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Fix consensus error between wasm and native (#1595)

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* Decrease bucket size

A bucket size of 8192 bytes is quite large and it turned
out that this can exhaust the available heap space too
too quickly.

This is because even for allocating 1 byte a bucket of
8192 bytes is allocated/wasted.

* Return 0 if requested size too large

* Improve test

The test didn't use an offset when setting up the heap.
Hence the first successfully allocated pointer was
always `0`.

This is unfortunate since `0` is also the return value
when there is an error.

This lead to us not noticing that the test was failing,
because it did not distinguish between success and error.

* Revert to linear allocator
This commit is contained in:
Michael Müller
2019-01-30 14:37:32 +01:00
committed by Gav Wood
parent 15ae7cfef6
commit aa5e0658f8
3 changed files with 24 additions and 444 deletions
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substrate/core/executor/src/heap.rs
+19 -437
View File
@@ -14,461 +14,43 @@
// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License // You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
// along with Substrate. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>. // along with Substrate. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
//! This module implements a buddy allocation heap. #![warn(missing_docs)]
//! It uses a binary tree and follows the concepts outlined in
//! https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddy_memory_allocation.
extern crate fnv; //! This module implements a linear allocation heap.
use std::vec;
use log::trace;
use self::fnv::FnvHashMap;
// The pointers need to be aligned to 8 bytes.
const ALIGNMENT: u32 = 8;
// The block size needs to be a multiple of the memory alignment
// requirement. This is so that the pointer returned by `allocate()`
// always fulfills the alignment. In buddy allocation a pointer always
// points to the start of a block, which with a fitting block size
// will then be a multiple of the alignment requirement.
const BLOCK_SIZE: u32 = 8192; // 2^13 bytes
#[allow(path_statements)]
fn _assert_block_size_aligned() {
// mem::transmute checks that type sizes are equal.
// this enables us to assert that pointers are aligned -- at compile time.
::std::mem::transmute::<[u8; BLOCK_SIZE as usize % ALIGNMENT as usize], [u8; 0]>;
}
#[derive(PartialEq, Copy, Clone)]
enum Node {
Free,
Full,
Split,
}
/// A buddy allocation heap, which tracks allocations and deallocations
/// using a binary tree.
pub struct Heap { pub struct Heap {
allocated_bytes: FnvHashMap<u32, u32>, end: u32,
levels: u32,
ptr_offset: u32,
tree: vec::Vec<Node>,
total_size: u32, total_size: u32,
} }
impl Heap { impl Heap {
/// Construct new `Heap` struct.
/// Creates a new buddy allocation heap.
/// ///
/// # Arguments /// Returns `Err` if the heap couldn't allocate required
/// number of pages.
/// ///
/// * `ptr_offset` - The pointers returned by `allocate()` /// This could mean that wasm binary specifies memory
/// start from this offset on. The pointer offset needs /// limit and we are trying to allocate beyond that limit.
/// to be aligned to a multiple of 8, hence a padding might pub fn new(reserved: u32) -> Self {
/// be added to align `ptr_offset` properly.
///
/// * `heap_size` - The size available to this heap instance
/// (in bytes) for allocating memory.
///
pub fn new(mut ptr_offset: u32, heap_size: u32) -> Self {
let padding = ptr_offset % ALIGNMENT;
if padding != 0 {
ptr_offset += ALIGNMENT - padding;
}
let leaves = heap_size / BLOCK_SIZE;
let levels = Heap::get_necessary_tree_levels(leaves);
let node_count: usize = (1 << levels + 1) - 1;
Heap { Heap {
allocated_bytes: FnvHashMap::default(), end: reserved,
levels,
ptr_offset,
tree: vec![Node::Free; node_count],
total_size: 0, total_size: 0,
} }
} }
/// Gets requested number of bytes to allocate and returns a pointer.
pub fn allocate(&mut self, size: u32) -> u32 { pub fn allocate(&mut self, size: u32) -> u32 {
// Get the requested level from number of blocks requested let r = self.end;
let blocks_needed = (size + BLOCK_SIZE - 1) / BLOCK_SIZE; self.end += size;
let block_offset = match self.allocate_block_in_tree(blocks_needed) { let new_total_size = r + size;
Some(v) => v, if new_total_size > self.total_size {
None => return 0, if new_total_size / 1024 > self.total_size / 1024 {
}; trace!(target: "wasm-heap", "Allocated over {} MB", new_total_size / 1024 / 1024);
let ptr = BLOCK_SIZE * block_offset as u32;
self.allocated_bytes.insert(ptr, size as u32);
self.total_size += size;
trace!(target: "wasm-heap", "Heap size over {} bytes after allocation", self.total_size);
self.ptr_offset + ptr
}
fn allocate_block_in_tree(&mut self, blocks_needed: u32) -> Option<usize> {
let levels_needed = Heap::get_necessary_tree_levels(blocks_needed);
if levels_needed > self.levels {
trace!(target: "wasm-heap", "Heap is too small: {:?} > {:?}", levels_needed, self.levels);
return None;
}
// Start at tree root and traverse down
let mut index = 0;
let mut current_level = self.levels;
'down: loop {
let buddy_exists = index & 1 == 1;
if current_level == levels_needed {
if self.tree[index] == Node::Free {
self.tree[index] = Node::Full;
if index > 0 {
let parent = self.get_parent_node_index(index);
self.update_parent_nodes(parent);
}
break 'down;
}
} else {
match self.tree[index] {
Node::Full => {
if buddy_exists {
// Check if buddy is free
index += 1;
} else {
break 'down;
}
continue 'down;
},
Node::Free => {
// If node is free we split it and descend further down
self.tree[index] = Node::Split;
index = index * 2 + 1;
current_level -= 1;
continue 'down;
},
Node::Split => {
// Descend further
index = index * 2 + 1;
current_level -= 1;
continue 'down;
},
}
}
if buddy_exists {
// If a buddy exists it needs to be checked as well
index += 1;
continue 'down;
}
// Backtrack once we're at the bottom and haven't matched a free block yet
'up: loop {
if index == 0 {
trace!(target: "wasm-heap", "Heap is too small: tree root reached.");
return None;
}
index = self.get_parent_node_index(index);
current_level += 1;
let has_buddy = index & 1 == 1;
if has_buddy {
index += 1;
break 'up;
}
} }
self.total_size = new_total_size;
} }
r
let current_level_offset = (1 << self.levels - current_level) - 1;
let level_offset = index - current_level_offset;
let block_offset = level_offset * (1 << current_level);
Some(block_offset as usize)
} }
/// Deallocates all blocks which were allocated for a pointer. pub fn deallocate(&mut self, _offset: u32) {
pub fn deallocate(&mut self, mut ptr: u32) {
ptr -= self.ptr_offset;
let allocated_size = match self.allocated_bytes.get(&ptr) {
Some(v) => *v,
// If nothing has been allocated for the pointer nothing happens
None => return (),
};
let count_blocks = (allocated_size + BLOCK_SIZE - 1) / BLOCK_SIZE;
let block_offset = ptr / BLOCK_SIZE;
self.free(block_offset, count_blocks);
self.allocated_bytes.remove(&ptr).unwrap_or_default();
self.total_size = self.total_size.checked_sub(allocated_size).unwrap_or(0);
trace!(target: "wasm-heap", "Heap size over {} bytes after deallocation", self.total_size);
} }
fn free(&mut self, block_offset: u32, count_blocks: u32) {
let requested_level = Heap::get_necessary_tree_levels(count_blocks);
let current_level_offset = (1 << self.levels - requested_level) - 1;
let level_offset = block_offset / (1 << requested_level);
let index_offset = current_level_offset + level_offset;
if index_offset > self.tree.len() as u32 - 1 {
trace!(target: "wasm-heap", "Index offset {} is > length of tree {}", index_offset, self.tree.len());
}
self.free_and_merge(index_offset as usize);
let parent = self.get_parent_node_index(index_offset as usize);
self.update_parent_nodes(parent);
}
fn get_parent_node_index(&mut self, index: usize) -> usize {
(index + 1) / 2 - 1
}
fn free_and_merge(&mut self, index: usize) {
self.tree[index] = Node::Free;
if index == 0 {
return;
}
let has_right_buddy = (index & 1) == 1;
let other_node = if has_right_buddy {
index + 1
} else {
index - 1
};
if self.tree[other_node] == Node::Free {
let parent = self.get_parent_node_index(index);
self.free_and_merge(parent);
}
}
fn update_parent_nodes(&mut self, index: usize) {
let left_child = index * 2 + 1;
let right_child = index * 2 + 2;
let children_free = self.tree[left_child] == Node::Free && self.tree[right_child] == Node::Free;
let children_full = self.tree[left_child] == Node::Full && self.tree[right_child] == Node::Full;
if children_free {
self.tree[index] = Node::Free;
} else if children_full {
self.tree[index] = Node::Full;
} else {
self.tree[index] = Node::Split;
}
if index == 0 {
// Tree root
return;
}
let parent = self.get_parent_node_index(index);
self.update_parent_nodes(parent);
}
fn get_necessary_tree_levels(count_blocks: u32) -> u32 {
if count_blocks == 0 {
0
} else {
let mut necessary_levels = 0;
let mut necessary_blocks = count_blocks.next_power_of_two();
while {necessary_blocks >>= 1; necessary_blocks > 0} {
necessary_levels += 1;
}
necessary_levels
}
}
}
#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
use super::*;
#[test]
fn should_always_align_pointers_to_multiples_of_8() {
let heap_size = BLOCK_SIZE * 4;
let mut heap = super::Heap::new(13, heap_size);
let ptr = heap.allocate(1);
assert_eq!(ptr, 16); // 16 is the next multiple of 8 from 13
}
#[test]
fn should_start_first_pointer_at_offset() {
let start_offset = 40;
let heap_size = BLOCK_SIZE * 4;
let mut heap = super::Heap::new(start_offset, heap_size);
let ptr = heap.allocate(BLOCK_SIZE - 1);
assert_eq!(ptr, start_offset);
}
#[test]
fn should_start_second_pointer_at_second_block() {
let start_offset = 40;
let heap_size = BLOCK_SIZE * 4;
let mut heap = super::Heap::new(start_offset, heap_size);
let _ptr1 = heap.allocate(BLOCK_SIZE - 1);
let ptr2 = heap.allocate(BLOCK_SIZE - 1);
assert_eq!(ptr2, start_offset + BLOCK_SIZE);
}
#[test]
fn should_not_panic_on_deallocation_of_nonexistent_pointer() {
let heap_size = BLOCK_SIZE * 4;
let mut heap = super::Heap::new(1, heap_size);
let ret = heap.deallocate(heap_size + 1);
assert_eq!(ret, ());
}
#[test]
fn should_calculate_tree_size_from_heap_size() {
let heap_size = BLOCK_SIZE * 4;
let heap = super::Heap::new(1, heap_size);
assert_eq!(heap.levels, 2);
}
#[test]
fn should_round_tree_size_to_nearest_possible() {
let heap_size = BLOCK_SIZE * 4 + 1;
let heap = super::Heap::new(1, heap_size);
assert_eq!(heap.levels, 2);
}
#[test]
fn heap_size_should_stay_zero_in_total() {
let heap_size = BLOCK_SIZE * 4;
let mut heap = super::Heap::new(1, heap_size);
assert_eq!(heap.total_size, 0);
let ptr = heap.allocate(42);
assert_eq!(heap.total_size, 42);
heap.deallocate(ptr);
assert_eq!(heap.total_size, 0);
}
#[test]
fn heap_size_should_stay_constant() {
let heap_size = BLOCK_SIZE * 4;
let mut heap = super::Heap::new(9, heap_size);
for _ in 1..10 {
assert_eq!(heap.total_size, 0);
let ptr = heap.allocate(42);
assert_eq!(ptr, 16);
assert_eq!(heap.total_size, 42);
heap.deallocate(ptr);
assert_eq!(heap.total_size, 0);
}
assert_eq!(heap.total_size, 0);
}
#[test]
fn should_allocate_exactly_entire_tree() {
let blocks = 16;
let heap_size = BLOCK_SIZE * blocks;
let mut heap = super::Heap::new(0, heap_size);
for i in 0..16 {
let ptr = heap.allocate(BLOCK_SIZE);
assert_eq!(ptr, i * BLOCK_SIZE);
assert_eq!(heap.total_size, (i+1) * BLOCK_SIZE);
}
let ptr = heap.allocate(BLOCK_SIZE);
assert_eq!(ptr, 0);
}
#[test]
fn should_deallocate_entire_tree_exactly() {
let blocks = 12;
let heap_size = BLOCK_SIZE * blocks;
let mut heap = super::Heap::new(0, heap_size);
for i in 0..blocks {
let ptr = heap.allocate(BLOCK_SIZE);
assert_eq!(ptr, i * BLOCK_SIZE);
assert_eq!(heap.total_size, (i+1) * BLOCK_SIZE);
}
for i in 0..blocks {
let ptr = i * BLOCK_SIZE;
heap.deallocate(ptr);
assert_eq!(heap.total_size, blocks * BLOCK_SIZE - (i+1) * BLOCK_SIZE);
}
assert_eq!(heap.total_size, 0);
}
#[test]
fn should_allocate_pointers_with_odd_blocks_properly() {
let blocks = 6;
let heap_size = BLOCK_SIZE * blocks;
let mut heap = super::Heap::new(0, heap_size);
let ptr = heap.allocate(3 * BLOCK_SIZE);
assert_eq!(ptr, 0);
let ptr = heap.allocate(BLOCK_SIZE);
assert_eq!(ptr, 4 * BLOCK_SIZE);
}
#[test]
fn should_handle_odd_blocks_properly() {
let blocks = 8;
let heap_size = BLOCK_SIZE * blocks;
let mut heap = super::Heap::new(0, heap_size);
let ptr = heap.allocate(3 * BLOCK_SIZE);
assert_eq!(ptr, 0);
let ptr = heap.allocate(3 * BLOCK_SIZE);
assert_eq!(ptr, 4 * BLOCK_SIZE);
}
#[test]
fn should_calculate_zero_tree_levels_for_zero_blocks() {
let count_blocks = 0;
let levels = Heap::get_necessary_tree_levels(count_blocks);
assert_eq!(levels, 0);
}
#[test]
fn should_calculate_necessary_tree_levels_correctly() {
let count_blocks = 1;
let levels = Heap::get_necessary_tree_levels(count_blocks);
assert_eq!(levels, 0);
let count_blocks = 2;
let levels = Heap::get_necessary_tree_levels(count_blocks);
assert_eq!(levels, 1);
let count_blocks = 3;
let levels = Heap::get_necessary_tree_levels(count_blocks);
assert_eq!(levels, 2);
let count_blocks = 4;
let levels = Heap::get_necessary_tree_levels(count_blocks);
assert_eq!(levels, 2);
let count_blocks = 5;
let levels = Heap::get_necessary_tree_levels(count_blocks);
assert_eq!(levels, 3);
}
} }
substrate/core/executor/src/lib.rs
+3
View File
@@ -28,6 +28,9 @@
#![warn(missing_docs)] #![warn(missing_docs)]
#![recursion_limit="128"] #![recursion_limit="128"]
#[macro_use]
extern crate log;
#[macro_use] #[macro_use]
mod wasm_utils; mod wasm_utils;
mod wasm_executor; mod wasm_executor;
substrate/core/executor/src/wasm_executor.rs
+2 -7
View File
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ use wasmi::{
Module, ModuleInstance, MemoryInstance, MemoryRef, TableRef, ImportsBuilder, ModuleRef, Module, ModuleInstance, MemoryInstance, MemoryRef, TableRef, ImportsBuilder, ModuleRef,
}; };
use wasmi::RuntimeValue::{I32, I64}; use wasmi::RuntimeValue::{I32, I64};
use wasmi::memory_units::{Bytes, Pages}; use wasmi::memory_units::Pages;
use state_machine::Externalities; use state_machine::Externalities;
use crate::error::{Error, ErrorKind, Result}; use crate::error::{Error, ErrorKind, Result};
use crate::wasm_utils::UserError; use crate::wasm_utils::UserError;
@@ -57,14 +57,9 @@ struct FunctionExecutor<'e, E: Externalities<Blake2Hasher> + 'e> {
impl<'e, E: Externalities<Blake2Hasher>> FunctionExecutor<'e, E> { impl<'e, E: Externalities<Blake2Hasher>> FunctionExecutor<'e, E> {
fn new(m: MemoryRef, t: Option<TableRef>, e: &'e mut E) -> Result<Self> { fn new(m: MemoryRef, t: Option<TableRef>, e: &'e mut E) -> Result<Self> {
let current_size: Bytes = m.current_size().into();
let current_size = current_size.0 as u32;
let used_size = m.used_size().0 as u32;
let heap_size = current_size - used_size;
Ok(FunctionExecutor { Ok(FunctionExecutor {
sandbox_store: sandbox::Store::new(), sandbox_store: sandbox::Store::new(),
heap: heap::Heap::new(used_size, heap_size), heap: heap::Heap::new(m.used_size().0 as u32),
memory: m, memory: m,
table: t, table: t,
ext: e, ext: e,