#[derive_where(Clone; Client)]
+pub struct TxClient<T: Config, Client> {
+    client: Client,
+    _marker: PhantomDataSendSync<T>,
+}
+
+impl<T: Config, Client> TxClient<T, Client> {
+    /// Create a new [`TxClient`]
+    pub fn new(client: Client) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            client,
+            _marker: PhantomDataSendSync::new(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: Config, C: OfflineClientT<T>> TxClient<T, C> {
+    /// Run the validation logic against some transaction you'd like to submit. Returns `Ok(())`
+    /// if the call is valid (or if it's not possible to check since the call has no validation hash).
+    /// Return an error if the call was not valid or something went wrong trying to validate it (ie
+    /// the pallet or call in question do not exist at all).
+    pub fn validate<Call>(&self, call: &Call) -> Result<(), ExtrinsicError>
+    where
+        Call: Payload,
+    {
+        pezkuwi_subxt_core::tx::validate(call, &self.client.metadata()).map_err(Into::into)
+    }
+
+    /// Return the SCALE encoded bytes representing the call data of the transaction.
+    pub fn call_data<Call>(&self, call: &Call) -> Result<Vec<u8>, ExtrinsicError>
+    where
+        Call: Payload,
+    {
+        pezkuwi_subxt_core::tx::call_data(call, &self.client.metadata()).map_err(Into::into)
+    }
+
+    /// Creates an unsigned transaction without submitting it. Depending on the metadata, we might end
+    /// up constructing either a v4 or v5 transaction. See [`Self::create_v4_unsigned`] or
+    /// [`Self::create_v5_bare`] if you'd like to explicitly create an unsigned transaction of a certain version.
+    pub fn create_unsigned<Call>(
+        &self,
+        call: &Call,
+    ) -> Result<SubmittableTransaction<T, C>, ExtrinsicError>
+    where
+        Call: Payload,
+    {
+        let metadata = self.client.metadata();
+        let tx = match pezkuwi_subxt_core::tx::suggested_version(&metadata)? {
+            TransactionVersion::V4 => pezkuwi_subxt_core::tx::create_v4_unsigned(call, &metadata),
+            TransactionVersion::V5 => pezkuwi_subxt_core::tx::create_v5_bare(call, &metadata),
+        }?;
+
+        Ok(SubmittableTransaction {
+            client: self.client.clone(),
+            inner: tx,
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Creates a v4 unsigned (no signature or transaction extensions) transaction without submitting it.
+    ///
+    /// Prefer [`Self::create_unsigned()`] if you don't know which version to create; this will pick the
+    /// most suitable one for the given chain.
+    pub fn create_v4_unsigned<Call>(
+        &self,
+        call: &Call,
+    ) -> Result<SubmittableTransaction<T, C>, ExtrinsicError>
+    where
+        Call: Payload,
+    {
+        let metadata = self.client.metadata();
+        let tx = pezkuwi_subxt_core::tx::create_v4_unsigned(call, &metadata)?;
+
+        Ok(SubmittableTransaction {
+            client: self.client.clone(),
+            inner: tx,
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Creates a v5 "bare" (no signature or transaction extensions) transaction without submitting it.
+    ///
+    /// Prefer [`Self::create_unsigned()`] if you don't know which version to create; this will pick the
+    /// most suitable one for the given chain.
+    pub fn create_v5_bare<Call>(
+        &self,
+        call: &Call,
+    ) -> Result<SubmittableTransaction<T, C>, ExtrinsicError>
+    where
+        Call: Payload,
+    {
+        let metadata = self.client.metadata();
+        let tx = pezkuwi_subxt_core::tx::create_v5_bare(call, &metadata)?;
+
+        Ok(SubmittableTransaction {
+            client: self.client.clone(),
+            inner: tx,
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Create a partial transaction. Depending on the metadata, we might end up constructing either a v4 or
+    /// v5 transaction. See [`pezkuwi_subxt_core::tx`] if you'd like to manually pick the version to construct
+    ///
+    /// Note: if not provided, the default account nonce will be set to 0 and the default mortality will be _immortal_.
+    /// This is because this method runs offline, and so is unable to fetch the data needed for more appropriate values.
+    pub fn create_partial_offline<Call>(
+        &self,
+        call: &Call,
+        params: <T::ExtrinsicParams as ExtrinsicParams<T>>::Params,
+    ) -> Result<PartialTransaction<T, C>, ExtrinsicError>
+    where
+        Call: Payload,
+    {
+        let metadata = self.client.metadata();
+        let tx = match pezkuwi_subxt_core::tx::suggested_version(&metadata)? {
+            TransactionVersion::V4 => PartialTransactionInner::V4(
+                pezkuwi_subxt_core::tx::create_v4_signed(call, &self.client.client_state(), params)?,
+            ),
+            TransactionVersion::V5 => PartialTransactionInner::V5(
+                pezkuwi_subxt_core::tx::create_v5_general(call, &self.client.client_state(), params)?,
+            ),
+        };
+
+        Ok(PartialTransaction {
+            client: self.client.clone(),
+            inner: tx,
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Create a v4 partial transaction, ready to sign.
+    ///
+    /// Note: if not provided, the default account nonce will be set to 0 and the default mortality will be _immortal_.
+    /// This is because this method runs offline, and so is unable to fetch the data needed for more appropriate values.
+    ///
+    /// Prefer [`Self::create_partial_offline()`] if you don't know which version to create; this will pick the
+    /// most suitable one for the given chain.
+    pub fn create_v4_partial_offline<Call>(
+        &self,
+        call: &Call,
+        params: <T::ExtrinsicParams as ExtrinsicParams<T>>::Params,
+    ) -> Result<PartialTransaction<T, C>, ExtrinsicError>
+    where
+        Call: Payload,
+    {
+        let tx = PartialTransactionInner::V4(pezkuwi_subxt_core::tx::create_v4_signed(
+            call,
+            &self.client.client_state(),
+            params,
+        )?);
+
+        Ok(PartialTransaction {
+            client: self.client.clone(),
+            inner: tx,
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Create a v5 partial transaction, ready to sign.
+    ///
+    /// Note: if not provided, the default account nonce will be set to 0 and the default mortality will be _immortal_.
+    /// This is because this method runs offline, and so is unable to fetch the data needed for more appropriate values.
+    ///
+    /// Prefer [`Self::create_partial_offline()`] if you don't know which version to create; this will pick the
+    /// most suitable one for the given chain.
+    pub fn create_v5_partial_offline<Call>(
+        &self,
+        call: &Call,
+        params: <T::ExtrinsicParams as ExtrinsicParams<T>>::Params,
+    ) -> Result<PartialTransaction<T, C>, ExtrinsicError>
+    where
+        Call: Payload,
+    {
+        let tx = PartialTransactionInner::V5(pezkuwi_subxt_core::tx::create_v5_general(
+            call,
+            &self.client.client_state(),
+            params,
+        )?);
+
+        Ok(PartialTransaction {
+            client: self.client.clone(),
+            inner: tx,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T, C> TxClient<T, C>
+where
+    T: Config,
+    C: OnlineClientT<T>,
+{
+    /// Get the account nonce for a given account ID.
+    pub async fn account_nonce(&self, account_id: &T::AccountId) -> Result<u64, ExtrinsicError> {
+        let block_ref = self
+            .client
+            .backend()
+            .latest_finalized_block_ref()
+            .await
+            .map_err(ExtrinsicError::CannotGetLatestFinalizedBlock)?;
+
+        crate::blocks::get_account_nonce(&self.client, account_id, block_ref.hash())
+            .await
+            .map_err(|e| ExtrinsicError::AccountNonceError {
+                block_hash: block_ref.hash().into(),
+                account_id: account_id.encode().into(),
+                reason: e,
+            })
+    }
+
+    /// Creates a partial transaction, without submitting it. This can then be signed and submitted.
+    pub async fn create_partial<Call>(
+        &self,
+        call: &Call,
+        account_id: &T::AccountId,
+        mut params: <T::ExtrinsicParams as ExtrinsicParams<T>>::Params,
+    ) -> Result<PartialTransaction<T, C>, ExtrinsicError>
+    where
+        Call: Payload,
+    {
+        inject_account_nonce_and_block(&self.client, account_id, &mut params).await?;
+        self.create_partial_offline(call, params)
+    }
+
+    /// Creates a partial V4 transaction, without submitting it. This can then be signed and submitted.
+    ///
+    /// Prefer [`Self::create_partial()`] if you don't know which version to create; this will pick the
+    /// most suitable one for the given chain.
+    pub async fn create_v4_partial<Call>(
+        &self,
+        call: &Call,
+        account_id: &T::AccountId,
+        mut params: <T::ExtrinsicParams as ExtrinsicParams<T>>::Params,
+    ) -> Result<PartialTransaction<T, C>, ExtrinsicError>
+    where
+        Call: Payload,
+    {
+        inject_account_nonce_and_block(&self.client, account_id, &mut params).await?;
+        self.create_v4_partial_offline(call, params)
+    }
+
+    /// Creates a partial V5 transaction, without submitting it. This can then be signed and submitted.
+    ///
+    /// Prefer [`Self::create_partial()`] if you don't know which version to create; this will pick the
+    /// most suitable one for the given chain.
+    pub async fn create_v5_partial<Call>(
+        &self,
+        call: &Call,
+        account_id: &T::AccountId,
+        mut params: <T::ExtrinsicParams as ExtrinsicParams<T>>::Params,
+    ) -> Result<PartialTransaction<T, C>, ExtrinsicError>
+    where
+        Call: Payload,
+    {
+        inject_account_nonce_and_block(&self.client, account_id, &mut params).await?;
+        self.create_v5_partial_offline(call, params)
+    }
+
+    /// Creates a signed transaction, without submitting it.
+    pub async fn create_signed<Call, Signer>(
+        &mut self,
+        call: &Call,
+        signer: &Signer,
+        params: <T::ExtrinsicParams as ExtrinsicParams<T>>::Params,
+    ) -> Result<SubmittableTransaction<T, C>, ExtrinsicError>
+    where
+        Call: Payload,
+        Signer: SignerT<T>,
+    {
+        let mut partial = self
+            .create_partial(call, &signer.account_id(), params)
+            .await?;
+
+        Ok(partial.sign(signer))
+    }
+
+    /// Creates and signs an transaction and submits it to the chain. Passes default parameters
+    /// to construct the "signed extra" and "additional" payloads needed by the transaction.
+    ///
+    /// Returns a [`TxProgress`], which can be used to track the status of the transaction
+    /// and obtain details about it, once it has made it into a block.
+    pub async fn sign_and_submit_then_watch_default<Call, Signer>(
+        &mut self,
+        call: &Call,
+        signer: &Signer,
+    ) -> Result<TxProgress<T, C>, ExtrinsicError>
+    where
+        Call: Payload,
+        Signer: SignerT<T>,
+        <T::ExtrinsicParams as ExtrinsicParams<T>>::Params: DefaultParams,
+    {
+        self.sign_and_submit_then_watch(call, signer, DefaultParams::default_params())
+            .await
+    }
+
+    /// Creates and signs an transaction and submits it to the chain.
+    ///
+    /// Returns a [`TxProgress`], which can be used to track the status of the transaction
+    /// and obtain details about it, once it has made it into a block.
+    pub async fn sign_and_submit_then_watch<Call, Signer>(
+        &mut self,
+        call: &Call,
+        signer: &Signer,
+        params: <T::ExtrinsicParams as ExtrinsicParams<T>>::Params,
+    ) -> Result<TxProgress<T, C>, ExtrinsicError>
+    where
+        Call: Payload,
+        Signer: SignerT<T>,
+    {
+        self.create_signed(call, signer, params)
+            .await?
+            .submit_and_watch()
+            .await
+    }
+
+    /// Creates and signs an transaction and submits to the chain for block inclusion. Passes
+    /// default parameters to construct the "signed extra" and "additional" payloads needed
+    /// by the transaction.
+    ///
+    /// Returns `Ok` with the transaction hash if it is valid transaction.
+    ///
+    /// # Note
+    ///
+    /// Success does not mean the transaction has been included in the block, just that it is valid
+    /// and has been included in the transaction pool.
+    pub async fn sign_and_submit_default<Call, Signer>(
+        &mut self,
+        call: &Call,
+        signer: &Signer,
+    ) -> Result<HashFor<T>, ExtrinsicError>
+    where
+        Call: Payload,
+        Signer: SignerT<T>,
+        <T::ExtrinsicParams as ExtrinsicParams<T>>::Params: DefaultParams,
+    {
+        self.sign_and_submit(call, signer, DefaultParams::default_params())
+            .await
+    }
+
+    /// Creates and signs an transaction and submits to the chain for block inclusion.
+    ///
+    /// Returns `Ok` with the transaction hash if it is valid transaction.
+    ///
+    /// # Note
+    ///
+    /// Success does not mean the transaction has been included in the block, just that it is valid
+    /// and has been included in the transaction pool.
+    pub async fn sign_and_submit<Call, Signer>(
+        &mut self,
+        call: &Call,
+        signer: &Signer,
+        params: <T::ExtrinsicParams as ExtrinsicParams<T>>::Params,
+    ) -> Result<HashFor<T>, ExtrinsicError>
+    where
+        Call: Payload,
+        Signer: SignerT<T>,
+    {
+        self.create_signed(call, signer, params)
+            .await?
+            .submit()
+            .await
+    }
+}
+
+/// This payload contains the information needed to produce an transaction.
+pub struct PartialTransaction<T: Config, C> {
+    client: C,
+    inner: PartialTransactionInner<T>,
+}
+
+enum PartialTransactionInner<T: Config> {
+    V4(pezkuwi_subxt_core::tx::PartialTransactionV4<T>),
+    V5(pezkuwi_subxt_core::tx::PartialTransactionV5<T>),
+}
+
+impl<T, C> PartialTransaction<T, C>
+where
+    T: Config,
+    C: OfflineClientT<T>,
+{
+    /// Return the signer payload for this transaction. These are the bytes that must
+    /// be signed in order to produce a valid signature for the transaction.
+    pub fn signer_payload(&self) -> Vec<u8> {
+        match &self.inner {
+            PartialTransactionInner::V4(tx) => tx.signer_payload(),
+            PartialTransactionInner::V5(tx) => tx.signer_payload().to_vec(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Return the bytes representing the call data for this partially constructed
+    /// transaction.
+    pub fn call_data(&self) -> &[u8] {
+        match &self.inner {
+            PartialTransactionInner::V4(tx) => tx.call_data(),
+            PartialTransactionInner::V5(tx) => tx.call_data(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Convert this [`PartialTransaction`] into a [`SubmittableTransaction`], ready to submit.
+    /// The provided `signer` is responsible for providing the "from" address for the transaction,
+    /// as well as providing a signature to attach to it.
+    pub fn sign<Signer>(&mut self, signer: &Signer) -> SubmittableTransaction<T, C>
+    where
+        Signer: SignerT<T>,
+    {
+        let tx = match &mut self.inner {
+            PartialTransactionInner::V4(tx) => tx.sign(signer),
+            PartialTransactionInner::V5(tx) => tx.sign(signer),
+        };
+
+        SubmittableTransaction {
+            client: self.client.clone(),
+            inner: tx,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Convert this [`PartialTransaction`] into a [`SubmittableTransaction`], ready to submit.
+    /// An address, and something representing a signature that can be SCALE encoded, are both
+    /// needed in order to construct it. If you have a `Signer` to hand, you can use
+    /// [`PartialTransaction::sign()`] instead.
+    pub fn sign_with_account_and_signature(
+        &mut self,
+        account_id: &T::AccountId,
+        signature: &T::Signature,
+    ) -> SubmittableTransaction<T, C> {
+        let tx = match &mut self.inner {
+            PartialTransactionInner::V4(tx) => {
+                tx.sign_with_account_and_signature(account_id.clone(), signature)
+            }
+            PartialTransactionInner::V5(tx) => {
+                tx.sign_with_account_and_signature(account_id, signature)
+            }
+        };
+
+        SubmittableTransaction {
+            client: self.client.clone(),
+            inner: tx,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// This represents an transaction that has been signed and is ready to submit.
+pub struct SubmittableTransaction<T, C> {
+    client: C,
+    inner: pezkuwi_subxt_core::tx::Transaction<T>,
+}
+
+impl<T, C> SubmittableTransaction<T, C>
+where
+    T: Config,
+    C: OfflineClientT<T>,
+{
+    /// Create a [`SubmittableTransaction`] from some already-signed and prepared
+    /// transaction bytes, and some client (anything implementing [`OfflineClientT`]
+    /// or [`OnlineClientT`]).
+    ///
+    /// Prefer to use [`TxClient`] to create and sign transactions. This is simply
+    /// exposed in case you want to skip this process and submit something you've
+    /// already created.
+    pub fn from_bytes(client: C, tx_bytes: Vec<u8>) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            client,
+            inner: pezkuwi_subxt_core::tx::Transaction::from_bytes(tx_bytes),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Calculate and return the hash of the transaction, based on the configured hasher.
+    pub fn hash(&self) -> HashFor<T> {
+        self.inner.hash_with(self.client.hasher())
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the SCALE encoded transaction bytes.
+    pub fn encoded(&self) -> &[u8] {
+        self.inner.encoded()
+    }
+
+    /// Consumes [`SubmittableTransaction`] and returns the SCALE encoded
+    /// transaction bytes.
+    pub fn into_encoded(self) -> Vec<u8> {
+        self.inner.into_encoded()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T, C> SubmittableTransaction<T, C>
+where
+    T: Config,
+    C: OnlineClientT<T>,
+{
+    /// Submits the transaction to the chain.
+    ///
+    /// Returns a [`TxProgress`], which can be used to track the status of the transaction
+    /// and obtain details about it, once it has made it into a block.
+    pub async fn submit_and_watch(&self) -> Result<TxProgress<T, C>, ExtrinsicError> {
+        // Get a hash of the transaction (we'll need this later).
+        let ext_hash = self.hash();
+
+        // Submit and watch for transaction progress.
+        let sub = self
+            .client
+            .backend()
+            .submit_transaction(self.encoded())
+            .await
+            .map_err(ExtrinsicError::ErrorSubmittingTransaction)?;
+
+        Ok(TxProgress::new(sub, self.client.clone(), ext_hash))
+    }
+
+    /// Submits the transaction to the chain for block inclusion.
+    ///
+    /// It's usually better to call `submit_and_watch` to get an idea of the progress of the
+    /// submission and whether it's eventually successful or not. This call does not guarantee
+    /// success, and is just sending the transaction to the chain.
+    pub async fn submit(&self) -> Result<HashFor<T>, ExtrinsicError> {
+        let ext_hash = self.hash();
+        let mut sub = self
+            .client
+            .backend()
+            .submit_transaction(self.encoded())
+            .await
+            .map_err(ExtrinsicError::ErrorSubmittingTransaction)?;
+
+        // If we get a bad status or error back straight away then error, else return the hash.
+        match sub.next().await {
+            Some(Ok(status)) => match status {
+                TransactionStatus::Validated
+                | TransactionStatus::Broadcasted
+                | TransactionStatus::InBestBlock { .. }
+                | TransactionStatus::NoLongerInBestBlock
+                | TransactionStatus::InFinalizedBlock { .. } => Ok(ext_hash),
+                TransactionStatus::Error { message } => Err(
+                    ExtrinsicError::TransactionStatusError(TransactionStatusError::Error(message)),
+                ),
+                TransactionStatus::Invalid { message } => {
+                    Err(ExtrinsicError::TransactionStatusError(
+                        TransactionStatusError::Invalid(message),
+                    ))
+                }
+                TransactionStatus::Dropped { message } => {
+                    Err(ExtrinsicError::TransactionStatusError(
+                        TransactionStatusError::Dropped(message),
+                    ))
+                }
+            },
+            Some(Err(e)) => Err(ExtrinsicError::TransactionStatusStreamError(e)),
+            None => Err(ExtrinsicError::UnexpectedEndOfTransactionStatusStream),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Validate a transaction by submitting it to the relevant Runtime API. A transaction that is
+    /// valid can be added to a block, but may still end up in an error state.
+    ///
+    /// Returns `Ok` with a [`ValidationResult`], which is the result of attempting to dry run the transaction.
+    pub async fn validate(&self) -> Result<ValidationResult, ExtrinsicError> {
+        let latest_block_ref = self
+            .client
+            .backend()
+            .latest_finalized_block_ref()
+            .await
+            .map_err(ExtrinsicError::CannotGetLatestFinalizedBlock)?;
+        self.validate_at(latest_block_ref).await
+    }
+
+    /// Validate a transaction by submitting it to the relevant Runtime API. A transaction that is
+    /// valid can be added to a block, but may still end up in an error state.
+    ///
+    /// Returns `Ok` with a [`ValidationResult`], which is the result of attempting to dry run the transaction.
+    pub async fn validate_at(
+        &self,
+        at: impl Into<BlockRef<HashFor<T>>>,
+    ) -> Result<ValidationResult, ExtrinsicError> {
+        let block_hash = at.into().hash();
+
+        // Approach taken from https://github.com/paritytech/json-rpc-interface-spec/issues/55.
+        let mut params = Vec::with_capacity(8 + self.encoded().len() + 8);
+        2u8.encode_to(&mut params);
+        params.extend(self.encoded().iter());
+        block_hash.encode_to(&mut params);
+
+        let res: Vec<u8> = self
+            .client
+            .backend()
+            .call(
+                "TaggedTransactionQueue_validate_transaction",
+                Some(&params),
+                block_hash,
+            )
+            .await
+            .map_err(ExtrinsicError::CannotGetValidationInfo)?;
+
+        ValidationResult::try_from_bytes(res)
+    }
+
+    /// This returns an estimate for what the transaction is expected to cost to execute, less any tips.
+    /// The actual amount paid can vary from block to block based on node traffic and other factors.
+    pub async fn partial_fee_estimate(&self) -> Result<u128, ExtrinsicError> {
+        let mut params = self.encoded().to_vec();
+        (self.encoded().len() as u32).encode_to(&mut params);
+        let latest_block_ref = self
+            .client
+            .backend()
+            .latest_finalized_block_ref()
+            .await
+            .map_err(ExtrinsicError::CannotGetLatestFinalizedBlock)?;
+
+        // destructuring RuntimeDispatchInfo, see type information <https://paritytech.github.io/substrate/master/pallet_transaction_payment_rpc_runtime_api/struct.RuntimeDispatchInfo.html>
+        // data layout: {weight_ref_time: Compact<u64>, weight_proof_size: Compact<u64>, class: u8, partial_fee: u128}
+        let (_, _, _, partial_fee) = self
+            .client
+            .backend()
+            .call_decoding::<(Compact<u64>, Compact<u64>, u8, u128)>(
+                "TransactionPaymentApi_query_info",
+                Some(&params),
+                latest_block_ref.hash(),
+            )
+            .await
+            .map_err(ExtrinsicError::CannotGetFeeInfo)?;
+
+        Ok(partial_fee)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Fetch the latest block header and account nonce from the backend and use them to refine [`ExtrinsicParams::Params`].
+async fn inject_account_nonce_and_block<T: Config, Client: OnlineClientT<T>>(
+    client: &Client,
+    account_id: &T::AccountId,
+    params: &mut <T::ExtrinsicParams as ExtrinsicParams<T>>::Params,
+) -> Result<(), ExtrinsicError> {
+    use pezkuwi_subxt_core::config::transaction_extensions::Params;
+
+    let block_ref = client
+        .backend()
+        .latest_finalized_block_ref()
+        .await
+        .map_err(ExtrinsicError::CannotGetLatestFinalizedBlock)?;
+
+    let (block_header, account_nonce) = try_join(
+        client
+            .backend()
+            .block_header(block_ref.hash())
+            .map_err(ExtrinsicError::CannotGetLatestFinalizedBlock),
+        crate::blocks::get_account_nonce(client, account_id, block_ref.hash()).map_err(|e| {
+            ExtrinsicError::AccountNonceError {
+                block_hash: block_ref.hash().into(),
+                account_id: account_id.encode().into(),
+                reason: e,
+            }
+        }),
+    )
+    .await?;
+
+    let block_header = block_header.ok_or_else(|| ExtrinsicError::CannotFindBlockHeader {
+        block_hash: block_ref.hash().into(),
+    })?;
+
+    params.inject_account_nonce(account_nonce);
+    params.inject_block(block_header.number().into(), block_ref.hash());
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+impl ValidationResult {
+    #[allow(clippy::get_first)]
+    fn try_from_bytes(bytes: Vec<u8>) -> Result<ValidationResult, ExtrinsicError> {
+        // TaggedTransactionQueue_validate_transaction returns this:
+        // https://github.com/paritytech/substrate/blob/0cdf7029017b70b7c83c21a4dc0aa1020e7914f6/primitives/runtime/src/transaction_validity.rs#L210
+        // We copy some of the inner types and put the three states (valid, invalid, unknown) into one enum,
+        // because from our perspective, the call was successful regardless.
+        if bytes.get(0) == Some(&0) {
+            // ok: valid. Decode but, for now we discard most of the information
+            let res = TransactionValid::decode(&mut &bytes[1..])
+                .map_err(ExtrinsicError::CannotDecodeValidationResult)?;
+            Ok(ValidationResult::Valid(res))
+        } else if bytes.get(0) == Some(&1) && bytes.get(1) == Some(&0) {
+            // error: invalid
+            let res = TransactionInvalid::decode(&mut &bytes[2..])
+                .map_err(ExtrinsicError::CannotDecodeValidationResult)?;
+            Ok(ValidationResult::Invalid(res))
+        } else if bytes.get(0) == Some(&1) && bytes.get(1) == Some(&1) {
+            // error: unknown
+            let res = TransactionUnknown::decode(&mut &bytes[2..])
+                .map_err(ExtrinsicError::CannotDecodeValidationResult)?;
+            Ok(ValidationResult::Unknown(res))
+        } else {
+            // unable to decode the bytes; they aren't what we expect.
+            Err(ExtrinsicError::UnexpectedValidationResultBytes(bytes))
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// The result of performing [`SubmittableTransaction::validate()`].
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq)]
+pub enum ValidationResult {
+    /// The transaction is valid
+    Valid(TransactionValid),
+    /// The transaction is invalid
+    Invalid(TransactionInvalid),
+    /// Unable to validate the transaction
+    Unknown(TransactionUnknown),
+}
+
+impl ValidationResult {
+    /// Is the transaction valid.
+    pub fn is_valid(&self) -> bool {
+        matches!(self, ValidationResult::Valid(_))
+    }
+}
+
+/// Transaction is valid; here is some more information about it.
+#[derive(Decode, Clone, Debug, PartialEq)]
+pub struct TransactionValid {
+    /// Priority of the transaction.
+    ///
+    /// Priority determines the ordering of two transactions that have all
+    /// their dependencies (required tags) satisfied.
+    pub priority: u64,
+    /// Transaction dependencies
+    ///
+    /// A non-empty list signifies that some other transactions which provide
+    /// given tags are required to be included before that one.
+    pub requires: Vec<Vec<u8>>,
+    /// Provided tags
+    ///
+    /// A list of tags this transaction provides. Successfully importing the transaction
+    /// will enable other transactions that depend on (require) those tags to be included as well.
+    /// Provided and required tags allow Substrate to build a dependency graph of transactions
+    /// and import them in the right (linear) order.
+    pub provides: Vec<Vec<u8>>,
+    /// Transaction longevity
+    ///
+    /// Longevity describes minimum number of blocks the validity is correct.
+    /// After this period transaction should be removed from the pool or revalidated.
+    pub longevity: u64,
+    /// A flag indicating if the transaction should be propagated to other peers.
+    ///
+    /// By setting `false` here the transaction will still be considered for
+    /// including in blocks that are authored on the current node, but will
+    /// never be sent to other peers.
+    pub propagate: bool,
+}
+
+/// The runtime was unable to validate the transaction.
+#[derive(Decode, Clone, Debug, PartialEq)]
+pub enum TransactionUnknown {
+    /// Could not lookup some information that is required to validate the transaction.
+    CannotLookup,
+    /// No validator found for the given unsigned transaction.
+    NoUnsignedValidator,
+    /// Any other custom unknown validity that is not covered by this enum.
+    Custom(u8),
+}
+
+/// The transaction is invalid.
+#[derive(Decode, Clone, Debug, PartialEq)]
+pub enum TransactionInvalid {
+    /// The call of the transaction is not expected.
+    Call,
+    /// General error to do with the inability to pay some fees (e.g. account balance too low).
+    Payment,
+    /// General error to do with the transaction not yet being valid (e.g. nonce too high).
+    Future,
+    /// General error to do with the transaction being outdated (e.g. nonce too low).
+    Stale,
+    /// General error to do with the transaction's proofs (e.g. signature).
+    ///
+    /// # Possible causes
+    ///
+    /// When using a signed extension that provides additional data for signing, it is required
+    /// that the signing and the verifying side use the same additional data. Additional
+    /// data will only be used to generate the signature, but will not be part of the transaction
+    /// itself. As the verifying side does not know which additional data was used while signing
+    /// it will only be able to assume a bad signature and cannot express a more meaningful error.
+    BadProof,
+    /// The transaction birth block is ancient.
+    ///
+    /// # Possible causes
+    ///
+    /// For `FRAME`-based runtimes this would be caused by `current block number`
+    /// - Era::birth block number > BlockHashCount`. (e.g. in Polkadot `BlockHashCount` = 2400, so
+    ///   a transaction with birth block number 1337 would be valid up until block number 1337 + 2400,
+    ///   after which point the transaction would be considered to have an ancient birth block.)
+    AncientBirthBlock,
+    /// The transaction would exhaust the resources of current block.
+    ///
+    /// The transaction might be valid, but there are not enough resources
+    /// left in the current block.
+    ExhaustsResources,
+    /// Any other custom invalid validity that is not covered by this enum.
+    Custom(u8),
+    /// An transaction with a Mandatory dispatch resulted in Error. This is indicative of either a
+    /// malicious validator or a buggy `provide_inherent`. In any case, it can result in
+    /// dangerously overweight blocks and therefore if found, invalidates the block.
+    BadMandatory,
+    /// An transaction with a mandatory dispatch tried to be validated.
+    /// This is invalid; only inherent transactions are allowed to have mandatory dispatches.
+    MandatoryValidation,
+    /// The sending address is disabled or known to be invalid.
+    BadSigner,
+}
+
+/// This trait is used to create default values for extrinsic params. We use this instead of
+/// [`Default`] because we want to be able to support params which are tuples of more than 12
+/// entries (which is the maximum tuple size Rust currently implements [`Default`] for on tuples),
+/// given that we aren't far off having more than 12 transaction extensions already.
+///
+/// If you have params which are _not_ a tuple and which you'd like to be instantiated automatically
+/// when calling [`TxClient::sign_and_submit_default()`] or [`TxClient::sign_and_submit_then_watch_default()`],
+/// then you'll need to implement this trait for them.
+pub trait DefaultParams: Sized {
+    /// Instantiate a default instance of the parameters.
+    fn default_params() -> Self;
+}
+
+impl<const N: usize, P: Default> DefaultParams for [P; N] {
+    fn default_params() -> Self {
+        core::array::from_fn(|_| P::default())
+    }
+}
+
+macro_rules! impl_default_params_for_tuple {
+    ($($ident:ident),+) => {
+        impl <$($ident : Default),+> DefaultParams for ($($ident,)+){
+            fn default_params() -> Self {
+                (
+                    $($ident::default(),)+
+                )
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[rustfmt::skip]
+const _: () = {
+    impl_default_params_for_tuple!(A);
+    impl_default_params_for_tuple!(A, B);
+    impl_default_params_for_tuple!(A, B, C);
+    impl_default_params_for_tuple!(A, B, C, D);
+    impl_default_params_for_tuple!(A, B, C, D, E);
+    impl_default_params_for_tuple!(A, B, C, D, E, F);
+    impl_default_params_for_tuple!(A, B, C, D, E, F, G);
+    impl_default_params_for_tuple!(A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H);
+    impl_default_params_for_tuple!(A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I);
+    impl_default_params_for_tuple!(A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J);
+    impl_default_params_for_tuple!(A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K);
+    impl_default_params_for_tuple!(A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L);
+    impl_default_params_for_tuple!(A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M);
+    impl_default_params_for_tuple!(A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N);
+    impl_default_params_for_tuple!(A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O);
+    impl_default_params_for_tuple!(A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P);
+    impl_default_params_for_tuple!(A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q);
+    impl_default_params_for_tuple!(A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R);
+    impl_default_params_for_tuple!(A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S);
+    impl_default_params_for_tuple!(A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T);
+    impl_default_params_for_tuple!(A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U);
+    impl_default_params_for_tuple!(A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V);
+    impl_default_params_for_tuple!(A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W);
+    impl_default_params_for_tuple!(A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X);
+    impl_default_params_for_tuple!(A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y);
+    impl_default_params_for_tuple!(A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y, Z);
+};
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod test {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn transaction_validity_decoding_empty_bytes() {
+        // No panic should occur decoding empty bytes.
+        let decoded = ValidationResult::try_from_bytes(vec![]);
+        assert!(decoded.is_err())
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn transaction_validity_decoding_is_ok() {
+        use sp_runtime::transaction_validity as sp;
+        use sp_runtime::transaction_validity::TransactionValidity as T;
+
+        let pairs = vec![
+            (
+                T::Ok(sp::ValidTransaction {
+                    ..Default::default()
+                }),
+                ValidationResult::Valid(TransactionValid {
+                    // By default, tx is immortal
+                    longevity: u64::MAX,
+                    // Default is true
+                    propagate: true,
+                    priority: 0,
+                    provides: vec![],
+                    requires: vec![],
+                }),
+            ),
+            (
+                T::Err(sp::TransactionValidityError::Invalid(
+                    sp::InvalidTransaction::BadProof,
+                )),
+                ValidationResult::Invalid(TransactionInvalid::BadProof),
+            ),
+            (
+                T::Err(sp::TransactionValidityError::Invalid(
+                    sp::InvalidTransaction::Call,
+                )),
+                ValidationResult::Invalid(TransactionInvalid::Call),
+            ),
+            (
+                T::Err(sp::TransactionValidityError::Invalid(
+                    sp::InvalidTransaction::Payment,
+                )),
+                ValidationResult::Invalid(TransactionInvalid::Payment),
+            ),
+            (
+                T::Err(sp::TransactionValidityError::Invalid(
+                    sp::InvalidTransaction::Future,
+                )),
+                ValidationResult::Invalid(TransactionInvalid::Future),
+            ),
+            (
+                T::Err(sp::TransactionValidityError::Invalid(
+                    sp::InvalidTransaction::Stale,
+                )),
+                ValidationResult::Invalid(TransactionInvalid::Stale),
+            ),
+            (
+                T::Err(sp::TransactionValidityError::Invalid(
+                    sp::InvalidTransaction::AncientBirthBlock,
+                )),
+                ValidationResult::Invalid(TransactionInvalid::AncientBirthBlock),
+            ),
+            (
+                T::Err(sp::TransactionValidityError::Invalid(
+                    sp::InvalidTransaction::ExhaustsResources,
+                )),
+                ValidationResult::Invalid(TransactionInvalid::ExhaustsResources),
+            ),
+            (
+                T::Err(sp::TransactionValidityError::Invalid(
+                    sp::InvalidTransaction::BadMandatory,
+                )),
+                ValidationResult::Invalid(TransactionInvalid::BadMandatory),
+            ),
+            (
+                T::Err(sp::TransactionValidityError::Invalid(
+                    sp::InvalidTransaction::MandatoryValidation,
+                )),
+                ValidationResult::Invalid(TransactionInvalid::MandatoryValidation),
+            ),
+            (
+                T::Err(sp::TransactionValidityError::Invalid(
+                    sp::InvalidTransaction::BadSigner,
+                )),
+                ValidationResult::Invalid(TransactionInvalid::BadSigner),
+            ),
+            (
+                T::Err(sp::TransactionValidityError::Invalid(
+                    sp::InvalidTransaction::Custom(123),
+                )),
+                ValidationResult::Invalid(TransactionInvalid::Custom(123)),
+            ),
+            (
+                T::Err(sp::TransactionValidityError::Unknown(
+                    sp::UnknownTransaction::CannotLookup,
+                )),
+                ValidationResult::Unknown(TransactionUnknown::CannotLookup),
+            ),
+            (
+                T::Err(sp::TransactionValidityError::Unknown(
+                    sp::UnknownTransaction::NoUnsignedValidator,
+                )),
+                ValidationResult::Unknown(TransactionUnknown::NoUnsignedValidator),
+            ),
+            (
+                T::Err(sp::TransactionValidityError::Unknown(
+                    sp::UnknownTransaction::Custom(123),
+                )),
+                ValidationResult::Unknown(TransactionUnknown::Custom(123)),
+            ),
+        ];
+
+        for (sp, validation_result) in pairs {
+            let encoded = sp.encode();
+            let decoded = ValidationResult::try_from_bytes(encoded).expect("should decode OK");
+            assert_eq!(decoded, validation_result);
+        }
+    }
+}

vendor/pezkuwi-subxt/subxt/src/tx/tx_progress.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,465 @@
+// Copyright 2019-2025 Parity Technologies (UK) Ltd.
+// This file is dual-licensed as Apache-2.0 or GPL-3.0.
+// see LICENSE for license details.
+
+//! Types representing extrinsics/transactions that have been submitted to a node.
+
+use std::task::Poll;
+
+use crate::{
+    backend::{BlockRef, StreamOfResults, TransactionStatus as BackendTxStatus},
+    client::OnlineClientT,
+    config::{Config, HashFor},
+    error::{
+        DispatchError, TransactionEventsError, TransactionFinalizedSuccessError,
+        TransactionProgressError, TransactionStatusError,
+    },
+    events::EventsClient,
+    utils::strip_compact_prefix,
+};
+use derive_where::derive_where;
+use futures::{Stream, StreamExt};
+
+/// This struct represents a subscription to the progress of some transaction.
+pub struct TxProgress<T: Config, C> {
+    sub: Option<StreamOfResults<BackendTxStatus<HashFor<T>>>>,
+    ext_hash: HashFor<T>,
+    client: C,
+}
+
+impl<T: Config, C> std::fmt::Debug for TxProgress<T, C> {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        f.debug_struct("TxProgress")
+            .field("sub", &"<subscription>")
+            .field("ext_hash", &self.ext_hash)
+            .field("client", &"<client>")
+            .finish()
+    }
+}
+
+// The above type is not `Unpin` by default unless the generic param `T` is,
+// so we manually make it clear that Unpin is actually fine regardless of `T`
+// (we don't care if this moves around in memory while it's "pinned").
+impl<T: Config, C> Unpin for TxProgress<T, C> {}
+
+impl<T: Config, C> TxProgress<T, C> {
+    /// Instantiate a new [`TxProgress`] from a custom subscription.
+    pub fn new(
+        sub: StreamOfResults<BackendTxStatus<HashFor<T>>>,
+        client: C,
+        ext_hash: HashFor<T>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            sub: Some(sub),
+            client,
+            ext_hash,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Return the hash of the extrinsic.
+    pub fn extrinsic_hash(&self) -> HashFor<T> {
+        self.ext_hash
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T, C> TxProgress<T, C>
+where
+    T: Config,
+    C: OnlineClientT<T>,
+{
+    /// Return the next transaction status when it's emitted. This just delegates to the
+    /// [`futures::Stream`] implementation for [`TxProgress`], but allows you to
+    /// avoid importing that trait if you don't otherwise need it.
+    pub async fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Result<TxStatus<T, C>, TransactionProgressError>> {
+        StreamExt::next(self).await
+    }
+
+    /// Wait for the transaction to be finalized, and return a [`TxInBlock`]
+    /// instance when it is, or an error if there was a problem waiting for finalization.
+    ///
+    /// **Note:** consumes `self`. If you'd like to perform multiple actions as the state of the
+    /// transaction progresses, use [`TxProgress::next()`] instead.
+    ///
+    /// **Note:** transaction statuses like `Invalid`/`Usurped`/`Dropped` indicate with some
+    /// probability that the transaction will not make it into a block but there is no guarantee
+    /// that this is true. In those cases the stream is closed however, so you currently have no way to find
+    /// out if they finally made it into a block or not.
+    pub async fn wait_for_finalized(mut self) -> Result<TxInBlock<T, C>, TransactionProgressError> {
+        while let Some(status) = self.next().await {
+            match status? {
+                // Finalized! Return.
+                TxStatus::InFinalizedBlock(s) => return Ok(s),
+                // Error scenarios; return the error.
+                TxStatus::Error { message } => {
+                    return Err(TransactionStatusError::Error(message).into());
+                }
+                TxStatus::Invalid { message } => {
+                    return Err(TransactionStatusError::Invalid(message).into());
+                }
+                TxStatus::Dropped { message } => {
+                    return Err(TransactionStatusError::Dropped(message).into());
+                }
+                // Ignore and wait for next status event:
+                _ => continue,
+            }
+        }
+        Err(TransactionProgressError::UnexpectedEndOfTransactionStatusStream)
+    }
+
+    /// Wait for the transaction to be finalized, and for the transaction events to indicate
+    /// that the transaction was successful. Returns the events associated with the transaction,
+    /// as well as a couple of other details (block hash and extrinsic hash).
+    ///
+    /// **Note:** consumes self. If you'd like to perform multiple actions as progress is made,
+    /// use [`TxProgress::next()`] instead.
+    ///
+    /// **Note:** transaction statuses like `Invalid`/`Usurped`/`Dropped` indicate with some
+    /// probability that the transaction will not make it into a block but there is no guarantee
+    /// that this is true. In those cases the stream is closed however, so you currently have no way to find
+    /// out if they finally made it into a block or not.
+    pub async fn wait_for_finalized_success(
+        self,
+    ) -> Result<crate::blocks::ExtrinsicEvents<T>, TransactionFinalizedSuccessError> {
+        let evs = self.wait_for_finalized().await?.wait_for_success().await?;
+        Ok(evs)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: Config, C: Clone> Stream for TxProgress<T, C> {
+    type Item = Result<TxStatus<T, C>, TransactionProgressError>;
+
+    fn poll_next(
+        mut self: std::pin::Pin<&mut Self>,
+        cx: &mut std::task::Context<'_>,
+    ) -> std::task::Poll<Option<Self::Item>> {
+        let sub = match self.sub.as_mut() {
+            Some(sub) => sub,
+            None => return Poll::Ready(None),
+        };
+
+        sub.poll_next_unpin(cx)
+            .map_err(TransactionProgressError::CannotGetNextProgressUpdate)
+            .map_ok(|status| {
+                match status {
+                    BackendTxStatus::Validated => TxStatus::Validated,
+                    BackendTxStatus::Broadcasted => TxStatus::Broadcasted,
+                    BackendTxStatus::NoLongerInBestBlock => TxStatus::NoLongerInBestBlock,
+                    BackendTxStatus::InBestBlock { hash } => TxStatus::InBestBlock(TxInBlock::new(
+                        hash,
+                        self.ext_hash,
+                        self.client.clone(),
+                    )),
+                    // These stream events mean that nothing further will be sent:
+                    BackendTxStatus::InFinalizedBlock { hash } => {
+                        self.sub = None;
+                        TxStatus::InFinalizedBlock(TxInBlock::new(
+                            hash,
+                            self.ext_hash,
+                            self.client.clone(),
+                        ))
+                    }
+                    BackendTxStatus::Error { message } => {
+                        self.sub = None;
+                        TxStatus::Error { message }
+                    }
+                    BackendTxStatus::Invalid { message } => {
+                        self.sub = None;
+                        TxStatus::Invalid { message }
+                    }
+                    BackendTxStatus::Dropped { message } => {
+                        self.sub = None;
+                        TxStatus::Dropped { message }
+                    }
+                }
+            })
+    }
+}
+
+/// Possible transaction statuses returned from our [`TxProgress::next()`] call.
+#[derive_where(Debug; C)]
+pub enum TxStatus<T: Config, C> {
+    /// Transaction is part of the future queue.
+    Validated,
+    /// The transaction has been broadcast to other nodes.
+    Broadcasted,
+    /// Transaction is no longer in a best block.
+    NoLongerInBestBlock,
+    /// Transaction has been included in block with given hash.
+    InBestBlock(TxInBlock<T, C>),
+    /// Transaction has been finalized by a finality-gadget, e.g GRANDPA
+    InFinalizedBlock(TxInBlock<T, C>),
+    /// Something went wrong in the node.
+    Error {
+        /// Human readable message; what went wrong.
+        message: String,
+    },
+    /// Transaction is invalid (bad nonce, signature etc).
+    Invalid {
+        /// Human readable message; why was it invalid.
+        message: String,
+    },
+    /// The transaction was dropped.
+    Dropped {
+        /// Human readable message; why was it dropped.
+        message: String,
+    },
+}
+
+impl<T: Config, C> TxStatus<T, C> {
+    /// A convenience method to return the finalized details. Returns
+    /// [`None`] if the enum variant is not [`TxStatus::InFinalizedBlock`].
+    pub fn as_finalized(&self) -> Option<&TxInBlock<T, C>> {
+        match self {
+            Self::InFinalizedBlock(val) => Some(val),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// A convenience method to return the best block details. Returns
+    /// [`None`] if the enum variant is not [`TxStatus::InBestBlock`].
+    pub fn as_in_block(&self) -> Option<&TxInBlock<T, C>> {
+        match self {
+            Self::InBestBlock(val) => Some(val),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// This struct represents a transaction that has made it into a block.
+#[derive_where(Debug; C)]
+pub struct TxInBlock<T: Config, C> {
+    block_ref: BlockRef<HashFor<T>>,
+    ext_hash: HashFor<T>,
+    client: C,
+}
+
+impl<T: Config, C> TxInBlock<T, C> {
+    pub(crate) fn new(block_ref: BlockRef<HashFor<T>>, ext_hash: HashFor<T>, client: C) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            block_ref,
+            ext_hash,
+            client,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Return the hash of the block that the transaction has made it into.
+    pub fn block_hash(&self) -> HashFor<T> {
+        self.block_ref.hash()
+    }
+
+    /// Return the hash of the extrinsic that was submitted.
+    pub fn extrinsic_hash(&self) -> HashFor<T> {
+        self.ext_hash
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: Config, C: OnlineClientT<T>> TxInBlock<T, C> {
+    /// Fetch the events associated with this transaction. If the transaction
+    /// was successful (ie no `ExtrinsicFailed`) events were found, then we return
+    /// the events associated with it. If the transaction was not successful, or
+    /// something else went wrong, we return an error.
+    ///
+    /// **Note:** If multiple `ExtrinsicFailed` errors are returned (for instance
+    /// because a pallet chooses to emit one as an event, which is considered
+    /// abnormal behaviour), it is not specified which of the errors is returned here.
+    /// You can use [`TxInBlock::fetch_events`] instead if you'd like to
+    /// work with multiple "error" events.
+    ///
+    /// **Note:** This has to download block details from the node and decode events
+    /// from them.
+    pub async fn wait_for_success(
+        &self,
+    ) -> Result<crate::blocks::ExtrinsicEvents<T>, TransactionEventsError> {
+        let events = self.fetch_events().await?;
+
+        // Try to find any errors; return the first one we encounter.
+        for (ev_idx, ev) in events.iter().enumerate() {
+            let ev = ev.map_err(|e| TransactionEventsError::CannotDecodeEventInBlock {
+                event_index: ev_idx,
+                block_hash: self.block_hash().into(),
+                error: e,
+            })?;
+
+            if ev.pallet_name() == "System" && ev.variant_name() == "ExtrinsicFailed" {
+                let dispatch_error =
+                    DispatchError::decode_from(ev.field_bytes(), self.client.metadata()).map_err(
+                        |e| TransactionEventsError::CannotDecodeDispatchError {
+                            error: e,
+                            bytes: ev.field_bytes().to_vec(),
+                        },
+                    )?;
+                return Err(dispatch_error.into());
+            }
+        }
+
+        Ok(events)
+    }
+
+    /// Fetch all of the events associated with this transaction. This succeeds whether
+    /// the transaction was a success or not; it's up to you to handle the error and
+    /// success events however you prefer.
+    ///
+    /// **Note:** This has to download block details from the node and decode events
+    /// from them.
+    pub async fn fetch_events(
+        &self,
+    ) -> Result<crate::blocks::ExtrinsicEvents<T>, TransactionEventsError> {
+        let hasher = self.client.hasher();
+
+        let block_body = self
+            .client
+            .backend()
+            .block_body(self.block_ref.hash())
+            .await
+            .map_err(|e| TransactionEventsError::CannotFetchBlockBody {
+                block_hash: self.block_hash().into(),
+                error: e,
+            })?
+            .ok_or_else(|| TransactionEventsError::BlockNotFound {
+                block_hash: self.block_hash().into(),
+            })?;
+
+        let extrinsic_idx = block_body
+            .iter()
+            .position(|ext| {
+                use crate::config::Hasher;
+                let Ok((_, stripped)) = strip_compact_prefix(ext) else {
+                    return false;
+                };
+                let hash = hasher.hash_of(&stripped);
+                hash == self.ext_hash
+            })
+            // If we successfully obtain the block hash we think contains our
+            // extrinsic, the extrinsic should be in there somewhere..
+            .ok_or_else(|| TransactionEventsError::CannotFindTransactionInBlock {
+                block_hash: self.block_hash().into(),
+                transaction_hash: self.ext_hash.into(),
+            })?;
+
+        let events = EventsClient::new(self.client.clone())
+            .at(self.block_ref.clone())
+            .await
+            .map_err(
+                |e| TransactionEventsError::CannotFetchEventsForTransaction {
+                    block_hash: self.block_hash().into(),
+                    transaction_hash: self.ext_hash.into(),
+                    error: e,
+                },
+            )?;
+
+        Ok(crate::blocks::ExtrinsicEvents::new(
+            self.ext_hash,
+            extrinsic_idx as u32,
+            events,
+        ))
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod test {
+    use super::*;
+    use pezkuwi_subxt_core::client::RuntimeVersion;
+
+    use crate::{
+        SubstrateConfig,
+        backend::{StreamOfResults, TransactionStatus},
+        client::{OfflineClientT, OnlineClientT},
+        config::{Config, HashFor},
+        tx::TxProgress,
+    };
+
+    type MockTxProgress = TxProgress<SubstrateConfig, MockClient>;
+    type MockHash = HashFor<SubstrateConfig>;
+    type MockSubstrateTxStatus = TransactionStatus<MockHash>;
+
+    /// a mock client to satisfy trait bounds in tests
+    #[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+    struct MockClient;
+
+    impl OfflineClientT<SubstrateConfig> for MockClient {
+        fn metadata(&self) -> crate::Metadata {
+            unimplemented!("just a mock impl to satisfy trait bounds")
+        }
+
+        fn genesis_hash(&self) -> MockHash {
+            unimplemented!("just a mock impl to satisfy trait bounds")
+        }
+
+        fn runtime_version(&self) -> RuntimeVersion {
+            unimplemented!("just a mock impl to satisfy trait bounds")
+        }
+
+        fn hasher(&self) -> <SubstrateConfig as Config>::Hasher {
+            unimplemented!("just a mock impl to satisfy trait bounds")
+        }
+
+        fn client_state(&self) -> pezkuwi_subxt_core::client::ClientState<SubstrateConfig> {
+            unimplemented!("just a mock impl to satisfy trait bounds")
+        }
+    }
+
+    impl OnlineClientT<SubstrateConfig> for MockClient {
+        fn backend(&self) -> &dyn crate::backend::Backend<SubstrateConfig> {
+            unimplemented!("just a mock impl to satisfy trait bounds")
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn wait_for_finalized_returns_err_when_error() {
+        let tx_progress = mock_tx_progress(vec![
+            MockSubstrateTxStatus::Broadcasted,
+            MockSubstrateTxStatus::Error {
+                message: "err".into(),
+            },
+        ]);
+        let finalized_result = tx_progress.wait_for_finalized().await;
+        assert!(matches!(
+            finalized_result,
+            Err(TransactionProgressError::TransactionStatusError(TransactionStatusError::Error(e))) if e == "err"
+        ));
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn wait_for_finalized_returns_err_when_invalid() {
+        let tx_progress = mock_tx_progress(vec![
+            MockSubstrateTxStatus::Broadcasted,
+            MockSubstrateTxStatus::Invalid {
+                message: "err".into(),
+            },
+        ]);
+        let finalized_result = tx_progress.wait_for_finalized().await;
+        assert!(matches!(
+            finalized_result,
+            Err(TransactionProgressError::TransactionStatusError(TransactionStatusError::Invalid(e))) if e == "err"
+        ));
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn wait_for_finalized_returns_err_when_dropped() {
+        let tx_progress = mock_tx_progress(vec![
+            MockSubstrateTxStatus::Broadcasted,
+            MockSubstrateTxStatus::Dropped {
+                message: "err".into(),
+            },
+        ]);
+        let finalized_result = tx_progress.wait_for_finalized().await;
+        assert!(matches!(
+            finalized_result,
+            Err(TransactionProgressError::TransactionStatusError(TransactionStatusError::Dropped(e))) if e == "err"
+        ));
+    }
+
+    fn mock_tx_progress(statuses: Vec<MockSubstrateTxStatus>) -> MockTxProgress {
+        let sub = create_substrate_tx_status_subscription(statuses);
+        TxProgress::new(sub, MockClient, Default::default())
+    }
+
+    fn create_substrate_tx_status_subscription(
+        elements: Vec<MockSubstrateTxStatus>,
+    ) -> StreamOfResults<MockSubstrateTxStatus> {
+        let results = elements.into_iter().map(Ok);
+        let stream = Box::pin(futures::stream::iter(results));
+        let sub: StreamOfResults<MockSubstrateTxStatus> = StreamOfResults::new(stream);
+        sub
+    }
+}

vendor/pezkuwi-subxt/subxt/src/utils/fetch_chain_spec.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+// Copyright 2019-2024 Parity Technologies (UK) Ltd.
+// This file is dual-licensed as Apache-2.0 or GPL-3.0.
+// see LICENSE for license details.
+
+use crate::macros::{cfg_jsonrpsee_native, cfg_jsonrpsee_web};
+use serde_json::value::RawValue;
+
+/// Possible errors encountered trying to fetch a chain spec from an RPC node.
+#[derive(thiserror::Error, Debug)]
+#[allow(missing_docs)]
+pub enum FetchChainspecError {
+    #[error("Cannot fetch chain spec: RPC error: {0}.")]
+    RpcError(String),
+    #[error("Cannot fetch chain spec: Invalid URL.")]
+    InvalidUrl,
+    #[error("Cannot fetch chain spec: Invalid URL scheme.")]
+    InvalidScheme,
+    #[error("Cannot fetch chain spec: Handshake error establishing WS connection.")]
+    HandshakeError,
+}
+
+/// Fetch a chain spec from an RPC node at the given URL.
+pub async fn fetch_chainspec_from_rpc_node(
+    url: impl AsRef<str>,
+) -> Result<Box<RawValue>, FetchChainspecError> {
+    use jsonrpsee::core::client::{ClientT, SubscriptionClientT};
+    use jsonrpsee::rpc_params;
+
+    let client = jsonrpsee_helpers::client(url.as_ref()).await?;
+
+    let result = client
+        .request("sync_state_genSyncSpec", jsonrpsee::rpc_params![true])
+        .await
+        .map_err(|err| FetchChainspecError::RpcError(err.to_string()))?;
+
+    // Subscribe to the finalized heads of the chain.
+    let mut subscription = SubscriptionClientT::subscribe::<Box<RawValue>, _>(
+        &client,
+        "chain_subscribeFinalizedHeads",
+        rpc_params![],
+        "chain_unsubscribeFinalizedHeads",
+    )
+    .await
+    .map_err(|err| FetchChainspecError::RpcError(err.to_string()))?;
+
+    // We must ensure that the finalized block of the chain is not the block included
+    // in the chainSpec.
+    // This is a temporary workaround for: https://github.com/smol-dot/smoldot/issues/1562.
+    // The first finalized block that is received might by the finalized block could be the one
+    // included in the chainSpec. Decoding the chainSpec for this purpose is too complex.
+    let _ = subscription.next().await;
+    let _ = subscription.next().await;
+
+    Ok(result)
+}
+
+cfg_jsonrpsee_native! {
+    mod jsonrpsee_helpers {
+        use super::FetchChainspecError;
+        use tokio_util::compat::Compat;
+
+        pub use jsonrpsee::{
+            client_transport::ws::{self, EitherStream, Url, WsTransportClientBuilder},
+            core::client::Client,
+        };
+
+        pub type Sender = ws::Sender<Compat<EitherStream>>;
+        pub type Receiver = ws::Receiver<Compat<EitherStream>>;
+
+        /// Build WS RPC client from URL
+        pub async fn client(url: &str) -> Result<Client, FetchChainspecError> {
+            let url = Url::parse(url).map_err(|_| FetchChainspecError::InvalidUrl)?;
+
+                if url.scheme() != "ws" && url.scheme() != "wss" {
+                    return Err(FetchChainspecError::InvalidScheme);
+                }
+
+                let (sender, receiver) = ws_transport(url).await?;
+
+                Ok(Client::builder()
+                .max_buffer_capacity_per_subscription(4096)
+                .build_with_tokio(sender, receiver))
+            }
+
+            async fn ws_transport(url: Url) -> Result<(Sender, Receiver), FetchChainspecError> {
+                WsTransportClientBuilder::default()
+                    .build(url)
+                    .await
+                    .map_err(|_| FetchChainspecError::HandshakeError)
+            }
+        }
+}
+
+cfg_jsonrpsee_web! {
+    mod jsonrpsee_helpers {
+        use super::FetchChainspecError;
+        pub use jsonrpsee::{
+            client_transport::web,
+            core::client::{Client, ClientBuilder},
+        };
+
+        /// Build web RPC client from URL
+        pub async fn client(url: &str) -> Result<Client, FetchChainspecError> {
+            let (sender, receiver) = web::connect(url)
+                .await
+                .map_err(|_| FetchChainspecError::HandshakeError)?;
+
+            Ok(ClientBuilder::default()
+                .max_buffer_capacity_per_subscription(4096)
+                .build_with_wasm(sender, receiver))
+        }
+    }
+}

vendor/pezkuwi-subxt/subxt/src/utils/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+// Copyright 2019-2025 Parity Technologies (UK) Ltd.
+// This file is dual-licensed as Apache-2.0 or GPL-3.0.
+// see LICENSE for license details.
+
+//! Miscellaneous utility helpers.
+
+use crate::macros::cfg_jsonrpsee;
+
+pub use pezkuwi_subxt_core::utils::{
+    AccountId32, Encoded, Era, H160, H256, H512, KeyedVec, MultiAddress, MultiSignature,
+    PhantomDataSendSync, Static, UncheckedExtrinsic, WrapperKeepOpaque, Yes, bits,
+    strip_compact_prefix, to_hex,
+};
+
+pub use pezkuwi_subxt_rpcs::utils::url_is_secure;
+
+cfg_jsonrpsee! {
+    mod fetch_chain_spec;
+    pub use fetch_chain_spec::{fetch_chainspec_from_rpc_node, FetchChainspecError};
+}

vendor/pezkuwi-subxt/subxt/src/view_functions/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+// Copyright 2019-2025 Parity Technologies (UK) Ltd.
+// This file is dual-licensed as Apache-2.0 or GPL-3.0.
+// see LICENSE for license details.
+
+//! Types associated with executing View Function calls.
+
+mod view_function_types;
+mod view_functions_client;
+
+pub use pezkuwi_subxt_core::view_functions::payload::{DynamicPayload, Payload, StaticPayload, dynamic};
+pub use view_function_types::ViewFunctionsApi;
+pub use view_functions_client::ViewFunctionsClient;

vendor/pezkuwi-subxt/subxt/src/view_functions/view_function_types.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+// Copyright 2019-2025 Parity Technologies (UK) Ltd.
+// This file is dual-licensed as Apache-2.0 or GPL-3.0.
+// see LICENSE for license details.
+
+use super::Payload;
+use crate::{
+    backend::BlockRef,
+    client::OnlineClientT,
+    config::{Config, HashFor},
+    error::ViewFunctionError,
+};
+use derive_where::derive_where;
+use std::{future::Future, marker::PhantomData};
+
+/// Execute View Function calls.
+#[derive_where(Clone; Client)]
+pub struct ViewFunctionsApi<T: Config, Client> {
+    client: Client,
+    block_ref: BlockRef<HashFor<T>>,
+    _marker: PhantomData<T>,
+}
+
+impl<T: Config, Client> ViewFunctionsApi<T, Client> {
+    /// Create a new [`ViewFunctionsApi`]
+    pub(crate) fn new(client: Client, block_ref: BlockRef<HashFor<T>>) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            client,
+            block_ref,
+            _marker: PhantomData,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T, Client> ViewFunctionsApi<T, Client>
+where
+    T: Config,
+    Client: OnlineClientT<T>,
+{
+    /// Run the validation logic against some View Function payload you'd like to use. Returns `Ok(())`
+    /// if the payload is valid (or if it's not possible to check since the payload has no validation hash).
+    /// Return an error if the payload was not valid or something went wrong trying to validate it (ie
+    /// the View Function in question do not exist at all)
+    pub fn validate<Call: Payload>(&self, payload: Call) -> Result<(), ViewFunctionError> {
+        pezkuwi_subxt_core::view_functions::validate(payload, &self.client.metadata()).map_err(Into::into)
+    }
+
+    /// Execute a View Function call.
+    pub fn call<Call: Payload>(
+        &self,
+        payload: Call,
+    ) -> impl Future<Output = Result<Call::ReturnType, ViewFunctionError>> + use<Call, Client, T>
+    {
+        let client = self.client.clone();
+        let block_hash = self.block_ref.hash();
+        // Ensure that the returned future doesn't have a lifetime tied to api.view_functions(),
+        // which is a temporary thing we'll be throwing away quickly:
+        async move {
+            let metadata = client.metadata();
+
+            // Validate the View Function payload hash against the compile hash from codegen.
+            pezkuwi_subxt_core::view_functions::validate(&payload, &metadata)?;
+
+            // Assemble the data to call the "execute_view_function" runtime API, which
+            // then calls the relevant view function.
+            let call_name = pezkuwi_subxt_core::view_functions::CALL_NAME;
+            let call_args = pezkuwi_subxt_core::view_functions::call_args(&payload, &metadata)?;
+
+            // Make the call.
+            let bytes = client
+                .backend()
+                .call(call_name, Some(call_args.as_slice()), block_hash)
+                .await
+                .map_err(ViewFunctionError::CannotCallApi)?;
+
+            // Decode the response.
+            let value =
+                pezkuwi_subxt_core::view_functions::decode_value(&mut &*bytes, &payload, &metadata)?;
+            Ok(value)
+        }
+    }
+}

vendor/pezkuwi-subxt/subxt/src/view_functions/view_functions_client.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+// Copyright 2019-2025 Parity Technologies (UK) Ltd.
+// This file is dual-licensed as Apache-2.0 or GPL-3.0.
+// see LICENSE for license details.
+
+use super::view_function_types::ViewFunctionsApi;
+
+use crate::{
+    backend::BlockRef,
+    client::OnlineClientT,
+    config::{Config, HashFor},
+    error::ViewFunctionError,
+};
+use derive_where::derive_where;
+use std::{future::Future, marker::PhantomData};
+
+/// Make View Function calls at some block.
+#[derive_where(Clone; Client)]
+pub struct ViewFunctionsClient<T, Client> {
+    client: Client,
+    _marker: PhantomData<T>,
+}
+
+impl<T, Client> ViewFunctionsClient<T, Client> {
+    /// Create a new [`ViewFunctionsClient`]
+    pub fn new(client: Client) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            client,
+            _marker: PhantomData,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T, Client> ViewFunctionsClient<T, Client>
+where
+    T: Config,
+    Client: OnlineClientT<T>,
+{
+    /// Obtain an interface to call View Functions at some block hash.
+    pub fn at(&self, block_ref: impl Into<BlockRef<HashFor<T>>>) -> ViewFunctionsApi<T, Client> {
+        ViewFunctionsApi::new(self.client.clone(), block_ref.into())
+    }
+
+    /// Obtain an interface to call View Functions at the latest finalized block.
+    pub fn at_latest(
+        &self,
+    ) -> impl Future<Output = Result<ViewFunctionsApi<T, Client>, ViewFunctionError>> + Send + 'static
+    {
+        // Clone and pass the client in like this so that we can explicitly
+        // return a Future that's Send + 'static, rather than tied to &self.
+        let client = self.client.clone();
+        async move {
+            // get the ref for the latest finalized block and use that.
+            let block_ref = client
+                .backend()
+                .latest_finalized_block_ref()
+                .await
+                .map_err(ViewFunctionError::CannotGetLatestFinalizedBlock)?;
+
+            Ok(ViewFunctionsApi::new(client, block_ref))
+        }
+    }
+}