diff --git a/substrate/core/consensus/babe/primitives/src/lib.rs b/substrate/core/consensus/babe/primitives/src/lib.rs
index 0e1cc217ab..9d69fb14bb 100644
--- a/substrate/core/consensus/babe/primitives/src/lib.rs
+++ b/substrate/core/consensus/babe/primitives/src/lib.rs
@@ -104,7 +104,10 @@ pub struct BabeConfiguration {
 
 	/// A constant value that is used in the threshold calculation formula.
 	/// Expressed as a fraction where the first member of the tuple is the
-	/// numerator and the second is the denominator.
+	/// numerator and the second is the denominator. The fraction should
+	/// represent a value between 0 and 1.
+	/// In the threshold formula calculation, `1 - c` represents the probability
+	/// of a slot being empty.
 	pub c: (u64, u64),
 
 	/// The minimum number of blocks that must be received before running the
diff --git a/substrate/core/test-runtime/src/lib.rs b/substrate/core/test-runtime/src/lib.rs
index c529fa201f..e2cdcabd2b 100644
--- a/substrate/core/test-runtime/src/lib.rs
+++ b/substrate/core/test-runtime/src/lib.rs
@@ -362,10 +362,12 @@ impl srml_timestamp::Trait for Runtime {
 
 parameter_types! {
 	pub const EpochDuration: u64 = 6;
+	pub const ExpectedBlockTime: u64 = 10_000;
 }
 
 impl srml_babe::Trait for Runtime {
 	type EpochDuration = EpochDuration;
+	type ExpectedBlockTime = ExpectedBlockTime;
 }
 
 /// Adds one to the given input and returns the final result.
diff --git a/substrate/node/runtime/src/constants.rs b/substrate/node/runtime/src/constants.rs
index 5443c7e636..03f6e34c93 100644
--- a/substrate/node/runtime/src/constants.rs
+++ b/substrate/node/runtime/src/constants.rs
@@ -34,7 +34,8 @@ pub mod time {
 	/// by `SLOT_DURATION`, but some slots will not be allocated to any
 	/// authority and hence no block will be produced. We expect to have this
 	/// block time on average following the defined slot duration and the value
-	/// of `c` configured for BABE.
+	/// of `c` configured for BABE (where `1 - c` represents the probability of
+	/// a slot being empty).
 	/// This value is only used indirectly to define the unit constants below
 	/// that are expressed in blocks. The rest of the code should use
 	/// `SLOT_DURATION` instead (like the timestamp module for calculating the
diff --git a/substrate/node/runtime/src/lib.rs b/substrate/node/runtime/src/lib.rs
index 583496508e..3d8b02a84d 100644
--- a/substrate/node/runtime/src/lib.rs
+++ b/substrate/node/runtime/src/lib.rs
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ pub const VERSION: RuntimeVersion = RuntimeVersion {
 	// and set impl_version to equal spec_version. If only runtime
 	// implementation changes and behavior does not, then leave spec_version as
 	// is and increment impl_version.
-	spec_version: 122,
+	spec_version: 123,
 	impl_version: 123,
 	apis: RUNTIME_API_VERSIONS,
 };
@@ -128,10 +128,12 @@ impl system::Trait for Runtime {
 
 parameter_types! {
 	pub const EpochDuration: u64 = EPOCH_DURATION_IN_SLOTS;
+	pub const ExpectedBlockTime: Moment = MILLISECS_PER_BLOCK;
 }
 
 impl babe::Trait for Runtime {
 	type EpochDuration = EpochDuration;
+	type ExpectedBlockTime = ExpectedBlockTime;
 }
 
 impl indices::Trait for Runtime {
@@ -517,9 +519,10 @@ impl_runtime_apis! {
 
 	impl babe_primitives::BabeApi<Block> for Runtime {
 		fn startup_data() -> babe_primitives::BabeConfiguration {
-			// The choice of `c` parameter is done in accordance to
-			// the slot duration and expected target block time, for
-			// safely resisting network delays of maximum two seconds.
+			// The choice of `c` parameter (where `1 - c` represents the
+			// probability of a slot being empty), is done in accordance to the
+			// slot duration and expected target block time, for safely
+			// resisting network delays of maximum two seconds.
 			// <https://research.web3.foundation/en/latest/polkadot/BABE/Babe/#6-practical-results>
 			babe_primitives::BabeConfiguration {
 				median_required_blocks: 1000,
diff --git a/substrate/srml/babe/src/lib.rs b/substrate/srml/babe/src/lib.rs
index 2dbb9222fb..91ad5f3a85 100644
--- a/substrate/srml/babe/src/lib.rs
+++ b/substrate/srml/babe/src/lib.rs
@@ -109,6 +109,7 @@ impl ProvideInherentData for InherentDataProvider {
 
 pub trait Trait: timestamp::Trait {
 	type EpochDuration: Get<u64>;
+	type ExpectedBlockTime: Get<Self::Moment>;
 }
 
 /// The length of the BABE randomness
@@ -156,6 +157,17 @@ decl_storage! {
 decl_module! {
 	/// The BABE SRML module
 	pub struct Module<T: Trait> for enum Call where origin: T::Origin {
+		/// The number of **slots** that an epoch takes. We couple sessions to
+		/// epochs, i.e. we start a new session once the new epoch begins.
+		const EpochDuration: u64 = T::EpochDuration::get();
+
+		/// The expected average block time at which BABE should be creating
+		/// blocks. Since BABE is probabilistic it is not trivial to figure out
+		/// what the expected average block time should be based on the slot
+		/// duration and the security parameter `c` (where `1 - c` represents
+		/// the probability of a slot being empty).
+		const ExpectedBlockTime: T::Moment = T::ExpectedBlockTime::get();
+
 		/// Initialization
 		fn on_initialize() {
 			for digest in Self::get_inherent_digests()