// This file is part of Substrate.

// Copyright (C) 2018-2022 Parity Technologies (UK) Ltd.
// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0

// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
// 	http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.

//! This module provides a means for executing contracts
//! represented in wasm.

#[macro_use]
mod env_def;
mod code_cache;
mod prepare;
mod runtime;

#[cfg(feature = "runtime-benchmarks")]
pub use self::code_cache::reinstrument;
pub use self::{
	code_cache::{decrement_refcount, increment_refcount},
	runtime::{ReturnCode, Runtime, RuntimeCosts},
};
use crate::{
	exec::{ExecResult, Executable, ExportedFunction, Ext},
	gas::GasMeter,
	wasm::env_def::FunctionImplProvider,
	AccountIdOf, BalanceOf, CodeHash, CodeStorage, Config, Schedule,
};
use codec::{Decode, Encode, MaxEncodedLen};
use frame_support::dispatch::{DispatchError, DispatchResult};
use sp_core::crypto::UncheckedFrom;
use sp_sandbox::{SandboxEnvironmentBuilder, SandboxInstance, SandboxMemory};
use sp_std::prelude::*;
#[cfg(test)]
pub use tests::MockExt;

/// A prepared wasm module ready for execution.
///
/// # Note
///
/// This data structure is mostly immutable once created and stored. The exceptions that
/// can be changed by calling a contract are `instruction_weights_version` and `code`.
/// `instruction_weights_version` and `code` change when a contract with an outdated instrumentation
/// is called. Therefore one must be careful when holding any in-memory representation of this
/// type while calling into a contract as those fields can get out of date.
#[derive(Clone, Encode, Decode, scale_info::TypeInfo)]
#[scale_info(skip_type_params(T))]
pub struct PrefabWasmModule<T: Config> {
	/// Version of the instruction weights with which the code was instrumented.
	#[codec(compact)]
	instruction_weights_version: u32,
	/// Initial memory size of a contract's sandbox.
	#[codec(compact)]
	initial: u32,
	/// The maximum memory size of a contract's sandbox.
	#[codec(compact)]
	maximum: u32,
	/// Code instrumented with the latest schedule.
	code: Vec<u8>,
	/// The uninstrumented, pristine version of the code.
	///
	/// It is not stored because the pristine code has its own storage item. The value
	/// is only `Some` when this module was created from an `original_code` and `None` if
	/// it was loaded from storage.
	#[codec(skip)]
	original_code: Option<Vec<u8>>,
	/// The code hash of the stored code which is defined as the hash over the `original_code`.
	///
	/// As the map key there is no need to store the hash in the value, too. It is set manually
	/// when loading the module from storage.
	#[codec(skip)]
	code_hash: CodeHash<T>,
	// This isn't needed for contract execution and does not get loaded from storage by default.
	// It is `Some` if and only if this struct was generated from code.
	#[codec(skip)]
	owner_info: Option<OwnerInfo<T>>,
}

/// Information that belongs to a [`PrefabWasmModule`] but is stored separately.
///
/// It is stored in a separate storage entry to avoid loading the code when not necessary.
#[derive(Clone, Encode, Decode, scale_info::TypeInfo, MaxEncodedLen)]
#[codec(mel_bound())]
#[scale_info(skip_type_params(T))]
pub struct OwnerInfo<T: Config> {
	/// The account that has deployed the contract and hence is allowed to remove it.
	owner: AccountIdOf<T>,
	/// The amount of balance that was deposited by the owner in order to deploy it.
	#[codec(compact)]
	deposit: BalanceOf<T>,
	/// The number of contracts that use this as their code.
	#[codec(compact)]
	refcount: u64,
}

impl ExportedFunction {
	/// The wasm export name for the function.
	fn identifier(&self) -> &str {
		match self {
			Self::Constructor => "deploy",
			Self::Call => "call",
		}
	}
}

impl<T: Config> PrefabWasmModule<T>
where
	T::AccountId: UncheckedFrom<T::Hash> + AsRef<[u8]>,
{
	/// Create the module by checking and instrumenting `original_code`.
	///
	/// This does **not** store the module. For this one need to either call [`Self::store`]
	/// or [`<Self as Executable>::execute`].
	pub fn from_code(
		original_code: Vec<u8>,
		schedule: &Schedule<T>,
		owner: AccountIdOf<T>,
	) -> Result<Self, &'static str> {
		prepare::prepare_contract(original_code, schedule, owner)
	}

	/// Store the code without instantiating it.
	///
	/// Otherwise the code is stored when [`<Self as Executable>::execute`] is called.
	pub fn store(self) -> DispatchResult {
		code_cache::store(self, false)
	}

	/// Remove the code from storage and refund the deposit to its owner.
	///
	/// Applies all necessary checks before removing the code.
	pub fn remove(origin: &T::AccountId, code_hash: CodeHash<T>) -> DispatchResult {
		code_cache::try_remove::<T>(origin, code_hash)
	}

	/// Returns whether there is a deposit to be payed for this module.
	///
	/// Returns `0` if the module is already in storage and hence no deposit will
	/// be charged when storing it.
	pub fn open_deposit(&self) -> BalanceOf<T> {
		if <CodeStorage<T>>::contains_key(&self.code_hash) {
			0u32.into()
		} else {
			// Only already in-storage contracts have their `owner_info` set to `None`.
			// Therefore it is correct to return `0` in this case.
			self.owner_info.as_ref().map(|i| i.deposit).unwrap_or_default()
		}
	}

	/// Create and store the module without checking nor instrumenting the passed code.
	///
	/// # Note
	///
	/// This is useful for benchmarking where we don't want instrumentation to skew
	/// our results. This also does not collect any deposit from the `owner`.
	#[cfg(feature = "runtime-benchmarks")]
	pub fn store_code_unchecked(
		original_code: Vec<u8>,
		schedule: &Schedule<T>,
		owner: T::AccountId,
	) -> DispatchResult {
		let executable = prepare::benchmarking::prepare_contract(original_code, schedule, owner)
			.map_err::<DispatchError, _>(Into::into)?;
		code_cache::store(executable, false)
	}

	/// Decrement instruction_weights_version by 1. Panics if it is already 0.
	#[cfg(test)]
	pub fn decrement_version(&mut self) {
		self.instruction_weights_version = self.instruction_weights_version.checked_sub(1).unwrap();
	}
}

impl<T: Config> OwnerInfo<T> {
	/// Return the refcount of the module.
	#[cfg(test)]
	pub fn refcount(&self) -> u64 {
		self.refcount
	}
}

impl<T: Config> Executable<T> for PrefabWasmModule<T>
where
	T::AccountId: UncheckedFrom<T::Hash> + AsRef<[u8]>,
{
	fn from_storage(
		code_hash: CodeHash<T>,
		schedule: &Schedule<T>,
		gas_meter: &mut GasMeter<T>,
	) -> Result<Self, DispatchError> {
		code_cache::load(code_hash, schedule, gas_meter)
	}

	fn remove_user(code_hash: CodeHash<T>) -> Result<(), DispatchError> {
		code_cache::decrement_refcount::<T>(code_hash)
	}

	fn execute<E: Ext<T = T>>(
		self,
		ext: &mut E,
		function: &ExportedFunction,
		input_data: Vec<u8>,
	) -> ExecResult {
		let memory = sp_sandbox::default_executor::Memory::new(self.initial, Some(self.maximum))
			.unwrap_or_else(|_| {
				// unlike `.expect`, explicit panic preserves the source location.
				// Needed as we can't use `RUST_BACKTRACE` in here.
				panic!(
					"exec.prefab_module.initial can't be greater than exec.prefab_module.maximum;
						thus Memory::new must not fail;
						qed"
				)
			});

		let mut imports = sp_sandbox::default_executor::EnvironmentDefinitionBuilder::new();
		imports.add_memory(self::prepare::IMPORT_MODULE_MEMORY, "memory", memory.clone());
		runtime::Env::impls(&mut |module, name, func_ptr| {
			imports.add_host_func(module, name, func_ptr);
		});

		// We store before executing so that the code hash is available in the constructor.
		let code = self.code.clone();
		if let &ExportedFunction::Constructor = function {
			code_cache::store(self, true)?;
		}

		// Instantiate the instance from the instrumented module code and invoke the contract
		// entrypoint.
		let mut runtime = Runtime::new(ext, input_data, memory);
		let result = sp_sandbox::default_executor::Instance::new(&code, &imports, &mut runtime)
			.and_then(|mut instance| instance.invoke(function.identifier(), &[], &mut runtime));

		runtime.to_execution_result(result)
	}

	fn code_hash(&self) -> &CodeHash<T> {
		&self.code_hash
	}

	fn code_len(&self) -> u32 {
		self.code.len() as u32
	}
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
	use super::*;
	use crate::{
		exec::{
			AccountIdOf, BlockNumberOf, ErrorOrigin, ExecError, Executable, Ext, SeedOf, StorageKey,
		},
		gas::GasMeter,
		storage::WriteOutcome,
		tests::{Call, Test, ALICE, BOB},
		BalanceOf, CodeHash, Error, Pallet as Contracts,
	};
	use assert_matches::assert_matches;
	use frame_support::{assert_ok, dispatch::DispatchResultWithPostInfo, weights::Weight};
	use hex_literal::hex;
	use pallet_contracts_primitives::{ExecReturnValue, ReturnFlags};
	use pretty_assertions::assert_eq;
	use sp_core::{Bytes, H256};
	use sp_runtime::DispatchError;
	use std::{
		borrow::BorrowMut,
		cell::RefCell,
		collections::hash_map::{Entry, HashMap},
	};

	#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
	struct InstantiateEntry {
		code_hash: H256,
		value: u64,
		data: Vec<u8>,
		gas_left: u64,
		salt: Vec<u8>,
	}

	#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
	struct TerminationEntry {
		beneficiary: AccountIdOf<Test>,
	}

	#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
	struct TransferEntry {
		to: AccountIdOf<Test>,
		value: u64,
	}

	#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
	struct CallEntry {
		to: AccountIdOf<Test>,
		value: u64,
		data: Vec<u8>,
		allows_reentry: bool,
	}

	#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
	struct CallCodeEntry {
		code_hash: H256,
		data: Vec<u8>,
	}

	pub struct MockExt {
		storage: HashMap<StorageKey, Vec<u8>>,
		instantiates: Vec<InstantiateEntry>,
		terminations: Vec<TerminationEntry>,
		calls: Vec<CallEntry>,
		code_calls: Vec<CallCodeEntry>,
		transfers: Vec<TransferEntry>,
		// (topics, data)
		events: Vec<(Vec<H256>, Vec<u8>)>,
		runtime_calls: RefCell<Vec<Call>>,
		schedule: Schedule<Test>,
		gas_meter: GasMeter<Test>,
		debug_buffer: Vec<u8>,
		ecdsa_recover: RefCell<Vec<([u8; 65], [u8; 32])>>,
		code_hashes: Vec<CodeHash<Test>>,
	}

	/// The call is mocked and just returns this hardcoded value.
	fn call_return_data() -> Bytes {
		Bytes(vec![0xDE, 0xAD, 0xBE, 0xEF])
	}

	impl Default for MockExt {
		fn default() -> Self {
			Self {
				code_hashes: Default::default(),
				storage: Default::default(),
				instantiates: Default::default(),
				terminations: Default::default(),
				calls: Default::default(),
				code_calls: Default::default(),
				transfers: Default::default(),
				events: Default::default(),
				runtime_calls: Default::default(),
				schedule: Default::default(),
				gas_meter: GasMeter::new(10_000_000_000),
				debug_buffer: Default::default(),
				ecdsa_recover: Default::default(),
			}
		}
	}

	impl Ext for MockExt {
		type T = Test;

		fn call(
			&mut self,
			_gas_limit: Weight,
			to: AccountIdOf<Self::T>,
			value: u64,
			data: Vec<u8>,
			allows_reentry: bool,
		) -> Result<ExecReturnValue, ExecError> {
			self.calls.push(CallEntry { to, value, data, allows_reentry });
			Ok(ExecReturnValue { flags: ReturnFlags::empty(), data: call_return_data() })
		}
		fn delegate_call(
			&mut self,
			code_hash: CodeHash<Self::T>,
			data: Vec<u8>,
		) -> Result<ExecReturnValue, ExecError> {
			self.code_calls.push(CallCodeEntry { code_hash, data });
			Ok(ExecReturnValue { flags: ReturnFlags::empty(), data: call_return_data() })
		}
		fn instantiate(
			&mut self,
			gas_limit: Weight,
			code_hash: CodeHash<Test>,
			value: u64,
			data: Vec<u8>,
			salt: &[u8],
		) -> Result<(AccountIdOf<Self::T>, ExecReturnValue), ExecError> {
			self.instantiates.push(InstantiateEntry {
				code_hash: code_hash.clone(),
				value,
				data: data.to_vec(),
				gas_left: gas_limit,
				salt: salt.to_vec(),
			});
			Ok((
				Contracts::<Test>::contract_address(&ALICE, &code_hash, salt),
				ExecReturnValue { flags: ReturnFlags::empty(), data: Bytes(Vec::new()) },
			))
		}
		fn set_code_hash(&mut self, hash: CodeHash<Self::T>) -> Result<(), DispatchError> {
			self.code_hashes.push(hash);
			Ok(())
		}
		fn transfer(&mut self, to: &AccountIdOf<Self::T>, value: u64) -> Result<(), DispatchError> {
			self.transfers.push(TransferEntry { to: to.clone(), value });
			Ok(())
		}
		fn terminate(&mut self, beneficiary: &AccountIdOf<Self::T>) -> Result<(), DispatchError> {
			self.terminations.push(TerminationEntry { beneficiary: beneficiary.clone() });
			Ok(())
		}
		fn get_storage(&mut self, key: &StorageKey) -> Option<Vec<u8>> {
			self.storage.get(key).cloned()
		}
		fn get_storage_size(&mut self, key: &StorageKey) -> Option<u32> {
			self.storage.get(key).map(|val| val.len() as u32)
		}
		fn set_storage(
			&mut self,
			key: StorageKey,
			value: Option<Vec<u8>>,
			take_old: bool,
		) -> Result<WriteOutcome, DispatchError> {
			let entry = self.storage.entry(key);
			let result = match (entry, take_old) {
				(Entry::Vacant(_), _) => WriteOutcome::New,
				(Entry::Occupied(entry), false) =>
					WriteOutcome::Overwritten(entry.remove().len() as u32),
				(Entry::Occupied(entry), true) => WriteOutcome::Taken(entry.remove()),
			};
			if let Some(value) = value {
				self.storage.insert(key, value);
			}
			Ok(result)
		}
		fn caller(&self) -> &AccountIdOf<Self::T> {
			&ALICE
		}
		fn is_contract(&self, _address: &AccountIdOf<Self::T>) -> bool {
			true
		}
		fn caller_is_origin(&self) -> bool {
			false
		}
		fn address(&self) -> &AccountIdOf<Self::T> {
			&BOB
		}
		fn balance(&self) -> u64 {
			228
		}
		fn value_transferred(&self) -> u64 {
			1337
		}
		fn now(&self) -> &u64 {
			&1111
		}
		fn minimum_balance(&self) -> u64 {
			666
		}
		fn random(&self, subject: &[u8]) -> (SeedOf<Self::T>, BlockNumberOf<Self::T>) {
			(H256::from_slice(subject), 42)
		}
		fn deposit_event(&mut self, topics: Vec<H256>, data: Vec<u8>) {
			self.events.push((topics, data))
		}
		fn block_number(&self) -> u64 {
			121
		}
		fn max_value_size(&self) -> u32 {
			16_384
		}
		fn get_weight_price(&self, weight: Weight) -> BalanceOf<Self::T> {
			BalanceOf::<Self::T>::from(1312_u32).saturating_mul(weight.into())
		}
		fn schedule(&self) -> &Schedule<Self::T> {
			&self.schedule
		}
		fn gas_meter(&mut self) -> &mut GasMeter<Self::T> {
			&mut self.gas_meter
		}
		fn append_debug_buffer(&mut self, msg: &str) -> bool {
			self.debug_buffer.extend(msg.as_bytes());
			true
		}
		fn call_runtime(&self, call: <Self::T as Config>::Call) -> DispatchResultWithPostInfo {
			self.runtime_calls.borrow_mut().push(call);
			Ok(Default::default())
		}
		fn ecdsa_recover(
			&self,
			signature: &[u8; 65],
			message_hash: &[u8; 32],
		) -> Result<[u8; 33], ()> {
			self.ecdsa_recover.borrow_mut().push((signature.clone(), message_hash.clone()));
			Ok([3; 33])
		}
		fn contract_info(&mut self) -> &mut crate::ContractInfo<Self::T> {
			unimplemented!()
		}
	}

	fn execute<E: BorrowMut<MockExt>>(wat: &str, input_data: Vec<u8>, mut ext: E) -> ExecResult {
		let wasm = wat::parse_str(wat).unwrap();
		let schedule = crate::Schedule::default();
		let executable =
			PrefabWasmModule::<<MockExt as Ext>::T>::from_code(wasm, &schedule, ALICE).unwrap();
		executable.execute(ext.borrow_mut(), &ExportedFunction::Call, input_data)
	}

	const CODE_TRANSFER: &str = r#"
(module
	;; seal_transfer(
	;;    account_ptr: u32,
	;;    account_len: u32,
	;;    value_ptr: u32,
	;;    value_len: u32,
	;;) -> u32
	(import "seal0" "seal_transfer" (func $seal_transfer (param i32 i32 i32 i32) (result i32)))
	(import "env" "memory" (memory 1 1))
	(func (export "call")
		(drop
			(call $seal_transfer
				(i32.const 4)  ;; Pointer to "account" address.
				(i32.const 32)  ;; Length of "account" address.
				(i32.const 36) ;; Pointer to the buffer with value to transfer
				(i32.const 8)  ;; Length of the buffer with value to transfer.
			)
		)
	)
	(func (export "deploy"))

	;; Destination AccountId (ALICE)
	(data (i32.const 4)
		"\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01"
		"\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01"
	)

	;; Amount of value to transfer.
	;; Represented by u64 (8 bytes long) in little endian.
	(data (i32.const 36) "\99\00\00\00\00\00\00\00")
)
"#;

	#[test]
	fn contract_transfer() {
		let mut mock_ext = MockExt::default();
		assert_ok!(execute(CODE_TRANSFER, vec![], &mut mock_ext));

		assert_eq!(&mock_ext.transfers, &[TransferEntry { to: ALICE, value: 153 }]);
	}

	const CODE_CALL: &str = r#"
(module
	;; seal_call(
	;;    callee_ptr: u32,
	;;    callee_len: u32,
	;;    gas: u64,
	;;    value_ptr: u32,
	;;    value_len: u32,
	;;    input_data_ptr: u32,
	;;    input_data_len: u32,
	;;    output_ptr: u32,
	;;    output_len_ptr: u32
	;;) -> u32
	(import "seal0" "seal_call" (func $seal_call (param i32 i32 i64 i32 i32 i32 i32 i32 i32) (result i32)))
	(import "env" "memory" (memory 1 1))
	(func (export "call")
		(drop
			(call $seal_call
				(i32.const 4)  ;; Pointer to "callee" address.
				(i32.const 32)  ;; Length of "callee" address.
				(i64.const 0)  ;; How much gas to devote for the execution. 0 = all.
				(i32.const 36) ;; Pointer to the buffer with value to transfer
				(i32.const 8)  ;; Length of the buffer with value to transfer.
				(i32.const 44) ;; Pointer to input data buffer address
				(i32.const 4)  ;; Length of input data buffer
				(i32.const 4294967295) ;; u32 max value is the sentinel value: do not copy output
				(i32.const 0) ;; Length is ignored in this case
			)
		)
	)
	(func (export "deploy"))

	;; Destination AccountId (ALICE)
	(data (i32.const 4)
		"\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01"
		"\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01"
	)

	;; Amount of value to transfer.
	;; Represented by u64 (8 bytes long) in little endian.
	(data (i32.const 36) "\06\00\00\00\00\00\00\00")

	(data (i32.const 44) "\01\02\03\04")
)
"#;

	#[test]
	fn contract_call() {
		let mut mock_ext = MockExt::default();
		assert_ok!(execute(CODE_CALL, vec![], &mut mock_ext));

		assert_eq!(
			&mock_ext.calls,
			&[CallEntry { to: ALICE, value: 6, data: vec![1, 2, 3, 4], allows_reentry: true }]
		);
	}

	#[test]
	#[cfg(feature = "unstable-interface")]
	fn contract_delegate_call() {
		const CODE: &str = r#"
(module
	;; seal_delegate_call(
	;;    flags: u32,
	;;    code_hash_ptr: u32,
	;;    input_data_ptr: u32,
	;;    input_data_len: u32,
	;;    output_ptr: u32,
	;;    output_len_ptr: u32
	;;) -> u32
	(import "__unstable__" "seal_delegate_call" (func $seal_delegate_call (param i32 i32 i32 i32 i32 i32) (result i32)))
	(import "env" "memory" (memory 1 1))
	(func (export "call")
		(drop
			(call $seal_delegate_call
				(i32.const 0) ;; No flags are set
				(i32.const 4)  ;; Pointer to "callee" code_hash.
				(i32.const 36) ;; Pointer to input data buffer address
				(i32.const 4)  ;; Length of input data buffer
				(i32.const 4294967295) ;; u32 max value is the sentinel value: do not copy output
				(i32.const 0) ;; Length is ignored in this case
			)
		)
	)
	(func (export "deploy"))

	;; Callee code_hash
	(data (i32.const 4)
		"\11\11\11\11\11\11\11\11\11\11\11\11\11\11\11\11"
		"\11\11\11\11\11\11\11\11\11\11\11\11\11\11\11\11"
	)

	(data (i32.const 36) "\01\02\03\04")
)
"#;
		let mut mock_ext = MockExt::default();
		assert_ok!(execute(CODE, vec![], &mut mock_ext));

		assert_eq!(
			&mock_ext.code_calls,
			&[CallCodeEntry { code_hash: [0x11; 32].into(), data: vec![1, 2, 3, 4] }]
		);
	}

	#[test]
	fn contract_call_forward_input() {
		const CODE: &str = r#"
(module
	(import "seal1" "seal_call" (func $seal_call (param i32 i32 i64 i32 i32 i32 i32 i32) (result i32)))
	(import "seal0" "seal_input" (func $seal_input (param i32 i32)))
	(import "env" "memory" (memory 1 1))
	(func (export "call")
		(drop
			(call $seal_call
				(i32.const 1) ;; Set FORWARD_INPUT bit
				(i32.const 4)  ;; Pointer to "callee" address.
				(i64.const 0)  ;; How much gas to devote for the execution. 0 = all.
				(i32.const 36) ;; Pointer to the buffer with value to transfer
				(i32.const 44) ;; Pointer to input data buffer address
				(i32.const 4)  ;; Length of input data buffer
				(i32.const 4294967295) ;; u32 max value is the sentinel value: do not copy output
				(i32.const 0) ;; Length is ignored in this case
			)
		)

		;; triggers a trap because we already forwarded the input
		(call $seal_input (i32.const 1) (i32.const 44))
	)

	(func (export "deploy"))

	;; Destination AccountId (ALICE)
	(data (i32.const 4)
		"\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01"
		"\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01"
	)

	;; Amount of value to transfer.
	;; Represented by u64 (8 bytes long) in little endian.
	(data (i32.const 36) "\2A\00\00\00\00\00\00\00")

	;; The input is ignored because we forward our own input
	(data (i32.const 44) "\01\02\03\04")
)
"#;
		let mut mock_ext = MockExt::default();
		let input = vec![0xff, 0x2a, 0x99, 0x88];
		frame_support::assert_err!(
			execute(CODE, input.clone(), &mut mock_ext),
			<Error<Test>>::InputForwarded,
		);

		assert_eq!(
			&mock_ext.calls,
			&[CallEntry { to: ALICE, value: 0x2a, data: input, allows_reentry: false }]
		);
	}

	#[test]
	fn contract_call_clone_input() {
		const CODE: &str = r#"
(module
	(import "seal1" "seal_call" (func $seal_call (param i32 i32 i64 i32 i32 i32 i32 i32) (result i32)))
	(import "seal0" "seal_input" (func $seal_input (param i32 i32)))
	(import "seal0" "seal_return" (func $seal_return (param i32 i32 i32)))
	(import "env" "memory" (memory 1 1))
	(func (export "call")
		(drop
			(call $seal_call
				(i32.const 11) ;; Set FORWARD_INPUT | CLONE_INPUT | ALLOW_REENTRY bits
				(i32.const 4)  ;; Pointer to "callee" address.
				(i64.const 0)  ;; How much gas to devote for the execution. 0 = all.
				(i32.const 36) ;; Pointer to the buffer with value to transfer
				(i32.const 44) ;; Pointer to input data buffer address
				(i32.const 4)  ;; Length of input data buffer
				(i32.const 4294967295) ;; u32 max value is the sentinel value: do not copy output
				(i32.const 0) ;; Length is ignored in this case
			)
		)

		;; works because the input was cloned
		(call $seal_input (i32.const 0) (i32.const 44))

		;; return the input to caller for inspection
		(call $seal_return (i32.const 0) (i32.const 0) (i32.load (i32.const 44)))
	)

	(func (export "deploy"))

	;; Destination AccountId (ALICE)
	(data (i32.const 4)
		"\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01"
		"\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01"
	)

	;; Amount of value to transfer.
	;; Represented by u64 (8 bytes long) in little endian.
	(data (i32.const 36) "\2A\00\00\00\00\00\00\00")

	;; The input is ignored because we forward our own input
	(data (i32.const 44) "\01\02\03\04")
)
"#;
		let mut mock_ext = MockExt::default();
		let input = vec![0xff, 0x2a, 0x99, 0x88];
		let result = execute(CODE, input.clone(), &mut mock_ext).unwrap();
		assert_eq!(result.data.0, input);
		assert_eq!(
			&mock_ext.calls,
			&[CallEntry { to: ALICE, value: 0x2a, data: input, allows_reentry: true }]
		);
	}

	#[test]
	fn contract_call_tail_call() {
		const CODE: &str = r#"
(module
	(import "seal1" "seal_call" (func $seal_call (param i32 i32 i64 i32 i32 i32 i32 i32) (result i32)))
	(import "env" "memory" (memory 1 1))
	(func (export "call")
		(drop
			(call $seal_call
				(i32.const 5) ;; Set FORWARD_INPUT | TAIL_CALL bit
				(i32.const 4)  ;; Pointer to "callee" address.
				(i64.const 0)  ;; How much gas to devote for the execution. 0 = all.
				(i32.const 36) ;; Pointer to the buffer with value to transfer
				(i32.const 0) ;; Pointer to input data buffer address
				(i32.const 0)  ;; Length of input data buffer
				(i32.const 4294967295) ;; u32 max value is the sentinel value: do not copy output
				(i32.const 0) ;; Length is ignored in this case
			)
		)

		;; a tail call never returns
		(unreachable)
	)

	(func (export "deploy"))

	;; Destination AccountId (ALICE)
	(data (i32.const 4)
		"\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01"
		"\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01"
	)

	;; Amount of value to transfer.
	;; Represented by u64 (8 bytes long) in little endian.
	(data (i32.const 36) "\2A\00\00\00\00\00\00\00")
)
"#;
		let mut mock_ext = MockExt::default();
		let input = vec![0xff, 0x2a, 0x99, 0x88];
		let result = execute(CODE, input.clone(), &mut mock_ext).unwrap();
		assert_eq!(result.data, call_return_data());
		assert_eq!(
			&mock_ext.calls,
			&[CallEntry { to: ALICE, value: 0x2a, data: input, allows_reentry: false }]
		);
	}

	#[test]
	#[cfg(feature = "unstable-interface")]
	fn contains_storage_works() {
		const CODE: &str = r#"
(module
	(import "seal0" "seal_return" (func $seal_return (param i32 i32 i32)))
	(import "seal0" "seal_input" (func $seal_input (param i32 i32)))
	(import "__unstable__" "seal_contains_storage" (func $seal_contains_storage (param i32) (result i32)))
	(import "env" "memory" (memory 1 1))

	;; [0, 4) size of input buffer (32 byte as we copy the key here)
	(data (i32.const 0) "\20")

	;; [4, 36) input buffer

	;; [36, inf) output buffer

	(func (export "call")
		;; Receive key
		(call $seal_input
			(i32.const 4)	;; Pointer to the input buffer
			(i32.const 0)	;; Size of the length buffer
		)

		;; Load the return value into the output buffer
		(i32.store (i32.const 36)
			(call $seal_contains_storage
				(i32.const 4)		;; The pointer to the storage key to fetch
			)
		)

		;; Return the contents of the buffer
		(call $seal_return
			(i32.const 0)					;; flags
			(i32.const 36)					;; output buffer ptr
			(i32.const 4)					;; result is integer (4 bytes)
		)
	)

	(func (export "deploy"))
)
"#;

		let mut ext = MockExt::default();

		ext.storage.insert([1u8; 32], vec![42u8]);
		ext.storage.insert([2u8; 32], vec![]);

		// value does not exist -> sentinel value returned
		let result = execute(CODE, [3u8; 32].encode(), &mut ext).unwrap();
		assert_eq!(u32::from_le_bytes(result.data.0.try_into().unwrap()), crate::SENTINEL);

		// value did exist -> success
		let result = execute(CODE, [1u8; 32].encode(), &mut ext).unwrap();
		assert_eq!(u32::from_le_bytes(result.data.0.try_into().unwrap()), 1,);

		// value did exist -> success (zero sized type)
		let result = execute(CODE, [2u8; 32].encode(), &mut ext).unwrap();
		assert_eq!(u32::from_le_bytes(result.data.0.try_into().unwrap()), 0,);
	}

	const CODE_INSTANTIATE: &str = r#"
(module
	;; seal_instantiate(
	;;     code_ptr: u32,
	;;     code_len: u32,
	;;     gas: u64,
	;;     value_ptr: u32,
	;;     value_len: u32,
	;;     input_data_ptr: u32,
	;;     input_data_len: u32,
	;;     input_data_len: u32,
	;;     address_ptr: u32,
	;;     address_len_ptr: u32,
	;;     output_ptr: u32,
	;;     output_len_ptr: u32
	;; ) -> u32
	(import "seal0" "seal_instantiate" (func $seal_instantiate
		(param i32 i32 i64 i32 i32 i32 i32 i32 i32 i32 i32 i32 i32) (result i32)
	))
	(import "env" "memory" (memory 1 1))
	(func (export "call")
		(drop
			(call $seal_instantiate
				(i32.const 16)   ;; Pointer to `code_hash`
				(i32.const 32)   ;; Length of `code_hash`
				(i64.const 0)    ;; How much gas to devote for the execution. 0 = all.
				(i32.const 4)    ;; Pointer to the buffer with value to transfer
				(i32.const 8)    ;; Length of the buffer with value to transfer
				(i32.const 12)   ;; Pointer to input data buffer address
				(i32.const 4)    ;; Length of input data buffer
				(i32.const 4294967295) ;; u32 max value is the sentinel value: do not copy address
				(i32.const 0) ;; Length is ignored in this case
				(i32.const 4294967295) ;; u32 max value is the sentinel value: do not copy output
				(i32.const 0) ;; Length is ignored in this case
				(i32.const 0) ;; salt_ptr
				(i32.const 4) ;; salt_len
			)
		)
	)
	(func (export "deploy"))

	;; Salt
	(data (i32.const 0) "\42\43\44\45")
	;; Amount of value to transfer.
	;; Represented by u64 (8 bytes long) in little endian.
	(data (i32.const 4) "\03\00\00\00\00\00\00\00")
	;; Input data to pass to the contract being instantiated.
	(data (i32.const 12) "\01\02\03\04")
	;; Hash of code.
	(data (i32.const 16)
		"\11\11\11\11\11\11\11\11\11\11\11\11\11\11\11\11"
		"\11\11\11\11\11\11\11\11\11\11\11\11\11\11\11\11"
	)
)
"#;

	#[test]
	fn contract_instantiate() {
		let mut mock_ext = MockExt::default();
		assert_ok!(execute(CODE_INSTANTIATE, vec![], &mut mock_ext));

		assert_matches!(
			&mock_ext.instantiates[..],
			[InstantiateEntry {
				code_hash,
				value: 3,
				data,
				gas_left: _,
				salt,
			}] if
				code_hash == &[0x11; 32].into() &&
				data == &vec![1, 2, 3, 4] &&
				salt == &vec![0x42, 0x43, 0x44, 0x45]
		);
	}

	const CODE_TERMINATE: &str = r#"
(module
	;; seal_terminate(
	;;     beneficiary_ptr: u32,
	;;     beneficiary_len: u32,
	;; )
	(import "seal0" "seal_terminate" (func $seal_terminate (param i32 i32)))
	(import "env" "memory" (memory 1 1))
	(func (export "call")
		(call $seal_terminate
			(i32.const 4)  ;; Pointer to "beneficiary" address.
			(i32.const 32)  ;; Length of "beneficiary" address.
		)
	)
	(func (export "deploy"))

	;; Beneficiary AccountId to transfer the funds.
	(data (i32.const 4)
		"\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01"
		"\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01"
	)
)
"#;

	#[test]
	fn contract_terminate() {
		let mut mock_ext = MockExt::default();
		execute(CODE_TERMINATE, vec![], &mut mock_ext).unwrap();

		assert_eq!(&mock_ext.terminations, &[TerminationEntry { beneficiary: ALICE }]);
	}

	const CODE_TRANSFER_LIMITED_GAS: &str = r#"
(module
	;; seal_call(
	;;    callee_ptr: u32,
	;;    callee_len: u32,
	;;    gas: u64,
	;;    value_ptr: u32,
	;;    value_len: u32,
	;;    input_data_ptr: u32,
	;;    input_data_len: u32,
	;;    output_ptr: u32,
	;;    output_len_ptr: u32
	;;) -> u32
	(import "seal0" "seal_call" (func $seal_call (param i32 i32 i64 i32 i32 i32 i32 i32 i32) (result i32)))
	(import "env" "memory" (memory 1 1))
	(func (export "call")
		(drop
			(call $seal_call
				(i32.const 4)  ;; Pointer to "callee" address.
				(i32.const 32)  ;; Length of "callee" address.
				(i64.const 228)  ;; How much gas to devote for the execution.
				(i32.const 36)  ;; Pointer to the buffer with value to transfer
				(i32.const 8)   ;; Length of the buffer with value to transfer.
				(i32.const 44)   ;; Pointer to input data buffer address
				(i32.const 4)   ;; Length of input data buffer
				(i32.const 4294967295) ;; u32 max value is the sentinel value: do not copy output
				(i32.const 0) ;; Length is ignored in this cas
			)
		)
	)
	(func (export "deploy"))

	;; Destination AccountId to transfer the funds.
	(data (i32.const 4)
		"\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01"
		"\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01"
	)
	;; Amount of value to transfer.
	;; Represented by u64 (8 bytes long) in little endian.
	(data (i32.const 36) "\06\00\00\00\00\00\00\00")

	(data (i32.const 44) "\01\02\03\04")
)
"#;

	#[test]
	fn contract_call_limited_gas() {
		let mut mock_ext = MockExt::default();
		assert_ok!(execute(&CODE_TRANSFER_LIMITED_GAS, vec![], &mut mock_ext));

		assert_eq!(
			&mock_ext.calls,
			&[CallEntry { to: ALICE, value: 6, data: vec![1, 2, 3, 4], allows_reentry: true }]
		);
	}

	#[cfg(feature = "unstable-interface")]
	const CODE_ECDSA_RECOVER: &str = r#"
(module
	;; seal_ecdsa_recover(
	;;    signature_ptr: u32,
	;;    message_hash_ptr: u32,
	;;    output_ptr: u32
	;; ) -> u32
	(import "__unstable__" "seal_ecdsa_recover" (func $seal_ecdsa_recover (param i32 i32 i32) (result i32)))
	(import "env" "memory" (memory 1 1))
	(func (export "call")
		(drop
			(call $seal_ecdsa_recover
				(i32.const 36) ;; Pointer to signature.
				(i32.const 4)  ;; Pointer to message hash.
				(i32.const 36) ;; Pointer for output - public key.
			)
		)
	)
	(func (export "deploy"))

	;; Hash of message.
	(data (i32.const 4)
		"\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01"
		"\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01"
	)
	;; Signature
	(data (i32.const 36)
		"\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01"
		"\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01"
		"\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01"
		"\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01"
		"\01"
	)
)
"#;

	#[test]
	#[cfg(feature = "unstable-interface")]
	fn contract_ecdsa_recover() {
		let mut mock_ext = MockExt::default();
		assert_ok!(execute(&CODE_ECDSA_RECOVER, vec![], &mut mock_ext));
		assert_eq!(mock_ext.ecdsa_recover.into_inner(), [([1; 65], [1; 32])]);
	}

	const CODE_GET_STORAGE: &str = r#"
(module
	(import "seal0" "seal_get_storage" (func $seal_get_storage (param i32 i32 i32) (result i32)))
	(import "seal0" "seal_return" (func $seal_return (param i32 i32 i32)))
	(import "env" "memory" (memory 1 1))

	;; [0, 32) key for get storage
	(data (i32.const 0)
		"\11\11\11\11\11\11\11\11\11\11\11\11\11\11\11\11"
		"\11\11\11\11\11\11\11\11\11\11\11\11\11\11\11\11"
	)

	;; [32, 36) buffer size = 4k in little endian
	(data (i32.const 32) "\00\10")

	;; [36; inf) buffer where the result is copied

	(func $assert (param i32)
		(block $ok
			(br_if $ok
				(get_local 0)
			)
			(unreachable)
		)
	)

	(func (export "call")
		(local $buf_size i32)

		;; Load a storage value into contract memory.
		(call $assert
			(i32.eq
				(call $seal_get_storage
					(i32.const 0)		;; The pointer to the storage key to fetch
					(i32.const 36)		;; Pointer to the output buffer
					(i32.const 32)		;; Pointer to the size of the buffer
				)

				;; Return value 0 means that the value is found and there were
				;; no errors.
				(i32.const 0)
			)
		)

		;; Find out the size of the buffer
		(set_local $buf_size
			(i32.load (i32.const 32))
		)

		;; Return the contents of the buffer
		(call $seal_return
			(i32.const 0)
			(i32.const 36)
			(get_local $buf_size)
		)

		;; env:seal_return doesn't return, so this is effectively unreachable.
		(unreachable)
	)

	(func (export "deploy"))
)
"#;

	#[test]
	fn get_storage_puts_data_into_buf() {
		let mut mock_ext = MockExt::default();
		mock_ext.storage.insert([0x11; 32], [0x22; 32].to_vec());

		let output = execute(CODE_GET_STORAGE, vec![], mock_ext).unwrap();

		assert_eq!(
			output,
			ExecReturnValue { flags: ReturnFlags::empty(), data: Bytes([0x22; 32].to_vec()) }
		);
	}

	/// calls `seal_caller` and compares the result with the constant 42.
	const CODE_CALLER: &str = r#"
(module
	(import "seal0" "seal_caller" (func $seal_caller (param i32 i32)))
	(import "env" "memory" (memory 1 1))

	;; size of our buffer is 32 bytes
	(data (i32.const 32) "\20")

	(func $assert (param i32)
		(block $ok
			(br_if $ok
				(get_local 0)
			)
			(unreachable)
		)
	)

	(func (export "call")
		;; fill the buffer with the caller.
		(call $seal_caller (i32.const 0) (i32.const 32))

		;; assert len == 32
		(call $assert
			(i32.eq
				(i32.load (i32.const 32))
				(i32.const 32)
			)
		)

		;; assert that the first 64 byte are the beginning of "ALICE"
		(call $assert
			(i64.eq
				(i64.load (i32.const 0))
				(i64.const 0x0101010101010101)
			)
		)
	)

	(func (export "deploy"))
)
"#;

	#[test]
	fn caller() {
		assert_ok!(execute(CODE_CALLER, vec![], MockExt::default()));
	}

	/// calls `seal_address` and compares the result with the constant 69.
	const CODE_ADDRESS: &str = r#"
(module
	(import "seal0" "seal_address" (func $seal_address (param i32 i32)))
	(import "env" "memory" (memory 1 1))

	;; size of our buffer is 32 bytes
	(data (i32.const 32) "\20")

	(func $assert (param i32)
		(block $ok
			(br_if $ok
				(get_local 0)
			)
			(unreachable)
		)
	)

	(func (export "call")
		;; fill the buffer with the self address.
		(call $seal_address (i32.const 0) (i32.const 32))

		;; assert size == 32
		(call $assert
			(i32.eq
				(i32.load (i32.const 32))
				(i32.const 32)
			)
		)

		;; assert that the first 64 byte are the beginning of "BOB"
		(call $assert
			(i64.eq
				(i64.load (i32.const 0))
				(i64.const 0x0202020202020202)
			)
		)
	)

	(func (export "deploy"))
)
"#;

	#[test]
	fn address() {
		assert_ok!(execute(CODE_ADDRESS, vec![], MockExt::default()));
	}

	const CODE_BALANCE: &str = r#"
(module
	(import "seal0" "seal_balance" (func $seal_balance (param i32 i32)))
	(import "env" "memory" (memory 1 1))

	;; size of our buffer is 32 bytes
	(data (i32.const 32) "\20")

	(func $assert (param i32)
		(block $ok
			(br_if $ok
				(get_local 0)
			)
			(unreachable)
		)
	)

	(func (export "call")
		;; This stores the balance in the buffer
		(call $seal_balance (i32.const 0) (i32.const 32))

		;; assert len == 8
		(call $assert
			(i32.eq
				(i32.load (i32.const 32))
				(i32.const 8)
			)
		)

		;; assert that contents of the buffer is equal to the i64 value of 228.
		(call $assert
			(i64.eq
				(i64.load (i32.const 0))
				(i64.const 228)
			)
		)
	)
	(func (export "deploy"))
)
"#;

	#[test]
	fn balance() {
		assert_ok!(execute(CODE_BALANCE, vec![], MockExt::default()));
	}

	const CODE_GAS_PRICE: &str = r#"
(module
	(import "seal0" "seal_weight_to_fee" (func $seal_weight_to_fee (param i64 i32 i32)))
	(import "env" "memory" (memory 1 1))

	;; size of our buffer is 32 bytes
	(data (i32.const 32) "\20")

	(func $assert (param i32)
		(block $ok
			(br_if $ok
				(get_local 0)
			)
			(unreachable)
		)
	)

	(func (export "call")
		;; This stores the gas price in the buffer
		(call $seal_weight_to_fee (i64.const 2) (i32.const 0) (i32.const 32))

		;; assert len == 8
		(call $assert
			(i32.eq
				(i32.load (i32.const 32))
				(i32.const 8)
			)
		)

		;; assert that contents of the buffer is equal to the i64 value of 2 * 1312.
		(call $assert
			(i64.eq
				(i64.load (i32.const 0))
				(i64.const 2624)
			)
		)
	)
	(func (export "deploy"))
)
"#;

	#[test]
	fn gas_price() {
		assert_ok!(execute(CODE_GAS_PRICE, vec![], MockExt::default()));
	}

	const CODE_GAS_LEFT: &str = r#"
(module
	(import "seal0" "seal_gas_left" (func $seal_gas_left (param i32 i32)))
	(import "seal0" "seal_return" (func $seal_return (param i32 i32 i32)))
	(import "env" "memory" (memory 1 1))

	;; size of our buffer is 32 bytes
	(data (i32.const 32) "\20")

	(func $assert (param i32)
		(block $ok
			(br_if $ok
				(get_local 0)
			)
			(unreachable)
		)
	)

	(func (export "call")
		;; This stores the gas left in the buffer
		(call $seal_gas_left (i32.const 0) (i32.const 32))

		;; assert len == 8
		(call $assert
			(i32.eq
				(i32.load (i32.const 32))
				(i32.const 8)
			)
		)

		;; return gas left
		(call $seal_return (i32.const 0) (i32.const 0) (i32.const 8))

		(unreachable)
	)
	(func (export "deploy"))
)
"#;

	#[test]
	fn gas_left() {
		let mut ext = MockExt::default();
		let gas_limit = ext.gas_meter.gas_left();

		let output = execute(CODE_GAS_LEFT, vec![], &mut ext).unwrap();

		let gas_left = Weight::decode(&mut &*output.data).unwrap();
		let actual_left = ext.gas_meter.gas_left();
		assert!(gas_left < gas_limit, "gas_left must be less than initial");
		assert!(gas_left > actual_left, "gas_left must be greater than final");
	}

	const CODE_VALUE_TRANSFERRED: &str = r#"
(module
	(import "seal0" "seal_value_transferred" (func $seal_value_transferred (param i32 i32)))
	(import "env" "memory" (memory 1 1))

	;; size of our buffer is 32 bytes
	(data (i32.const 32) "\20")

	(func $assert (param i32)
		(block $ok
			(br_if $ok
				(get_local 0)
			)
			(unreachable)
		)
	)

	(func (export "call")
		;; This stores the value transferred in the buffer
		(call $seal_value_transferred (i32.const 0) (i32.const 32))

		;; assert len == 8
		(call $assert
			(i32.eq
				(i32.load (i32.const 32))
				(i32.const 8)
			)
		)

		;; assert that contents of the buffer is equal to the i64 value of 1337.
		(call $assert
			(i64.eq
				(i64.load (i32.const 0))
				(i64.const 1337)
			)
		)
	)
	(func (export "deploy"))
)
"#;

	#[test]
	fn value_transferred() {
		assert_ok!(execute(CODE_VALUE_TRANSFERRED, vec![], MockExt::default()));
	}

	const CODE_RETURN_FROM_START_FN: &str = r#"
(module
	(import "seal0" "seal_return" (func $seal_return (param i32 i32 i32)))
	(import "env" "memory" (memory 1 1))

	(start $start)
	(func $start
		(call $seal_return
			(i32.const 0)
			(i32.const 8)
			(i32.const 4)
		)
		(unreachable)
	)

	(func (export "call")
		(unreachable)
	)
	(func (export "deploy"))

	(data (i32.const 8) "\01\02\03\04")
)
"#;

	#[test]
	fn return_from_start_fn() {
		let output = execute(CODE_RETURN_FROM_START_FN, vec![], MockExt::default()).unwrap();

		assert_eq!(
			output,
			ExecReturnValue { flags: ReturnFlags::empty(), data: Bytes(vec![1, 2, 3, 4]) }
		);
	}

	const CODE_TIMESTAMP_NOW: &str = r#"
(module
	(import "seal0" "seal_now" (func $seal_now (param i32 i32)))
	(import "env" "memory" (memory 1 1))

	;; size of our buffer is 32 bytes
	(data (i32.const 32) "\20")

	(func $assert (param i32)
		(block $ok
			(br_if $ok
				(get_local 0)
			)
			(unreachable)
		)
	)

	(func (export "call")
		;; This stores the block timestamp in the buffer
		(call $seal_now (i32.const 0) (i32.const 32))

		;; assert len == 8
		(call $assert
			(i32.eq
				(i32.load (i32.const 32))
				(i32.const 8)
			)
		)

		;; assert that contents of the buffer is equal to the i64 value of 1111.
		(call $assert
			(i64.eq
				(i64.load (i32.const 0))
				(i64.const 1111)
			)
		)
	)
	(func (export "deploy"))
)
"#;

	#[test]
	fn now() {
		assert_ok!(execute(CODE_TIMESTAMP_NOW, vec![], MockExt::default()));
	}

	const CODE_MINIMUM_BALANCE: &str = r#"
(module
	(import "seal0" "seal_minimum_balance" (func $seal_minimum_balance (param i32 i32)))
	(import "env" "memory" (memory 1 1))

	;; size of our buffer is 32 bytes
	(data (i32.const 32) "\20")

	(func $assert (param i32)
		(block $ok
			(br_if $ok
				(get_local 0)
			)
			(unreachable)
		)
	)

	(func (export "call")
		(call $seal_minimum_balance (i32.const 0) (i32.const 32))

		;; assert len == 8
		(call $assert
			(i32.eq
				(i32.load (i32.const 32))
				(i32.const 8)
			)
		)

		;; assert that contents of the buffer is equal to the i64 value of 666.
		(call $assert
			(i64.eq
				(i64.load (i32.const 0))
				(i64.const 666)
			)
		)
	)
	(func (export "deploy"))
)
"#;

	#[test]
	fn minimum_balance() {
		assert_ok!(execute(CODE_MINIMUM_BALANCE, vec![], MockExt::default()));
	}

	const CODE_RANDOM: &str = r#"
(module
	(import "seal0" "seal_random" (func $seal_random (param i32 i32 i32 i32)))
	(import "seal0" "seal_return" (func $seal_return (param i32 i32 i32)))
	(import "env" "memory" (memory 1 1))

	;; [0,128) is reserved for the result of PRNG.

	;; the subject used for the PRNG. [128,160)
	(data (i32.const 128)
		"\00\01\02\03\04\05\06\07\08\09\0A\0B\0C\0D\0E\0F"
		"\00\01\02\03\04\05\06\07\08\09\0A\0B\0C\0D\0E\0F"
	)

	;; size of our buffer is 128 bytes
	(data (i32.const 160) "\80")

	(func $assert (param i32)
		(block $ok
			(br_if $ok
				(get_local 0)
			)
			(unreachable)
		)
	)

	(func (export "call")
		;; This stores the block random seed in the buffer
		(call $seal_random
			(i32.const 128) ;; Pointer in memory to the start of the subject buffer
			(i32.const 32) ;; The subject buffer's length
			(i32.const 0) ;; Pointer to the output buffer
			(i32.const 160) ;; Pointer to the output buffer length
		)

		;; assert len == 32
		(call $assert
			(i32.eq
				(i32.load (i32.const 160))
				(i32.const 32)
			)
		)

		;; return the random data
		(call $seal_return
			(i32.const 0)
			(i32.const 0)
			(i32.const 32)
		)
	)
	(func (export "deploy"))
)
"#;

	#[test]
	fn random() {
		let output = execute(CODE_RANDOM, vec![], MockExt::default()).unwrap();

		// The mock ext just returns the same data that was passed as the subject.
		assert_eq!(
			output,
			ExecReturnValue {
				flags: ReturnFlags::empty(),
				data: Bytes(
					hex!("000102030405060708090A0B0C0D0E0F000102030405060708090A0B0C0D0E0F")
						.to_vec()
				),
			},
		);
	}

	const CODE_RANDOM_V1: &str = r#"
(module
	(import "seal1" "seal_random" (func $seal_random (param i32 i32 i32 i32)))
	(import "seal0" "seal_return" (func $seal_return (param i32 i32 i32)))
	(import "env" "memory" (memory 1 1))

	;; [0,128) is reserved for the result of PRNG.

	;; the subject used for the PRNG. [128,160)
	(data (i32.const 128)
		"\00\01\02\03\04\05\06\07\08\09\0A\0B\0C\0D\0E\0F"
		"\00\01\02\03\04\05\06\07\08\09\0A\0B\0C\0D\0E\0F"
	)

	;; size of our buffer is 128 bytes
	(data (i32.const 160) "\80")

	(func $assert (param i32)
		(block $ok
			(br_if $ok
				(get_local 0)
			)
			(unreachable)
		)
	)

	(func (export "call")
		;; This stores the block random seed in the buffer
		(call $seal_random
			(i32.const 128) ;; Pointer in memory to the start of the subject buffer
			(i32.const 32) ;; The subject buffer's length
			(i32.const 0) ;; Pointer to the output buffer
			(i32.const 160) ;; Pointer to the output buffer length
		)

		;; assert len == 32
		(call $assert
			(i32.eq
				(i32.load (i32.const 160))
				(i32.const 40)
			)
		)

		;; return the random data
		(call $seal_return
			(i32.const 0)
			(i32.const 0)
			(i32.const 40)
		)
	)
	(func (export "deploy"))
)
"#;

	#[test]
	fn random_v1() {
		let output = execute(CODE_RANDOM_V1, vec![], MockExt::default()).unwrap();

		// The mock ext just returns the same data that was passed as the subject.
		assert_eq!(
			output,
			ExecReturnValue {
				flags: ReturnFlags::empty(),
				data: Bytes(
					(
						hex!("000102030405060708090A0B0C0D0E0F000102030405060708090A0B0C0D0E0F"),
						42u64,
					)
						.encode()
				),
			},
		);
	}

	const CODE_DEPOSIT_EVENT: &str = r#"
(module
	(import "seal0" "seal_deposit_event" (func $seal_deposit_event (param i32 i32 i32 i32)))
	(import "env" "memory" (memory 1 1))

	(func (export "call")
		(call $seal_deposit_event
			(i32.const 32) ;; Pointer to the start of topics buffer
			(i32.const 33) ;; The length of the topics buffer.
			(i32.const 8) ;; Pointer to the start of the data buffer
			(i32.const 13) ;; Length of the buffer
		)
	)
	(func (export "deploy"))

	(data (i32.const 8) "\00\01\2A\00\00\00\00\00\00\00\E5\14\00")

	;; Encoded Vec<TopicOf<T>>, the buffer has length of 33 bytes.
	(data (i32.const 32) "\04\33\33\33\33\33\33\33\33\33\33\33\33\33\33\33\33\33\33\33\33\33\33\33"
	"\33\33\33\33\33\33\33\33\33")
)
"#;

	#[test]
	fn deposit_event() {
		let mut mock_ext = MockExt::default();
		assert_ok!(execute(CODE_DEPOSIT_EVENT, vec![], &mut mock_ext));

		assert_eq!(
			mock_ext.events,
			vec![(
				vec![H256::repeat_byte(0x33)],
				vec![0x00, 0x01, 0x2a, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xe5, 0x14, 0x00]
			)]
		);

		assert!(mock_ext.gas_meter.gas_left() > 0);
	}

	const CODE_DEPOSIT_EVENT_MAX_TOPICS: &str = r#"
(module
	(import "seal0" "seal_deposit_event" (func $seal_deposit_event (param i32 i32 i32 i32)))
	(import "env" "memory" (memory 1 1))

	(func (export "call")
		(call $seal_deposit_event
			(i32.const 32) ;; Pointer to the start of topics buffer
			(i32.const 161) ;; The length of the topics buffer.
			(i32.const 8) ;; Pointer to the start of the data buffer
			(i32.const 13) ;; Length of the buffer
		)
	)
	(func (export "deploy"))

	(data (i32.const 8) "\00\01\2A\00\00\00\00\00\00\00\E5\14\00")

	;; Encoded Vec<TopicOf<T>>, the buffer has length of 161 bytes.
	(data (i32.const 32) "\14"
"\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01"
"\02\02\02\02\02\02\02\02\02\02\02\02\02\02\02\02\02\02\02\02\02\02\02\02\02\02\02\02\02\02\02\02"
"\03\03\03\03\03\03\03\03\03\03\03\03\03\03\03\03\03\03\03\03\03\03\03\03\03\03\03\03\03\03\03\03"
"\04\04\04\04\04\04\04\04\04\04\04\04\04\04\04\04\04\04\04\04\04\04\04\04\04\04\04\04\04\04\04\04"
"\05\05\05\05\05\05\05\05\05\05\05\05\05\05\05\05\05\05\05\05\05\05\05\05\05\05\05\05\05\05\05\05")
)
"#;

	/// Checks that the runtime traps if there are more than `max_topic_events` topics.
	#[test]
	fn deposit_event_max_topics() {
		assert_eq!(
			execute(CODE_DEPOSIT_EVENT_MAX_TOPICS, vec![], MockExt::default(),),
			Err(ExecError {
				error: Error::<Test>::TooManyTopics.into(),
				origin: ErrorOrigin::Caller,
			})
		);
	}

	const CODE_DEPOSIT_EVENT_DUPLICATES: &str = r#"
(module
	(import "seal0" "seal_deposit_event" (func $seal_deposit_event (param i32 i32 i32 i32)))
	(import "env" "memory" (memory 1 1))

	(func (export "call")
		(call $seal_deposit_event
			(i32.const 32) ;; Pointer to the start of topics buffer
			(i32.const 129) ;; The length of the topics buffer.
			(i32.const 8) ;; Pointer to the start of the data buffer
			(i32.const 13) ;; Length of the buffer
		)
	)
	(func (export "deploy"))

	(data (i32.const 8) "\00\01\2A\00\00\00\00\00\00\00\E5\14\00")

	;; Encoded Vec<TopicOf<T>>, the buffer has length of 129 bytes.
	(data (i32.const 32) "\10"
"\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01"
"\02\02\02\02\02\02\02\02\02\02\02\02\02\02\02\02\02\02\02\02\02\02\02\02\02\02\02\02\02\02\02\02"
"\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01\01"
"\04\04\04\04\04\04\04\04\04\04\04\04\04\04\04\04\04\04\04\04\04\04\04\04\04\04\04\04\04\04\04\04")
)
"#;

	/// Checks that the runtime traps if there are duplicates.
	#[test]
	fn deposit_event_duplicates() {
		assert_eq!(
			execute(CODE_DEPOSIT_EVENT_DUPLICATES, vec![], MockExt::default(),),
			Err(ExecError {
				error: Error::<Test>::DuplicateTopics.into(),
				origin: ErrorOrigin::Caller,
			})
		);
	}

	/// calls `seal_block_number` compares the result with the constant 121.
	const CODE_BLOCK_NUMBER: &str = r#"
(module
	(import "seal0" "seal_block_number" (func $seal_block_number (param i32 i32)))
	(import "env" "memory" (memory 1 1))

	;; size of our buffer is 32 bytes
	(data (i32.const 32) "\20")

	(func $assert (param i32)
		(block $ok
			(br_if $ok
				(get_local 0)
			)
			(unreachable)
		)
	)

	(func (export "call")
		;; This stores the block height in the buffer
		(call $seal_block_number (i32.const 0) (i32.const 32))

		;; assert len == 8
		(call $assert
			(i32.eq
				(i32.load (i32.const 32))
				(i32.const 8)
			)
		)

		;; assert that contents of the buffer is equal to the i64 value of 121.
		(call $assert
			(i64.eq
				(i64.load (i32.const 0))
				(i64.const 121)
			)
		)
	)

	(func (export "deploy"))
)
"#;

	#[test]
	fn block_number() {
		let _ = execute(CODE_BLOCK_NUMBER, vec![], MockExt::default()).unwrap();
	}

	const CODE_RETURN_WITH_DATA: &str = r#"
(module
	(import "seal0" "seal_input" (func $seal_input (param i32 i32)))
	(import "seal0" "seal_return" (func $seal_return (param i32 i32 i32)))
	(import "env" "memory" (memory 1 1))

	(data (i32.const 32) "\20")

	;; Deploy routine is the same as call.
	(func (export "deploy")
		(call $call)
	)

	;; Call reads the first 4 bytes (LE) as the exit status and returns the rest as output data.
	(func $call (export "call")
		;; Copy input data this contract memory.
		(call $seal_input
			(i32.const 0)	;; Pointer where to store input
			(i32.const 32)	;; Pointer to the length of the buffer
		)

		;; Copy all but the first 4 bytes of the input data as the output data.
		(call $seal_return
			(i32.load (i32.const 0))
			(i32.const 4)
			(i32.sub (i32.load (i32.const 32)) (i32.const 4))
		)
		(unreachable)
	)
)
"#;

	#[test]
	fn seal_return_with_success_status() {
		let output = execute(
			CODE_RETURN_WITH_DATA,
			hex!("00000000445566778899").to_vec(),
			MockExt::default(),
		)
		.unwrap();

		assert_eq!(
			output,
			ExecReturnValue {
				flags: ReturnFlags::empty(),
				data: Bytes(hex!("445566778899").to_vec()),
			}
		);
		assert!(!output.did_revert());
	}

	#[test]
	fn return_with_revert_status() {
		let output =
			execute(CODE_RETURN_WITH_DATA, hex!("010000005566778899").to_vec(), MockExt::default())
				.unwrap();

		assert_eq!(
			output,
			ExecReturnValue {
				flags: ReturnFlags::REVERT,
				data: Bytes(hex!("5566778899").to_vec()),
			}
		);
		assert!(output.did_revert());
	}

	const CODE_OUT_OF_BOUNDS_ACCESS: &str = r#"
(module
	(import "seal0" "seal_terminate" (func $seal_terminate (param i32 i32)))
	(import "env" "memory" (memory 1 1))

	(func (export "deploy"))

	(func (export "call")
		(call $seal_terminate
			(i32.const 65536)  ;; Pointer to "account" address (out of bound).
			(i32.const 8)  ;; Length of "account" address.
		)
	)
)
"#;

	#[test]
	fn contract_out_of_bounds_access() {
		let mut mock_ext = MockExt::default();
		let result = execute(CODE_OUT_OF_BOUNDS_ACCESS, vec![], &mut mock_ext);

		assert_eq!(
			result,
			Err(ExecError {
				error: Error::<Test>::OutOfBounds.into(),
				origin: ErrorOrigin::Caller,
			})
		);
	}

	const CODE_DECODE_FAILURE: &str = r#"
(module
	(import "seal0" "seal_terminate" (func $seal_terminate (param i32 i32)))
	(import "env" "memory" (memory 1 1))

	(func (export "deploy"))

	(func (export "call")
		(call $seal_terminate
			(i32.const 0)  ;; Pointer to "account" address.
			(i32.const 4)  ;; Length of "account" address (too small -> decode fail).
		)
	)
)
"#;

	#[test]
	fn contract_decode_length_ignored() {
		let mut mock_ext = MockExt::default();
		let result = execute(CODE_DECODE_FAILURE, vec![], &mut mock_ext);
		// AccountID implements `MaxEncodeLen` and therefore the supplied length is
		// no longer needed nor used to determine how much is read from contract memory.
		assert_ok!(result);
	}

	#[test]
	fn debug_message_works() {
		const CODE_DEBUG_MESSAGE: &str = r#"
(module
	(import "seal0" "seal_debug_message" (func $seal_debug_message (param i32 i32) (result i32)))
	(import "env" "memory" (memory 1 1))

	(data (i32.const 0) "Hello World!")

	(func (export "call")
		(call $seal_debug_message
			(i32.const 0)	;; Pointer to the text buffer
			(i32.const 12)	;; The size of the buffer
		)
		drop
	)

	(func (export "deploy"))
)
"#;
		let mut ext = MockExt::default();
		execute(CODE_DEBUG_MESSAGE, vec![], &mut ext).unwrap();

		assert_eq!(std::str::from_utf8(&ext.debug_buffer).unwrap(), "Hello World!");
	}

	#[test]
	fn debug_message_invalid_utf8_fails() {
		const CODE_DEBUG_MESSAGE_FAIL: &str = r#"
(module
	(import "seal0" "seal_debug_message" (func $seal_debug_message (param i32 i32) (result i32)))
	(import "env" "memory" (memory 1 1))

	(data (i32.const 0) "\fc")

	(func (export "call")
		(call $seal_debug_message
			(i32.const 0)	;; Pointer to the text buffer
			(i32.const 1)	;; The size of the buffer
		)
		drop
	)

	(func (export "deploy"))
)
"#;
		let mut ext = MockExt::default();
		let result = execute(CODE_DEBUG_MESSAGE_FAIL, vec![], &mut ext);
		assert_eq!(
			result,
			Err(ExecError {
				error: Error::<Test>::DebugMessageInvalidUTF8.into(),
				origin: ErrorOrigin::Caller,
			})
		);
	}

	#[cfg(feature = "unstable-interface")]
	const CODE_CALL_RUNTIME: &str = r#"
(module
	(import "__unstable__" "seal_call_runtime" (func $seal_call_runtime (param i32 i32) (result i32)))
	(import "seal0" "seal_input" (func $seal_input (param i32 i32)))
	(import "seal0" "seal_return" (func $seal_return (param i32 i32 i32)))
	(import "env" "memory" (memory 1 1))

	;; 0x1000 = 4k in little endian
	;; size of input buffer
	(data (i32.const 0) "\00\10")

	(func (export "call")
		;; Receive the encoded call
		(call $seal_input
			(i32.const 4)	;; Pointer to the input buffer
			(i32.const 0)	;; Size of the length buffer
		)
		;; Just use the call passed as input and store result to memory
		(i32.store (i32.const 0)
			(call $seal_call_runtime
				(i32.const 4)				;; Pointer where the call is stored
				(i32.load (i32.const 0))	;; Size of the call
			)
		)
		(call $seal_return
			(i32.const 0)	;; flags
			(i32.const 0)	;; returned value
			(i32.const 4)	;; length of returned value
		)
	)

	(func (export "deploy"))
)
"#;

	#[test]
	#[cfg(feature = "unstable-interface")]
	fn call_runtime_works() {
		let call = Call::System(frame_system::Call::remark { remark: b"Hello World".to_vec() });
		let mut ext = MockExt::default();
		let result = execute(CODE_CALL_RUNTIME, call.encode(), &mut ext).unwrap();
		assert_eq!(*ext.runtime_calls.borrow(), vec![call]);
		// 0 = ReturnCode::Success
		assert_eq!(u32::from_le_bytes(result.data.0.try_into().unwrap()), 0);
	}

	#[test]
	#[cfg(feature = "unstable-interface")]
	fn call_runtime_panics_on_invalid_call() {
		let mut ext = MockExt::default();
		let result = execute(CODE_CALL_RUNTIME, vec![0x42], &mut ext);
		assert_eq!(
			result,
			Err(ExecError {
				error: Error::<Test>::DecodingFailed.into(),
				origin: ErrorOrigin::Caller,
			})
		);
		assert_eq!(*ext.runtime_calls.borrow(), vec![]);
	}

	#[test]
	#[cfg(feature = "unstable-interface")]
	fn set_storage_works() {
		const CODE: &str = r#"
(module
	(import "seal0" "seal_input" (func $seal_input (param i32 i32)))
	(import "seal0" "seal_return" (func $seal_return (param i32 i32 i32)))
	(import "__unstable__" "seal_set_storage" (func $seal_set_storage (param i32 i32 i32) (result i32)))
	(import "env" "memory" (memory 1 1))

	;; 0x1000 = 4k in little endian
	;; size of input buffer
	(data (i32.const 0) "\00\10")

	(func (export "call")
		;; Receive (key ++ value_to_write)
		(call $seal_input
			(i32.const 4)	;; Pointer to the input buffer
			(i32.const 0)	;; Size of the length buffer
		)
		;; Store the passed value to the passed key and store result to memory
		(i32.store (i32.const 0)
			(call $seal_set_storage
				(i32.const 4)				;; key_ptr
				(i32.const 36)				;; value_ptr
				(i32.sub					;; value_len (input_size - key_size)
					(i32.load (i32.const 0))
					(i32.const 32)
				)
			)
		)
		(call $seal_return
			(i32.const 0)	;; flags
			(i32.const 0)	;; returned value
			(i32.const 4)	;; length of returned value
		)
	)

	(func (export "deploy"))
)
"#;

		let mut ext = MockExt::default();

		// value did not exist before -> sentinel returned
		let input = ([1u8; 32], [42u8, 48]).encode();
		let result = execute(CODE, input, &mut ext).unwrap();
		assert_eq!(u32::from_le_bytes(result.data.0.try_into().unwrap()), crate::SENTINEL);
		assert_eq!(ext.storage.get(&[1u8; 32]).unwrap(), &[42u8, 48]);

		// value do exist -> length of old value returned
		let input = ([1u8; 32], [0u8; 0]).encode();
		let result = execute(CODE, input, &mut ext).unwrap();
		assert_eq!(u32::from_le_bytes(result.data.0.try_into().unwrap()), 2);
		assert_eq!(ext.storage.get(&[1u8; 32]).unwrap(), &[0u8; 0]);

		// value do exist -> length of old value returned (test for zero sized val)
		let input = ([1u8; 32], [99u8]).encode();
		let result = execute(CODE, input, &mut ext).unwrap();
		assert_eq!(u32::from_le_bytes(result.data.0.try_into().unwrap()), 0);
		assert_eq!(ext.storage.get(&[1u8; 32]).unwrap(), &[99u8]);
	}

	#[test]
	#[cfg(feature = "unstable-interface")]
	fn clear_storage_works() {
		const CODE: &str = r#"
(module
	(import "seal0" "seal_input" (func $seal_input (param i32 i32)))
	(import "seal0" "seal_return" (func $seal_return (param i32 i32 i32)))
	(import "__unstable__" "seal_clear_storage" (func $seal_clear_storage (param i32) (result i32)))
	(import "env" "memory" (memory 1 1))

	;; 0x1000 = 4k in little endian
	;; size of input buffer
	(data (i32.const 0) "\00\10")

	(func (export "call")
		;; Receive key
		(call $seal_input
			(i32.const 4)	;; Pointer to the input buffer
			(i32.const 0)	;; Size of the length buffer
		)
		;; Store the passed value to the passed key and store result to memory
		(i32.store (i32.const 0)
			(call $seal_clear_storage
				(i32.const 4)				;; key_ptr
			)
		)
		(call $seal_return
			(i32.const 0)	;; flags
			(i32.const 0)	;; returned value
			(i32.const 4)	;; length of returned value
		)
	)

	(func (export "deploy"))
)
"#;

		let mut ext = MockExt::default();

		ext.storage.insert([1u8; 32], vec![42u8]);
		ext.storage.insert([2u8; 32], vec![]);

		// value does not exist -> sentinel returned
		let result = execute(CODE, [3u8; 32].encode(), &mut ext).unwrap();
		assert_eq!(u32::from_le_bytes(result.data.0.try_into().unwrap()), crate::SENTINEL);
		assert_eq!(ext.storage.get(&[3u8; 32]), None);

		// value did exist -> length returned
		let result = execute(CODE, [1u8; 32].encode(), &mut ext).unwrap();
		assert_eq!(u32::from_le_bytes(result.data.0.try_into().unwrap()), 1);
		assert_eq!(ext.storage.get(&[1u8; 32]), None);

		// value did exist -> length returned (test for 0 sized)
		let result = execute(CODE, [2u8; 32].encode(), &mut ext).unwrap();
		assert_eq!(u32::from_le_bytes(result.data.0.try_into().unwrap()), 0);
		assert_eq!(ext.storage.get(&[2u8; 32]), None);
	}

	#[test]
	#[cfg(feature = "unstable-interface")]
	fn take_storage_works() {
		const CODE: &str = r#"
(module
	(import "seal0" "seal_return" (func $seal_return (param i32 i32 i32)))
	(import "seal0" "seal_input" (func $seal_input (param i32 i32)))
	(import "__unstable__" "seal_take_storage" (func $seal_take_storage (param i32 i32 i32) (result i32)))
	(import "env" "memory" (memory 1 1))

	;; [0, 32) size of input buffer (32 byte as we copy the key here)
	(data (i32.const 0) "\20")

	;; [32, 64) size of output buffer
	;; 4k in little endian
	(data (i32.const 32) "\00\10")

	;; [64, 96) input buffer

	;; [96, inf) output buffer

	(func (export "call")
		;; Receive key
		(call $seal_input
			(i32.const 64)	;; Pointer to the input buffer
			(i32.const 0)	;; Size of the length buffer
		)

		;; Load a storage value and result of this call into the output buffer
		(i32.store (i32.const 96)
			(call $seal_take_storage
				(i32.const 64)		;; The pointer to the storage key to fetch
				(i32.const 100)		;; Pointer to the output buffer
				(i32.const 32)		;; Pointer to the size of the buffer
			)
		)

		;; Return the contents of the buffer
		(call $seal_return
			(i32.const 0)					;; flags
			(i32.const 96)					;; output buffer ptr
			(i32.add						;; length: storage size + 4 (retval)
				(i32.load (i32.const 32))
				(i32.const 4)
			)
		)
	)

	(func (export "deploy"))
)
"#;

		let mut ext = MockExt::default();

		ext.storage.insert([1u8; 32], vec![42u8]);
		ext.storage.insert([2u8; 32], vec![]);

		// value does not exist -> error returned
		let result = execute(CODE, [3u8; 32].encode(), &mut ext).unwrap();
		assert_eq!(
			u32::from_le_bytes(result.data.0[0..4].try_into().unwrap()),
			ReturnCode::KeyNotFound as u32
		);

		// value did exist -> value returned
		let result = execute(CODE, [1u8; 32].encode(), &mut ext).unwrap();
		assert_eq!(
			u32::from_le_bytes(result.data.0[0..4].try_into().unwrap()),
			ReturnCode::Success as u32
		);
		assert_eq!(ext.storage.get(&[1u8; 32]), None);
		assert_eq!(&result.data.0[4..], &[42u8]);

		// value did exist -> length returned (test for 0 sized)
		let result = execute(CODE, [2u8; 32].encode(), &mut ext).unwrap();
		assert_eq!(
			u32::from_le_bytes(result.data.0[0..4].try_into().unwrap()),
			ReturnCode::Success as u32
		);
		assert_eq!(ext.storage.get(&[2u8; 32]), None);
		assert_eq!(&result.data.0[4..], &[0u8; 0]);
	}

	#[test]
	#[cfg(feature = "unstable-interface")]
	fn is_contract_works() {
		const CODE_IS_CONTRACT: &str = r#"
;; This runs `is_contract` check on zero account address
(module
	(import "__unstable__" "seal_is_contract" (func $seal_is_contract (param i32) (result i32)))
	(import "seal0" "seal_return" (func $seal_return (param i32 i32 i32)))
	(import "env" "memory" (memory 1 1))

	;; [0, 32) zero-adress
	(data (i32.const 0)
		"\00\00\00\00\00\00\00\00\00\00\00\00\00\00\00\00"
		"\00\00\00\00\00\00\00\00\00\00\00\00\00\00\00\00"
	)

	;; [32, 36) here we store the return code of the `seal_is_contract`

	(func (export "deploy"))

	(func (export "call")
		(i32.store
			(i32.const 32)
			(call $seal_is_contract
				(i32.const 0) ;; ptr to destination address
			)
		)
		;; exit with success and take `seal_is_contract` return code to the output buffer
		(call $seal_return (i32.const 0) (i32.const 32) (i32.const 4))
	)
)
"#;
		let output = execute(CODE_IS_CONTRACT, vec![], MockExt::default()).unwrap();

		// The mock ext just always returns 1u32 (`true`).
		assert_eq!(
			output,
			ExecReturnValue { flags: ReturnFlags::empty(), data: Bytes(1u32.encode()) },
		);
	}

	#[test]
	#[cfg(feature = "unstable-interface")]
	fn caller_is_origin_works() {
		const CODE_CALLER_IS_ORIGIN: &str = r#"
;; This runs `caller_is_origin` check on zero account address
(module
	(import "__unstable__" "seal_caller_is_origin" (func $seal_caller_is_origin (result i32)))
	(import "seal0" "seal_return" (func $seal_return (param i32 i32 i32)))
	(import "env" "memory" (memory 1 1))

	;; [0, 4) here the return code of the `seal_caller_is_origin` will be stored
	;; we initialize it with non-zero value to be sure that it's being overwritten below
	(data (i32.const 0) "\10\10\10\10")

	(func (export "deploy"))

	(func (export "call")
		(i32.store
			(i32.const 0)
			(call $seal_caller_is_origin)
		)
		;; exit with success and take `seal_caller_is_origin` return code to the output buffer
		(call $seal_return (i32.const 0) (i32.const 0) (i32.const 4))
	)
)
"#;
		let output = execute(CODE_CALLER_IS_ORIGIN, vec![], MockExt::default()).unwrap();

		// The mock ext just always returns 0u32 (`false`)
		assert_eq!(
			output,
			ExecReturnValue { flags: ReturnFlags::empty(), data: Bytes(0u32.encode()) },
		);
	}

	#[test]
	#[cfg(feature = "unstable-interface")]
	fn set_code_hash() {
		const CODE: &str = r#"
(module
	(import "__unstable__" "seal_set_code_hash" (func $seal_set_code_hash (param i32) (result i32)))
	(import "env" "memory" (memory 1 1))
	(func $assert (param i32)
		(block $ok
			(br_if $ok
				(get_local 0)
			)
			(unreachable)
		)
	)
	(func (export "call")
		(local $exit_code i32)
		(set_local $exit_code
			(call $seal_set_code_hash (i32.const 0))
		)
		(call $assert
			(i32.eq (get_local $exit_code) (i32.const 0)) ;; ReturnCode::Success
		)
	)

	(func (export "deploy"))

	;; Hash of code.
	(data (i32.const 0)
		"\11\11\11\11\11\11\11\11\11\11\11\11\11\11\11\11"
		"\11\11\11\11\11\11\11\11\11\11\11\11\11\11\11\11"
	)
)
"#;

		let mut mock_ext = MockExt::default();
		execute(CODE, [0u8; 32].encode(), &mut mock_ext).unwrap();

		assert_eq!(mock_ext.code_hashes.pop().unwrap(), H256::from_slice(&[17u8; 32]));
	}
}
