Some changes tries optimizations (#2840)

* changes tries initial optimizations

* line width
This commit is contained in:
Svyatoslav Nikolsky
2019-07-16 04:25:08 +03:00
committed by Gavin Wood
parent 1b5bafc8de
commit 95061beb79
6 changed files with 166 additions and 131 deletions
@@ -16,7 +16,8 @@
//! Structures and functions required to build changes trie for given block.
use std::collections::{BTreeMap, BTreeSet};
use std::collections::BTreeMap;
use std::collections::btree_map::Entry;
use parity_codec::Decode;
use hash_db::Hasher;
use num_traits::One;
@@ -31,75 +32,89 @@ use crate::changes_trie::{AnchorBlockId, Configuration, Storage, BlockNumber};
///
/// Returns Err if storage error has occurred OR if storage haven't returned
/// required data.
/// Returns Ok(None) data required to prepare input pairs is not collected
/// or storage is not provided.
pub fn prepare_input<'a, B, S, H, Number>(
backend: &B,
backend: &'a B,
storage: &'a S,
config: &'a Configuration,
changes: &OverlayedChanges,
changes: &'a OverlayedChanges,
parent: &'a AnchorBlockId<H::Out, Number>,
) -> Result<Option<Vec<InputPair<Number>>>, String>
) -> Result<impl Iterator<Item=InputPair<Number>> + 'a, String>
where
B: Backend<H>,
S: Storage<H, Number>,
H: Hasher,
H: Hasher + 'a,
Number: BlockNumber,
{
let mut input = Vec::new();
input.extend(prepare_extrinsics_input(
let number = parent.number.clone() + One::one();
let extrinsics_input = prepare_extrinsics_input(
backend,
parent.number.clone() + 1.into(),
changes)?);
input.extend(prepare_digest_input::<_, H, Number>(
&number,
changes)?;
let digest_input = prepare_digest_input::<_, H, Number>(
parent,
config,
storage)?);
Ok(Some(input))
number,
storage)?;
Ok(extrinsics_input.chain(digest_input))
}
/// Prepare ExtrinsicIndex input pairs.
fn prepare_extrinsics_input<B, H, Number>(
backend: &B,
block: Number,
changes: &OverlayedChanges,
) -> Result<impl Iterator<Item=InputPair<Number>>, String>
fn prepare_extrinsics_input<'a, B, H, Number>(
backend: &'a B,
block: &Number,
changes: &'a OverlayedChanges,
) -> Result<impl Iterator<Item=InputPair<Number>> + 'a, String>
where
B: Backend<H>,
H: Hasher,
Number: BlockNumber,
{
let mut extrinsic_map = BTreeMap::<Vec<u8>, BTreeSet<u32>>::new();
for (key, val) in changes.prospective.top.iter().chain(changes.committed.top.iter()) {
let extrinsics = match val.extrinsics {
Some(ref extrinsics) => extrinsics,
None => continue,
};
changes.committed.top.iter()
.chain(changes.prospective.top.iter())
.filter(|( _, v)| v.extrinsics.is_some())
.try_fold(BTreeMap::new(), |mut map: BTreeMap<&[u8], (ExtrinsicIndex<Number>, Vec<u32>)>, (k, v)| {
match map.entry(k) {
Entry::Vacant(entry) => {
// ignore temporary values (values that have null value at the end of operation
// AND are not in storage at the beginning of operation
if !changes.storage(k).map(|v| v.is_some()).unwrap_or_default() {
if !backend.exists_storage(k).map_err(|e| format!("{}", e))? {
return Ok(map);
}
}
// ignore values that have null value at the end of operation AND are not in storage
// at the beginning of operation
if !changes.storage(key).map(|v| v.is_some()).unwrap_or_default() {
if !backend.exists_storage(key).map_err(|e| format!("{}", e))? {
continue;
let extrinsics = v.extrinsics.as_ref()
.expect("filtered by filter() call above; qed")
.iter().cloned().collect();
entry.insert((ExtrinsicIndex {
block: block.clone(),
key: k.to_vec(),
}, extrinsics));
},
Entry::Occupied(mut entry) => {
// we do not need to check for temporary values here, because entry is Occupied
// AND we are checking it before insertion
let extrinsics = &mut entry.get_mut().1;
extrinsics.extend(
v.extrinsics.as_ref()
.expect("filtered by filter() call above; qed")
.iter()
.cloned()
);
extrinsics.sort_unstable();
},
}
}
extrinsic_map.entry(key.clone()).or_default()
.extend(extrinsics.iter().cloned());
}
Ok(extrinsic_map.into_iter()
.map(move |(key, extrinsics)| InputPair::ExtrinsicIndex(ExtrinsicIndex {
block: block.clone(),
key,
}, extrinsics.iter().cloned().collect())))
Ok(map)
})
.map(|pairs| pairs.into_iter().map(|(_, (k, v))| InputPair::ExtrinsicIndex(k, v)))
}
/// Prepare DigestIndex input pairs.
fn prepare_digest_input<'a, S, H, Number>(
parent: &'a AnchorBlockId<H::Out, Number>,
config: &Configuration,
block: Number,
storage: &'a S
) -> Result<impl Iterator<Item=InputPair<Number>> + 'a, String>
where
@@ -108,35 +123,52 @@ fn prepare_digest_input<'a, S, H, Number>(
H::Out: 'a,
Number: BlockNumber,
{
let mut digest_map = BTreeMap::<Vec<u8>, BTreeSet<Number>>::new();
for digest_build_block in digest_build_iterator(config, parent.number.clone() + One::one()) {
let trie_root = storage.root(parent, digest_build_block.clone())?;
let trie_root = trie_root.ok_or_else(|| format!("No changes trie root for block {}", digest_build_block.clone()))?;
let trie_storage = TrieBackendEssence::<_, H>::new(
crate::changes_trie::TrieBackendStorageAdapter(storage),
trie_root,
);
digest_build_iterator(config, block.clone())
.try_fold(BTreeMap::new(), move |mut map, digest_build_block| {
let trie_root = storage.root(parent, digest_build_block.clone())?;
let trie_root = trie_root.ok_or_else(|| format!("No changes trie root for block {}", digest_build_block.clone()))?;
let trie_storage = TrieBackendEssence::<_, H>::new(
crate::changes_trie::TrieBackendStorageAdapter(storage),
trie_root,
);
let extrinsic_prefix = ExtrinsicIndex::key_neutral_prefix(digest_build_block.clone());
trie_storage.for_keys_with_prefix(&extrinsic_prefix, |key|
if let Some(InputKey::ExtrinsicIndex::<Number>(trie_key)) = Decode::decode(&mut &key[..]) {
digest_map.entry(trie_key.key).or_default()
.insert(digest_build_block.clone());
});
let mut insert_to_map = |key: Vec<u8>| {
match map.entry(key.clone()) {
Entry::Vacant(entry) => {
entry.insert((DigestIndex {
block: block.clone(),
key,
}, vec![digest_build_block.clone()]));
},
Entry::Occupied(mut entry) => {
// DigestIndexValue must be sorted. Here we are relying on the fact that digest_build_iterator()
// returns blocks in ascending order => we only need to check for duplicates
//
// is_dup_block could be true when key has been changed in both digest block
// AND other blocks that it covers
let is_dup_block = entry.get().1.last() == Some(&digest_build_block);
if !is_dup_block {
entry.get_mut().1.push(digest_build_block.clone());
}
},
}
};
let digest_prefix = DigestIndex::key_neutral_prefix(digest_build_block.clone());
trie_storage.for_keys_with_prefix(&digest_prefix, |key|
if let Some(InputKey::DigestIndex::<Number>(trie_key)) = Decode::decode(&mut &key[..]) {
digest_map.entry(trie_key.key).or_default()
.insert(digest_build_block.clone());
});
}
let extrinsic_prefix = ExtrinsicIndex::key_neutral_prefix(digest_build_block.clone());
trie_storage.for_keys_with_prefix(&extrinsic_prefix, |key|
if let Some(InputKey::ExtrinsicIndex::<Number>(trie_key)) = Decode::decode(&mut &key[..]) {
insert_to_map(trie_key.key);
});
Ok(digest_map.into_iter()
.map(move |(key, set)| InputPair::DigestIndex(DigestIndex {
block: parent.number.clone() + One::one(),
key
}, set.into_iter().collect())))
let digest_prefix = DigestIndex::key_neutral_prefix(digest_build_block.clone());
trie_storage.for_keys_with_prefix(&digest_prefix, |key|
if let Some(InputKey::DigestIndex::<Number>(trie_key)) = Decode::decode(&mut &key[..]) {
insert_to_map(trie_key.key);
});
Ok(map)
})
.map(|pairs| pairs.into_iter().map(|(_, (k, v))| InputPair::DigestIndex(k, v)))
}
#[cfg(test)]
@@ -227,32 +259,34 @@ mod test {
fn build_changes_trie_nodes_on_non_digest_block() {
let (backend, storage, changes) = prepare_for_build();
let config = changes.changes_trie_config.as_ref().unwrap();
let parent = AnchorBlockId { hash: Default::default(), number: 4 };
let changes_trie_nodes = prepare_input(
&backend,
&storage,
config,
&changes,
&AnchorBlockId { hash: Default::default(), number: 4 },
&parent,
).unwrap();
assert_eq!(changes_trie_nodes, Some(vec![
assert_eq!(changes_trie_nodes.collect::<Vec<InputPair<u64>>>(), vec![
InputPair::ExtrinsicIndex(ExtrinsicIndex { block: 5, key: vec![100] }, vec![0, 2, 3]),
InputPair::ExtrinsicIndex(ExtrinsicIndex { block: 5, key: vec![101] }, vec![1]),
InputPair::ExtrinsicIndex(ExtrinsicIndex { block: 5, key: vec![103] }, vec![0, 1]),
]));
]);
}
#[test]
fn build_changes_trie_nodes_on_digest_block_l1() {
let (backend, storage, changes) = prepare_for_build();
let config = changes.changes_trie_config.as_ref().unwrap();
let parent = AnchorBlockId { hash: Default::default(), number: 3 };
let changes_trie_nodes = prepare_input(
&backend,
&storage,
config,
&changes,
&AnchorBlockId { hash: Default::default(), number: 3 },
&parent,
).unwrap();
assert_eq!(changes_trie_nodes, Some(vec![
assert_eq!(changes_trie_nodes.collect::<Vec<InputPair<u64>>>(), vec![
InputPair::ExtrinsicIndex(ExtrinsicIndex { block: 4, key: vec![100] }, vec![0, 2, 3]),
InputPair::ExtrinsicIndex(ExtrinsicIndex { block: 4, key: vec![101] }, vec![1]),
InputPair::ExtrinsicIndex(ExtrinsicIndex { block: 4, key: vec![103] }, vec![0, 1]),
@@ -261,21 +295,22 @@ mod test {
InputPair::DigestIndex(DigestIndex { block: 4, key: vec![101] }, vec![1]),
InputPair::DigestIndex(DigestIndex { block: 4, key: vec![102] }, vec![2]),
InputPair::DigestIndex(DigestIndex { block: 4, key: vec![105] }, vec![1, 3]),
]));
]);
}
#[test]
fn build_changes_trie_nodes_on_digest_block_l2() {
let (backend, storage, changes) = prepare_for_build();
let config = changes.changes_trie_config.as_ref().unwrap();
let parent = AnchorBlockId { hash: Default::default(), number: 15 };
let changes_trie_nodes = prepare_input(
&backend,
&storage,
config,
&changes,
&AnchorBlockId { hash: Default::default(), number: 15 },
&parent,
).unwrap();
assert_eq!(changes_trie_nodes, Some(vec![
assert_eq!(changes_trie_nodes.collect::<Vec<InputPair<u64>>>(), vec![
InputPair::ExtrinsicIndex(ExtrinsicIndex { block: 16, key: vec![100] }, vec![0, 2, 3]),
InputPair::ExtrinsicIndex(ExtrinsicIndex { block: 16, key: vec![101] }, vec![1]),
InputPair::ExtrinsicIndex(ExtrinsicIndex { block: 16, key: vec![103] }, vec![0, 1]),
@@ -285,7 +320,7 @@ mod test {
InputPair::DigestIndex(DigestIndex { block: 16, key: vec![102] }, vec![4]),
InputPair::DigestIndex(DigestIndex { block: 16, key: vec![103] }, vec![4]),
InputPair::DigestIndex(DigestIndex { block: 16, key: vec![105] }, vec![4, 8]),
]));
]);
}
#[test]
@@ -299,14 +334,15 @@ mod test {
});
let config = changes.changes_trie_config.as_ref().unwrap();
let parent = AnchorBlockId { hash: Default::default(), number: 3 };
let changes_trie_nodes = prepare_input(
&backend,
&storage,
config,
&changes,
&AnchorBlockId { hash: Default::default(), number: 3 },
&parent,
).unwrap();
assert_eq!(changes_trie_nodes, Some(vec![
assert_eq!(changes_trie_nodes.collect::<Vec<InputPair<u64>>>(), vec![
InputPair::ExtrinsicIndex(ExtrinsicIndex { block: 4, key: vec![100] }, vec![0, 2, 3]),
InputPair::ExtrinsicIndex(ExtrinsicIndex { block: 4, key: vec![101] }, vec![1]),
InputPair::ExtrinsicIndex(ExtrinsicIndex { block: 4, key: vec![103] }, vec![0, 1]),
@@ -315,6 +351,6 @@ mod test {
InputPair::DigestIndex(DigestIndex { block: 4, key: vec![101] }, vec![1]),
InputPair::DigestIndex(DigestIndex { block: 4, key: vec![102] }, vec![2]),
InputPair::DigestIndex(DigestIndex { block: 4, key: vec![105] }, vec![1, 3]),
]));
]);
}
}
@@ -20,7 +20,8 @@
use crate::changes_trie::{Configuration, BlockNumber};
/// Returns iterator of OTHER blocks that are required for inclusion into
/// changes trie of given block.
/// changes trie of given block. Blocks are guaranteed to be returned in
/// ascending order.
pub fn digest_build_iterator<Number: BlockNumber>(
config: &Configuration,
block: Number,
@@ -47,6 +48,8 @@ pub struct DigestBuildIterator<Number: BlockNumber> {
max_step: u32,
/// Step of current blocks range.
current_step: u32,
/// Reverse step of current blocks range.
current_step_reverse: u32,
/// Current blocks range.
current_range: Option<BlocksRange<Number>>,
}
@@ -58,7 +61,8 @@ impl<Number: BlockNumber> DigestBuildIterator<Number> {
block,
digest_interval,
max_step,
current_step: 0,
current_step: max_step,
current_step_reverse: 0,
current_range: None,
}
}
@@ -81,18 +85,27 @@ impl<Number: BlockNumber> Iterator for DigestBuildIterator<Number> {
// DigestBuildIterator is created only by internal function that is checking
// that all multiplications/subtractions are safe within max_step limit
let next_step = if self.current_step == 0 { 1 } else { self.current_step * self.digest_interval };
if next_step > self.max_step {
let next_step_reverse = if self.current_step_reverse == 0 {
1
} else {
self.current_step_reverse * self.digest_interval
};
if next_step_reverse > self.max_step {
return None;
}
self.current_step = next_step;
self.current_step_reverse = next_step_reverse;
self.current_range = Some(BlocksRange::new(
self.block.clone() - (self.current_step * self.digest_interval - self.current_step).into(),
self.block.clone(),
self.current_step.into(),
));
self.current_step = self.current_step / self.digest_interval;
if self.current_step == 0 {
self.current_step = 1;
}
Some(self.current_range.as_mut()
.expect("assigned one line above; qed")
.next()
@@ -203,18 +216,18 @@ mod tests {
fn digest_iterator_returns_level1_and_level2_blocks() {
assert_eq!(digest_build_iterator_blocks(16, 2, 256),
vec![
// level2 is a level1 digest of 16-1 previous blocks:
241, 242, 243, 244, 245, 246, 247, 248, 249, 250, 251, 252, 253, 254, 255,
// level2 points to previous 16-1 level1 digests:
16, 32, 48, 64, 80, 96, 112, 128, 144, 160, 176, 192, 208, 224, 240,
// level2 is a level1 digest of 16-1 previous blocks:
241, 242, 243, 244, 245, 246, 247, 248, 249, 250, 251, 252, 253, 254, 255,
],
);
assert_eq!(digest_build_iterator_blocks(16, 2, 4096),
vec![
// level2 is a level1 digest of 16-1 previous blocks:
4081, 4082, 4083, 4084, 4085, 4086, 4087, 4088, 4089, 4090, 4091, 4092, 4093, 4094, 4095,
// level2 points to previous 16-1 level1 digests:
3856, 3872, 3888, 3904, 3920, 3936, 3952, 3968, 3984, 4000, 4016, 4032, 4048, 4064, 4080,
// level2 is a level1 digest of 16-1 previous blocks:
4081, 4082, 4083, 4084, 4085, 4086, 4087, 4088, 4089, 4090, 4091, 4092, 4093, 4094, 4095,
],
);
}
@@ -223,12 +236,12 @@ mod tests {
fn digest_iterator_returns_level1_and_level2_and_level3_blocks() {
assert_eq!(digest_build_iterator_blocks(16, 3, 4096),
vec![
// level3 is a level1 digest of 16-1 previous blocks:
4081, 4082, 4083, 4084, 4085, 4086, 4087, 4088, 4089, 4090, 4091, 4092, 4093, 4094, 4095,
// level3 points to previous 16-1 level1 digests:
3856, 3872, 3888, 3904, 3920, 3936, 3952, 3968, 3984, 4000, 4016, 4032, 4048, 4064, 4080,
// level3 points to previous 16-1 level2 digests:
256, 512, 768, 1024, 1280, 1536, 1792, 2048, 2304, 2560, 2816, 3072, 3328, 3584, 3840,
// level3 points to previous 16-1 level1 digests:
3856, 3872, 3888, 3904, 3920, 3936, 3952, 3968, 3984, 4000, 4016, 4032, 4048, 4064, 4080,
// level3 is a level1 digest of 16-1 previous blocks:
4081, 4082, 4083, 4084, 4085, 4086, 4087, 4088, 4089, 4090, 4091, 4092, 4093, 4094, 4095,
],
);
}
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ use parity_codec::{Decode, Encode};
use primitives;
use crate::changes_trie::build::prepare_input;
use crate::overlayed_changes::OverlayedChanges;
use trie::{DBValue, trie_root};
use trie::{MemoryDB, TrieDBMut, TrieMut, DBValue};
/// Changes that are made outside of extrinsics are marked with this index;
pub const NO_EXTRINSIC_INDEX: u32 = 0xffffffff;
@@ -128,13 +128,13 @@ pub type Configuration = primitives::ChangesTrieConfiguration;
/// Compute the changes trie root and transaction for given block.
/// Returns Err(()) if unknown `parent_hash` has been passed.
/// Returns Ok(None) if there's no data to perform computation.
/// Panics if background storage returns an error.
pub fn compute_changes_trie_root<'a, B: Backend<H>, S: Storage<H, Number>, H: Hasher, Number: BlockNumber>(
/// Panics if background storage returns an error OR if insert to MemoryDB fails.
pub fn build_changes_trie<'a, B: Backend<H>, S: Storage<H, Number>, H: Hasher, Number: BlockNumber>(
backend: &B,
storage: Option<&'a S>,
changes: &OverlayedChanges,
parent_hash: H::Out,
) -> Result<Option<(H::Out, Vec<(Vec<u8>, Vec<u8>)>)>, ()>
) -> Result<Option<(MemoryDB<H>, H::Out)>, ()>
where
H::Out: Ord + 'static,
{
@@ -148,16 +148,16 @@ pub fn compute_changes_trie_root<'a, B: Backend<H>, S: Storage<H, Number>, H: Ha
// storage errors are considered fatal (similar to situations when runtime fetches values from storage)
let input_pairs = prepare_input::<B, S, H, Number>(backend, storage, config, changes, &parent)
.expect("storage is not allowed to fail within runtime");
match input_pairs {
Some(input_pairs) => {
let transaction = input_pairs.into_iter()
.map(Into::into)
.collect::<Vec<_>>();
let root = trie_root::<H, _, _, _>(transaction.iter().map(|(k, v)| (&*k, &*v)));
Ok(Some((root, transaction)))
},
None => Ok(None),
.expect("changes trie: storage access is not allowed to fail within runtime");
let mut root = Default::default();
let mut mdb = MemoryDB::default();
{
let mut trie = TrieDBMut::<H>::new(&mut mdb, &mut root);
for (key, value) in input_pairs.map(Into::into) {
trie.insert(&key, &value)
.expect("changes trie: insertion to trie is not allowed to fail within runtime");
}
}
Ok(Some((mdb, root)))
}
+4 -18
View File
@@ -19,12 +19,12 @@
use std::{error, fmt, cmp::Ord};
use log::warn;
use crate::backend::Backend;
use crate::changes_trie::{Storage as ChangesTrieStorage, compute_changes_trie_root};
use crate::changes_trie::{Storage as ChangesTrieStorage, build_changes_trie};
use crate::{Externalities, OverlayedChanges, ChildStorageKey};
use hash_db::Hasher;
use primitives::offchain;
use primitives::storage::well_known_keys::is_child_storage_key;
use trie::{MemoryDB, TrieDBMut, TrieMut, default_child_trie_root};
use trie::{MemoryDB, default_child_trie_root};
const EXT_NOT_ALLOWED_TO_FAIL: &str = "Externalities not allowed to fail within runtime";
@@ -320,27 +320,13 @@ where
fn storage_changes_root(&mut self, parent_hash: H::Out) -> Result<Option<H::Out>, ()> {
let _guard = panic_handler::AbortGuard::new(true);
let root_and_tx = compute_changes_trie_root::<_, T, H, N>(
self.changes_trie_transaction = build_changes_trie::<_, T, H, N>(
self.backend,
self.changes_trie_storage.clone(),
self.overlay,
parent_hash,
)?;
let root_and_tx = root_and_tx.map(|(root, changes)| {
let mut calculated_root = Default::default();
let mut mdb = MemoryDB::default();
{
let mut trie = TrieDBMut::<H>::new(&mut mdb, &mut calculated_root);
for (key, value) in changes {
trie.insert(&key, &value).expect(EXT_NOT_ALLOWED_TO_FAIL);
}
}
(mdb, root)
});
let root = root_and_tx.as_ref().map(|(_, root)| root.clone());
self.changes_trie_transaction = root_and_tx;
Ok(root)
Ok(self.changes_trie_transaction.as_ref().map(|(_, root)| root.clone()))
}
fn offchain(&mut self) -> Option<&mut dyn offchain::Externalities> {
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
//! The overlayed changes to state.
#[cfg(test)] use std::iter::FromIterator;
use std::collections::{HashMap, HashSet};
use std::collections::{HashMap, BTreeSet};
use parity_codec::Decode;
use crate::changes_trie::{NO_EXTRINSIC_INDEX, Configuration as ChangesTrieConfig};
use primitives::storage::well_known_keys::EXTRINSIC_INDEX;
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ pub struct OverlayedValue {
pub value: Option<Vec<u8>>,
/// The set of extinsic indices where the values has been changed.
/// Is filled only if runtime has announced changes trie support.
pub extrinsics: Option<HashSet<u32>>,
pub extrinsics: Option<BTreeSet<u32>>,
}
/// Prospective or committed overlayed change set.
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ pub struct OverlayedChangeSet {
/// Top level storage changes.
pub top: HashMap<Vec<u8>, OverlayedValue>,
/// Child storage changes.
pub children: HashMap<Vec<u8>, (Option<HashSet<u32>>, HashMap<Vec<u8>, Option<Vec<u8>>>)>,
pub children: HashMap<Vec<u8>, (Option<BTreeSet<u32>>, HashMap<Vec<u8>, Option<Vec<u8>>>)>,
}
#[cfg(test)]
+3 -3
View File
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ use hash_db::Hasher;
use crate::backend::{InMemory, Backend};
use primitives::storage::well_known_keys::is_child_storage_key;
use crate::changes_trie::{
compute_changes_trie_root, InMemoryStorage as ChangesTrieInMemoryStorage,
build_changes_trie, InMemoryStorage as ChangesTrieInMemoryStorage,
BlockNumber as ChangesTrieBlockNumber,
};
use primitives::offchain;
@@ -250,12 +250,12 @@ impl<H, N> Externalities<H> for TestExternalities<H, N>
}
fn storage_changes_root(&mut self, parent: H::Out) -> Result<Option<H::Out>, ()> {
Ok(compute_changes_trie_root::<_, _, H, N>(
Ok(build_changes_trie::<_, _, H, N>(
&self.backend,
Some(&self.changes_trie_storage),
&self.overlay,
parent,
)?.map(|(root, _)| root.clone()))
)?.map(|(_, root)| root))
}
fn offchain(&mut self) -> Option<&mut dyn offchain::Externalities> {