Storage chains: indexing, renewals and reference counting (#8265)

* Transaction indexing * Tests and fixes * Fixed a comment * Style * Build * Style * Apply suggestions from code review Co-authored-by: cheme <emericchevalier.pro@gmail.com> * Code review suggestions * Add missing impl * Apply suggestions from code review Co-authored-by: Bastian Köcher <bkchr@users.noreply.github.com> * impl JoinInput * Don't store empty slices * JoinInput operates on slices Co-authored-by: cheme <emericchevalier.pro@gmail.com> Co-authored-by: Bastian Köcher <bkchr@users.noreply.github.com>
2026-06-12 10:01:17 +00:00 · 2021-03-18 12:46:27 +01:00
parent f69f79cc20
commit 4a0d6d9490
22 changed files with 600 additions and 246 deletions
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ use sp_runtime::traits::{
 use sp_state_machine::{
 	DBValue, ChangesTrieTransaction, ChangesTrieCacheAction, UsageInfo as StateUsageInfo,
 	StorageCollection, ChildStorageCollection, OffchainChangesCollection,
-	backend::Backend as StateBackend, StateMachineStats,
+	backend::Backend as StateBackend, StateMachineStats, IndexOperation,
 };
 use crate::utils::{DatabaseType, Meta, meta_keys, read_db, read_meta};
 use crate::changes_tries_storage::{DbChangesTrieStorage, DbChangesTrieStorageTransaction};
@@ -107,7 +107,16 @@ pub type DbState<B> = sp_state_machine::TrieBackend<

 const DB_HASH_LEN: usize = 32;
 /// Hash type that this backend uses for the database.
-pub type DbHash = [u8; DB_HASH_LEN];
+pub type DbHash = sp_core::H256;
+
+/// This is used as block body when storage-chain mode is enabled.
+#[derive(Debug, Encode, Decode)]
+struct ExtrinsicHeader {
+	/// Hash of the indexed part
+	indexed_hash: DbHash, // Zero hash if there's no indexed data
+	/// The rest of the data.
+	data: Vec<u8>,
+}

 /// A reference tracking state.
 ///
@@ -506,33 +515,47 @@ impl<Block: BlockT> sc_client_api::blockchain::HeaderBackend<Block> for Blockcha

 impl<Block: BlockT> sc_client_api::blockchain::Backend<Block> for BlockchainDb<Block> {
 	fn body(&self, id: BlockId<Block>) -> ClientResult<Option<Vec<Block::Extrinsic>>> {
-		match read_db(&*self.db, columns::KEY_LOOKUP, columns::BODY, id)? {
-			Some(body) => {
-				match self.transaction_storage {
-					TransactionStorageMode::BlockBody => match Decode::decode(&mut &body[..]) {
-						Ok(body) => Ok(Some(body)),
-						Err(err) => return Err(sp_blockchain::Error::Backend(
-							format!("Error decoding body: {}", err)
-						)),
-					},
-					TransactionStorageMode::StorageChain => {
-						match Vec::<Block::Hash>::decode(&mut &body[..]) {
-							Ok(hashes) => {
-								let extrinsics: ClientResult<Vec<Block::Extrinsic>> = hashes.into_iter().map(
-									|h| self.extrinsic(&h).and_then(|maybe_ex| maybe_ex.ok_or_else(
-										|| sp_blockchain::Error::Backend(
-											format!("Missing transaction: {}", h))))
-								).collect();
-								Ok(Some(extrinsics?))
+		let body = match read_db(&*self.db, columns::KEY_LOOKUP, columns::BODY, id)? {
+			Some(body) => body,
+			None => return Ok(None),
+		};
+		match self.transaction_storage {
+			TransactionStorageMode::BlockBody => match Decode::decode(&mut &body[..]) {
+				Ok(body) => Ok(Some(body)),
+				Err(err) => return Err(sp_blockchain::Error::Backend(
+					format!("Error decoding body: {}", err)
+				)),
+			},
+			TransactionStorageMode::StorageChain => {
+				match Vec::<ExtrinsicHeader>::decode(&mut &body[..]) {
+					Ok(index) => {
+						let extrinsics: ClientResult<Vec<Block::Extrinsic>> = index.into_iter().map(
+							| ExtrinsicHeader { indexed_hash, data } | {
+								let decode_result = if indexed_hash != Default::default() {
+									match self.db.get(columns::TRANSACTION, indexed_hash.as_ref()) {
+										Some(t) => {
+											let mut input = utils::join_input(data.as_ref(), t.as_ref());
+											Block::Extrinsic::decode(&mut input)
+										},
+										None => return Err(sp_blockchain::Error::Backend(
+											format!("Missing indexed transaction {:?}", indexed_hash))
+										)
+									}
+								} else {
+									Block::Extrinsic::decode(&mut data.as_ref())
+								};
+								decode_result.map_err(|err| sp_blockchain::Error::Backend(
+									format!("Error decoding extrinsic: {}", err))
+								)
 							}
-							Err(err) => return Err(sp_blockchain::Error::Backend(
-								format!("Error decoding body list: {}", err)
-							)),
-						}
+						).collect();
+						Ok(Some(extrinsics?))
 					}
+					Err(err) => return Err(sp_blockchain::Error::Backend(
+						format!("Error decoding body list: {}", err)
+					)),
 				}
 			}
-			None => Ok(None),
 		}
 	}

@@ -564,21 +587,11 @@ impl<Block: BlockT> sc_client_api::blockchain::Backend<Block> for BlockchainDb<B
 		children::read_children(&*self.db, columns::META, meta_keys::CHILDREN_PREFIX, parent_hash)
 	}

-	fn extrinsic(&self, hash: &Block::Hash) -> ClientResult<Option<Block::Extrinsic>> {
-		match self.db.get(columns::TRANSACTION, hash.as_ref()) {
-			Some(ex) => {
-				match Decode::decode(&mut &ex[..]) {
-					Ok(ex) => Ok(Some(ex)),
-					Err(err) => Err(sp_blockchain::Error::Backend(
-							format!("Error decoding extrinsic {}: {}", hash, err)
-					)),
-				}
-			},
-			None => Ok(None),
-		}
+	fn indexed_transaction(&self, hash: &Block::Hash) -> ClientResult<Option<Vec<u8>>> {
+		Ok(self.db.get(columns::TRANSACTION, hash.as_ref()))
 	}

-	fn have_extrinsic(&self, hash: &Block::Hash) -> ClientResult<bool> {
+	fn has_indexed_transaction(&self, hash: &Block::Hash) -> ClientResult<bool> {
 		Ok(self.db.contains(columns::TRANSACTION, hash.as_ref()))
 	}
 }
@@ -681,6 +694,7 @@ pub struct BlockImportOperation<Block: BlockT> {
 	finalized_blocks: Vec<(BlockId<Block>, Option<Justification>)>,
 	set_head: Option<BlockId<Block>>,
 	commit_state: bool,
+	index_ops: Vec<IndexOperation>,
 }

 impl<Block: BlockT> BlockImportOperation<Block> {
@@ -823,6 +837,11 @@ impl<Block: BlockT> sc_client_api::backend::BlockImportOperation<Block> for Bloc
 		self.set_head = Some(block);
 		Ok(())
 	}
+
+	fn update_transaction_index(&mut self, index_ops: Vec<IndexOperation>) -> ClientResult<()> {
+		self.index_ops = index_ops;
+		Ok(())
+	}
 }

 struct StorageDb<Block: BlockT> {
@@ -1155,21 +1174,21 @@ impl<Block: BlockT> Backend<Block> {
 			if new_canonical <= self.storage.state_db.best_canonical().unwrap_or(0) {
 				return Ok(())
 			}
-
 			let hash = if new_canonical == number_u64 {
 				hash
 			} else {
-				::sc_client_api::blockchain::HeaderBackend::hash(&self.blockchain, new_canonical.saturated_into())?
-					.expect("existence of block with number `new_canonical` \
-						implies existence of blocks with all numbers before it; qed")
+				sc_client_api::blockchain::HeaderBackend::hash(
+					&self.blockchain,
+					new_canonical.saturated_into(),
+				)?.expect("existence of block with number `new_canonical` \
+					implies existence of blocks with all numbers before it; qed")
 			};

 			trace!(target: "db", "Canonicalize block #{} ({:?})", new_canonical, hash);
 			let commit = self.storage.state_db.canonicalize_block(&hash)
 				.map_err(|e: sc_state_db::Error<io::Error>| sp_blockchain::Error::from_state_db(e))?;
 			apply_state_commit(transaction, commit);
-		};
-
+		}
 		Ok(())
 	}

@@ -1225,20 +1244,14 @@ impl<Block: BlockT> Backend<Block> {
 			)?;

 			transaction.set_from_vec(columns::HEADER, &lookup_key, pending_block.header.encode());
-			if let Some(body) = &pending_block.body {
+			if let Some(body) = pending_block.body {
 				match self.transaction_storage {
 					TransactionStorageMode::BlockBody => {
 						transaction.set_from_vec(columns::BODY, &lookup_key, body.encode());
 					},
 					TransactionStorageMode::StorageChain => {
-						let mut hashes = Vec::with_capacity(body.len());
-						for extrinsic in body {
-							let extrinsic = extrinsic.encode();
-							let hash = HashFor::<Block>::hash(&extrinsic);
-							transaction.set(columns::TRANSACTION, &hash.as_ref(), &extrinsic);
-							hashes.push(hash);
-						}
-						transaction.set_from_vec(columns::BODY, &lookup_key, hashes.encode());
+						let body = apply_index_ops::<Block>(&mut transaction, body, operation.index_ops);
+						transaction.set_from_vec(columns::BODY, &lookup_key, body);
 					},
 				}
 			}
@@ -1491,8 +1504,8 @@ impl<Block: BlockT> Backend<Block> {
 			}
 		}

-		self.prune_blocks(transaction, f_num)?;
 		let new_displaced = self.blockchain.leaves.write().finalize_height(f_num);
+		self.prune_blocks(transaction, f_num, &new_displaced)?;
 		match displaced {
 			x @ &mut None => *x = Some(new_displaced),
 			&mut Some(ref mut displaced) => displaced.merge(new_displaced),
@@ -1505,47 +1518,83 @@ impl<Block: BlockT> Backend<Block> {
 		&self,
 		transaction: &mut Transaction<DbHash>,
 		finalized: NumberFor<Block>,
+		displaced: &FinalizationDisplaced<Block::Hash, NumberFor<Block>>,
 	) -> ClientResult<()> {
 		if let KeepBlocks::Some(keep_blocks) = self.keep_blocks {
 			// Always keep the last finalized block
 			let keep = std::cmp::max(keep_blocks, 1);
-			if finalized < keep.into() {
-				return Ok(())
+			if finalized >= keep.into() {
+				let number = finalized.saturating_sub(keep.into());
+				self.prune_block(transaction, BlockId::<Block>::number(number))?;
 			}
-			let number = finalized.saturating_sub(keep.into());
-			match read_db(&*self.storage.db, columns::KEY_LOOKUP, columns::BODY, BlockId::<Block>::number(number))? {
-				Some(body) => {
-					debug!(target: "db", "Removing block #{}", number);
-					utils::remove_from_db(
-						transaction,
-						&*self.storage.db,
-						columns::KEY_LOOKUP,
-						columns::BODY,
-						BlockId::<Block>::number(number),
-					)?;
-					match self.transaction_storage {
-						TransactionStorageMode::BlockBody => {},
-						TransactionStorageMode::StorageChain => {
-							match Vec::<Block::Hash>::decode(&mut &body[..]) {
-								Ok(hashes) => {
-									for h in hashes {
-										transaction.remove(columns::TRANSACTION, h.as_ref());
-									}
-								}
-								Err(err) => return Err(sp_blockchain::Error::Backend(
-									format!("Error decoding body list: {}", err)
-								)),
-							}
-						}
+
+			// Also discard all blocks from displaced branches
+			for h in displaced.leaves() {
+				let mut number = finalized;
+				let mut hash = h.clone();
+				// Follow displaced chains back until we reach a finalized block.
+				// Since leaves are discarded due to finality, they can't have parents
+				// that are canonical, but not yet finalized. So we stop deletig as soon as
+				// we reach canonical chain.
+				while self.blockchain.hash(number)? != Some(hash.clone()) {
+					let id = BlockId::<Block>::hash(hash.clone());
+					match self.blockchain.header(id)? {
+						Some(header) => {
+							self.prune_block(transaction, id)?;
+							number = header.number().saturating_sub(One::one());
+							hash = header.parent_hash().clone();
+						},
+						None => break,
 					}
 				}
-				None => return Ok(()),
 			}
 		}
 		Ok(())
 	}
+
+	fn prune_block(
+		&self,
+		transaction: &mut Transaction<DbHash>,
+		id: BlockId<Block>,
+	) -> ClientResult<()> {
+		match read_db(&*self.storage.db, columns::KEY_LOOKUP, columns::BODY, id)? {
+			Some(body) => {
+				debug!(target: "db", "Removing block #{}", id);
+				utils::remove_from_db(
+					transaction,
+					&*self.storage.db,
+					columns::KEY_LOOKUP,
+					columns::BODY,
+					id,
+				)?;
+				match self.transaction_storage {
+					TransactionStorageMode::BlockBody => {},
+					TransactionStorageMode::StorageChain => {
+						match Vec::<ExtrinsicHeader>::decode(&mut &body[..]) {
+							Ok(body) => {
+								for ExtrinsicHeader { indexed_hash, .. } in body {
+									if indexed_hash != Default::default() {
+										transaction.release(
+											columns::TRANSACTION,
+											indexed_hash,
+										);
+									}
+								}
+							}
+							Err(err) => return Err(sp_blockchain::Error::Backend(
+									format!("Error decoding body list: {}", err)
+							)),
+						}
+					}
+				}
+			}
+			None => return Ok(()),
+		}
+		Ok(())
+	}
 }

+
 fn apply_state_commit(transaction: &mut Transaction<DbHash>, commit: sc_state_db::CommitSet<Vec<u8>>) {
 	for (key, val) in commit.data.inserted.into_iter() {
 		transaction.set_from_vec(columns::STATE, &key[..], val);
@@ -1561,6 +1610,67 @@ fn apply_state_commit(transaction: &mut Transaction<DbHash>, commit: sc_state_db
 	}
 }

+fn apply_index_ops<Block: BlockT>(
+	transaction: &mut Transaction<DbHash>,
+	body: Vec<Block::Extrinsic>,
+	ops: Vec<IndexOperation>,
+) -> Vec<u8> {
+	let mut extrinsic_headers: Vec<ExtrinsicHeader> = Vec::with_capacity(body.len());
+	let mut index_map = HashMap::new();
+	let mut renewed_map = HashMap::new();
+	for op in ops {
+		match op {
+			IndexOperation::Insert { extrinsic, offset } => {
+				index_map.insert(extrinsic, offset);
+			}
+			IndexOperation::Renew { extrinsic, hash, .. } => {
+				renewed_map.insert(extrinsic, DbHash::from_slice(hash.as_ref()));
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	for (index, extrinsic) in body.into_iter().enumerate() {
+		let extrinsic = extrinsic.encode();
+		let extrinsic_header = if let Some(hash) = renewed_map.get(&(index as u32)) {
+			// Bump ref counter
+			transaction.reference(columns::TRANSACTION, DbHash::from_slice(hash.as_ref()));
+			ExtrinsicHeader {
+				indexed_hash: hash.clone(),
+				data: extrinsic,
+			}
+		} else {
+			match index_map.get(&(index as u32)) {
+				Some(offset) if *offset as usize <= extrinsic.len() => {
+					let offset = *offset as usize;
+					let hash = HashFor::<Block>::hash(&extrinsic[offset..]);
+					transaction.store(
+						columns::TRANSACTION,
+						DbHash::from_slice(hash.as_ref()),
+						extrinsic[offset..].to_vec(),
+					);
+					ExtrinsicHeader {
+						indexed_hash: DbHash::from_slice(hash.as_ref()),
+						data: extrinsic[..offset].to_vec(),
+					}
+				},
+				_ => {
+					ExtrinsicHeader {
+						indexed_hash: Default::default(),
+						data: extrinsic,
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		};
+		extrinsic_headers.push(extrinsic_header);
+	}
+	debug!(
+		target: "db",
+		"DB transaction index: {} inserted, {} renewed",
+		index_map.len(),
+		renewed_map.len()
+	);
+	extrinsic_headers.encode()
+}
+
 impl<Block> sc_client_api::backend::AuxStore for Backend<Block> where Block: BlockT {
 	fn insert_aux<
 		'a,
@@ -1609,6 +1719,7 @@ impl<Block: BlockT> sc_client_api::backend::Backend<Block> for Backend<Block> {
 			finalized_blocks: Vec::new(),
 			set_head: None,
 			commit_state: false,
+			index_ops: Default::default(),
 		})
 	}

@@ -1998,7 +2109,7 @@ pub(crate) mod tests {
 		changes: Option<Vec<(Vec<u8>, Vec<u8>)>>,
 		extrinsics_root: H256,
 	) -> H256 {
-		insert_block(backend, number, parent_hash, changes, extrinsics_root, Vec::new())
+		insert_block(backend, number, parent_hash, changes, extrinsics_root, Vec::new(), None)
 	}

 	pub fn insert_block(
@@ -2008,6 +2119,7 @@ pub(crate) mod tests {
 		changes: Option<Vec<(Vec<u8>, Vec<u8>)>>,
 		extrinsics_root: H256,
 		body: Vec<ExtrinsicWrapper<u64>>,
+		transaction_index: Option<Vec<IndexOperation>>,
 	) -> H256 {
 		use sp_runtime::testing::Digest;

@@ -2035,6 +2147,9 @@ pub(crate) mod tests {
 		let mut op = backend.begin_operation().unwrap();
 		backend.begin_state_operation(&mut op, block_id).unwrap();
 		op.set_block_data(header, Some(body), None, NewBlockState::Best).unwrap();
+		if let Some(index) = transaction_index {
+			op.update_transaction_index(index).unwrap();
+		}
 		op.update_changes_trie((changes_trie_update, ChangesTrieCacheAction::Clear)).unwrap();
 		backend.commit_operation(op).unwrap();

@@ -2676,7 +2791,7 @@ pub(crate) mod tests {
 			let mut blocks = Vec::new();
 			let mut prev_hash = Default::default();
 			for i in 0 .. 5 {
-				let hash = insert_block(&backend, i, prev_hash, None, Default::default(), vec![i.into()]);
+				let hash = insert_block(&backend, i, prev_hash, None, Default::default(), vec![i.into()], None);
 				blocks.push(hash);
 				prev_hash = hash;
 			}
@@ -2697,4 +2812,100 @@ pub(crate) mod tests {
 			assert_eq!(Some(vec![4.into()]), bc.body(BlockId::hash(blocks[4])).unwrap());
 		}
 	}
+
+	#[test]
+	fn prune_blocks_on_finalize_with_fork() {
+		let backend = Backend::<Block>::new_test_with_tx_storage(
+			2,
+			10,
+			TransactionStorageMode::StorageChain
+		);
+		let mut blocks = Vec::new();
+		let mut prev_hash = Default::default();
+		for i in 0 .. 5 {
+			let hash = insert_block(&backend, i, prev_hash, None, Default::default(), vec![i.into()], None);
+			blocks.push(hash);
+			prev_hash = hash;
+		}
+
+		// insert a fork at block 2
+		let fork_hash_root = insert_block(
+			&backend,
+			2,
+			blocks[1],
+			None,
+			sp_core::H256::random(),
+			vec![2.into()],
+			None
+		);
+		insert_block(&backend, 3, fork_hash_root, None, H256::random(), vec![3.into(), 11.into()], None);
+		let mut op = backend.begin_operation().unwrap();
+		backend.begin_state_operation(&mut op, BlockId::Hash(blocks[4])).unwrap();
+		op.mark_head(BlockId::Hash(blocks[4])).unwrap();
+		backend.commit_operation(op).unwrap();
+
+		for i in 1 .. 5 {
+			let mut op = backend.begin_operation().unwrap();
+			backend.begin_state_operation(&mut op, BlockId::Hash(blocks[4])).unwrap();
+			op.mark_finalized(BlockId::Hash(blocks[i]), None).unwrap();
+			backend.commit_operation(op).unwrap();
+		}
+
+		let bc = backend.blockchain();
+		assert_eq!(None, bc.body(BlockId::hash(blocks[0])).unwrap());
+		assert_eq!(None, bc.body(BlockId::hash(blocks[1])).unwrap());
+		assert_eq!(None, bc.body(BlockId::hash(blocks[2])).unwrap());
+		assert_eq!(Some(vec![3.into()]), bc.body(BlockId::hash(blocks[3])).unwrap());
+		assert_eq!(Some(vec![4.into()]), bc.body(BlockId::hash(blocks[4])).unwrap());
+	}
+
+	#[test]
+	fn renew_transaction_storage() {
+		let backend = Backend::<Block>::new_test_with_tx_storage(
+			2,
+			10,
+			TransactionStorageMode::StorageChain
+		);
+		let mut blocks = Vec::new();
+		let mut prev_hash = Default::default();
+		let x1 = ExtrinsicWrapper::from(0u64).encode();
+		let x1_hash = <HashFor::<Block> as sp_core::Hasher>::hash(&x1[1..]);
+		for i in 0 .. 10 {
+			let mut index = Vec::new();
+			if i == 0 {
+				index.push(IndexOperation::Insert { extrinsic: 0, offset: 1 });
+			} else if i < 5 {
+				// keep renewing 1st
+				index.push(IndexOperation::Renew {
+					extrinsic: 0,
+					hash: x1_hash.as_ref().to_vec(),
+					size: (x1.len() - 1) as u32,
+				});
+			} // else stop renewing
+			let hash = insert_block(
+				&backend,
+				i,
+				prev_hash,
+				None,
+				Default::default(),
+				vec![i.into()],
+				Some(index)
+			);
+			blocks.push(hash);
+			prev_hash = hash;
+		}
+
+		for i in 1 .. 10 {
+			let mut op = backend.begin_operation().unwrap();
+			backend.begin_state_operation(&mut op, BlockId::Hash(blocks[4])).unwrap();
+			op.mark_finalized(BlockId::Hash(blocks[i]), None).unwrap();
+			backend.commit_operation(op).unwrap();
+			let bc = backend.blockchain();
+			if i < 6 {
+				assert!(bc.indexed_transaction(&x1_hash).unwrap().is_some());
+			} else {
+				assert!(bc.indexed_transaction(&x1_hash).unwrap().is_none());
+			}
+		}
+	}
 }
@@ -756,7 +756,7 @@ pub(crate) mod tests {
 	#[test]
 	fn finalized_ancient_headers_are_replaced_with_cht() {
 		fn insert_headers<F: Fn(&Hash, u64) -> Header>(header_producer: F) ->
-			(Arc<sp_database::MemDb<DbHash>>, LightStorage<Block>)
+			(Arc<sp_database::MemDb>, LightStorage<Block>)
 		{
 			let raw_db = Arc::new(sp_database::MemDb::default());
 			let db = LightStorage::from_kvdb(raw_db.clone()).unwrap();
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ fn handle_err<T>(result: parity_db::Result<T>) -> T {
 }

 /// Wrap parity-db database into a trait object that implements `sp_database::Database`
-pub fn open<H: Clone>(path: &std::path::Path, db_type: DatabaseType)
+pub fn open<H: Clone + AsRef<[u8]>>(path: &std::path::Path, db_type: DatabaseType)
 	-> parity_db::Result<std::sync::Arc<dyn Database<H>>>
 {
 	let mut config = parity_db::Options::with_columns(path, NUM_COLUMNS as u8);
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ pub fn open<H: Clone>(path: &std::path::Path, db_type: DatabaseType)
 	Ok(std::sync::Arc::new(DbAdapter(db)))
 }

-impl<H: Clone> Database<H> for DbAdapter {
+impl<H: Clone + AsRef<[u8]>> Database<H> for DbAdapter {
 	fn commit(&self, transaction: Transaction<H>) -> Result<(), DatabaseError> {
 		handle_err(self.0.commit(transaction.0.into_iter().map(|change|
 			match change {
@@ -65,7 +65,11 @@ impl<H: Clone> Database<H> for DbAdapter {
 		handle_err(self.0.get(col as u8, key))
 	}

-	fn lookup(&self, _hash: &H) -> Option<Vec<u8>> {
-		unimplemented!();
+	fn contains(&self, col: ColumnId, key: &[u8]) -> bool {
+		handle_err(self.0.get_size(col as u8, key)).is_some()
+	}
+
+	fn value_size(&self, col: ColumnId, key: &[u8]) -> Option<usize> {
+		handle_err(self.0.get_size(col as u8, key)).map(|s| s as usize)
 	}
 }
@@ -278,7 +278,7 @@ pub fn open_database<Block: BlockT>(
 		#[cfg(feature = "with-parity-db")]
 		DatabaseSettingsSrc::ParityDb { path } => {
 			crate::parity_db::open(&path, db_type)
-				.map_err(|e| sp_blockchain::Error::Backend(format!("{:?}", e)))?
+				.map_err(|e| sp_blockchain::Error::Backend(format!("{}", e)))?
 		},
 		#[cfg(not(feature = "with-parity-db"))]
 		DatabaseSettingsSrc::ParityDb { .. } => {
@@ -449,10 +449,35 @@ impl DatabaseType {
 	}
 }

+pub(crate) struct JoinInput<'a, 'b>(&'a [u8], &'b [u8]);
+
+pub(crate) fn join_input<'a, 'b>(i1: &'a[u8], i2: &'b [u8]) -> JoinInput<'a, 'b> {
+	JoinInput(i1, i2)
+}
+
+impl<'a, 'b> codec::Input for JoinInput<'a, 'b> {
+	fn remaining_len(&mut self) -> Result<Option<usize>, codec::Error> {
+		Ok(Some(self.0.len() + self.1.len()))
+	}
+
+	fn read(&mut self, into: &mut [u8]) -> Result<(), codec::Error> {
+		let mut read = 0;
+		if self.0.len() > 0 {
+			read = std::cmp::min(self.0.len(), into.len());
+			self.0.read(&mut into[..read])?;
+		}
+		if read < into.len() {
+			self.1.read(&mut into[read..])?;
+		}
+		Ok(())
+	}
+}
+
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
 	use super::*;
 	use sp_runtime::testing::{Block as RawBlock, ExtrinsicWrapper};
+	use codec::Input;
 	type Block = RawBlock<ExtrinsicWrapper<u32>>;

 	#[test]
@@ -469,4 +494,25 @@ mod tests {
 		assert_eq!(DatabaseType::Full.as_str(), "full");
 		assert_eq!(DatabaseType::Light.as_str(), "light");
 	}
+
+	#[test]
+	fn join_input_works() {
+		let buf1 = [1, 2, 3, 4];
+		let buf2 = [5, 6, 7, 8];
+		let mut test = [0, 0, 0];
+		let mut joined = join_input(buf1.as_ref(), buf2.as_ref());
+		assert_eq!(joined.remaining_len().unwrap(), Some(8));
+
+		joined.read(&mut test).unwrap();
+		assert_eq!(test, [1, 2, 3]);
+		assert_eq!(joined.remaining_len().unwrap(), Some(5));
+
+		joined.read(&mut test).unwrap();
+		assert_eq!(test, [4, 5, 6]);
+		assert_eq!(joined.remaining_len().unwrap(), Some(2));
+
+		joined.read(&mut test[0..2]).unwrap();
+		assert_eq!(test, [7, 8, 6]);
+		assert_eq!(joined.remaining_len().unwrap(), Some(0));
+	}
 }