Introduce first groundwork for Wasm executor (#27)

* Introduce first groundwork for Wasm executor.

* Remove old Rust-runtime code.

* Avoid commiting compled files.

* Add runtime precompile.

* Rename so module makes more sense.

* Further renaming.

* Ensure tests work.

* Allow bringing in of externalities.

- Add util functions/macros.
- Add uncompacted runtime.
- Add some external crates from pwasm-std for managing allocs/memory
stuff.

* Nice macros for imports.

* Allow passing in of data through allocators.

Make memcpy and malloc work.
Basic allocator.

* Can now pass in bytes to WasmExecutor.

* Additional cleanup.

* Switch usages of `OutData` to `u64`

No need to be able to return bytes anymore.

* convert to safe but extremely verbose type conversion.

@rphmeier any more concise way of doing this?

* Remove StaticExternalities distinction.

* Remove another unused use.

* Refactor wasm utils out

* Remove extraneous copies that weren't really testing anything.

* Try to use wasm 0.15

* Make it work!

* Call-time externalities working.

* Add basic externalities.

* Fix grumbles and note unwraps to be sorted.

* Test storage externality.

Unforunately had to change signatures of externalities to avoid
immutable function returning a reference. Not sure what to do about
this...

* Fix nits.

* Compile collation logic.

* Move back to refs. Yey.

* Remove "object" id for storage access.

* Fix test.

* Fix up rest of tests.

* remove unwrap.

* Expose set/get code in externalities

Also improve tests and add nice wrappers in rust-wasm.

* Add validator set.

* Introduce validator set into externalities and test.

* Add another external function.

* Remove code and validators; use storage for everything.

* Introduce validators function.

* Tests (and a fix) for the validators getter.

* Allow calls into runtime to return data.

* Remove unneeded trace.

* Make runtime printing a bit nicer.

* Create separate runtimes for testing and polkadot.

* Remove commented code.

* Use new path.

* Refactor into shared support module.

* Fix warning.

* Remove unwraps.

* Make macro a little less unhygenic.

* Add wasm files.
This commit is contained in:
Gav Wood
2018-01-08 16:48:45 +01:00
committed by Robert Habermeier
parent 45c3e40a62
commit a670208a33
44 changed files with 1087 additions and 611 deletions
+64
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// Copyright 2017 Parity Technologies (UK) Ltd.
// This file is part of Polkadot.
// Polkadot is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
// (at your option) any later version.
// Polkadot is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
// GNU General Public License for more details.
// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
// along with Polkadot. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
//! Rust executor possible errors.
use serializer;
use state_machine;
error_chain! {
foreign_links {
InvalidData(serializer::Error) #[doc = "Unserializable Data"];
}
errors {
/// Method is not found
MethodNotFound(t: String) {
description("method not found"),
display("Method not found: '{}'", t),
}
/// Code is invalid (expected single byte)
InvalidCode(c: Vec<u8>) {
description("invalid code"),
display("Invalid Code: {:?}", c),
}
/// Externalities have failed.
Externalities(e: Box<state_machine::Error>) {
description("externalities failure"),
display("Externalities error: {}", e),
}
/// Invalid index.
InvalidIndex {
description("index given was not in range"),
display("Invalid index provided"),
}
/// Invalid return type.
InvalidReturn {
description("u64 was not returned"),
display("Invalid type returned (should be u64)"),
}
/// Runtime failed.
Runtime {
description("runtime failure"),
display("Runtime error"),
}
}
}
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// Copyright 2017 Parity Technologies (UK) Ltd.
// This file is part of Polkadot.
// Polkadot is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
// (at your option) any later version.
// Polkadot is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
// GNU General Public License for more details.
// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
// along with Polkadot. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
//! Temporary crate for contracts implementations.
//!
//! This will be replaced with WASM contracts stored on-chain.
//! ** NOTE ***
//! This is entirely deprecated with the idea of a single-module Wasm module for state transition.
//! The dispatch table should be replaced with the specific functions needed:
//! - execute_block(bytes)
//! - init_block(PrevBlock?) -> InProgressBlock
//! - add_transaction(InProgressBlock) -> InProgressBlock
//! I leave it as is for now as it might be removed before this is ever done.
#![warn(missing_docs)]
extern crate polkadot_primitives as primitives;
extern crate polkadot_serializer as serializer;
extern crate polkadot_state_machine as state_machine;
extern crate serde;
extern crate parity_wasm;
extern crate byteorder;
#[macro_use]
extern crate error_chain;
#[cfg(test)]
extern crate assert_matches;
#[macro_use]
mod wasm_utils;
mod wasm_executor;
pub mod error;
/// Creates new RustExecutor for contracts.
pub fn executor() -> wasm_executor::WasmExecutor {
wasm_executor::WasmExecutor::default()
}
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// Copyright 2017 Parity Technologies (UK) Ltd.
// This file is part of Polkadot.
// Polkadot is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
// (at your option) any later version.
// Polkadot is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
// GNU General Public License for more details.
// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
// along with Polkadot. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
//! Rust implementation of Polkadot contracts.
use std::sync::Arc;
use std::collections::HashMap;
use parity_wasm::{deserialize_buffer, ModuleInstanceInterface, ProgramInstance};
use parity_wasm::interpreter::{ItemIndex};
use parity_wasm::RuntimeValue::{I32, I64};
use primitives::contract::CallData;
use state_machine::{Externalities, CodeExecutor};
use error::{Error, ErrorKind, Result};
use wasm_utils::{MemoryInstance, UserDefinedElements,
AddModuleWithoutFullDependentInstance};
struct Heap {
end: u32,
}
impl Heap {
fn new() -> Self {
Heap {
end: 1024,
}
}
fn allocate(&mut self, size: u32) -> u32 {
let r = self.end;
self.end += size;
r
}
fn deallocate(&mut self, _offset: u32) {
}
}
struct FunctionExecutor<'e, E: Externalities + 'e> {
heap: Heap,
memory: Arc<MemoryInstance>,
ext: &'e mut E,
}
impl<'e, E: Externalities> FunctionExecutor<'e, E> {
fn new(m: &Arc<MemoryInstance>, e: &'e mut E) -> Self {
FunctionExecutor {
heap: Heap::new(),
memory: Arc::clone(m),
ext: e,
}
}
}
trait WritePrimitive<T: Sized> {
fn write_primitive(&self, offset: u32, t: T);
}
impl WritePrimitive<u32> for MemoryInstance {
fn write_primitive(&self, offset: u32, t: u32) {
use byteorder::{LittleEndian, ByteOrder};
let mut r = [0u8; 4];
LittleEndian::write_u32(&mut r, t);
let _ = self.set(offset, &r);
}
}
impl_function_executor!(this: FunctionExecutor<'e, E>,
ext_print(utf8_data: *const u8, utf8_len: i32) => {
if let Ok(utf8) = this.memory.get(utf8_data, utf8_len as usize) {
if let Ok(message) = String::from_utf8(utf8) {
println!("Runtime: {}", message);
}
}
},
ext_print_num(number: u64) => {
println!("Runtime: {}", number);
},
ext_memcpy(dest: *mut u8, src: *const u8, count: usize) -> *mut u8 => {
let _ = this.memory.copy_nonoverlapping(src as usize, dest as usize, count as usize);
println!("memcpy {} from {}, {} bytes", dest, src, count);
dest
},
ext_memmove(dest: *mut u8, src: *const u8, count: usize) -> *mut u8 => {
let _ = this.memory.copy(src as usize, dest as usize, count as usize);
println!("memmove {} from {}, {} bytes", dest, src, count);
dest
},
ext_memset(dest: *mut u8, val: i32, count: usize) -> *mut u8 => {
let _ = this.memory.clear(dest as usize, val as u8, count as usize);
println!("memset {} with {}, {} bytes", dest, val, count);
dest
},
ext_malloc(size: usize) -> *mut u8 => {
let r = this.heap.allocate(size);
println!("malloc {} bytes at {}", size, r);
r
},
ext_free(addr: *mut u8) => {
this.heap.deallocate(addr);
println!("free {}", addr)
},
ext_set_storage(key_data: *const u8, key_len: i32, value_data: *const u8, value_len: i32) => {
if let (Ok(key), Ok(value)) = (this.memory.get(key_data, key_len as usize), this.memory.get(value_data, value_len as usize)) {
this.ext.set_storage(key, value);
}
},
ext_get_allocated_storage(key_data: *const u8, key_len: i32, written_out: *mut i32) -> *mut u8 => {
let (offset, written) = if let Ok(key) = this.memory.get(key_data, key_len as usize) {
if let Ok(value) = this.ext.storage(&key) {
let offset = this.heap.allocate(value.len() as u32) as u32;
let _ = this.memory.set(offset, &value);
(offset, value.len() as u32)
} else { (0, 0) }
} else { (0, 0) };
this.memory.write_primitive(written_out, written);
offset as u32
}
=> <'e, E: Externalities + 'e>
);
/// Wasm rust executor for contracts.
///
/// Executes the provided code in a sandboxed wasm runtime.
#[derive(Debug, Default)]
pub struct WasmExecutor;
impl CodeExecutor for WasmExecutor {
type Error = Error;
fn call<E: Externalities>(
&self,
ext: &mut E,
code: &[u8],
method: &str,
data: &CallData,
) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
// TODO: handle all expects as errors to be returned.
let program = ProgramInstance::new().expect("this really shouldn't be able to fail; qed");
let module = deserialize_buffer(code.to_vec()).expect("all modules compiled with rustc are valid wasm code; qed");
let module = program.add_module_by_sigs("test", module, map!["env" => FunctionExecutor::<E>::SIGNATURES]).expect("runtime signatures always provided; qed");
let memory = module.memory(ItemIndex::Internal(0)).expect("all modules compiled with rustc include memory segments; qed");
let mut fec = FunctionExecutor::new(&memory, ext);
let size = data.0.len() as u32;
let offset = fec.heap.allocate(size);
memory.set(offset, &data.0).expect("heap always gives a sensible offset to write");
let returned = program
.params_with_external("env", &mut fec)
.map(|p| p
.add_argument(I32(offset as i32))
.add_argument(I32(size as i32)))
.and_then(|p| module.execute_export(method, p))
.map_err(|_| -> Error { ErrorKind::Runtime.into() })?;
if let Some(I64(r)) = returned {
memory.get(r as u32, (r >> 32) as u32 as usize)
.map_err(|_| ErrorKind::Runtime.into())
} else {
Err(ErrorKind::InvalidReturn.into())
}
}
}
#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
use super::*;
#[derive(Debug, Default)]
struct TestExternalities {
storage: HashMap<Vec<u8>, Vec<u8>>,
}
impl Externalities for TestExternalities {
type Error = Error;
fn storage(&self, key: &[u8]) -> Result<&[u8]> {
Ok(self.storage.get(&key.to_vec()).map_or(&[] as &[u8], Vec::as_slice))
}
fn set_storage(&mut self, key: Vec<u8>, value: Vec<u8>) {
self.storage.insert(key, value);
}
}
#[test]
fn should_pass_externalities_at_call() {
let mut ext = TestExternalities::default();
ext.set_storage(b"\0code".to_vec(), b"The code".to_vec());
let program = ProgramInstance::new().unwrap();
let test_module = include_bytes!("../../runtime/target/wasm32-unknown-unknown/release/runtime_test.compact.wasm");
let module = deserialize_buffer(test_module.to_vec()).expect("Failed to load module");
let module = program.add_module_by_sigs("test", module, map!["env" => FunctionExecutor::<TestExternalities>::SIGNATURES]).expect("Failed to initialize module");
let output = {
let memory = module.memory(ItemIndex::Internal(0)).unwrap();
let mut fec = FunctionExecutor::new(&memory, &mut ext);
let data = b"Hello world";
let size = data.len() as u32;
let offset = fec.heap.allocate(size);
memory.set(offset, data).unwrap();
let returned = program
.params_with_external("env", &mut fec)
.map(|p| p
.add_argument(I32(offset as i32))
.add_argument(I32(size as i32)))
.and_then(|p| module.execute_export("test_data_in", p))
.map_err(|_| -> Error { ErrorKind::Runtime.into() }).expect("function should be callable");
if let Some(I64(r)) = returned {
println!("returned {:?} ({:?}, {:?})", r, r as u32, (r >> 32) as u32 as usize);
memory.get(r as u32, (r >> 32) as u32 as usize).expect("memory address should be reasonable.")
} else {
panic!("bad return value, not u64");
}
};
assert_eq!(output, b"all ok!".to_vec());
let expected: HashMap<_, _> = map![
b"\0code".to_vec() => b"Hello world".to_vec(),
b"input".to_vec() => b"Hello world".to_vec(),
b"code".to_vec() => b"The code".to_vec(),
b"\0validator_count".to_vec() => vec![1],
b"\0validator".to_vec() => b"Hello world".to_vec()
];
assert_eq!(expected, ext.storage);
}
}
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// Copyright 2017 Parity Technologies (UK) Ltd.
// This file is part of Polkadot.
// Polkadot is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
// (at your option) any later version.
// Polkadot is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
// GNU General Public License for more details.
// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
// along with Polkadot. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
//! Rust implementation of Polkadot contracts.
use std::sync::{Arc};
use std::collections::HashMap;
pub use std::result;
pub use parity_wasm::builder;
pub use parity_wasm::elements::{ValueType, Module};
pub use parity_wasm::interpreter::{RuntimeValue, UserFunctionDescriptor, UserFunctionExecutor,
UserDefinedElements, env_native_module, DummyUserError, ExecutionParams, UserError};
use parity_wasm::interpreter;
pub type Error = interpreter::Error<DummyUserError>;
pub type MemoryInstance = interpreter::MemoryInstance<DummyUserError>;
pub type CallerContext<'a> = interpreter::CallerContext<'a, DummyUserError>;
pub trait ConvertibleToWasm { const VALUE_TYPE: ValueType; type NativeType; fn to_runtime_value(self) -> RuntimeValue; }
impl ConvertibleToWasm for i32 { type NativeType = i32; const VALUE_TYPE: ValueType = ValueType::I32; fn to_runtime_value(self) -> RuntimeValue { RuntimeValue::I32(self) } }
impl ConvertibleToWasm for u32 { type NativeType = u32; const VALUE_TYPE: ValueType = ValueType::I32; fn to_runtime_value(self) -> RuntimeValue { RuntimeValue::I32(self as i32) } }
impl ConvertibleToWasm for i64 { type NativeType = i64; const VALUE_TYPE: ValueType = ValueType::I64; fn to_runtime_value(self) -> RuntimeValue { RuntimeValue::I64(self) } }
impl ConvertibleToWasm for u64 { type NativeType = u64; const VALUE_TYPE: ValueType = ValueType::I64; fn to_runtime_value(self) -> RuntimeValue { RuntimeValue::I64(self as i64) } }
impl ConvertibleToWasm for f32 { type NativeType = f32; const VALUE_TYPE: ValueType = ValueType::F32; fn to_runtime_value(self) -> RuntimeValue { RuntimeValue::F32(self) } }
impl ConvertibleToWasm for f64 { type NativeType = f64; const VALUE_TYPE: ValueType = ValueType::F64; fn to_runtime_value(self) -> RuntimeValue { RuntimeValue::F64(self) } }
impl ConvertibleToWasm for isize { type NativeType = i32; const VALUE_TYPE: ValueType = ValueType::I32; fn to_runtime_value(self) -> RuntimeValue { RuntimeValue::I32(self as i32) } }
impl ConvertibleToWasm for usize { type NativeType = u32; const VALUE_TYPE: ValueType = ValueType::I32; fn to_runtime_value(self) -> RuntimeValue { RuntimeValue::I32(self as u32 as i32) } }
impl<T> ConvertibleToWasm for *const T { type NativeType = u32; const VALUE_TYPE: ValueType = ValueType::I32; fn to_runtime_value(self) -> RuntimeValue { RuntimeValue::I32(self as isize as i32) } }
impl<T> ConvertibleToWasm for *mut T { type NativeType = u32; const VALUE_TYPE: ValueType = ValueType::I32; fn to_runtime_value(self) -> RuntimeValue { RuntimeValue::I32(self as isize as i32) } }
#[macro_export]
macro_rules! convert_args {
() => ([]);
( $( $t:ty ),* ) => ( [ $( { use $crate::wasm_utils::ConvertibleToWasm; <$t>::VALUE_TYPE }, )* ] );
}
#[macro_export]
macro_rules! convert_fn {
( $name:ident ( $( $params:ty ),* ) ) => ( $crate::wasm_utils::UserFunctionDescriptor::Static(stringify!($name), &convert_args!($($params),*), None) );
( $name:ident ( $( $params:ty ),* ) -> $returns:ty ) => ( $crate::wasm_utils::UserFunctionDescriptor::Static(stringify!($name), &convert_args!($($params),*), Some({ use $crate::wasm_utils::ConvertibleToWasm; <$returns>::VALUE_TYPE }) ) );
}
#[macro_export]
macro_rules! reverse_params {
// Entry point, use brackets to recursively reverse above.
($body:tt, $self:ident, $context:ident, $( $names:ident : $params:ty ),*) => (
reverse_params!($body $self $context [ $( $names : $params ),* ]);
);
($body:tt $self:ident $context:ident [] $( $names:ident : $params:ty ),*) => ({
$(
let $names : <$params as $crate::wasm_utils::ConvertibleToWasm>::NativeType = match $context.value_stack.pop_as() {
Ok(value) => value,
Err(error) => return Err(error.into()),
};
)*
$body
});
($body:tt $self:ident $context:ident [ $name:ident : $param:ty $(, $names:ident : $params:ty )* ] $( $reversed_names:ident : $reversed_params:ty ),*) => (
reverse_params!($body $self $context [ $( $names : $params ),* ] $name : $param $( , $reversed_names : $reversed_params )*);
);
}
#[macro_export]
macro_rules! marshall {
( $context:ident, $self:ident, ( $( $names:ident : $params:ty ),* ) -> $returns:ty => $body:tt ) => ({
let r : <$returns as $crate::wasm_utils::ConvertibleToWasm>::NativeType = reverse_params!($body, $self, $context, $( $names : $params ),*);
Ok(Some({ use $crate::wasm_utils::ConvertibleToWasm; r.to_runtime_value() }))
});
( $context:ident, $self:ident, ( $( $names:ident : $params:ty ),* ) => $body:tt ) => ({
reverse_params!($body, $self, $context, $( $names : $params ),*);
Ok(None)
})
}
#[macro_export]
macro_rules! dispatch {
( $objectname:ident, $( $name:ident ( $( $names:ident : $params:ty ),* ) $( -> $returns:ty )* => $body:tt ),* ) => (
fn execute(&mut self, name: &str, context: $crate::wasm_utils::CallerContext)
-> $crate::wasm_utils::result::Result<Option<$crate::wasm_utils::RuntimeValue>, $crate::wasm_utils::Error> {
let $objectname = self;
match name {
$(
stringify!($name) => marshall!(context, $objectname, ( $( $names : $params ),* ) $( -> $returns )* => $body),
)*
_ => panic!()
}
}
);
}
#[macro_export]
macro_rules! signatures {
( $( $name:ident ( $( $params:ty ),* ) $( -> $returns:ty )* ),* ) => (
const SIGNATURES: &'static [$crate::wasm_utils::UserFunctionDescriptor] = &[
$(
convert_fn!( $name ( $( $params ),* ) $( -> $returns )* ),
)*
];
);
}
pub trait IntoUserDefinedElements {
fn into_user_defined_elements(&mut self) -> UserDefinedElements<DummyUserError>;
}
#[macro_export]
macro_rules! impl_function_executor {
( $objectname:ident : $structname:ty, $( $name:ident ( $( $names:ident : $params:ty ),* ) $( -> $returns:ty )* => $body:tt ),* => $($pre:tt)+ ) => (
impl $( $pre ) + $crate::wasm_utils::UserFunctionExecutor<$crate::wasm_utils::DummyUserError> for $structname {
dispatch!($objectname, $( $name( $( $names : $params ),* ) $( -> $returns )* => $body ),*);
}
impl $( $pre ) + $structname {
signatures!($( $name( $( $params ),* ) $( -> $returns )* ),*);
}
impl $( $pre ) + $crate::wasm_utils::IntoUserDefinedElements for $structname {
fn into_user_defined_elements(&mut self) -> UserDefinedElements<$crate::wasm_utils::DummyUserError> {
$crate::wasm_utils::UserDefinedElements {
executor: Some(self),
globals: HashMap::new(), // TODO: provide
functions: ::std::borrow::Cow::from(Self::SIGNATURES),
}
}
}
);
}
#[derive(Clone)]
struct DummyUserFunctionExecutor;
impl<E: UserError> interpreter::UserFunctionExecutor<E> for DummyUserFunctionExecutor {
fn execute(&mut self, _name: &str, _context: interpreter::CallerContext<E>) ->
result::Result<Option<interpreter::RuntimeValue>, interpreter::Error<E>>
{
unimplemented!()
}
}
pub trait AddModuleWithoutFullDependentInstance {
fn add_module_by_sigs(
&self,
name: &str,
module: Module,
functions: HashMap<&str, &'static [UserFunctionDescriptor]>,
) -> result::Result<Arc<interpreter::ModuleInstance<DummyUserError>>, interpreter::Error<DummyUserError>>;
fn params_with_external<'a, 'b: 'a>(&'b self, externals_name: &str, externals: &'a mut IntoUserDefinedElements) -> result::Result<ExecutionParams<'a, DummyUserError>, Error>;
}
impl AddModuleWithoutFullDependentInstance for interpreter::ProgramInstance<DummyUserError> {
fn add_module_by_sigs(
&self,
name: &str,
module: Module,
functions: HashMap<&str, &'static [UserFunctionDescriptor]>
) -> result::Result<Arc<interpreter::ModuleInstance<DummyUserError>>, interpreter::Error<DummyUserError>> {
let mut dufe = vec![DummyUserFunctionExecutor; functions.len()];
let dufe_refs = dufe.iter_mut().collect::<Vec<_>>();
let fake_module_map = functions.into_iter()
.zip(dufe_refs.into_iter())
.map(|((dep_mod_name, functions), dufe)| -> result::Result<_, interpreter::Error<DummyUserError>> {
let fake_module = Arc::new(
interpreter::env_native_module(
self.module(dep_mod_name).ok_or(DummyUserError)?, UserDefinedElements {
executor: Some(dufe),
globals: HashMap::new(),
functions: ::std::borrow::Cow::from(functions),
}
)?
);
let fake_module: Arc<interpreter::ModuleInstanceInterface<_>> = fake_module;
Ok((dep_mod_name.into(), fake_module))
})
.collect::<result::Result<HashMap<_, _>, interpreter::Error<DummyUserError>>>()?;
self.add_module(name, module, Some(&fake_module_map))
}
fn params_with_external<'a, 'b: 'a>(&'b self, externals_name: &str, externals: &'a mut IntoUserDefinedElements) -> result::Result<ExecutionParams<'a, DummyUserError>, Error> {
Ok(interpreter::ExecutionParams::with_external(
externals_name.into(),
Arc::new(
interpreter::env_native_module(
self.module(externals_name).ok_or(DummyUserError)?,
externals.into_user_defined_elements()
)?
)
))
}
}
#[macro_export]
macro_rules! map {
($( $name:expr => $value:expr ),*) => (
vec![ $( ( $name, $value ) ),* ].into_iter().collect()
)
}