Clean up random seed to make a bit more flexible (#2456)

* Reformulate random seed to be more random

- First 80 random values come from cycling the incomplete series (
  instead of filling with zeroes)
- Calculate random material each usage (use a single amalgamated
  ring buffer to store them for avoiding 81 lookups each time)
- Mutate inputs by hashing each with:
  - its index (into the 81)
  - an additional "subject" key provided by caller

This keeps the final output low-influence while still allowing
it to be used as the seed to independent contexts. (Hashing the
result to give the final seed is no better than using parent_hash).

* Docs

* Bump runtime

* Update notes

* Remove feature(alloc)

* Update srml/system/src/lib.rs

Co-Authored-By: gavofyork <github@gavwood.com>

substrate/node-template/runtime/src/lib.rs

@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 //! The Substrate Node Template runtime. This can be compiled with `#[no_std]`, ready for Wasm.
 
 #![cfg_attr(not(feature = "std"), no_std)]
-#![cfg_attr(not(feature = "std"), feature(alloc))]
 // `construct_runtime!` does a lot of recursion and requires us to increase the limit to 256.
 #![recursion_limit="256"]