Update to latest Substrate (#340)

* Update Substrate

* Update Substrate again

* Integrate weight/fee stuff.

* Add new files.

polkadot/runtime/src/impls.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+// Copyright 2019 Parity Technologies (UK) Ltd.
+// This file is part of Polkadot.
+
+// Polkadot is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+
+// Polkadot is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+// GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+// along with Polkadot.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+//! Auxillary struct/enums for polkadot runtime.
+
+use primitives::Balance;
+use sr_primitives::weights::{Weight, WeightMultiplier};
+use sr_primitives::traits::{Convert, Saturating};
+use sr_primitives::Fixed64;
+use srml_support::traits::{OnUnbalanced, Currency};
+use crate::{Balances, Authorship, MaximumBlockWeight, NegativeImbalance};
+use crate::constants::fee::TARGET_BLOCK_FULLNESS;
+
+/// Logic for the author to get a portion of fees.
+pub struct ToAuthor;
+
+impl OnUnbalanced<NegativeImbalance> for ToAuthor {
+	fn on_unbalanced(amount: NegativeImbalance) {
+		Balances::resolve_creating(&Authorship::author(), amount);
+	}
+}
+
+/// Converter for currencies to votes.
+pub struct CurrencyToVoteHandler;
+
+impl CurrencyToVoteHandler {
+	fn factor() -> u128 { (Balances::total_issuance() / u64::max_value() as u128).max(1) }
+}
+
+impl Convert<u128, u64> for CurrencyToVoteHandler {
+	fn convert(x: u128) -> u64 { (x / Self::factor()) as u64 }
+}
+
+impl Convert<u128, u128> for CurrencyToVoteHandler {
+	fn convert(x: u128) -> u128 { x * Self::factor() }
+}
+
+/// Handles converting a weight scalar to a fee value, based on the scale and granularity of the
+/// node's balance type.
+///
+/// This should typically create a mapping between the following ranges:
+///   - [0, system::MaximumBlockWeight]
+///   - [Balance::min, Balance::max]
+///
+/// Yet, it can be used for any other sort of change to weight-fee. Some examples being:
+///   - Setting it to `0` will essentially disable the weight fee.
+///   - Setting it to `1` will cause the literal `#[weight = x]` values to be charged.
+pub struct WeightToFee;
+impl Convert<Weight, Balance> for WeightToFee {
+	fn convert(x: Weight) -> Balance {
+		// in Polkadot a weight of 10_000 (smallest non-zero weight) to be mapped to 10^7 units of
+		// fees (1/10 CENT), hence:
+		Balance::from(x).saturating_mul(1_000)
+	}
+}
+
+/// A struct that updates the weight multiplier based on the saturation level of the previous block.
+/// This should typically be called once per-block.
+///
+/// This assumes that weight is a numeric value in the u32 range.
+///
+/// Given `TARGET_BLOCK_FULLNESS = 1/2`, a block saturation greater than 1/2 will cause the system
+/// fees to slightly grow and the opposite for block saturations less than 1/2.
+///
+/// Formula:
+///   diff = (target_weight - current_block_weight)
+///   v = 0.00004
+///   next_weight = weight * (1 + (v . diff) + (v . diff)^2 / 2)
+///
+/// https://research.web3.foundation/en/latest/polkadot/Token%20Economics/#relay-chain-transaction-fees
+pub struct WeightMultiplierUpdateHandler;
+
+impl Convert<(Weight, WeightMultiplier), WeightMultiplier> for WeightMultiplierUpdateHandler {
+	fn convert(previous_state: (Weight, WeightMultiplier)) -> WeightMultiplier {
+		let (block_weight, multiplier) = previous_state;
+		let max_weight = MaximumBlockWeight::get();
+		let target_weight = (TARGET_BLOCK_FULLNESS * max_weight) as u128;
+		let block_weight = block_weight as u128;
+
+		// determines if the first_term is positive
+		let positive = block_weight >= target_weight;
+		let diff_abs = block_weight.max(target_weight) - block_weight.min(target_weight);
+		// diff is within u32, safe.
+		let diff = Fixed64::from_rational(diff_abs as i64, max_weight as u64);
+		let diff_squared = diff.saturating_mul(diff);
+
+		// 0.00004 = 4/100_000 = 40_000/10^9
+		let v = Fixed64::from_rational(4, 100_000);
+		// 0.00004^2 = 16/10^10 ~= 2/10^9. Taking the future /2 into account, then it is just 1 parts
+		// from a billionth.
+		let v_squared_2 = Fixed64::from_rational(1, 1_000_000_000);
+
+		let first_term = v.saturating_mul(diff);
+		// It is very unlikely that this will exist (in our poor perbill estimate) but we are giving
+		// it a shot.
+		let second_term = v_squared_2.saturating_mul(diff_squared);
+
+		if positive {
+			// Note: this is merely bounded by how big the multiplier and the inner value can go,
+			// not by any economical reasoning.
+			let excess = first_term.saturating_add(second_term);
+			multiplier.saturating_add(WeightMultiplier::from_fixed(excess))
+		} else {
+			// first_term > second_term
+			let negative = first_term - second_term;
+			multiplier.saturating_sub(WeightMultiplier::from_fixed(negative))
+				// despite the fact that apply_to saturates weight (final fee cannot go below 0)
+				// it is crucially important to stop here and don't further reduce the weight fee
+				// multiplier. While at -1, it means that the network is so un-congested that all
+				// transactions have no weight fee. We stop here and only increase if the network
+				// became more busy.
+				.max(WeightMultiplier::from_rational(-1, 1))
+		}
+	}
+}