pezkuwi-sdk/pezkuwi/node/network/statement-distribution/src/v2/requests.rs

// Copyright (C) Parity Technologies (UK) Ltd.
// This file is part of Pezkuwi.

// Pezkuwi is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
// (at your option) any later version.

// Pezkuwi is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
// GNU General Public License for more details.

//! A requester for full information on candidates.
//!
//! 1. We use `RequestManager::get_or_insert().get_mut()` to add and mutate [`RequestedCandidate`]s,
//!    either setting the
//! priority or adding a peer we know has the candidate. We currently prioritize "cluster"
//! candidates (those from our own group, although the cluster mechanism could be made to include
//! multiple groups in the future) over "grid" candidates (those from other groups).
//!
//! 2. The main loop of the module will invoke [`RequestManager::next_request`] in a loop until it
//!    returns `None`,
//! dispatching all requests with the `NetworkBridgeTxMessage`. The receiving half of the channel is
//! owned by the [`RequestManager`].
//!
//! 3. The main loop of the module will also select over [`RequestManager::await_incoming`] to
//!    receive
//! [`UnhandledResponse`]s, which it then validates using [`UnhandledResponse::validate_response`]
//! (which requires state not owned by the request manager).

use super::{
	seconded_and_sufficient, CandidateDescriptorVersion, TransposedClaimQueue,
	BENEFIT_VALID_RESPONSE, BENEFIT_VALID_STATEMENT, COST_IMPROPERLY_DECODED_RESPONSE,
	COST_INVALID_RESPONSE, COST_INVALID_SESSION_INDEX, COST_INVALID_SIGNATURE,
	COST_INVALID_UMP_SIGNALS, COST_UNREQUESTED_RESPONSE_STATEMENT,
	COST_UNSUPPORTED_DESCRIPTOR_VERSION, REQUEST_RETRY_DELAY,
};
use crate::LOG_TARGET;

use bitvec::prelude::{BitVec, Lsb0};
use pezkuwi_node_network_protocol::{
	request_response::{
		outgoing::{Recipient as RequestRecipient, RequestError},
		v2::{AttestedCandidateRequest, AttestedCandidateResponse},
		OutgoingRequest, OutgoingResult, MAX_PARALLEL_ATTESTED_CANDIDATE_REQUESTS,
	},
	v3::StatementFilter,
	PeerId, UnifiedReputationChange as Rep,
};
use pezkuwi_primitives::{
	CandidateHash, CommittedCandidateReceiptV2 as CommittedCandidateReceipt, CompactStatement,
	GroupIndex, Hash, Id as ParaId, PersistedValidationData, SessionIndex, SignedStatement,
	SigningContext, ValidatorId, ValidatorIndex,
};

use futures::{future::BoxFuture, prelude::*, stream::FuturesUnordered};

use std::{
	collections::{
		hash_map::{Entry as HEntry, HashMap},
		HashSet, VecDeque,
	},
	time::Instant,
};

/// An identifier for a candidate.
///
/// In this module, we are requesting candidates
/// for which we have no information other than the candidate hash and statements signed
/// by validators. It is possible for validators for multiple groups to abuse this lack of
/// information: until we actually get the preimage of this candidate we cannot confirm
/// anything other than the candidate hash.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, PartialOrd, Ord)]
pub struct CandidateIdentifier {
	/// The relay-parent this candidate is ostensibly under.
	pub relay_parent: Hash,
	/// The hash of the candidate.
	pub candidate_hash: CandidateHash,
	/// The index of the group claiming to be assigned to the candidate's
	/// para.
	pub group_index: GroupIndex,
}

struct TaggedResponse {
	identifier: CandidateIdentifier,
	requested_peer: PeerId,
	props: RequestProperties,
	response: OutgoingResult<AttestedCandidateResponse>,
}

/// A pending request.
#[derive(Debug)]
pub struct RequestedCandidate {
	priority: Priority,
	known_by: VecDeque<PeerId>,
	/// Has the request been sent out and a response not yet received?
	in_flight: bool,
	/// The timestamp for the next time we should retry, if the response failed.
	next_retry_time: Option<Instant>,
}

impl RequestedCandidate {
	fn is_pending(&self) -> bool {
		if self.in_flight {
			return false;
		}

		if let Some(next_retry_time) = self.next_retry_time {
			let can_retry = Instant::now() >= next_retry_time;
			if !can_retry {
				return false;
			}
		}

		true
	}
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord)]
enum Origin {
	Cluster = 0,
	Unspecified = 1,
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord)]
struct Priority {
	origin: Origin,
	attempts: usize,
}

/// An entry for manipulating a requested candidate.
pub struct Entry<'a> {
	prev_index: usize,
	identifier: CandidateIdentifier,
	by_priority: &'a mut Vec<(Priority, CandidateIdentifier)>,
	requested: &'a mut RequestedCandidate,
}

impl<'a> Entry<'a> {
	/// Add a peer to the set of known peers.
	pub fn add_peer(&mut self, peer: PeerId) {
		if !self.requested.known_by.contains(&peer) {
			self.requested.known_by.push_back(peer);
		}
	}

	/// Note that the candidate is required for the cluster.
	pub fn set_cluster_priority(&mut self) {
		self.requested.priority.origin = Origin::Cluster;

		insert_or_update_priority(
			&mut *self.by_priority,
			Some(self.prev_index),
			self.identifier.clone(),
			self.requested.priority.clone(),
		);
	}
}

/// A manager for outgoing requests.
pub struct RequestManager {
	requests: HashMap<CandidateIdentifier, RequestedCandidate>,
	// sorted by priority.
	by_priority: Vec<(Priority, CandidateIdentifier)>,
	// all unique identifiers for the candidate.
	unique_identifiers: HashMap<CandidateHash, HashSet<CandidateIdentifier>>,
}

impl RequestManager {
	/// Create a new [`RequestManager`].
	pub fn new() -> Self {
		RequestManager {
			requests: HashMap::new(),
			by_priority: Vec::new(),
			unique_identifiers: HashMap::new(),
		}
	}

	/// Gets an [`Entry`] for mutating a request and inserts it if the
	/// manager doesn't store this request already.
	pub fn get_or_insert(
		&mut self,
		relay_parent: Hash,
		candidate_hash: CandidateHash,
		group_index: GroupIndex,
	) -> Entry<'_> {
		let identifier = CandidateIdentifier { relay_parent, candidate_hash, group_index };

		let (candidate, fresh) = match self.requests.entry(identifier.clone()) {
			HEntry::Occupied(e) => (e.into_mut(), false),
			HEntry::Vacant(e) => (
				e.insert(RequestedCandidate {
					priority: Priority { attempts: 0, origin: Origin::Unspecified },
					known_by: VecDeque::new(),
					in_flight: false,
					next_retry_time: None,
				}),
				true,
			),
		};

		let priority_index = if fresh {
			self.unique_identifiers
				.entry(candidate_hash)
				.or_default()
				.insert(identifier.clone());

			insert_or_update_priority(
				&mut self.by_priority,
				None,
				identifier.clone(),
				candidate.priority.clone(),
			)
		} else {
			match self
				.by_priority
				.binary_search(&(candidate.priority.clone(), identifier.clone()))
			{
				Ok(i) => i,
				Err(_) => unreachable!("requested candidates always have a priority entry; qed"),
			}
		};

		Entry {
			prev_index: priority_index,
			identifier,
			by_priority: &mut self.by_priority,
			requested: candidate,
		}
	}

	/// Remove all pending requests for the given candidate.
	pub fn remove_for(&mut self, candidate: CandidateHash) {
		if let Some(identifiers) = self.unique_identifiers.remove(&candidate) {
			self.by_priority.retain(|(_priority, id)| !identifiers.contains(&id));
			for id in identifiers {
				self.requests.remove(&id);
			}
		}
	}

	/// Remove based on relay-parent.
	pub fn remove_by_relay_parent(&mut self, relay_parent: Hash) {
		let mut candidate_hashes = HashSet::new();

		// Remove from `by_priority` and `requests`.
		self.by_priority.retain(|(_priority, id)| {
			let retain = relay_parent != id.relay_parent;
			if !retain {
				self.requests.remove(id);
				candidate_hashes.insert(id.candidate_hash);
			}
			retain
		});

		// Remove from `unique_identifiers`.
		for candidate_hash in candidate_hashes {
			match self.unique_identifiers.entry(candidate_hash) {
				HEntry::Occupied(mut entry) => {
					entry.get_mut().retain(|id| relay_parent != id.relay_parent);
					if entry.get().is_empty() {
						entry.remove();
					}
				},
				// We can expect to encounter vacant entries, but only if nodes are misbehaving and
				// we don't use a deduplicating collection; there are no issues from ignoring it.
				HEntry::Vacant(_) => (),
			}
		}

		gum::debug!(
			target: LOG_TARGET,
			"Requests remaining after cleanup: {}",
			self.by_priority.len(),
		);
	}

	/// Returns true if there are pending requests that are dispatchable.
	pub fn has_pending_requests(&self) -> bool {
		for (_id, entry) in &self.requests {
			if entry.is_pending() {
				return true;
			}
		}

		false
	}

	/// Returns an instant at which the next request to be retried will be ready.
	pub fn next_retry_time(&mut self) -> Option<Instant> {
		let mut next = None;
		for (_id, request) in self.requests.iter().filter(|(_id, request)| !request.in_flight) {
			if let Some(next_retry_time) = request.next_retry_time {
				if next.map_or(true, |next| next_retry_time < next) {
					next = Some(next_retry_time);
				}
			}
		}
		next
	}

	/// Yields the next request to dispatch, if there is any.
	///
	/// This function accepts two closures as an argument.
	///
	/// The first closure is used to gather information about the desired
	/// properties of a response, which is used to select targets and validate
	/// the response later on.
	///
	/// The second closure is used to determine the specific advertised
	/// statements by a peer, to be compared against the mask and backing
	/// threshold and returns `None` if the peer is no longer connected.
	pub fn next_request(
		&mut self,
		response_manager: &mut ResponseManager,
		request_props: impl Fn(&CandidateIdentifier) -> Option<RequestProperties>,
		peer_advertised: impl Fn(&CandidateIdentifier, &PeerId) -> Option<StatementFilter>,
	) -> Option<OutgoingRequest<AttestedCandidateRequest>> {
		// The number of parallel requests a node can answer is limited by
		// `MAX_PARALLEL_ATTESTED_CANDIDATE_REQUESTS`, however there is no
		// need for the current node to limit itself to the same amount the
		// requests, because the requests are going to different nodes anyways.
		// While looking at https://github.com/pezkuwichain/pezkuwi-sdk/issues/274,
		// found out that this requests take around 100ms to fulfill, so it
		// would make sense to try to request things as early as we can, given
		// we would need to request it for each candidate, around 25 right now
		// on kusama.
		if response_manager.len() >= 2 * MAX_PARALLEL_ATTESTED_CANDIDATE_REQUESTS as usize {
			return None;
		}

		let mut res = None;

		// loop over all requests, in order of priority.
		// do some active maintenance of the connected peers.
		// dispatch the first request which is not in-flight already.

		let mut cleanup_outdated = Vec::new();
		for (i, (_priority, id)) in self.by_priority.iter().enumerate() {
			let entry = match self.requests.get_mut(&id) {
				None => {
					gum::error!(
						target: LOG_TARGET,
						identifier = ?id,
						"Missing entry for priority queue member",
					);

					continue;
				},
				Some(e) => e,
			};

			if !entry.is_pending() {
				continue;
			}

			let props = match request_props(&id) {
				None => {
					cleanup_outdated.push((i, id.clone()));
					continue;
				},
				Some(s) => s,
			};

			let target = match find_request_target_with_update(
				&mut entry.known_by,
				id,
				&props,
				&peer_advertised,
				&response_manager,
			) {
				None => continue,
				Some(t) => t,
			};

			gum::debug!(
				target: crate::LOG_TARGET,
				candidate_hash = ?id.candidate_hash,
				peer = ?target,
				"Issuing candidate request"
			);

			let (request, response_fut) = OutgoingRequest::new(
				RequestRecipient::Peer(target),
				AttestedCandidateRequest {
					candidate_hash: id.candidate_hash,
					mask: props.unwanted_mask.clone(),
				},
			);

			let stored_id = id.clone();
			response_manager.push(
				Box::pin(async move {
					TaggedResponse {
						identifier: stored_id,
						requested_peer: target,
						props,
						response: response_fut.await,
					}
				}),
				target,
			);

			entry.in_flight = true;

			res = Some(request);
			break;
		}

		for (priority_index, identifier) in cleanup_outdated.into_iter().rev() {
			self.by_priority.remove(priority_index);
			self.requests.remove(&identifier);
			if let HEntry::Occupied(mut e) =
				self.unique_identifiers.entry(identifier.candidate_hash)
			{
				e.get_mut().remove(&identifier);
				if e.get().is_empty() {
					e.remove();
				}
			}
		}

		res
	}
}

/// A manager for pending responses.
pub struct ResponseManager {
	pending_responses: FuturesUnordered<BoxFuture<'static, TaggedResponse>>,
	active_peers: HashSet<PeerId>,
}

impl ResponseManager {
	pub fn new() -> Self {
		Self { pending_responses: FuturesUnordered::new(), active_peers: HashSet::new() }
	}

	/// Await the next incoming response to a sent request, or immediately
	/// return `None` if there are no pending responses.
	pub async fn incoming(&mut self) -> Option<UnhandledResponse> {
		self.pending_responses.next().await.map(|response| {
			self.active_peers.remove(&response.requested_peer);
			UnhandledResponse { response }
		})
	}

	fn len(&self) -> usize {
		self.pending_responses.len()
	}

	fn push(&mut self, response: BoxFuture<'static, TaggedResponse>, target: PeerId) {
		self.pending_responses.push(response);
		self.active_peers.insert(target);
	}

	/// Returns true if we are currently sending a request to the peer.
	fn is_sending_to(&self, peer: &PeerId) -> bool {
		self.active_peers.contains(peer)
	}
}

/// Properties used in target selection and validation of a request.
#[derive(Clone)]
pub struct RequestProperties {
	/// A mask for limiting the statements the response is allowed to contain.
	/// The mask has `OR` semantics: statements by validators corresponding to bits
	/// in the mask are not desired. It also returns the required backing threshold
	/// for the candidate.
	pub unwanted_mask: StatementFilter,
	/// The required backing threshold, if any. If this is `Some`, then requests will only
	/// be made to peers which can provide enough statements to back the candidate, when
	/// taking into account the `unwanted_mask`, and a response will only be validated
	/// in the case of those statements.
	///
	/// If this is `None`, it is assumed that only the candidate itself is needed.
	pub backing_threshold: Option<usize>,
}

/// Finds a valid request target, returning `None` if none exists.
/// Cleans up disconnected peers and places the returned peer at the back of the queue.
fn find_request_target_with_update(
	known_by: &mut VecDeque<PeerId>,
	candidate_identifier: &CandidateIdentifier,
	props: &RequestProperties,
	peer_advertised: impl Fn(&CandidateIdentifier, &PeerId) -> Option<StatementFilter>,
	response_manager: &ResponseManager,
) -> Option<PeerId> {
	let mut prune = Vec::new();
	let mut target = None;
	for (i, p) in known_by.iter().enumerate() {
		// If we are already sending to that peer, skip for now
		if response_manager.is_sending_to(p) {
			continue;
		}

		let mut filter = match peer_advertised(candidate_identifier, p) {
			None => {
				prune.push(i);
				continue;
			},
			Some(f) => f,
		};

		filter.mask_seconded(&props.unwanted_mask.seconded_in_group);
		filter.mask_valid(&props.unwanted_mask.validated_in_group);
		if seconded_and_sufficient(&filter, props.backing_threshold) {
			target = Some((i, *p));
			break;
		}
	}

	let prune_count = prune.len();
	for i in prune {
		known_by.remove(i);
	}

	if let Some((i, p)) = target {
		known_by.remove(i - prune_count);
		known_by.push_back(p);
		Some(p)
	} else {
		None
	}
}

/// A response to a request, which has not yet been handled.
pub struct UnhandledResponse {
	response: TaggedResponse,
}

impl UnhandledResponse {
	/// Get the candidate identifier which the corresponding request
	/// was classified under.
	pub fn candidate_identifier(&self) -> &CandidateIdentifier {
		&self.response.identifier
	}

	/// Get the peer we made the request to.
	pub fn requested_peer(&self) -> &PeerId {
		&self.response.requested_peer
	}

	/// Validate the response. If the response is valid, this will yield the
	/// candidate, the [`PersistedValidationData`] of the candidate, and requested
	/// checked statements.
	///
	/// Valid responses are defined as those which provide a valid candidate
	/// and signatures which match the identifier, and provide enough statements to back the
	/// candidate.
	///
	/// This will also produce a record of misbehaviors by peers:
	///   * If the response is partially valid, misbehavior by the responding peer.
	///   * If there are other peers which have advertised the same candidate for different
	///     relay-parents or para-ids, misbehavior reports for those peers will also be generated.
	///
	/// Finally, in the case that the response is either valid or partially valid,
	/// this will clean up all remaining requests for the candidate in the manager.
	///
	/// As parameters, the user should supply the canonical group array as well
	/// as a mapping from validator index to validator ID. The validator pubkey mapping
	/// will not be queried except for validator indices in the group.
	pub fn validate_response(
		self,
		manager: &mut RequestManager,
		group: &[ValidatorIndex],
		session: SessionIndex,
		validator_key_lookup: impl Fn(ValidatorIndex) -> Option<ValidatorId>,
		allowed_para_lookup: impl Fn(ParaId, GroupIndex) -> bool,
		disabled_mask: BitVec<u8, Lsb0>,
		transposed_cq: &TransposedClaimQueue,
		allow_v2_descriptors: bool,
	) -> ResponseValidationOutput {
		let UnhandledResponse {
			response: TaggedResponse { identifier, requested_peer, props, response },
		} = self;

		// handle races if the candidate is no longer known.
		// this could happen if we requested the candidate under two
		// different identifiers at the same time, and received a valid
		// response on the other.
		//
		// it could also happen in the case that we had a request in-flight
		// and the request entry was garbage-collected on outdated relay parent.
		let entry = match manager.requests.get_mut(&identifier) {
			None => {
				return ResponseValidationOutput {
					requested_peer,
					reputation_changes: Vec::new(),
					request_status: CandidateRequestStatus::Outdated,
				}
			},
			Some(e) => e,
		};

		let priority_index = match manager
			.by_priority
			.binary_search(&(entry.priority.clone(), identifier.clone()))
		{
			Ok(i) => i,
			Err(_) => unreachable!("requested candidates always have a priority entry; qed"),
		};

		// Set the next retry time before clearing the `in_flight` flag.
		entry.next_retry_time = Some(Instant::now() + REQUEST_RETRY_DELAY);
		entry.in_flight = false;
		entry.priority.attempts += 1;

		// update the location in the priority queue.
		insert_or_update_priority(
			&mut manager.by_priority,
			Some(priority_index),
			identifier.clone(),
			entry.priority.clone(),
		);

		let complete_response = match response {
			Err(RequestError::InvalidResponse(e)) => {
				gum::trace!(
					target: LOG_TARGET,
					err = ?e,
					peer = ?requested_peer,
					"Improperly encoded response"
				);

				return ResponseValidationOutput {
					requested_peer,
					reputation_changes: vec![(requested_peer, COST_IMPROPERLY_DECODED_RESPONSE)],
					request_status: CandidateRequestStatus::Incomplete,
				};
			},
			Err(e @ RequestError::NetworkError(_) | e @ RequestError::Canceled(_)) => {
				gum::trace!(
					target: LOG_TARGET,
					err = ?e,
					peer = ?requested_peer,
					"Request error"
				);
				return ResponseValidationOutput {
					requested_peer,
					reputation_changes: vec![],
					request_status: CandidateRequestStatus::Incomplete,
				};
			},
			Ok(response) => response,
		};

		let output = validate_complete_response(
			&identifier,
			props,
			complete_response,
			requested_peer,
			group,
			session,
			validator_key_lookup,
			allowed_para_lookup,
			disabled_mask,
			transposed_cq,
			allow_v2_descriptors,
		);

		if let CandidateRequestStatus::Complete { .. } = output.request_status {
			manager.remove_for(identifier.candidate_hash);
		}

		output
	}
}

fn validate_complete_response(
	identifier: &CandidateIdentifier,
	props: RequestProperties,
	response: AttestedCandidateResponse,
	requested_peer: PeerId,
	group: &[ValidatorIndex],
	session: SessionIndex,
	validator_key_lookup: impl Fn(ValidatorIndex) -> Option<ValidatorId>,
	allowed_para_lookup: impl Fn(ParaId, GroupIndex) -> bool,
	disabled_mask: BitVec<u8, Lsb0>,
	transposed_cq: &TransposedClaimQueue,
	allow_v2_descriptors: bool,
) -> ResponseValidationOutput {
	let RequestProperties { backing_threshold, mut unwanted_mask } = props;

	// sanity check bitmask size. this is based entirely on
	// local logic here.
	if !unwanted_mask.has_len(group.len()) {
		gum::error!(
			target: LOG_TARGET,
			group_len = group.len(),
			"Logic bug: group size != sent bitmask len"
		);

		// resize and attempt to continue.
		unwanted_mask.seconded_in_group.resize(group.len(), true);
		unwanted_mask.validated_in_group.resize(group.len(), true);
	}

	let invalid_candidate_output = |cost: Rep| ResponseValidationOutput {
		request_status: CandidateRequestStatus::Incomplete,
		reputation_changes: vec![(requested_peer, cost)],
		requested_peer,
	};

	let mut rep_changes = Vec::new();

	// sanity-check candidate response.
	// note: roughly ascending cost of operations
	{
		if response.candidate_receipt.descriptor.relay_parent() != identifier.relay_parent {
			return invalid_candidate_output(COST_INVALID_RESPONSE);
		}

		if response.candidate_receipt.descriptor.persisted_validation_data_hash()
			!= response.persisted_validation_data.hash()
		{
			return invalid_candidate_output(COST_INVALID_RESPONSE);
		}

		if !allowed_para_lookup(
			response.candidate_receipt.descriptor.para_id(),
			identifier.group_index,
		) {
			return invalid_candidate_output(COST_INVALID_RESPONSE);
		}

		if response.candidate_receipt.hash() != identifier.candidate_hash {
			return invalid_candidate_output(COST_INVALID_RESPONSE);
		}

		let candidate_hash = response.candidate_receipt.hash();

		// V2 descriptors are invalid if not enabled by runtime.
		if !allow_v2_descriptors
			&& response.candidate_receipt.descriptor.version() == CandidateDescriptorVersion::V2
		{
			gum::debug!(
				target: LOG_TARGET,
				?candidate_hash,
				peer = ?requested_peer,
				"Version 2 candidate receipts are not enabled by the runtime"
			);
			return invalid_candidate_output(COST_UNSUPPORTED_DESCRIPTOR_VERSION);
		}
		// Validate the ump signals.
		if let Err(err) = response.candidate_receipt.parse_ump_signals(transposed_cq) {
			gum::debug!(
				target: LOG_TARGET,
				?candidate_hash,
				?err,
				peer = ?requested_peer,
				"Received candidate has invalid UMP signals"
			);
			return invalid_candidate_output(COST_INVALID_UMP_SIGNALS);
		}

		// Check if `session_index` of relay parent matches candidate descriptor
		// `session_index`.
		if let Some(candidate_session_index) = response.candidate_receipt.descriptor.session_index()
		{
			if candidate_session_index != session {
				gum::debug!(
					target: LOG_TARGET,
					?candidate_hash,
					peer = ?requested_peer,
					session_index = session,
					candidate_session_index,
					"Received candidate has invalid session index"
				);
				return invalid_candidate_output(COST_INVALID_SESSION_INDEX);
			}
		}
	}

	// statement checks.
	let statements = {
		let mut statements =
			Vec::with_capacity(std::cmp::min(response.statements.len(), group.len() * 2));

		let mut received_filter = StatementFilter::blank(group.len());

		let index_in_group = |v: ValidatorIndex| group.iter().position(|x| &v == x);

		let signing_context =
			SigningContext { parent_hash: identifier.relay_parent, session_index: session };

		for unchecked_statement in response.statements.into_iter().take(group.len() * 2) {
			// ensure statement is from a validator in the group.
			let i = match index_in_group(unchecked_statement.unchecked_validator_index()) {
				Some(i) => i,
				None => {
					rep_changes.push((requested_peer, COST_UNREQUESTED_RESPONSE_STATEMENT));
					continue;
				},
			};

			// ensure statement is on the correct candidate hash.
			if unchecked_statement.unchecked_payload().candidate_hash()
				!= &identifier.candidate_hash
			{
				rep_changes.push((requested_peer, COST_UNREQUESTED_RESPONSE_STATEMENT));
				continue;
			}

			// filter out duplicates or statements outside the mask.
			// note on indexing: we have ensured that the bitmask and the
			// duplicate trackers have the correct size for the group.
			match unchecked_statement.unchecked_payload() {
				CompactStatement::Seconded(_) => {
					if unwanted_mask.seconded_in_group[i] {
						rep_changes.push((requested_peer, COST_UNREQUESTED_RESPONSE_STATEMENT));
						continue;
					}

					if received_filter.seconded_in_group[i] {
						rep_changes.push((requested_peer, COST_UNREQUESTED_RESPONSE_STATEMENT));
						continue;
					}
				},
				CompactStatement::Valid(_) => {
					if unwanted_mask.validated_in_group[i] {
						rep_changes.push((requested_peer, COST_UNREQUESTED_RESPONSE_STATEMENT));
						continue;
					}

					if received_filter.validated_in_group[i] {
						rep_changes.push((requested_peer, COST_UNREQUESTED_RESPONSE_STATEMENT));
						continue;
					}
				},
			}

			if disabled_mask.get(i).map_or(false, |x| *x) {
				continue;
			}

			let validator_public =
				match validator_key_lookup(unchecked_statement.unchecked_validator_index()) {
					None => {
						rep_changes.push((requested_peer, COST_INVALID_SIGNATURE));
						continue;
					},
					Some(p) => p,
				};

			let checked_statement =
				match unchecked_statement.try_into_checked(&signing_context, &validator_public) {
					Err(_) => {
						rep_changes.push((requested_peer, COST_INVALID_SIGNATURE));
						continue;
					},
					Ok(checked) => checked,
				};

			match checked_statement.payload() {
				CompactStatement::Seconded(_) => {
					received_filter.seconded_in_group.set(i, true);
				},
				CompactStatement::Valid(_) => {
					received_filter.validated_in_group.set(i, true);
				},
			}

			statements.push(checked_statement);
			rep_changes.push((requested_peer, BENEFIT_VALID_STATEMENT));
		}

		// Only accept responses which are sufficient, according to our
		// required backing threshold.
		if !seconded_and_sufficient(&received_filter, backing_threshold) {
			return invalid_candidate_output(COST_INVALID_RESPONSE);
		}

		statements
	};

	rep_changes.push((requested_peer, BENEFIT_VALID_RESPONSE));

	ResponseValidationOutput {
		requested_peer,
		request_status: CandidateRequestStatus::Complete {
			candidate: response.candidate_receipt,
			persisted_validation_data: response.persisted_validation_data,
			statements,
		},
		reputation_changes: rep_changes,
	}
}

/// The status of the candidate request after the handling of a response.
#[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
pub enum CandidateRequestStatus {
	/// The request was outdated at the point of receiving the response.
	Outdated,
	/// The response either did not arrive or was invalid.
	Incomplete,
	/// The response completed the request. Statements sent beyond the
	/// mask have been ignored.
	Complete {
		candidate: CommittedCandidateReceipt,
		persisted_validation_data: PersistedValidationData,
		statements: Vec<SignedStatement>,
	},
}

/// Output of the response validation.
#[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
pub struct ResponseValidationOutput {
	/// The peer we requested from.
	pub requested_peer: PeerId,
	/// The status of the request.
	pub request_status: CandidateRequestStatus,
	/// Any reputation changes as a result of validating the response.
	pub reputation_changes: Vec<(PeerId, Rep)>,
}

fn insert_or_update_priority(
	priority_sorted: &mut Vec<(Priority, CandidateIdentifier)>,
	prev_index: Option<usize>,
	candidate_identifier: CandidateIdentifier,
	new_priority: Priority,
) -> usize {
	if let Some(prev_index) = prev_index {
		// GIGO: this behaves strangely if prev-index is not for the
		// expected identifier.
		if priority_sorted[prev_index].0 == new_priority {
			// unchanged.
			return prev_index;
		} else {
			priority_sorted.remove(prev_index);
		}
	}

	let item = (new_priority, candidate_identifier);
	match priority_sorted.binary_search(&item) {
		Ok(i) => i, // ignore if already present.
		Err(i) => {
			priority_sorted.insert(i, item);
			i
		},
	}
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
	use super::*;
	use pezkuwi_primitives::HeadData;
	use pezkuwi_primitives_test_helpers as test_helpers;

	fn dummy_pvd() -> PersistedValidationData {
		PersistedValidationData {
			parent_head: HeadData(vec![7, 8, 9]),
			relay_parent_number: 5,
			max_pov_size: 1024,
			relay_parent_storage_root: Default::default(),
		}
	}

	#[test]
	fn test_remove_by_relay_parent() {
		let parent_a = Hash::from_low_u64_le(1);
		let parent_b = Hash::from_low_u64_le(2);
		let parent_c = Hash::from_low_u64_le(3);

		let candidate_a1 = CandidateHash(Hash::from_low_u64_le(11));
		let candidate_a2 = CandidateHash(Hash::from_low_u64_le(12));
		let candidate_b1 = CandidateHash(Hash::from_low_u64_le(21));
		let candidate_b2 = CandidateHash(Hash::from_low_u64_le(22));
		let candidate_c1 = CandidateHash(Hash::from_low_u64_le(31));
		let duplicate_hash = CandidateHash(Hash::from_low_u64_le(31));

		let mut request_manager = RequestManager::new();
		request_manager.get_or_insert(parent_a, candidate_a1, 1.into());
		request_manager.get_or_insert(parent_a, candidate_a2, 1.into());
		request_manager.get_or_insert(parent_b, candidate_b1, 1.into());
		request_manager.get_or_insert(parent_b, candidate_b2, 2.into());
		request_manager.get_or_insert(parent_c, candidate_c1, 2.into());
		request_manager.get_or_insert(parent_a, duplicate_hash, 1.into());

		assert_eq!(request_manager.requests.len(), 6);
		assert_eq!(request_manager.by_priority.len(), 6);
		assert_eq!(request_manager.unique_identifiers.len(), 5);

		request_manager.remove_by_relay_parent(parent_a);

		assert_eq!(request_manager.requests.len(), 3);
		assert_eq!(request_manager.by_priority.len(), 3);
		assert_eq!(request_manager.unique_identifiers.len(), 3);

		assert!(!request_manager.unique_identifiers.contains_key(&candidate_a1));
		assert!(!request_manager.unique_identifiers.contains_key(&candidate_a2));
		// Duplicate hash should still be there (under a different parent).
		assert!(request_manager.unique_identifiers.contains_key(&duplicate_hash));

		request_manager.remove_by_relay_parent(parent_b);

		assert_eq!(request_manager.requests.len(), 1);
		assert_eq!(request_manager.by_priority.len(), 1);
		assert_eq!(request_manager.unique_identifiers.len(), 1);

		assert!(!request_manager.unique_identifiers.contains_key(&candidate_b1));
		assert!(!request_manager.unique_identifiers.contains_key(&candidate_b2));

		request_manager.remove_by_relay_parent(parent_c);

		assert!(request_manager.requests.is_empty());
		assert!(request_manager.by_priority.is_empty());
		assert!(request_manager.unique_identifiers.is_empty());
	}

	#[test]
	fn test_priority_ordering() {
		let parent_a = Hash::from_low_u64_le(1);
		let parent_b = Hash::from_low_u64_le(2);
		let parent_c = Hash::from_low_u64_le(3);

		let candidate_a1 = CandidateHash(Hash::from_low_u64_le(11));
		let candidate_a2 = CandidateHash(Hash::from_low_u64_le(12));
		let candidate_b1 = CandidateHash(Hash::from_low_u64_le(21));
		let candidate_b2 = CandidateHash(Hash::from_low_u64_le(22));
		let candidate_c1 = CandidateHash(Hash::from_low_u64_le(31));

		let mut request_manager = RequestManager::new();

		// Add some entries, set a couple of them to cluster (high) priority.
		let identifier_a1 = request_manager
			.get_or_insert(parent_a, candidate_a1, 1.into())
			.identifier
			.clone();
		let identifier_a2 = {
			let mut entry = request_manager.get_or_insert(parent_a, candidate_a2, 1.into());
			entry.set_cluster_priority();
			entry.identifier.clone()
		};
		let identifier_b1 = request_manager
			.get_or_insert(parent_b, candidate_b1, 1.into())
			.identifier
			.clone();
		let identifier_b2 = request_manager
			.get_or_insert(parent_b, candidate_b2, 2.into())
			.identifier
			.clone();
		let identifier_c1 = {
			let mut entry = request_manager.get_or_insert(parent_c, candidate_c1, 2.into());
			entry.set_cluster_priority();
			entry.identifier.clone()
		};

		let attempts = 0;
		assert_eq!(
			request_manager.by_priority,
			vec![
				(Priority { origin: Origin::Cluster, attempts }, identifier_a2),
				(Priority { origin: Origin::Cluster, attempts }, identifier_c1),
				(Priority { origin: Origin::Unspecified, attempts }, identifier_a1),
				(Priority { origin: Origin::Unspecified, attempts }, identifier_b1),
				(Priority { origin: Origin::Unspecified, attempts }, identifier_b2),
			]
		);
	}

	// Test case where candidate is requested under two different identifiers at the same time.
	// Should result in `Outdated` error.
	#[test]
	fn handle_outdated_response_due_to_requests_for_different_identifiers() {
		let mut request_manager = RequestManager::new();
		let mut response_manager = ResponseManager::new();

		let relay_parent = Hash::from_low_u64_le(1);
		let mut candidate_receipt = test_helpers::dummy_committed_candidate_receipt(relay_parent);
		let persisted_validation_data = dummy_pvd();
		candidate_receipt.descriptor.persisted_validation_data_hash =
			persisted_validation_data.hash();
		let candidate = candidate_receipt.hash();
		let candidate_receipt: CommittedCandidateReceipt = candidate_receipt.into();
		let requested_peer_1 = PeerId::random();
		let requested_peer_2 = PeerId::random();

		let identifier1 = request_manager
			.get_or_insert(relay_parent, candidate, 1.into())
			.identifier
			.clone();
		request_manager
			.get_or_insert(relay_parent, candidate, 1.into())
			.add_peer(requested_peer_1);
		let identifier2 = request_manager
			.get_or_insert(relay_parent, candidate, 2.into())
			.identifier
			.clone();
		request_manager
			.get_or_insert(relay_parent, candidate, 2.into())
			.add_peer(requested_peer_2);

		assert_ne!(identifier1, identifier2);
		assert_eq!(request_manager.requests.len(), 2);

		let group_size = 3;
		let group = &[ValidatorIndex(0), ValidatorIndex(1), ValidatorIndex(2)];

		let unwanted_mask = StatementFilter::blank(group_size);
		let disabled_mask: BitVec<u8, Lsb0> = Default::default();
		let request_properties = RequestProperties { unwanted_mask, backing_threshold: None };

		// Get requests.
		{
			let request_props =
				|_identifier: &CandidateIdentifier| Some((&request_properties).clone());
			let peer_advertised = |_identifier: &CandidateIdentifier, _peer: &_| {
				Some(StatementFilter::full(group_size))
			};

			let outgoing = request_manager
				.next_request(&mut response_manager, request_props, peer_advertised)
				.unwrap();
			assert_eq!(outgoing.payload.candidate_hash, candidate);
			let outgoing = request_manager
				.next_request(&mut response_manager, request_props, peer_advertised)
				.unwrap();
			assert_eq!(outgoing.payload.candidate_hash, candidate);
		}

		// Validate first response.
		{
			let statements = vec![];
			let response = UnhandledResponse {
				response: TaggedResponse {
					identifier: identifier1,
					requested_peer: requested_peer_1,
					props: request_properties.clone(),
					response: Ok(AttestedCandidateResponse {
						candidate_receipt: candidate_receipt.clone().into(),
						persisted_validation_data: persisted_validation_data.clone(),
						statements,
					}),
				},
			};
			let validator_key_lookup = |_v| None;
			let allowed_para_lookup = |_para, _g_index| true;
			let statements = vec![];
			let output = response.validate_response(
				&mut request_manager,
				group,
				0,
				validator_key_lookup,
				allowed_para_lookup,
				disabled_mask.clone(),
				&Default::default(),
				false,
			);
			assert_eq!(
				output,
				ResponseValidationOutput {
					requested_peer: requested_peer_1,
					request_status: CandidateRequestStatus::Complete {
						candidate: candidate_receipt.clone(),
						persisted_validation_data: persisted_validation_data.clone(),
						statements,
					},
					reputation_changes: vec![(requested_peer_1, BENEFIT_VALID_RESPONSE)],
				}
			);
		}

		// Try to validate second response.
		{
			let statements = vec![];
			let response = UnhandledResponse {
				response: TaggedResponse {
					identifier: identifier2,
					requested_peer: requested_peer_2,
					props: request_properties,
					response: Ok(AttestedCandidateResponse {
						candidate_receipt: candidate_receipt.clone().into(),
						persisted_validation_data: persisted_validation_data.clone(),
						statements,
					}),
				},
			};
			let validator_key_lookup = |_v| None;
			let allowed_para_lookup = |_para, _g_index| true;
			let output = response.validate_response(
				&mut request_manager,
				group,
				0,
				validator_key_lookup,
				allowed_para_lookup,
				disabled_mask,
				&Default::default(),
				false,
			);
			assert_eq!(
				output,
				ResponseValidationOutput {
					requested_peer: requested_peer_2,
					request_status: CandidateRequestStatus::Outdated,
					reputation_changes: vec![],
				}
			);
		}

		assert_eq!(request_manager.requests.len(), 0);
	}

	// Test case where we had a request in-flight and the request entry was garbage-collected on
	// outdated relay parent.
	#[test]
	fn handle_outdated_response_due_to_garbage_collection() {
		let mut request_manager = RequestManager::new();
		let mut response_manager = ResponseManager::new();

		let relay_parent = Hash::from_low_u64_le(1);
		let mut candidate_receipt = test_helpers::dummy_committed_candidate_receipt(relay_parent);
		let persisted_validation_data = dummy_pvd();
		candidate_receipt.descriptor.persisted_validation_data_hash =
			persisted_validation_data.hash();
		let candidate = candidate_receipt.hash();
		let requested_peer = PeerId::random();

		let identifier = request_manager
			.get_or_insert(relay_parent, candidate, 1.into())
			.identifier
			.clone();
		request_manager
			.get_or_insert(relay_parent, candidate, 1.into())
			.add_peer(requested_peer);

		let group_size = 3;
		let group = &[ValidatorIndex(0), ValidatorIndex(1), ValidatorIndex(2)];

		let unwanted_mask = StatementFilter::blank(group_size);
		let request_properties = RequestProperties { unwanted_mask, backing_threshold: None };
		let peer_advertised =
			|_identifier: &CandidateIdentifier, _peer: &_| Some(StatementFilter::full(group_size));

		// Get request once successfully.
		{
			let request_props =
				|_identifier: &CandidateIdentifier| Some((&request_properties).clone());

			let outgoing = request_manager
				.next_request(&mut response_manager, request_props, peer_advertised)
				.unwrap();
			assert_eq!(outgoing.payload.candidate_hash, candidate);
		}

		// Garbage collect based on relay parent.
		request_manager.remove_by_relay_parent(relay_parent);

		// Try to validate response.
		{
			let statements = vec![];
			let response = UnhandledResponse {
				response: TaggedResponse {
					identifier,
					requested_peer,
					props: request_properties,
					response: Ok(AttestedCandidateResponse {
						candidate_receipt: candidate_receipt.clone().into(),
						persisted_validation_data: persisted_validation_data.clone(),
						statements,
					}),
				},
			};
			let validator_key_lookup = |_v| None;
			let allowed_para_lookup = |_para, _g_index| true;
			let disabled_mask: BitVec<u8, Lsb0> = Default::default();
			let output = response.validate_response(
				&mut request_manager,
				group,
				0,
				validator_key_lookup,
				allowed_para_lookup,
				disabled_mask,
				&Default::default(),
				false,
			);
			assert_eq!(
				output,
				ResponseValidationOutput {
					requested_peer,
					request_status: CandidateRequestStatus::Outdated,
					reputation_changes: vec![],
				}
			);
		}
	}

	#[test]
	fn should_clean_up_after_successful_requests() {
		let mut request_manager = RequestManager::new();
		let mut response_manager = ResponseManager::new();

		let relay_parent = Hash::from_low_u64_le(1);
		let mut candidate_receipt = test_helpers::dummy_committed_candidate_receipt(relay_parent);
		let persisted_validation_data = dummy_pvd();
		candidate_receipt.descriptor.persisted_validation_data_hash =
			persisted_validation_data.hash();
		let candidate = candidate_receipt.hash();
		let requested_peer = PeerId::random();

		let identifier = request_manager
			.get_or_insert(relay_parent, candidate, 1.into())
			.identifier
			.clone();
		request_manager
			.get_or_insert(relay_parent, candidate, 1.into())
			.add_peer(requested_peer);

		assert_eq!(request_manager.requests.len(), 1);
		assert_eq!(request_manager.by_priority.len(), 1);

		let group_size = 3;
		let group = &[ValidatorIndex(0), ValidatorIndex(1), ValidatorIndex(2)];

		let unwanted_mask = StatementFilter::blank(group_size);
		let request_properties = RequestProperties { unwanted_mask, backing_threshold: None };
		let peer_advertised =
			|_identifier: &CandidateIdentifier, _peer: &_| Some(StatementFilter::full(group_size));

		// Get request once successfully.
		{
			let request_props =
				|_identifier: &CandidateIdentifier| Some((&request_properties).clone());

			let outgoing = request_manager
				.next_request(&mut response_manager, request_props, peer_advertised)
				.unwrap();
			assert_eq!(outgoing.payload.candidate_hash, candidate);
		}

		// Validate response.
		{
			let statements = vec![];
			let response = UnhandledResponse {
				response: TaggedResponse {
					identifier,
					requested_peer,
					props: request_properties.clone(),
					response: Ok(AttestedCandidateResponse {
						candidate_receipt: candidate_receipt.clone().into(),
						persisted_validation_data: persisted_validation_data.clone(),
						statements,
					}),
				},
			};
			let validator_key_lookup = |_v| None;
			let allowed_para_lookup = |_para, _g_index| true;
			let statements = vec![];
			let disabled_mask: BitVec<u8, Lsb0> = Default::default();
			let output = response.validate_response(
				&mut request_manager,
				group,
				0,
				validator_key_lookup,
				allowed_para_lookup,
				disabled_mask,
				&Default::default(),
				false,
			);
			assert_eq!(
				output,
				ResponseValidationOutput {
					requested_peer,
					request_status: CandidateRequestStatus::Complete {
						candidate: candidate_receipt.clone().into(),
						persisted_validation_data: persisted_validation_data.clone(),
						statements,
					},
					reputation_changes: vec![(requested_peer, BENEFIT_VALID_RESPONSE)],
				}
			);
		}

		// Ensure that cleanup occurred.
		assert_eq!(request_manager.requests.len(), 0);
		assert_eq!(request_manager.by_priority.len(), 0);
	}

	// Test case where we queue 2 requests to be sent to the same peer and 1 request to another
	// peer. Same peer requests should be served one at a time but they should not block the other
	// peer request.
	#[test]
	fn rate_limit_requests_to_same_peer() {
		let mut request_manager = RequestManager::new();
		let mut response_manager = ResponseManager::new();

		let relay_parent = Hash::from_low_u64_le(1);

		// Create 3 candidates
		let mut candidate_receipt_1 = test_helpers::dummy_committed_candidate_receipt(relay_parent);
		let persisted_validation_data_1 = dummy_pvd();
		candidate_receipt_1.descriptor.persisted_validation_data_hash =
			persisted_validation_data_1.hash();
		let candidate_1 = candidate_receipt_1.hash();

		let mut candidate_receipt_2 = test_helpers::dummy_committed_candidate_receipt(relay_parent);
		let persisted_validation_data_2 = dummy_pvd();
		candidate_receipt_2.descriptor.persisted_validation_data_hash =
			persisted_validation_data_2.hash();
		let candidate_2 = candidate_receipt_2.hash();

		let mut candidate_receipt_3 = test_helpers::dummy_committed_candidate_receipt(relay_parent);
		let persisted_validation_data_3 = dummy_pvd();
		candidate_receipt_3.descriptor.persisted_validation_data_hash =
			persisted_validation_data_3.hash();
		let candidate_3 = candidate_receipt_3.hash();

		// Create 2 peers
		let requested_peer_1 = PeerId::random();
		let requested_peer_2 = PeerId::random();

		let group_size = 3;
		let group = &[ValidatorIndex(0), ValidatorIndex(1), ValidatorIndex(2)];
		let unwanted_mask = StatementFilter::blank(group_size);
		let disabled_mask: BitVec<u8, Lsb0> = Default::default();
		let request_properties = RequestProperties { unwanted_mask, backing_threshold: None };
		let request_props = |_identifier: &CandidateIdentifier| Some((&request_properties).clone());
		let peer_advertised =
			|_identifier: &CandidateIdentifier, _peer: &_| Some(StatementFilter::full(group_size));

		// Add request for candidate 1 from peer 1
		let identifier1 = request_manager
			.get_or_insert(relay_parent, candidate_1, 1.into())
			.identifier
			.clone();
		request_manager
			.get_or_insert(relay_parent, candidate_1, 1.into())
			.add_peer(requested_peer_1);

		// Add request for candidate 3 from peer 2 (this one can be served in parallel)
		let _identifier3 = request_manager
			.get_or_insert(relay_parent, candidate_3, 1.into())
			.identifier
			.clone();
		request_manager
			.get_or_insert(relay_parent, candidate_3, 1.into())
			.add_peer(requested_peer_2);

		// Successfully dispatch request for candidate 1 from peer 1 and candidate 3 from peer 2
		for _ in 0..2 {
			let outgoing =
				request_manager.next_request(&mut response_manager, request_props, peer_advertised);
			assert!(outgoing.is_some());
		}
		assert_eq!(response_manager.active_peers.len(), 2);
		assert!(response_manager.is_sending_to(&requested_peer_1));
		assert!(response_manager.is_sending_to(&requested_peer_2));
		assert_eq!(request_manager.requests.len(), 2);

		// Add request for candidate 2 from peer 1
		let _identifier2 = request_manager
			.get_or_insert(relay_parent, candidate_2, 1.into())
			.identifier
			.clone();
		request_manager
			.get_or_insert(relay_parent, candidate_2, 1.into())
			.add_peer(requested_peer_1);

		// Do not dispatch the request for the second candidate from peer 1 (already serving that
		// peer)
		let outgoing =
			request_manager.next_request(&mut response_manager, request_props, peer_advertised);
		assert!(outgoing.is_none());
		assert_eq!(response_manager.active_peers.len(), 2);
		assert!(response_manager.is_sending_to(&requested_peer_1));
		assert!(response_manager.is_sending_to(&requested_peer_2));
		assert_eq!(request_manager.requests.len(), 3);

		// Manually mark response received (response future resolved)
		response_manager.active_peers.remove(&requested_peer_1);
		response_manager.pending_responses = FuturesUnordered::new();

		// Validate first response (candidate 1 from peer 1)
		{
			let statements = vec![];
			let response = UnhandledResponse {
				response: TaggedResponse {
					identifier: identifier1,
					requested_peer: requested_peer_1,
					props: request_properties.clone(),
					response: Ok(AttestedCandidateResponse {
						candidate_receipt: candidate_receipt_1.clone().into(),
						persisted_validation_data: persisted_validation_data_1.clone(),
						statements,
					}),
				},
			};
			let validator_key_lookup = |_v| None;
			let allowed_para_lookup = |_para, _g_index| true;
			let _output = response.validate_response(
				&mut request_manager,
				group,
				0,
				validator_key_lookup,
				allowed_para_lookup,
				disabled_mask.clone(),
				&Default::default(),
				false,
			);

			// First request served successfully
			assert_eq!(request_manager.requests.len(), 2);
			assert_eq!(response_manager.active_peers.len(), 1);
			assert!(response_manager.is_sending_to(&requested_peer_2));
		}

		// Check if the request that was ignored previously will be served now
		let outgoing =
			request_manager.next_request(&mut response_manager, request_props, peer_advertised);
		assert!(outgoing.is_some());
		assert_eq!(response_manager.active_peers.len(), 2);
		assert!(response_manager.is_sending_to(&requested_peer_1));
		assert!(response_manager.is_sending_to(&requested_peer_2));
		assert_eq!(request_manager.requests.len(), 2);
	}
}