diff --git a/polkadot/.gitlab-ci.yml b/polkadot/.gitlab-ci.yml
index 728c48c933..5c9343cdbe 100644
--- a/polkadot/.gitlab-ci.yml
+++ b/polkadot/.gitlab-ci.yml
@@ -196,7 +196,7 @@ test-build-linux-stable:
     - ./scripts/gitlab/test_linux_stable.sh
     # we're using the bin built here, instead of having a parallel `build-linux-release`
     # disputes feature is needed for zombie-net parachains malus test
-    - time cargo build --release --verbose --bin polkadot --features "disputes"
+    - time cargo build --release --verbose --bin polkadot
     - sccache -s
     # pack artifacts
     - mkdir -p ./artifacts
@@ -277,7 +277,7 @@ build-malus:
     - if: $CI_COMMIT_REF_NAME == "master"
     - if: $CI_COMMIT_REF_NAME =~ /^[0-9]+$/                         # PRs
   script:
-    - time cargo build --release --verbose -p polkadot-test-malus --features disputes
+    - time cargo build --release --verbose -p polkadot-test-malus
     - sccache -s
     # pack artifacts
     - mkdir -p ./artifacts
diff --git a/polkadot/Cargo.toml b/polkadot/Cargo.toml
index a88c72f7ca..db2d4093b2 100644
--- a/polkadot/Cargo.toml
+++ b/polkadot/Cargo.toml
@@ -117,9 +117,9 @@ panic = "unwind"
 [features]
 runtime-benchmarks= [ "polkadot-cli/runtime-benchmarks" ]
 try-runtime = [ "polkadot-cli/try-runtime" ]
-disputes = [ "polkadot-cli/disputes" ]
 runtime-metrics = [ "polkadot-cli/runtime-metrics" ]
 
+
 # Configuration for building a .deb package - for use with `cargo-deb`
 [package.metadata.deb]
 name = "polkadot"
diff --git a/polkadot/bridges/bin/rialto/node/src/overseer.rs b/polkadot/bridges/bin/rialto/node/src/overseer.rs
index 488a664904..517f83f206 100644
--- a/polkadot/bridges/bin/rialto/node/src/overseer.rs
+++ b/polkadot/bridges/bin/rialto/node/src/overseer.rs
@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@ use polkadot_node_core_av_store::Config as AvailabilityConfig;
 use polkadot_node_core_candidate_validation::Config as CandidateValidationConfig;
 use polkadot_node_core_chain_selection::Config as ChainSelectionConfig;
 use polkadot_node_core_dispute_coordinator::Config as DisputeCoordinatorConfig;
+use polkadot_node_core_provisioner::ProvisionerConfig;
 use polkadot_node_network_protocol::request_response::{v1 as request_v1, IncomingRequestReceiver};
 use polkadot_overseer::{
 	metrics::Metrics as OverseerMetrics, BlockInfo, MetricsTrait, Overseer, OverseerBuilder,
@@ -108,6 +109,8 @@ where
 	pub chain_selection_config: ChainSelectionConfig,
 	/// Configuration for the dispute coordinator subsystem.
 	pub dispute_coordinator_config: DisputeCoordinatorConfig,
+	/// Configuration for the provisioner subsystem.
+	pub disputes_enabled: bool,
 }
 
 /// Obtain a prepared `OverseerBuilder`, that is initialized
@@ -133,6 +136,7 @@ pub fn prepared_overseer_builder<Spawner, RuntimeClient>(
 		candidate_validation_config,
 		chain_selection_config,
 		dispute_coordinator_config,
+		disputes_enabled,
 	}: OverseerGenArgs<'_, Spawner, RuntimeClient>,
 ) -> Result<
 	OverseerBuilder<
@@ -218,7 +222,7 @@ where
 			Box::new(network_service.clone()),
 			Metrics::register(registry)?,
 		))
-		.provisioner(ProvisionerSubsystem::new(spawner.clone(), (), Metrics::register(registry)?))
+		.provisioner(ProvisionerSubsystem::new(spawner.clone(), ProvisionerConfig { disputes_enabled }, Metrics::register(registry)?))
 		.runtime_api(RuntimeApiSubsystem::new(
 			runtime_client.clone(),
 			Metrics::register(registry)?,
diff --git a/polkadot/bridges/bin/rialto/node/src/service.rs b/polkadot/bridges/bin/rialto/node/src/service.rs
index 06830e7080..549d00c5af 100644
--- a/polkadot/bridges/bin/rialto/node/src/service.rs
+++ b/polkadot/bridges/bin/rialto/node/src/service.rs
@@ -473,6 +473,7 @@ where
 		slot_duration_millis: slot_duration.as_millis() as u64,
 	};
 
+
 	let candidate_validation_config = CandidateValidationConfig {
 		artifacts_cache_path: config
 			.database
@@ -581,6 +582,7 @@ where
 					dispute_req_receiver,
 					pov_req_receiver,
 					statement_req_receiver,
+					disputes_enabled: false,
 				},
 			)?;
 		let handle = Handle::new(overseer_handle);
diff --git a/polkadot/cli/Cargo.toml b/polkadot/cli/Cargo.toml
index 11848c8e00..4c133de6fe 100644
--- a/polkadot/cli/Cargo.toml
+++ b/polkadot/cli/Cargo.toml
@@ -66,5 +66,4 @@ westend-native = [ "service/westend-native" ]
 rococo-native = [ "service/rococo-native" ]
 
 malus = [ "full-node", "service/malus" ]
-disputes = [ "service/disputes" ]
 runtime-metrics = ["service/runtime-metrics", "polkadot-node-metrics/runtime-metrics"]
diff --git a/polkadot/node/core/dispute-coordinator/src/dummy.rs b/polkadot/node/core/dispute-coordinator/src/dummy.rs
index d151af60e9..4f56a0fb9b 100644
--- a/polkadot/node/core/dispute-coordinator/src/dummy.rs
+++ b/polkadot/node/core/dispute-coordinator/src/dummy.rs
@@ -16,45 +16,29 @@
 
 //! Implements the dispute coordinator subsystem (dummy implementation).
 
-use std::sync::Arc;
-
 use polkadot_node_subsystem::{
-	errors::{ChainApiError, RuntimeApiError},
-	messages::DisputeCoordinatorMessage,
-	overseer, FromOverseer, OverseerSignal, SpawnedSubsystem, SubsystemContext, SubsystemError,
+	messages::DisputeCoordinatorMessage, overseer, FromOverseer, OverseerSignal, SpawnedSubsystem,
+	SubsystemContext, SubsystemError,
 };
 use polkadot_primitives::v1::BlockNumber;
 
-use futures::{channel::oneshot, prelude::*};
-use kvdb::KeyValueDB;
-use parity_scale_codec::{Decode, Encode, Error as CodecError};
-use sc_keystore::LocalKeystore;
+use futures::prelude::*;
 
-use crate::metrics::Metrics;
+use crate::error::{Error, Result};
 
 const LOG_TARGET: &str = "parachain::dispute-coordinator";
 
-/// Timestamp based on the 1 Jan 1970 UNIX base, which is persistent across node restarts and OS reboots.
-type Timestamp = u64;
-
 #[derive(Eq, PartialEq)]
 enum Participation {}
 
 struct State {}
 
-/// Configuration for the dispute coordinator subsystem.
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
-pub struct Config {
-	/// The data column in the store to use for dispute data.
-	pub col_data: u32,
-}
-
 /// An implementation of the dispute coordinator subsystem.
 pub struct DisputeCoordinatorSubsystem {}
 
 impl DisputeCoordinatorSubsystem {
 	/// Create a new instance of the subsystem.
-	pub fn new(_: Arc<dyn KeyValueDB>, _: Config, _: Arc<LocalKeystore>, _: Metrics) -> Self {
+	pub fn new() -> Self {
 		DisputeCoordinatorSubsystem {}
 	}
 }
@@ -71,109 +55,6 @@ where
 	}
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
-#[allow(missing_docs)]
-pub enum Error {
-	#[error(transparent)]
-	RuntimeApi(#[from] RuntimeApiError),
-
-	#[error(transparent)]
-	ChainApi(#[from] ChainApiError),
-
-	#[error(transparent)]
-	Io(#[from] std::io::Error),
-
-	#[error(transparent)]
-	Oneshot(#[from] oneshot::Canceled),
-
-	#[error("Oneshot send failed")]
-	OneshotSend,
-
-	#[error(transparent)]
-	Subsystem(#[from] SubsystemError),
-
-	#[error(transparent)]
-	Codec(#[from] CodecError),
-}
-
-impl Error {
-	fn trace(&self) {
-		match self {
-			// don't spam the log with spurious errors
-			Self::RuntimeApi(_) | Self::Oneshot(_) =>
-				tracing::debug!(target: LOG_TARGET, err = ?self),
-			// it's worth reporting otherwise
-			_ => tracing::warn!(target: LOG_TARGET, err = ?self),
-		}
-	}
-}
-
-/// The status of dispute. This is a state machine which can be altered by the
-/// helper methods.
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Encode, Decode, PartialEq)]
-pub enum DisputeStatus {
-	/// The dispute is active and unconcluded.
-	#[codec(index = 0)]
-	Active,
-	/// The dispute has been concluded in favor of the candidate
-	/// since the given timestamp.
-	#[codec(index = 1)]
-	ConcludedFor(Timestamp),
-	/// The dispute has been concluded against the candidate
-	/// since the given timestamp.
-	///
-	/// This takes precedence over `ConcludedFor` in the case that
-	/// both are true, which is impossible unless a large amount of
-	/// validators are participating on both sides.
-	#[codec(index = 2)]
-	ConcludedAgainst(Timestamp),
-}
-
-impl DisputeStatus {
-	/// Initialize the status to the active state.
-	pub fn active() -> DisputeStatus {
-		DisputeStatus::Active
-	}
-
-	/// Transition the status to a new status after observing the dispute has concluded for the candidate.
-	/// This may be a no-op if the status was already concluded.
-	pub fn concluded_for(self, now: Timestamp) -> DisputeStatus {
-		match self {
-			DisputeStatus::Active => DisputeStatus::ConcludedFor(now),
-			DisputeStatus::ConcludedFor(at) => DisputeStatus::ConcludedFor(std::cmp::min(at, now)),
-			against => against,
-		}
-	}
-
-	/// Transition the status to a new status after observing the dispute has concluded against the candidate.
-	/// This may be a no-op if the status was already concluded.
-	pub fn concluded_against(self, now: Timestamp) -> DisputeStatus {
-		match self {
-			DisputeStatus::Active => DisputeStatus::ConcludedAgainst(now),
-			DisputeStatus::ConcludedFor(at) =>
-				DisputeStatus::ConcludedAgainst(std::cmp::min(at, now)),
-			DisputeStatus::ConcludedAgainst(at) =>
-				DisputeStatus::ConcludedAgainst(std::cmp::min(at, now)),
-		}
-	}
-
-	/// Whether the disputed candidate is possibly invalid.
-	pub fn is_possibly_invalid(&self) -> bool {
-		match self {
-			DisputeStatus::Active | DisputeStatus::ConcludedAgainst(_) => true,
-			DisputeStatus::ConcludedFor(_) => false,
-		}
-	}
-
-	/// Yields the timestamp this dispute concluded at, if any.
-	pub fn concluded_at(&self) -> Option<Timestamp> {
-		match self {
-			DisputeStatus::Active => None,
-			DisputeStatus::ConcludedFor(at) | DisputeStatus::ConcludedAgainst(at) => Some(*at),
-		}
-	}
-}
-
 async fn run<Context>(subsystem: DisputeCoordinatorSubsystem, mut ctx: Context)
 where
 	Context: overseer::SubsystemContext<Message = DisputeCoordinatorMessage>,
@@ -182,13 +63,10 @@ where
 	loop {
 		let res = run_until_error(&mut ctx, &subsystem).await;
 		match res {
-			Err(e) => {
-				e.trace();
-
-				if let Error::Subsystem(SubsystemError::Context(_)) = e {
+			Err(e) =>
+				if let Error::Fatal(_) = e {
 					break
-				}
-			},
+				},
 			Ok(()) => {
 				tracing::info!(target: LOG_TARGET, "received `Conclude` signal, exiting");
 				break
@@ -197,10 +75,7 @@ where
 	}
 }
 
-async fn run_until_error<Context>(
-	ctx: &mut Context,
-	_: &DisputeCoordinatorSubsystem,
-) -> Result<(), Error>
+async fn run_until_error<Context>(ctx: &mut Context, _: &DisputeCoordinatorSubsystem) -> Result<()>
 where
 	Context: overseer::SubsystemContext<Message = DisputeCoordinatorMessage>,
 	Context: SubsystemContext<Message = DisputeCoordinatorMessage>,
@@ -221,7 +96,7 @@ async fn handle_incoming(
 	_: &mut impl SubsystemContext,
 	_: &mut State,
 	message: DisputeCoordinatorMessage,
-) -> Result<(), Error> {
+) -> Result<()> {
 	match message {
 		DisputeCoordinatorMessage::ImportStatements { .. } => { /* just drop confirmation */ },
 		DisputeCoordinatorMessage::RecentDisputes(tx) => {
diff --git a/polkadot/node/core/dispute-coordinator/src/real/error.rs b/polkadot/node/core/dispute-coordinator/src/error.rs
similarity index 92%
rename from polkadot/node/core/dispute-coordinator/src/real/error.rs
rename to polkadot/node/core/dispute-coordinator/src/error.rs
index 0a1b47fcc4..ad7115db45 100644
--- a/polkadot/node/core/dispute-coordinator/src/real/error.rs
+++ b/polkadot/node/core/dispute-coordinator/src/error.rs
@@ -23,8 +23,8 @@ use polkadot_node_subsystem::{
 };
 use polkadot_node_subsystem_util::{rolling_session_window::SessionsUnavailable, runtime};
 
-use super::{db, participation};
-use crate::real::{CodecError, LOG_TARGET};
+use crate::LOG_TARGET;
+use parity_scale_codec::Error as CodecError;
 
 /// Errors for this subsystem.
 #[derive(Debug, Error)]
@@ -126,16 +126,7 @@ pub enum NonFatal {
 	Runtime(#[from] runtime::NonFatal),
 
 	#[error(transparent)]
-	QueueError(#[from] participation::QueueError),
-}
-
-impl From<db::v1::Error> for Error {
-	fn from(err: db::v1::Error) -> Self {
-		match err {
-			db::v1::Error::Io(io) => Self::NonFatal(NonFatal::Io(io)),
-			db::v1::Error::Codec(e) => Self::NonFatal(NonFatal::Codec(e)),
-		}
-	}
+	QueueError(#[from] crate::real::participation::QueueError),
 }
 
 /// Utility for eating top level errors and log them.
diff --git a/polkadot/node/core/dispute-coordinator/src/lib.rs b/polkadot/node/core/dispute-coordinator/src/lib.rs
index 38e4f5d66d..6b12ab8fd1 100644
--- a/polkadot/node/core/dispute-coordinator/src/lib.rs
+++ b/polkadot/node/core/dispute-coordinator/src/lib.rs
@@ -25,14 +25,67 @@
 //! another node, this will trigger the dispute participation subsystem to recover and validate the block and call
 //! back to this subsystem.
 
+/// Metrics types.
 mod metrics;
 
-#[cfg(feature = "disputes")]
-mod real;
-#[cfg(feature = "disputes")]
-pub use real::*;
+/// Common error types for this subsystem.
+mod error;
 
-#[cfg(not(feature = "disputes"))]
+/// Status tracking of disputes (`DisputeStatus`).
+mod status;
+
+/// Dummy implementation.
 mod dummy;
-#[cfg(not(feature = "disputes"))]
-pub use dummy::*;
+/// The real implementation.
+mod real;
+
+use kvdb::KeyValueDB;
+use metrics::Metrics;
+use polkadot_node_subsystem::{
+	messages::DisputeCoordinatorMessage, overseer, SpawnedSubsystem, SubsystemContext,
+	SubsystemError,
+};
+use sc_keystore::LocalKeystore;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+pub use self::real::Config;
+
+pub(crate) const LOG_TARGET: &str = "parachain::dispute-coordinator";
+
+/// The disputes coordinator subsystem, abstracts `dummy` and `real` implementations.
+pub enum DisputeCoordinatorSubsystem {
+	Dummy(dummy::DisputeCoordinatorSubsystem),
+	Real(real::DisputeCoordinatorSubsystem),
+}
+
+impl DisputeCoordinatorSubsystem {
+	/// Create a new dummy instance.
+	pub fn dummy() -> Self {
+		DisputeCoordinatorSubsystem::Dummy(dummy::DisputeCoordinatorSubsystem::new())
+	}
+
+	/// Create a new instance of the subsystem.
+	pub fn new(
+		store: Arc<dyn KeyValueDB>,
+		config: real::Config,
+		keystore: Arc<LocalKeystore>,
+		metrics: Metrics,
+	) -> Self {
+		DisputeCoordinatorSubsystem::Real(real::DisputeCoordinatorSubsystem::new(
+			store, config, keystore, metrics,
+		))
+	}
+}
+
+impl<Context> overseer::Subsystem<Context, SubsystemError> for DisputeCoordinatorSubsystem
+where
+	Context: SubsystemContext<Message = DisputeCoordinatorMessage>,
+	Context: overseer::SubsystemContext<Message = DisputeCoordinatorMessage>,
+{
+	fn start(self, ctx: Context) -> SpawnedSubsystem {
+		match self {
+			DisputeCoordinatorSubsystem::Dummy(dummy) => dummy.start(ctx),
+			DisputeCoordinatorSubsystem::Real(real) => real.start(ctx),
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/polkadot/node/core/dispute-coordinator/src/metrics.rs b/polkadot/node/core/dispute-coordinator/src/metrics.rs
index a683c15329..83810df67a 100644
--- a/polkadot/node/core/dispute-coordinator/src/metrics.rs
+++ b/polkadot/node/core/dispute-coordinator/src/metrics.rs
@@ -19,16 +19,12 @@ use polkadot_node_subsystem_util::metrics::{self, prometheus};
 #[derive(Clone)]
 struct MetricsInner {
 	/// Number of opened disputes.
-	#[cfg(feature = "disputes")]
 	open: prometheus::Counter<prometheus::U64>,
 	/// Votes of all disputes.
-	#[cfg(feature = "disputes")]
 	votes: prometheus::CounterVec<prometheus::U64>,
 	/// Conclusion across all disputes.
-	#[cfg(feature = "disputes")]
 	concluded: prometheus::CounterVec<prometheus::U64>,
 	/// Number of participations that have been queued.
-	#[cfg(feature = "disputes")]
 	queued_participations: prometheus::CounterVec<prometheus::U64>,
 }
 
@@ -36,7 +32,6 @@ struct MetricsInner {
 #[derive(Default, Clone)]
 pub struct Metrics(Option<MetricsInner>);
 
-#[cfg(feature = "disputes")]
 impl Metrics {
 	pub(crate) fn on_open(&self) {
 		if let Some(metrics) = &self.0 {
@@ -82,13 +77,6 @@ impl Metrics {
 }
 
 impl metrics::Metrics for Metrics {
-	#[cfg(not(feature = "disputes"))]
-	fn try_register(_registry: &prometheus::Registry) -> Result<Self, prometheus::PrometheusError> {
-		let metrics = MetricsInner {};
-		Ok(Metrics(Some(metrics)))
-	}
-
-	#[cfg(feature = "disputes")]
 	fn try_register(registry: &prometheus::Registry) -> Result<Self, prometheus::PrometheusError> {
 		let metrics = MetricsInner {
 			open: prometheus::register(
diff --git a/polkadot/node/core/dispute-coordinator/src/real/backend.rs b/polkadot/node/core/dispute-coordinator/src/real/backend.rs
index 71d2dd35cc..469e9fb018 100644
--- a/polkadot/node/core/dispute-coordinator/src/real/backend.rs
+++ b/polkadot/node/core/dispute-coordinator/src/real/backend.rs
@@ -26,10 +26,8 @@ use polkadot_primitives::v1::{CandidateHash, SessionIndex};
 
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 
-use super::{
-	db::v1::{CandidateVotes, RecentDisputes},
-	error::FatalResult,
-};
+use super::db::v1::{CandidateVotes, RecentDisputes};
+use crate::error::FatalResult;
 
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub enum BackendWriteOp {
diff --git a/polkadot/node/core/dispute-coordinator/src/real/db/v1.rs b/polkadot/node/core/dispute-coordinator/src/real/db/v1.rs
index b7035d593f..05d58e88f2 100644
--- a/polkadot/node/core/dispute-coordinator/src/real/db/v1.rs
+++ b/polkadot/node/core/dispute-coordinator/src/real/db/v1.rs
@@ -27,10 +27,13 @@ use std::sync::Arc;
 use kvdb::{DBTransaction, KeyValueDB};
 use parity_scale_codec::{Decode, Encode};
 
-use crate::real::{
-	backend::{Backend, BackendWriteOp, OverlayedBackend},
+use crate::{
 	error::{Fatal, FatalResult},
 	status::DisputeStatus,
+};
+
+use crate::real::{
+	backend::{Backend, BackendWriteOp, OverlayedBackend},
 	DISPUTE_WINDOW,
 };
 
@@ -162,6 +165,15 @@ pub enum Error {
 	Codec(#[from] parity_scale_codec::Error),
 }
 
+impl From<Error> for crate::error::Error {
+	fn from(err: Error) -> Self {
+		match err {
+			Error::Io(io) => Self::NonFatal(crate::error::NonFatal::Io(io)),
+			Error::Codec(e) => Self::NonFatal(crate::error::NonFatal::Codec(e)),
+		}
+	}
+}
+
 /// Result alias for DB errors.
 pub type Result<T> = std::result::Result<T, Error>;
 
diff --git a/polkadot/node/core/dispute-coordinator/src/real/initialized.rs b/polkadot/node/core/dispute-coordinator/src/real/initialized.rs
index f3c99a86d0..67e1400120 100644
--- a/polkadot/node/core/dispute-coordinator/src/real/initialized.rs
+++ b/polkadot/node/core/dispute-coordinator/src/real/initialized.rs
@@ -45,19 +45,22 @@ use polkadot_primitives::v1::{
 	ValidDisputeStatementKind, ValidatorId, ValidatorIndex, ValidatorPair, ValidatorSignature,
 };
 
-use crate::{metrics::Metrics, DisputeCoordinatorSubsystem};
+use crate::{metrics::Metrics, real::DisputeCoordinatorSubsystem, LOG_TARGET};
+
+use crate::{
+	error::{log_error, Fatal, FatalResult, NonFatal, NonFatalResult, Result},
+	status::{get_active_with_status, Clock, DisputeStatus, Timestamp},
+};
 
 use super::{
 	backend::Backend,
 	db,
-	error::{log_error, Fatal, FatalResult, NonFatal, NonFatalResult, Result},
 	ordering::{CandidateComparator, OrderingProvider},
 	participation::{
 		self, Participation, ParticipationRequest, ParticipationStatement, WorkerMessageReceiver,
 	},
 	spam_slots::SpamSlots,
-	status::{get_active_with_status, Clock, DisputeStatus, Timestamp},
-	OverlayedBackend, LOG_TARGET,
+	OverlayedBackend,
 };
 
 /// After the first active leaves update we transition to `Initialized` state.
diff --git a/polkadot/node/core/dispute-coordinator/src/real/mod.rs b/polkadot/node/core/dispute-coordinator/src/real/mod.rs
index 551d4cedae..345735ed39 100644
--- a/polkadot/node/core/dispute-coordinator/src/real/mod.rs
+++ b/polkadot/node/core/dispute-coordinator/src/real/mod.rs
@@ -28,7 +28,6 @@ use std::{collections::HashSet, sync::Arc};
 
 use futures::FutureExt;
 use kvdb::KeyValueDB;
-use parity_scale_codec::Error as CodecError;
 
 use sc_keystore::LocalKeystore;
 
@@ -40,24 +39,23 @@ use polkadot_node_subsystem::{
 use polkadot_node_subsystem_util::rolling_session_window::RollingSessionWindow;
 use polkadot_primitives::v1::{ValidatorIndex, ValidatorPair};
 
-use crate::metrics::Metrics;
-use backend::{Backend, OverlayedBackend};
-use db::v1::DbBackend;
-use error::{FatalResult, Result};
-
-use self::{
-	error::{Error, NonFatal},
-	ordering::CandidateComparator,
-	participation::ParticipationRequest,
-	spam_slots::{SpamSlots, UnconfirmedDisputes},
+use crate::{
+	error::{Error, FatalResult, NonFatal, Result},
+	metrics::Metrics,
 	status::{get_active_with_status, SystemClock},
 };
 
-mod backend;
-mod db;
+use backend::{Backend, OverlayedBackend};
+use db::v1::DbBackend;
 
-/// Common error types for this subsystem.
-mod error;
+use self::{
+	ordering::CandidateComparator,
+	participation::ParticipationRequest,
+	spam_slots::{SpamSlots, UnconfirmedDisputes},
+};
+
+pub(crate) mod backend;
+pub(crate) mod db;
 
 /// Subsystem after receiving the first active leaf.
 mod initialized;
@@ -90,17 +88,15 @@ mod spam_slots;
 /// participation requests, such that most important/urgent disputes will be resolved and processed
 /// first and more importantly it will order requests in a way so disputes will get resolved, even
 /// if there are lots of them.
-mod participation;
+pub(crate) mod participation;
 
-/// Status tracking of disputes (`DisputeStatus`).
-mod status;
-use status::Clock;
+use crate::status::Clock;
+
+use crate::LOG_TARGET;
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests;
 
-const LOG_TARGET: &str = "parachain::dispute-coordinator";
-
 /// An implementation of the dispute coordinator subsystem.
 pub struct DisputeCoordinatorSubsystem {
 	config: Config,
diff --git a/polkadot/node/core/dispute-coordinator/src/real/ordering/mod.rs b/polkadot/node/core/dispute-coordinator/src/real/ordering/mod.rs
index bfd6298ddf..b8eea21134 100644
--- a/polkadot/node/core/dispute-coordinator/src/real/ordering/mod.rs
+++ b/polkadot/node/core/dispute-coordinator/src/real/ordering/mod.rs
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ use polkadot_node_subsystem::{
 use polkadot_node_subsystem_util::runtime::get_candidate_events;
 use polkadot_primitives::v1::{BlockNumber, CandidateEvent, CandidateHash, CandidateReceipt, Hash};
 
-use super::{
+use crate::{
 	error::{Fatal, FatalResult, Result},
 	LOG_TARGET,
 };
diff --git a/polkadot/node/core/dispute-coordinator/src/real/participation/mod.rs b/polkadot/node/core/dispute-coordinator/src/real/participation/mod.rs
index dcea701de0..f2f3862ab5 100644
--- a/polkadot/node/core/dispute-coordinator/src/real/participation/mod.rs
+++ b/polkadot/node/core/dispute-coordinator/src/real/participation/mod.rs
@@ -29,13 +29,13 @@ use polkadot_node_subsystem::{
 use polkadot_node_subsystem_util::runtime::get_validation_code_by_hash;
 use polkadot_primitives::v1::{BlockNumber, CandidateHash, CandidateReceipt, Hash, SessionIndex};
 
-use crate::real::LOG_TARGET;
-
-use super::{
+use crate::{
 	error::{Fatal, FatalResult, NonFatal, Result},
-	ordering::CandidateComparator,
+	LOG_TARGET,
 };
 
+use super::ordering::CandidateComparator;
+
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests;
 #[cfg(test)]
diff --git a/polkadot/node/core/dispute-coordinator/src/real/tests.rs b/polkadot/node/core/dispute-coordinator/src/real/tests.rs
index 62f81db2a8..cf264572e2 100644
--- a/polkadot/node/core/dispute-coordinator/src/real/tests.rs
+++ b/polkadot/node/core/dispute-coordinator/src/real/tests.rs
@@ -65,15 +65,12 @@ use crate::{
 	real::{
 		backend::Backend,
 		participation::{participation_full_happy_path, participation_missing_availability},
-		status::ACTIVE_DURATION_SECS,
+		Config, DisputeCoordinatorSubsystem,
 	},
-	Config, DisputeCoordinatorSubsystem,
+	status::{Clock, Timestamp, ACTIVE_DURATION_SECS},
 };
 
-use super::{
-	db::v1::DbBackend,
-	status::{Clock, Timestamp},
-};
+use super::db::v1::DbBackend;
 
 const TEST_TIMEOUT: Duration = Duration::from_secs(2);
 
diff --git a/polkadot/node/core/dispute-coordinator/src/real/status.rs b/polkadot/node/core/dispute-coordinator/src/status.rs
similarity index 99%
rename from polkadot/node/core/dispute-coordinator/src/real/status.rs
rename to polkadot/node/core/dispute-coordinator/src/status.rs
index c0b01e9b96..5be1e7b390 100644
--- a/polkadot/node/core/dispute-coordinator/src/real/status.rs
+++ b/polkadot/node/core/dispute-coordinator/src/status.rs
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ use std::time::{SystemTime, UNIX_EPOCH};
 use parity_scale_codec::{Decode, Encode};
 use polkadot_primitives::v1::{CandidateHash, SessionIndex};
 
-use crate::real::LOG_TARGET;
+use crate::LOG_TARGET;
 
 /// The choice here is fairly arbitrary. But any dispute that concluded more than a few minutes ago
 /// is not worth considering anymore. Changing this value has little to no bearing on consensus,
diff --git a/polkadot/node/core/provisioner/src/lib.rs b/polkadot/node/core/provisioner/src/lib.rs
index 2b6dfb564d..f9375f094c 100644
--- a/polkadot/node/core/provisioner/src/lib.rs
+++ b/polkadot/node/core/provisioner/src/lib.rs
@@ -148,10 +148,19 @@ pub enum Error {
 	BackedCandidateOrderingProblem,
 }
 
+/// Provisioner run arguments.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct ProvisionerConfig {
+	/// If enabled, dispute votes will be provided to `fn create_inherent`, otherwise not.
+	/// Long term we will obviously always want disputes to be enabled, this option exists for testing purposes
+	/// and will be removed in the near future.
+	pub disputes_enabled: bool,
+}
+
 impl JobTrait for ProvisionerJob {
 	type ToJob = ProvisionerMessage;
 	type Error = Error;
-	type RunArgs = ();
+	type RunArgs = ProvisionerConfig;
 	type Metrics = Metrics;
 
 	const NAME: &'static str = "provisioner-job";
@@ -161,17 +170,21 @@ impl JobTrait for ProvisionerJob {
 	// this function is in charge of creating and executing the job's main loop
 	fn run<S: SubsystemSender>(
 		leaf: ActivatedLeaf,
-		_run_args: Self::RunArgs,
+		run_args: Self::RunArgs,
 		metrics: Self::Metrics,
 		receiver: mpsc::Receiver<ProvisionerMessage>,
 		mut sender: JobSender<S>,
 	) -> Pin<Box<dyn Future<Output = Result<(), Self::Error>> + Send>> {
+		let span = leaf.span.clone();
 		async move {
-			let span = leaf.span.clone();
 			let job = ProvisionerJob::new(leaf, metrics, receiver);
 
-			job.run_loop(sender.subsystem_sender(), PerLeafSpan::new(span, "provisioner"))
-				.await
+			job.run_loop(
+				sender.subsystem_sender(),
+				run_args.disputes_enabled,
+				PerLeafSpan::new(span, "provisioner"),
+			)
+			.await
 		}
 		.boxed()
 	}
@@ -197,6 +210,7 @@ impl ProvisionerJob {
 	async fn run_loop(
 		mut self,
 		sender: &mut impl SubsystemSender,
+		disputes_enabled: bool,
 		span: PerLeafSpan,
 	) -> Result<(), Error> {
 		use ProvisionerMessage::{ProvisionableData, RequestInherentData};
@@ -208,7 +222,7 @@ impl ProvisionerJob {
 						let _timer = self.metrics.time_request_inherent_data();
 
 						if self.inherent_after.is_ready() {
-							self.send_inherent_data(sender, vec![return_sender]).await;
+							self.send_inherent_data(sender, vec![return_sender], disputes_enabled).await;
 						} else {
 							self.awaiting_inherent.push(return_sender);
 						}
@@ -225,7 +239,7 @@ impl ProvisionerJob {
 					let _span = span.child("send-inherent-data");
 					let return_senders = std::mem::take(&mut self.awaiting_inherent);
 					if !return_senders.is_empty() {
-						self.send_inherent_data(sender, return_senders).await;
+						self.send_inherent_data(sender, return_senders, disputes_enabled).await;
 					}
 				}
 			}
@@ -238,6 +252,7 @@ impl ProvisionerJob {
 		&mut self,
 		sender: &mut impl SubsystemSender,
 		return_senders: Vec<oneshot::Sender<ProvisionerInherentData>>,
+		disputes_enabled: bool,
 	) {
 		if let Err(err) = send_inherent_data(
 			&self.leaf,
@@ -245,6 +260,7 @@ impl ProvisionerJob {
 			&self.backed_candidates,
 			return_senders,
 			sender,
+			disputes_enabled,
 			&self.metrics,
 		)
 		.await
@@ -300,6 +316,7 @@ async fn send_inherent_data(
 	candidates: &[CandidateReceipt],
 	return_senders: Vec<oneshot::Sender<ProvisionerInherentData>>,
 	from_job: &mut impl SubsystemSender,
+	disputes_enabled: bool,
 	metrics: &Metrics,
 ) -> Result<(), Error> {
 	let availability_cores = request_availability_cores(leaf.hash, from_job)
@@ -307,7 +324,9 @@ async fn send_inherent_data(
 		.await
 		.map_err(|err| Error::CanceledAvailabilityCores(err))??;
 
-	let disputes = select_disputes(from_job, metrics).await?;
+	let disputes =
+		if disputes_enabled { select_disputes(from_job, metrics).await? } else { vec![] };
+
 	// Only include bitfields on fresh leaves. On chain reversions, we want to make sure that
 	// there will be at least one block, which cannot get disputed, so the chain can make progress.
 	let bitfields = match leaf.status {
diff --git a/polkadot/node/malus/Cargo.toml b/polkadot/node/malus/Cargo.toml
index 7225846e31..29549d1722 100644
--- a/polkadot/node/malus/Cargo.toml
+++ b/polkadot/node/malus/Cargo.toml
@@ -34,8 +34,7 @@ futures-timer = "3.0.2"
 tracing = "0.1.26"
 
 [features]
-default = [] # we do not enable disputes by default to avoid feature leak
-disputes = ["polkadot-cli/disputes"]
+default = []
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 polkadot-node-subsystem-test-helpers = { path = "../subsystem-test-helpers" }
diff --git a/polkadot/node/overseer/overseer-gen/proc-macro/src/impl_builder.rs b/polkadot/node/overseer/overseer-gen/proc-macro/src/impl_builder.rs
index c631eef369..a5c8c3a4a5 100644
--- a/polkadot/node/overseer/overseer-gen/proc-macro/src/impl_builder.rs
+++ b/polkadot/node/overseer/overseer-gen/proc-macro/src/impl_builder.rs
@@ -202,7 +202,7 @@ pub(crate) fn impl_builder(info: &OverseerInfo) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
 			Fn(SubsystemInitFn<T>),
 			/// Directly initialize the subsystem with the given subsystem type `T`.
 			Value(T),
-			/// Subsystem field does not have value just yet.
+			/// Subsystem field does not have a value just yet.
 			Uninitialized
 		}
 
diff --git a/polkadot/node/service/Cargo.toml b/polkadot/node/service/Cargo.toml
index 2c27cdbae1..cab30c9682 100644
--- a/polkadot/node/service/Cargo.toml
+++ b/polkadot/node/service/Cargo.toml
@@ -178,12 +178,11 @@ try-runtime = [
 	"rococo-runtime/try-runtime",
 ]
 malus = ["full-node"]
-disputes = ["polkadot-node-core-dispute-coordinator/disputes"]
 runtime-metrics = [
-	"polkadot-client/runtime-metrics", 
+	"polkadot-client/runtime-metrics",
 	"rococo-runtime/runtime-metrics",
 	"westend-runtime/runtime-metrics",
 	"kusama-runtime/runtime-metrics",
 	"polkadot-runtime/runtime-metrics",
 	"polkadot-runtime-parachains/runtime-metrics"
-]
\ No newline at end of file
+]
diff --git a/polkadot/node/service/src/lib.rs b/polkadot/node/service/src/lib.rs
index 4252ff7360..4cb9ad13df 100644
--- a/polkadot/node/service/src/lib.rs
+++ b/polkadot/node/service/src/lib.rs
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ pub mod overseer;
 #[cfg(feature = "full-node")]
 pub use self::overseer::{OverseerGen, OverseerGenArgs, RealOverseerGen};
 
-#[cfg(all(test, feature = "disputes"))]
+#[cfg(test)]
 mod tests;
 
 #[cfg(feature = "full-node")]
@@ -721,6 +721,12 @@ where
 	let auth_or_collator = role.is_authority() || is_collator.is_collator();
 	let requires_overseer_for_chain_sel = local_keystore.is_some() && auth_or_collator;
 
+	let disputes_enabled = chain_spec.is_rococo() ||
+		chain_spec.is_kusama() ||
+		chain_spec.is_westend() ||
+		chain_spec.is_versi() ||
+		chain_spec.is_wococo();
+
 	let select_chain = if requires_overseer_for_chain_sel {
 		let metrics =
 			polkadot_node_subsystem_util::metrics::Metrics::register(prometheus_registry.as_ref())?;
@@ -729,6 +735,7 @@ where
 			basics.backend.clone(),
 			overseer_handle.clone(),
 			metrics,
+			disputes_enabled,
 		)
 	} else {
 		SelectRelayChain::new_longest_chain(basics.backend.clone())
@@ -952,6 +959,7 @@ where
 					candidate_validation_config,
 					chain_selection_config,
 					dispute_coordinator_config,
+					disputes_enabled,
 				},
 			)
 			.map_err(|e| {
diff --git a/polkadot/node/service/src/overseer.rs b/polkadot/node/service/src/overseer.rs
index 2441c688ba..0d42673f21 100644
--- a/polkadot/node/service/src/overseer.rs
+++ b/polkadot/node/service/src/overseer.rs
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ use polkadot_node_core_av_store::Config as AvailabilityConfig;
 use polkadot_node_core_candidate_validation::Config as CandidateValidationConfig;
 use polkadot_node_core_chain_selection::Config as ChainSelectionConfig;
 use polkadot_node_core_dispute_coordinator::Config as DisputeCoordinatorConfig;
+use polkadot_node_core_provisioner::ProvisionerConfig;
 use polkadot_node_network_protocol::request_response::{v1 as request_v1, IncomingRequestReceiver};
 #[cfg(any(feature = "malus", test))]
 pub use polkadot_overseer::{
@@ -106,6 +107,8 @@ where
 	pub chain_selection_config: ChainSelectionConfig,
 	/// Configuration for the dispute coordinator subsystem.
 	pub dispute_coordinator_config: DisputeCoordinatorConfig,
+	/// Enable to disputes.
+	pub disputes_enabled: bool,
 }
 
 /// Obtain a prepared `OverseerBuilder`, that is initialized
@@ -132,6 +135,7 @@ pub fn prepared_overseer_builder<'a, Spawner, RuntimeClient>(
 		candidate_validation_config,
 		chain_selection_config,
 		dispute_coordinator_config,
+		disputes_enabled,
 	}: OverseerGenArgs<'a, Spawner, RuntimeClient>,
 ) -> Result<
 	OverseerBuilder<
@@ -228,7 +232,11 @@ where
 			Box::new(network_service.clone()),
 			Metrics::register(registry)?,
 		))
-		.provisioner(ProvisionerSubsystem::new(spawner.clone(), (), Metrics::register(registry)?))
+		.provisioner(ProvisionerSubsystem::new(
+			spawner.clone(),
+			ProvisionerConfig { disputes_enabled },
+			Metrics::register(registry)?,
+		))
 		.runtime_api(RuntimeApiSubsystem::new(
 			runtime_client.clone(),
 			Metrics::register(registry)?,
@@ -251,12 +259,16 @@ where
 			keystore.clone(),
 			authority_discovery_service.clone(),
 		))
-		.dispute_coordinator(DisputeCoordinatorSubsystem::new(
-			parachains_db.clone(),
-			dispute_coordinator_config,
-			keystore.clone(),
-			Metrics::register(registry)?,
-		))
+		.dispute_coordinator(if disputes_enabled {
+			DisputeCoordinatorSubsystem::new(
+				parachains_db.clone(),
+				dispute_coordinator_config,
+				keystore.clone(),
+				Metrics::register(registry)?,
+			)
+		} else {
+			DisputeCoordinatorSubsystem::dummy()
+		})
 		.dispute_distribution(DisputeDistributionSubsystem::new(
 			keystore.clone(),
 			dispute_req_receiver,
@@ -319,8 +331,15 @@ impl OverseerGen for RealOverseerGen {
 		RuntimeClient::Api: ParachainHost<Block> + BabeApi<Block> + AuthorityDiscoveryApi<Block>,
 		Spawner: 'static + SpawnNamed + Clone + Unpin,
 	{
-		prepared_overseer_builder(args)?
-			.build_with_connector(connector)
-			.map_err(|e| e.into())
+		let disputes_enabled = args.disputes_enabled;
+		let builder = prepared_overseer_builder(args)?;
+		if disputes_enabled {
+			builder
+				.dispute_coordinator(DisputeCoordinatorSubsystem::dummy())
+				.build_with_connector(connector)
+		} else {
+			builder.build_with_connector(connector)
+		}
+		.map_err(|e| e.into())
 	}
 }
diff --git a/polkadot/node/service/src/relay_chain_selection.rs b/polkadot/node/service/src/relay_chain_selection.rs
index e9a67f2336..e0bdda348d 100644
--- a/polkadot/node/service/src/relay_chain_selection.rs
+++ b/polkadot/node/service/src/relay_chain_selection.rs
@@ -161,11 +161,16 @@ where
 
 	/// Create a new [`SelectRelayChain`] wrapping the given chain backend
 	/// and a handle to the overseer.
-	pub fn new_disputes_aware(backend: Arc<B>, overseer: Handle, metrics: Metrics) -> Self {
+	pub fn new_disputes_aware(
+		backend: Arc<B>,
+		overseer: Handle,
+		metrics: Metrics,
+		disputes_enabled: bool,
+	) -> Self {
 		tracing::debug!(
 			target: LOG_TARGET,
 			"Using {} chain selection algorithm",
-			if cfg!(feature = "disputes") {
+			if disputes_enabled {
 				"dispute aware relay"
 			} else {
 				// no disputes are queried, that logic is disabled
@@ -176,7 +181,10 @@ where
 		SelectRelayChain {
 			longest_chain: sc_consensus::LongestChain::new(backend.clone()),
 			selection: IsDisputesAwareWithOverseer::Yes(SelectRelayChainInner::new(
-				backend, overseer, metrics,
+				backend,
+				overseer,
+				metrics,
+				disputes_enabled,
 			)),
 		}
 	}
@@ -233,6 +241,7 @@ where
 pub struct SelectRelayChainInner<B, OH> {
 	backend: Arc<B>,
 	overseer: OH,
+	disputes_enabled: bool,
 	metrics: Metrics,
 }
 
@@ -243,8 +252,8 @@ where
 {
 	/// Create a new [`SelectRelayChainInner`] wrapping the given chain backend
 	/// and a handle to the overseer.
-	pub fn new(backend: Arc<B>, overseer: OH, metrics: Metrics) -> Self {
-		SelectRelayChainInner { backend, overseer, metrics }
+	pub fn new(backend: Arc<B>, overseer: OH, metrics: Metrics, disputes_enabled: bool) -> Self {
+		SelectRelayChainInner { backend, overseer, metrics, disputes_enabled }
 	}
 
 	fn block_header(&self, hash: Hash) -> Result<PolkadotHeader, ConsensusError> {
@@ -282,6 +291,7 @@ where
 			backend: self.backend.clone(),
 			overseer: self.overseer.clone(),
 			metrics: self.metrics.clone(),
+			disputes_enabled: self.disputes_enabled,
 		}
 	}
 }
@@ -371,7 +381,7 @@ where
 		let mut overseer = self.overseer.clone();
 		tracing::trace!(target: LOG_TARGET, ?best_leaf, "Longest chain");
 
-		let subchain_head = if cfg!(feature = "disputes") {
+		let subchain_head = if self.disputes_enabled {
 			let (tx, rx) = oneshot::channel();
 			overseer
 				.send_msg(
@@ -476,7 +486,7 @@ where
 		let lag = initial_leaf_number.saturating_sub(subchain_number);
 		self.metrics.note_approval_checking_finality_lag(lag);
 
-		let (lag, subchain_head) = if cfg!(feature = "disputes") {
+		let (lag, subchain_head) = if self.disputes_enabled {
 			// Prevent sending flawed data to the dispute-coordinator.
 			if Some(subchain_block_descriptions.len() as _) !=
 				subchain_number.checked_sub(target_number)
diff --git a/polkadot/node/service/src/tests.rs b/polkadot/node/service/src/tests.rs
index 22eeeacb05..cb96a5b0eb 100644
--- a/polkadot/node/service/src/tests.rs
+++ b/polkadot/node/service/src/tests.rs
@@ -83,6 +83,7 @@ fn test_harness<T: Future<Output = VirtualOverseer>>(
 		Arc::new(case_vars.chain.clone()),
 		context.sender().clone(),
 		Default::default(),
+		true,
 	);
 
 	let target_hash = case_vars.target_block.clone();
diff --git a/polkadot/scripts/gitlab/test_linux_stable.sh b/polkadot/scripts/gitlab/test_linux_stable.sh
index 6234cdbf6e..7f11e08d9e 100755
--- a/polkadot/scripts/gitlab/test_linux_stable.sh
+++ b/polkadot/scripts/gitlab/test_linux_stable.sh
@@ -4,6 +4,5 @@ set -eux
 #shellcheck source=../common/lib.sh
 source "$( cd "$( dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}" )" >/dev/null 2>&1 && pwd )/../common/lib.sh"
 
-time cargo test --release --locked -p polkadot-node-core-dispute-coordinator --features disputes
 # Builds with the runtime benchmarks/metrics features are only to be used for testing.
 time cargo test --workspace --release --verbose --locked --features=runtime-benchmarks,runtime-metrics