contracts: Allow runtime authors to define a chain extension (#7548)

* Make host functions return TrapReason

This avoids the need to manually store any trap reasons
to the `Runtime` from the host function. This adds the following
benefits:

* It properly composes with the upcoming chain extensions
* Missing to set a trap value is now a compile error

* Add chain extension

The chain extension is a way for the contract author to add new
host functions for contracts to call.

* Add tests for chain extensions

* Fix regression in set_rent.wat fixture

Not all offsets where properly updated when changing the fixtures
for the new salt on instantiate.

* Pre-charge a weight amount based off the specified length

* Improve fn write docs

* Renamed state to phantom

* Fix typo

substrate/bin/node/runtime/src/lib.rs

@@ -734,6 +734,7 @@ impl pallet_contracts::Config for Runtime {
 	type MaxValueSize = MaxValueSize;
 	type WeightPrice = pallet_transaction_payment::Module<Self>;
 	type WeightInfo = pallet_contracts::weights::SubstrateWeight<Self>;
+	type ChainExtension = ();
 }
 
 impl pallet_sudo::Config for Runtime {