diff --git a/core/src/error.rs b/core/src/error.rs
index 9517b30856..c4eaf51ca6 100644
--- a/core/src/error.rs
+++ b/core/src/error.rs
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ pub enum MetadataError {
 }
 
 /// Something went wrong trying to encode or decode a storage address.
-#[derive(Clone, Debug, DeriveError)]
+#[derive(Debug, DeriveError)]
 #[non_exhaustive]
 pub enum StorageAddressError {
     /// Storage lookup does not have the expected number of keys.
@@ -169,6 +169,15 @@ pub enum StorageAddressError {
         /// The invalid hasher that caused this error.
         hasher: StorageHasher,
     },
+    /// Cannot obtain storage information from metadata
+    #[error("Cannot obtain storage information from metadata: {0}")]
+    StorageInfoError(frame_decode::storage::StorageInfoError<'static>),
+    /// Cannot decode storage value
+    #[error("Cannot decode storage value: {0}")]
+    StorageValueDecodeError(frame_decode::storage::StorageValueDecodeError<u32>),
+    /// Cannot encode storage key
+    #[error("Cannot encode storage key: {0}")]
+    StorageKeyEncodeError(frame_decode::storage::StorageKeyEncodeError),
 }
 
 /// An error that can be encountered when constructing a transaction.
diff --git a/core/src/storage/address.rs b/core/src/storage/address.rs
index b680d7f1e2..433caf8704 100644
--- a/core/src/storage/address.rs
+++ b/core/src/storage/address.rs
@@ -4,18 +4,10 @@
 
 //! Construct addresses to access storage entries with.
 
-use crate::{
-    dynamic::DecodedValueThunk,
-    error::{Error, MetadataError},
-    metadata::{DecodeWithMetadata, Metadata},
-    utils::Yes,
-};
-use scale_decode::DecodeAsType;
-use derive_where::derive_where;
-use frame_decode::storage::{IntoEncodableValues, IntoDecodableValues};
-use alloc::borrow::{Cow, ToOwned};
-use alloc::string::String;
+use alloc::borrow::Cow;
 use alloc::vec::Vec;
+use frame_decode::storage::{IntoDecodableValues, IntoEncodableValues};
+use scale_decode::DecodeAsType;
 
 /// A storage address. Concrete addresses are expected to implement either [`FetchableAddress`]
 /// or [`IterableAddress`], which extends this to define fetchable and iterable storage keys.
@@ -31,19 +23,21 @@ pub trait Address {
     /// The name of the storage entry.
     fn entry_name(&self) -> &str;
 
-    /// Encode the suffix of the storage key for this address
-    fn encode_key_suffix(&self, metadata: &Metadata, bytes: &mut Vec<u8>) -> Result<(), Error>;
+    /// Return the input key parts needed to point to this storage entry / entries.
+    fn key_parts(&self) -> impl IntoEncodableValues;
 
     /// Return a unique hash for this address which can be used to validate it against metadata.
     fn validation_hash(&self) -> Option<[u8; 32]>;
 }
 
+/// This trait represents any storage address which points to a single value we can fetch.
 pub trait FetchableAddress: Address {
-    /// Does the address have a default value defined for it. 
+    /// Does the address have a default value defined for it.
     /// Set to [`Yes`] to enable APIs which require one.
     type HasDefaultValue;
 }
 
+/// This trait represents any storage address which points to multiple 0 or more values to iterate over.
 pub trait IterableAddress: Address {
     /// The storage key values that we'll decode for each value
     type OutputKeys: IntoDecodableValues;
@@ -55,10 +49,10 @@ pub struct StaticFetchableAddress<KeyParts, Value, HasDefaultValue> {
     entry_name: Cow<'static, str>,
     key_parts: KeyParts,
     validation_hash: Option<[u8; 32]>,
-    marker: core::marker::PhantomData<(Value, HasDefaultValue)>
+    marker: core::marker::PhantomData<(Value, HasDefaultValue)>,
 }
 
-impl <KeyParts, Value, HasDefaultValue> StaticFetchableAddress<KeyParts, Value, HasDefaultValue> {
+impl<KeyParts, Value, HasDefaultValue> StaticFetchableAddress<KeyParts, Value, HasDefaultValue> {
     /// Create a new [`StaticFetchableAddress`] using static strings for the pallet and call name.
     /// This is only expected to be used from codegen.
     #[doc(hidden)]
@@ -99,22 +93,17 @@ impl <KeyParts, Value, HasDefaultValue> StaticFetchableAddress<KeyParts, Value,
     }
 }
 
-impl <KeyParts, Value, HasDefaultValue> Address for StaticFetchableAddress<KeyParts, Value, HasDefaultValue> 
+impl<KeyParts, Value, HasDefaultValue> Address
+    for StaticFetchableAddress<KeyParts, Value, HasDefaultValue>
 where
     KeyParts: IntoEncodableValues,
-    Value: DecodeAsType
+    Value: DecodeAsType,
 {
     type KeyParts = KeyParts;
     type Value = Value;
-    
-    fn encode_key_suffix(&self, metadata: &Metadata, bytes: &mut Vec<u8>) -> Result<(), Error> {
-        frame_decode::storage::encode_storage_key_suffix(
-            &self.pallet_name, 
-            &self.entry_name, 
-            &self.key_parts,
-            metadata.types(),
-            metadata
-        ).map_err(Into::into)
+
+    fn key_parts(&self) -> impl IntoEncodableValues {
+        &self.key_parts
     }
 
     fn pallet_name(&self) -> &str {
@@ -130,10 +119,11 @@ where
     }
 }
 
-impl <KeyParts, Value, HasDefaultValue> FetchableAddress for StaticFetchableAddress<KeyParts, Value, HasDefaultValue> 
+impl<KeyParts, Value, HasDefaultValue> FetchableAddress
+    for StaticFetchableAddress<KeyParts, Value, HasDefaultValue>
 where
     KeyParts: IntoEncodableValues,
-    Value: DecodeAsType
+    Value: DecodeAsType,
 {
     type HasDefaultValue = HasDefaultValue;
 }
@@ -144,10 +134,12 @@ pub struct StaticIterableAddress<InputKeyParts, OutputKeyParts, Value> {
     entry_name: Cow<'static, str>,
     input_key_parts: InputKeyParts,
     validation_hash: Option<[u8; 32]>,
-    marker: core::marker::PhantomData<(OutputKeyParts, Value)>
+    marker: core::marker::PhantomData<(OutputKeyParts, Value)>,
 }
 
-impl <InputKeyParts, OutputKeyParts, Value> StaticIterableAddress<InputKeyParts, OutputKeyParts, Value> {
+impl<InputKeyParts, OutputKeyParts, Value>
+    StaticIterableAddress<InputKeyParts, OutputKeyParts, Value>
+{
     /// Create a new [`StaticIterableAddress`] using static strings for the pallet and call name.
     /// This is only expected to be used from codegen.
     #[doc(hidden)]
@@ -188,22 +180,17 @@ impl <InputKeyParts, OutputKeyParts, Value> StaticIterableAddress<InputKeyParts,
     }
 }
 
-impl <InputKeyParts, OutputKeyParts, Value> Address for StaticIterableAddress<InputKeyParts, OutputKeyParts, Value> 
+impl<InputKeyParts, OutputKeyParts, Value> Address
+    for StaticIterableAddress<InputKeyParts, OutputKeyParts, Value>
 where
     InputKeyParts: IntoEncodableValues,
-    Value: DecodeAsType
+    Value: DecodeAsType,
 {
     type KeyParts = InputKeyParts;
     type Value = Value;
-    
-    fn encode_key_suffix(&self, metadata: &Metadata, bytes: &mut Vec<u8>) -> Result<(), Error> {
-        frame_decode::storage::encode_storage_key_suffix(
-            &self.pallet_name, 
-            &self.entry_name, 
-            &self.input_key_parts,
-            metadata.types(),
-            metadata
-        ).map_err(Into::into)
+
+    fn key_parts(&self) -> impl IntoEncodableValues {
+        &self.input_key_parts
     }
 
     fn pallet_name(&self) -> &str {
@@ -219,140 +206,38 @@ where
     }
 }
 
-impl <InputKeyParts, OutputKeyParts, Value> IterableAddress for StaticIterableAddress<InputKeyParts, OutputKeyParts, Value> 
+impl<InputKeyParts, OutputKeyParts, Value> IterableAddress
+    for StaticIterableAddress<InputKeyParts, OutputKeyParts, Value>
 where
     InputKeyParts: IntoEncodableValues,
     OutputKeyParts: IntoDecodableValues,
-    Value: DecodeAsType
+    Value: DecodeAsType,
 {
     type OutputKeys = OutputKeyParts;
 }
 
-
-
-
-
-/// A concrete storage address. This can be created from static values (ie those generated
-/// via the `subxt` macro) or dynamic values via [`dynamic`].
-#[derive_where(Clone, Debug, Eq, Ord, PartialEq, PartialOrd; Keys)]
-pub struct DefaultAddress<Keys: StorageKey, ReturnTy, Fetchable, Defaultable, Iterable> {
-    pallet_name: Cow<'static, str>,
-    entry_name: Cow<'static, str>,
-    keys: Keys,
-    validation_hash: Option<[u8; 32]>,
-    _marker: core::marker::PhantomData<(ReturnTy, Fetchable, Defaultable, Iterable)>,
-}
-
-/// A storage address constructed by the static codegen.
-pub type StaticAddress<Keys, ReturnTy, Fetchable, Defaultable, Iterable> =
-    DefaultAddress<Keys, ReturnTy, Fetchable, Defaultable, Iterable>;
-/// A typical storage address constructed at runtime rather than via the `subxt` macro; this
-/// has no restriction on what it can be used for (since we don't statically know).
-pub type DynamicAddress<Keys> = DefaultAddress<Keys, DecodedValueThunk, Yes, Yes, Yes>;
-
-impl<Keys: StorageKey> DynamicAddress<Keys> {
-    /// Creates a new dynamic address. As `Keys` you can use a `Vec<scale_value::Value>`
-    pub fn new(pallet_name: impl Into<String>, entry_name: impl Into<String>, keys: Keys) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            pallet_name: Cow::Owned(pallet_name.into()),
-            entry_name: Cow::Owned(entry_name.into()),
-            keys,
-            validation_hash: None,
-            _marker: core::marker::PhantomData,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl<Keys, ReturnTy, Fetchable, Defaultable, Iterable>
-    DefaultAddress<Keys, ReturnTy, Fetchable, Defaultable, Iterable>
-where
-    Keys: StorageKey,
-    ReturnTy: DecodeWithMetadata,
-{
-    /// Create a new [`Address`] using static strings for the pallet and call name.
-    /// This is only expected to be used from codegen.
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub fn new_static(
-        pallet_name: &'static str,
-        entry_name: &'static str,
-        keys: Keys,
-        hash: [u8; 32],
-    ) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            pallet_name: Cow::Borrowed(pallet_name),
-            entry_name: Cow::Borrowed(entry_name),
-            keys,
-            validation_hash: Some(hash),
-            _marker: core::marker::PhantomData,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl<Keys, ReturnTy, Fetchable, Defaultable, Iterable>
-    DefaultAddress<Keys, ReturnTy, Fetchable, Defaultable, Iterable>
-where
-    Keys: StorageKey,
-    ReturnTy: DecodeWithMetadata,
-{
-    /// Do not validate this storage entry prior to accessing it.
-    pub fn unvalidated(self) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            validation_hash: None,
-            ..self
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Return bytes representing the root of this storage entry (a hash of the pallet and entry name).
-    pub fn to_root_bytes(&self) -> Vec<u8> {
-        super::get_address_root_bytes(self)
-    }
-}
-
-impl<Keys, ReturnTy, Fetchable, Defaultable, Iterable> Address
-    for DefaultAddress<Keys, ReturnTy, Fetchable, Defaultable, Iterable>
-where
-    Keys: StorageKey,
-    ReturnTy: DecodeWithMetadata,
-{
-    type Target = ReturnTy;
-    type Keys = Keys;
-    type IsFetchable = Fetchable;
-    type IsDefaultable = Defaultable;
-    type IsIterable = Iterable;
-
-    fn pallet_name(&self) -> &str {
-        &self.pallet_name
-    }
-
-    fn entry_name(&self) -> &str {
-        &self.entry_name
-    }
-
-    fn append_entry_bytes(&self, metadata: &Metadata, bytes: &mut Vec<u8>) -> Result<(), Error> {
-        let pallet = metadata.pallet_by_name_err(self.pallet_name())?;
-        let storage = pallet
-            .storage()
-            .ok_or_else(|| MetadataError::StorageNotFoundInPallet(self.pallet_name().to_owned()))?;
-        let entry = storage
-            .entry_by_name(self.entry_name())
-            .ok_or_else(|| MetadataError::StorageEntryNotFound(self.entry_name().to_owned()))?;
-
-        let hashers = StorageHashers::new(entry.entry_type(), metadata.types())?;
-        self.keys
-            .encode_storage_key(bytes, &mut hashers.iter(), metadata.types())?;
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    fn validation_hash(&self) -> Option<[u8; 32]> {
-        self.validation_hash
-    }
-}
-
-/// Construct a new dynamic storage lookup.
-pub fn dynamic<Keys: StorageKey>(
-    pallet_name: impl Into<String>,
-    entry_name: impl Into<String>,
+/// Construct a new dynamic storage fetch address.
+pub fn dynamic_fetch<Keys: IntoEncodableValues>(
+    pallet_name: impl Into<Cow<'static, str>>,
+    entry_name: impl Into<Cow<'static, str>>,
     storage_entry_keys: Keys,
-) -> DynamicAddress<Keys> {
-    DynamicAddress::new(pallet_name, entry_name, storage_entry_keys)
+) -> impl FetchableAddress {
+    StaticFetchableAddress::<Keys, scale_value::Value, ()>::new(
+        pallet_name,
+        entry_name,
+        storage_entry_keys,
+    )
+}
+
+/// Construct a new dynamic storage iter address.
+pub fn dynamic_iter<Keys: IntoEncodableValues>(
+    pallet_name: impl Into<Cow<'static, str>>,
+    entry_name: impl Into<Cow<'static, str>>,
+    storage_entry_keys: Keys,
+) -> impl IterableAddress {
+    StaticIterableAddress::<Keys, Vec<scale_value::Value>, scale_value::Value>::new(
+        pallet_name,
+        entry_name,
+        storage_entry_keys,
+    )
 }
diff --git a/core/src/storage/mod.rs b/core/src/storage/mod.rs
index 81e026a330..3c4ae9fc6c 100644
--- a/core/src/storage/mod.rs
+++ b/core/src/storage/mod.rs
@@ -41,18 +41,16 @@
 //! println!("Alice's account info: {value:?}");
 //! ```
 
-mod storage_key;
-mod utils;
-
 pub mod address;
 
-use crate::{Error, Metadata, error::MetadataError, metadata::DecodeWithMetadata};
+use crate::{
+    Error, Metadata,
+    error::{MetadataError, StorageAddressError},
+};
 use address::Address;
 use alloc::vec::Vec;
-
-// This isn't a part of the public API, but expose here because it's useful in Subxt.
-#[doc(hidden)]
-pub use utils::lookup_storage_entry_details;
+use frame_decode::storage::StorageTypeInfo;
+use scale_decode::IntoVisitor;
 
 /// When the provided `address` is statically generated via the `#[subxt]` macro, this validates
 /// that the shape of the storage value is the same as the shape expected by the static address.
@@ -84,19 +82,21 @@ pub fn get_address_bytes<Addr: Address>(
     address: &Addr,
     metadata: &Metadata,
 ) -> Result<Vec<u8>, Error> {
-    let mut bytes = Vec::new();
-    utils::write_storage_address_root_bytes(address, &mut bytes);
-    address.append_entry_bytes(metadata, &mut bytes)?;
-    Ok(bytes)
+    frame_decode::storage::encode_storage_key(
+        address.pallet_name(),
+        address.entry_name(),
+        &address.key_parts(),
+        &**metadata,
+        metadata.types(),
+    )
+    .map_err(|e| StorageAddressError::StorageKeyEncodeError(e).into())
 }
 
 /// Given a storage address and some metadata, this encodes the root of the address (ie the pallet
 /// and storage entry part) into bytes. If the entry being addressed is inside a map, this returns
 /// the bytes needed to iterate over all of the entries within it.
-pub fn get_address_root_bytes<Addr: Address>(address: &Addr) -> Vec<u8> {
-    let mut bytes = Vec::new();
-    utils::write_storage_address_root_bytes(address, &mut bytes);
-    bytes
+pub fn get_address_root_bytes<Addr: Address>(address: &Addr) -> [u8; 32] {
+    frame_decode::storage::encode_storage_key_prefix(address.pallet_name(), address.entry_name())
 }
 
 /// Given some storage value that we've retrieved from a node, the address used to retrieve it, and
@@ -106,30 +106,32 @@ pub fn decode_value<Addr: Address>(
     bytes: &mut &[u8],
     address: &Addr,
     metadata: &Metadata,
-) -> Result<Addr::Target, Error> {
-    let pallet_name = address.pallet_name();
-    let entry_name = address.entry_name();
-
-    let (_, entry_metadata) =
-        utils::lookup_storage_entry_details(pallet_name, entry_name, metadata)?;
-    let value_ty_id = entry_metadata.value_ty();
-
-    let val = Addr::Target::decode_with_metadata(bytes, value_ty_id, metadata)?;
-    Ok(val)
+) -> Result<Addr::Value, Error> {
+    frame_decode::storage::decode_storage_value(
+        address.pallet_name(),
+        address.entry_name(),
+        bytes,
+        &**metadata,
+        metadata.types(),
+        Addr::Value::into_visitor(),
+    )
+    .map_err(|e| StorageAddressError::StorageValueDecodeError(e).into())
 }
 
-/// Return the default value at a given storage address if one is available, or an error otherwise.
+/// Return the default value at a given storage address if one is available, or None otherwise.
 pub fn default_value<Addr: Address>(
     address: &Addr,
     metadata: &Metadata,
-) -> Result<Addr::Target, Error> {
-    let pallet_name = address.pallet_name();
-    let entry_name = address.entry_name();
+) -> Result<Option<Addr::Value>, Error> {
+    let storage_info = metadata
+        .storage_info(address.pallet_name(), address.entry_name())
+        .map_err(|e| StorageAddressError::StorageInfoError(e.into_owned()))?;
+    let value = frame_decode::storage::decode_default_storage_value_with_info(
+        &storage_info,
+        metadata.types(),
+        Addr::Value::into_visitor(),
+    )
+    .map_err(|e| StorageAddressError::StorageValueDecodeError(e))?;
 
-    let (_, entry_metadata) =
-        utils::lookup_storage_entry_details(pallet_name, entry_name, metadata)?;
-    let value_ty_id = entry_metadata.value_ty();
-    let default_bytes = entry_metadata.default_value();
-    let val = Addr::Target::decode_with_metadata(&mut &*default_bytes, value_ty_id, metadata)?;
-    Ok(val)
+    Ok(value)
 }
diff --git a/core/src/storage/storage_key.rs b/core/src/storage/storage_key.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index bac737c66f..0000000000
--- a/core/src/storage/storage_key.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,471 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2019-2024 Parity Technologies (UK) Ltd.
-// This file is dual-licensed as Apache-2.0 or GPL-3.0.
-// see LICENSE for license details.
-
-use super::utils::hash_bytes;
-use crate::error::{Error, MetadataError, StorageAddressError};
-use alloc::vec;
-use alloc::vec::Vec;
-use scale_decode::{DecodeAsType, visitor::IgnoreVisitor};
-use scale_encode::EncodeAsType;
-use scale_info::{PortableRegistry, TypeDef};
-use scale_value::Value;
-use subxt_metadata::{StorageEntryType, StorageHasher};
-
-/// A collection of storage hashers paired with the type ids of the types they should hash.
-/// Can be created for each storage entry in the metadata via [`StorageHashers::new()`].
-#[derive(Debug)]
-pub struct StorageHashers {
-    hashers_and_ty_ids: Vec<(StorageHasher, u32)>,
-}
-
-impl StorageHashers {
-    /// Creates new [`StorageHashers`] from a storage entry. Looks at the [`StorageEntryType`] and
-    /// assigns a hasher to each type id that makes up the key.
-    pub fn new(storage_entry: &StorageEntryType, types: &PortableRegistry) -> Result<Self, Error> {
-        let mut hashers_and_ty_ids = vec![];
-        if let StorageEntryType::Map {
-            hashers, key_ty, ..
-        } = storage_entry
-        {
-            let ty = types
-                .resolve(*key_ty)
-                .ok_or(MetadataError::TypeNotFound(*key_ty))?;
-
-            if hashers.len() == 1 {
-                // If there's exactly 1 hasher, then we have a plain StorageMap. We can't
-                // break the key down (even if it's a tuple) because the hasher applies to
-                // the whole key.
-                hashers_and_ty_ids = vec![(hashers[0], *key_ty)];
-            } else {
-                // If there are multiple hashers, then we have a StorageDoubleMap or StorageNMap.
-                // We expect the key type to be tuple, and we will return a MapEntryKey for each
-                // key in the tuple.
-                let hasher_count = hashers.len();
-                let tuple = match &ty.type_def {
-                    TypeDef::Tuple(tuple) => tuple,
-                    _ => {
-                        return Err(StorageAddressError::WrongNumberOfHashers {
-                            hashers: hasher_count,
-                            fields: 1,
-                        }
-                        .into());
-                    }
-                };
-
-                // We should have the same number of hashers and keys.
-                let key_count = tuple.fields.len();
-                if hasher_count != key_count {
-                    return Err(StorageAddressError::WrongNumberOfHashers {
-                        hashers: hasher_count,
-                        fields: key_count,
-                    }
-                    .into());
-                }
-
-                // Collect them together.
-                hashers_and_ty_ids = tuple
-                    .fields
-                    .iter()
-                    .zip(hashers)
-                    .map(|(field, hasher)| (*hasher, field.id))
-                    .collect();
-            }
-        }
-
-        Ok(Self { hashers_and_ty_ids })
-    }
-
-    /// Creates an iterator over the storage hashers and type ids.
-    pub fn iter(&self) -> StorageHashersIter<'_> {
-        StorageHashersIter {
-            hashers: self,
-            idx: 0,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-/// An iterator over all type ids of the key and the respective hashers.
-/// See [`StorageHashers::iter()`].
-#[derive(Debug)]
-pub struct StorageHashersIter<'a> {
-    hashers: &'a StorageHashers,
-    idx: usize,
-}
-
-impl StorageHashersIter<'_> {
-    fn next_or_err(&mut self) -> Result<(StorageHasher, u32), Error> {
-        self.next().ok_or_else(|| {
-            StorageAddressError::TooManyKeys {
-                expected: self.hashers.hashers_and_ty_ids.len(),
-            }
-            .into()
-        })
-    }
-}
-
-impl Iterator for StorageHashersIter<'_> {
-    type Item = (StorageHasher, u32);
-
-    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
-        let item = self.hashers.hashers_and_ty_ids.get(self.idx).copied()?;
-        self.idx += 1;
-        Some(item)
-    }
-}
-
-impl ExactSizeIterator for StorageHashersIter<'_> {
-    fn len(&self) -> usize {
-        self.hashers.hashers_and_ty_ids.len() - self.idx
-    }
-}
-
-/// This trait should be implemented by anything that can be used as one or multiple storage keys.
-pub trait StorageKey {
-    /// Encodes the storage key into some bytes
-    fn encode_storage_key(
-        &self,
-        bytes: &mut Vec<u8>,
-        hashers: &mut StorageHashersIter,
-        types: &PortableRegistry,
-    ) -> Result<(), Error>;
-
-    /// Attempts to decode the StorageKey given some bytes and a set of hashers and type IDs that they are meant to represent.
-    /// The bytes passed to `decode` should start with:
-    /// - 1. some fixed size hash (for all hashers except `Identity`)
-    /// - 2. the plain key value itself (for `Identity`, `Blake2_128Concat` and `Twox64Concat` hashers)
-    fn decode_storage_key(
-        bytes: &mut &[u8],
-        hashers: &mut StorageHashersIter,
-        types: &PortableRegistry,
-    ) -> Result<Self, Error>
-    where
-        Self: Sized + 'static;
-}
-
-/// Implement `StorageKey` for `()` which can be used for keyless storage entries,
-/// or to otherwise just ignore some entry.
-impl StorageKey for () {
-    fn encode_storage_key(
-        &self,
-        _bytes: &mut Vec<u8>,
-        hashers: &mut StorageHashersIter,
-        _types: &PortableRegistry,
-    ) -> Result<(), Error> {
-        _ = hashers.next_or_err();
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    fn decode_storage_key(
-        bytes: &mut &[u8],
-        hashers: &mut StorageHashersIter,
-        types: &PortableRegistry,
-    ) -> Result<Self, Error> {
-        let (hasher, ty_id) = match hashers.next_or_err() {
-            Ok((hasher, ty_id)) => (hasher, ty_id),
-            Err(_) if bytes.is_empty() => return Ok(()),
-            Err(err) => return Err(err),
-        };
-        consume_hash_returning_key_bytes(bytes, hasher, ty_id, types)?;
-        Ok(())
-    }
-}
-
-/// A storage key used as part of the static codegen.
-#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialOrd, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub struct StaticStorageKey<K> {
-    key: K,
-}
-
-impl<K> StaticStorageKey<K> {
-    /// Creates a new static storage key.
-    pub fn new(key: K) -> Self {
-        StaticStorageKey { key }
-    }
-}
-
-impl<K: Clone> StaticStorageKey<K> {
-    /// Returns the decoded storage key.
-    pub fn into_key(self) -> K {
-        self.key
-    }
-}
-
-impl<K: EncodeAsType + DecodeAsType> StorageKey for StaticStorageKey<K> {
-    fn encode_storage_key(
-        &self,
-        bytes: &mut Vec<u8>,
-        hashers: &mut StorageHashersIter,
-        types: &PortableRegistry,
-    ) -> Result<(), Error> {
-        let (hasher, ty_id) = hashers.next_or_err()?;
-        let encoded_value = self.key.encode_as_type(ty_id, types)?;
-        hash_bytes(&encoded_value, hasher, bytes);
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    fn decode_storage_key(
-        bytes: &mut &[u8],
-        hashers: &mut StorageHashersIter,
-        types: &PortableRegistry,
-    ) -> Result<Self, Error>
-    where
-        Self: Sized + 'static,
-    {
-        let (hasher, ty_id) = hashers.next_or_err()?;
-        let key_bytes = consume_hash_returning_key_bytes(bytes, hasher, ty_id, types)?;
-
-        // if the hasher had no key appended, we can't decode it into a `StaticStorageKey`.
-        let Some(key_bytes) = key_bytes else {
-            return Err(StorageAddressError::HasherCannotReconstructKey { ty_id, hasher }.into());
-        };
-
-        // Decode and return the key.
-        let key = K::decode_as_type(&mut &*key_bytes, ty_id, types)?;
-        let key = StaticStorageKey { key };
-        Ok(key)
-    }
-}
-
-impl StorageKey for Vec<scale_value::Value> {
-    fn encode_storage_key(
-        &self,
-        bytes: &mut Vec<u8>,
-        hashers: &mut StorageHashersIter,
-        types: &PortableRegistry,
-    ) -> Result<(), Error> {
-        for value in self.iter() {
-            let (hasher, ty_id) = hashers.next_or_err()?;
-            let encoded_value = value.encode_as_type(ty_id, types)?;
-            hash_bytes(&encoded_value, hasher, bytes);
-        }
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    fn decode_storage_key(
-        bytes: &mut &[u8],
-        hashers: &mut StorageHashersIter,
-        types: &PortableRegistry,
-    ) -> Result<Self, Error>
-    where
-        Self: Sized + 'static,
-    {
-        let mut result: Vec<scale_value::Value> = vec![];
-        for (hasher, ty_id) in hashers.by_ref() {
-            match consume_hash_returning_key_bytes(bytes, hasher, ty_id, types)? {
-                Some(value_bytes) => {
-                    let value =
-                        scale_value::scale::decode_as_type(&mut &*value_bytes, ty_id, types)?;
-
-                    result.push(value.remove_context());
-                }
-                None => {
-                    result.push(Value::unnamed_composite([]));
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        // We've consumed all of the hashers, so we expect to also consume all of the bytes:
-        if !bytes.is_empty() {
-            return Err(StorageAddressError::TooManyBytes.into());
-        }
-
-        Ok(result)
-    }
-}
-
-// Skip over the hash bytes (including any key at the end), returning bytes
-// representing the key if one exists, or None if the hasher has no key appended.
-fn consume_hash_returning_key_bytes<'a>(
-    bytes: &mut &'a [u8],
-    hasher: StorageHasher,
-    ty_id: u32,
-    types: &PortableRegistry,
-) -> Result<Option<&'a [u8]>, Error> {
-    // Strip the bytes off for the actual hash, consuming them.
-    let bytes_to_strip = hasher.len_excluding_key();
-    if bytes.len() < bytes_to_strip {
-        return Err(StorageAddressError::NotEnoughBytes.into());
-    }
-    *bytes = &bytes[bytes_to_strip..];
-
-    // Now, find the bytes representing the key, consuming them.
-    let before_key = *bytes;
-    if hasher.ends_with_key() {
-        scale_decode::visitor::decode_with_visitor(
-            bytes,
-            ty_id,
-            types,
-            IgnoreVisitor::<PortableRegistry>::new(),
-        )
-        .map_err(|err| Error::Decode(err.into()))?;
-        // Return the key bytes, having advanced the input cursor past them.
-        let key_bytes = &before_key[..before_key.len() - bytes.len()];
-
-        Ok(Some(key_bytes))
-    } else {
-        // There are no key bytes, so return None.
-        Ok(None)
-    }
-}
-
-/// Generates StorageKey implementations for tuples
-macro_rules! impl_tuples {
-    ($($ty:ident $n:tt),+) => {{
-        impl<$($ty: StorageKey),+> StorageKey for ($( $ty ),+) {
-            fn encode_storage_key(
-                &self,
-                bytes: &mut Vec<u8>,
-                hashers: &mut StorageHashersIter,
-                types: &PortableRegistry,
-            ) -> Result<(), Error> {
-                $(    self.$n.encode_storage_key(bytes, hashers, types)?;    )+
-                Ok(())
-            }
-
-            fn decode_storage_key(
-                bytes: &mut &[u8],
-                hashers: &mut StorageHashersIter,
-                types: &PortableRegistry,
-            ) -> Result<Self, Error>
-            where
-                Self: Sized + 'static,
-            {
-                Ok( ( $(    $ty::decode_storage_key(bytes, hashers, types)?,    )+ ) )
-            }
-        }
-    }};
-}
-
-#[rustfmt::skip]
-const _: () = {
-    impl_tuples!(A 0, B 1);
-    impl_tuples!(A 0, B 1, C 2);
-    impl_tuples!(A 0, B 1, C 2, D 3);
-    impl_tuples!(A 0, B 1, C 2, D 3, E 4);
-    impl_tuples!(A 0, B 1, C 2, D 3, E 4, F 5);
-    impl_tuples!(A 0, B 1, C 2, D 3, E 4, F 5, G 6);
-    impl_tuples!(A 0, B 1, C 2, D 3, E 4, F 5, G 6, H 7);
-};
-
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod tests {
-
-    use codec::Encode;
-    use scale_info::{PortableRegistry, Registry, TypeInfo, meta_type};
-    use subxt_metadata::StorageHasher;
-
-    use crate::utils::Era;
-
-    use alloc::string::String;
-    use alloc::vec;
-    use alloc::vec::Vec;
-
-    use super::{StaticStorageKey, StorageKey};
-
-    struct KeyBuilder {
-        registry: Registry,
-        bytes: Vec<u8>,
-        hashers_and_ty_ids: Vec<(StorageHasher, u32)>,
-    }
-
-    impl KeyBuilder {
-        fn new() -> KeyBuilder {
-            KeyBuilder {
-                registry: Registry::new(),
-                bytes: vec![],
-                hashers_and_ty_ids: vec![],
-            }
-        }
-
-        fn add<T: TypeInfo + Encode + 'static>(mut self, value: T, hasher: StorageHasher) -> Self {
-            let id = self.registry.register_type(&meta_type::<T>()).id;
-
-            self.hashers_and_ty_ids.push((hasher, id));
-            for _i in 0..hasher.len_excluding_key() {
-                self.bytes.push(0);
-            }
-            value.encode_to(&mut self.bytes);
-            self
-        }
-
-        fn build(self) -> (PortableRegistry, Vec<u8>, Vec<(StorageHasher, u32)>) {
-            (self.registry.into(), self.bytes, self.hashers_and_ty_ids)
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn storage_key_decoding_fuzz() {
-        let hashers = [
-            StorageHasher::Blake2_128,
-            StorageHasher::Blake2_128Concat,
-            StorageHasher::Blake2_256,
-            StorageHasher::Identity,
-            StorageHasher::Twox128,
-            StorageHasher::Twox256,
-            StorageHasher::Twox64Concat,
-        ];
-
-        let key_preserving_hashers = [
-            StorageHasher::Blake2_128Concat,
-            StorageHasher::Identity,
-            StorageHasher::Twox64Concat,
-        ];
-
-        type T4A = (
-            (),
-            StaticStorageKey<u32>,
-            StaticStorageKey<String>,
-            StaticStorageKey<Era>,
-        );
-        type T4B = (
-            (),
-            (StaticStorageKey<u32>, StaticStorageKey<String>),
-            StaticStorageKey<Era>,
-        );
-        type T4C = (
-            ((), StaticStorageKey<u32>),
-            (StaticStorageKey<String>, StaticStorageKey<Era>),
-        );
-
-        let era = Era::Immortal;
-        for h0 in hashers {
-            for h1 in key_preserving_hashers {
-                for h2 in key_preserving_hashers {
-                    for h3 in key_preserving_hashers {
-                        let (types, bytes, hashers_and_ty_ids) = KeyBuilder::new()
-                            .add((), h0)
-                            .add(13u32, h1)
-                            .add("Hello", h2)
-                            .add(era, h3)
-                            .build();
-
-                        let hashers = super::StorageHashers { hashers_and_ty_ids };
-                        let keys_a =
-                            T4A::decode_storage_key(&mut &bytes[..], &mut hashers.iter(), &types)
-                                .unwrap();
-
-                        let keys_b =
-                            T4B::decode_storage_key(&mut &bytes[..], &mut hashers.iter(), &types)
-                                .unwrap();
-
-                        let keys_c =
-                            T4C::decode_storage_key(&mut &bytes[..], &mut hashers.iter(), &types)
-                                .unwrap();
-
-                        assert_eq!(keys_a.1.into_key(), 13);
-                        assert_eq!(keys_b.1.0.into_key(), 13);
-                        assert_eq!(keys_c.0.1.into_key(), 13);
-
-                        assert_eq!(keys_a.2.into_key(), "Hello");
-                        assert_eq!(keys_b.1.1.into_key(), "Hello");
-                        assert_eq!(keys_c.1.0.into_key(), "Hello");
-                        assert_eq!(keys_a.3.into_key(), era);
-                        assert_eq!(keys_b.2.into_key(), era);
-                        assert_eq!(keys_c.1.1.into_key(), era);
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
diff --git a/core/src/storage/utils.rs b/core/src/storage/utils.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index dc5d10ace4..0000000000
--- a/core/src/storage/utils.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,56 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2019-2024 Parity Technologies (UK) Ltd.
-// This file is dual-licensed as Apache-2.0 or GPL-3.0.
-// see LICENSE for license details.
-
-//! these utility methods complement the [`Address`] trait, but
-//! aren't things that should ever be overridden, and so don't exist on
-//! the trait itself.
-
-use super::address::Address;
-use crate::error::{Error, MetadataError};
-use crate::metadata::Metadata;
-use alloc::borrow::ToOwned;
-use alloc::vec::Vec;
-use subxt_metadata::{PalletMetadata, StorageEntryMetadata, StorageHasher};
-
-/// Return the root of a given [`Address`]: hash the pallet name and entry name
-/// and append those bytes to the output.
-pub fn write_storage_address_root_bytes<Addr: Address>(addr: &Addr, out: &mut Vec<u8>) {
-    out.extend(sp_crypto_hashing::twox_128(addr.pallet_name().as_bytes()));
-    out.extend(sp_crypto_hashing::twox_128(addr.entry_name().as_bytes()));
-}
-
-/// Take some SCALE encoded bytes and a [`StorageHasher`] and hash the bytes accordingly.
-pub fn hash_bytes(input: &[u8], hasher: StorageHasher, bytes: &mut Vec<u8>) {
-    match hasher {
-        StorageHasher::Identity => bytes.extend(input),
-        StorageHasher::Blake2_128 => bytes.extend(sp_crypto_hashing::blake2_128(input)),
-        StorageHasher::Blake2_128Concat => {
-            bytes.extend(sp_crypto_hashing::blake2_128(input));
-            bytes.extend(input);
-        }
-        StorageHasher::Blake2_256 => bytes.extend(sp_crypto_hashing::blake2_256(input)),
-        StorageHasher::Twox128 => bytes.extend(sp_crypto_hashing::twox_128(input)),
-        StorageHasher::Twox256 => bytes.extend(sp_crypto_hashing::twox_256(input)),
-        StorageHasher::Twox64Concat => {
-            bytes.extend(sp_crypto_hashing::twox_64(input));
-            bytes.extend(input);
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-/// Return details about the given storage entry.
-pub fn lookup_storage_entry_details<'a>(
-    pallet_name: &str,
-    entry_name: &str,
-    metadata: &'a Metadata,
-) -> Result<(PalletMetadata<'a>, &'a StorageEntryMetadata), Error> {
-    let pallet_metadata = metadata.pallet_by_name_err(pallet_name)?;
-    let storage_metadata = pallet_metadata
-        .storage()
-        .ok_or_else(|| MetadataError::StorageNotFoundInPallet(pallet_name.to_owned()))?;
-    let storage_entry = storage_metadata
-        .entry_by_name(entry_name)
-        .ok_or_else(|| MetadataError::StorageEntryNotFound(entry_name.to_owned()))?;
-    Ok((pallet_metadata, storage_entry))
-}
diff --git a/historic/src/storage.rs b/historic/src/storage.rs
index cf77c102e3..144a6f38e7 100644
--- a/historic/src/storage.rs
+++ b/historic/src/storage.rs
@@ -250,7 +250,7 @@ where
         let pallet_name = &*self.pallet_name;
         let storage_name = &*self.storage_name;
 
-        frame_decode::storage::encode_prefix(pallet_name, storage_name)
+        frame_decode::storage::encode_storage_key_prefix(pallet_name, storage_name)
     }
 }