// This file is part of Substrate.

// Copyright (C) 2020-2021 Parity Technologies (UK) Ltd.
// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0

// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
// 	http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.

//! # Merkle Mountain Range
//!
//! ## Overview
//!
//! Details on Merkle Mountain Ranges (MMRs) can be found here:
//! <https://github.com/mimblewimble/grin/blob/master/doc/mmr.md>
//!
//! The MMR pallet constructs a MMR from leaf data obtained on every block from
//! `LeafDataProvider`. MMR nodes are stored both in:
//! - on-chain storage - hashes only; not full leaf content)
//! - off-chain storage - via Indexing API we push full leaf content (and all internal nodes as
//! well) to the Off-chain DB, so that the data is available for Off-chain workers.
//! Hashing used for MMR is configurable independently from the rest of the runtime (i.e. not using
//! `frame_system::Hashing`) so something compatible with external chains can be used (like
//! Keccak256 for Ethereum compatibility).
//!
//! Depending on the usage context (off-chain vs on-chain) the pallet is able to:
//! - verify MMR leaf proofs (on-chain)
//! - generate leaf proofs (off-chain)
//!
//! See [primitives::Compact] documentation for how you can optimize proof size for leafs that are
//! composed from multiple elements.
//!
//! ## What for?
//!
//!	Primary use case for this pallet is to generate MMR root hashes, that can latter on be used by
//!	BEEFY protocol (see <https://github.com/paritytech/grandpa-bridge-gadget>).
//!	MMR root hashes along with BEEFY will make it possible to build Super Light Clients (SLC) of
//!	Substrate-based chains. The SLC will be able to follow finality and can be shown proofs of more
//!	details that happened on the source chain.
//!	In that case the chain which contains the pallet generates the Root Hashes and Proofs, which
//!	are then presented to another chain acting as a light client which can verify them.
//!
//!	Secondary use case is to archive historical data, but still be able to retrieve them on-demand
//!	if needed. For instance if parent block hashes are stored in the MMR it's possible at any point
//!	in time to provide a MMR proof about some past block hash, while this data can be safely pruned
//!	from on-chain storage.
//!
//! NOTE This pallet is experimental and not proven to work in production.
//!
#![cfg_attr(not(feature = "std"), no_std)]

use codec::Encode;
use frame_support::weights::Weight;
use sp_runtime::traits;

mod default_weights;
mod mmr;
#[cfg(any(feature = "runtime-benchmarks", test))]
mod benchmarking;
#[cfg(test)]
mod mock;
#[cfg(test)]
mod tests;

pub use pallet_mmr_primitives as primitives;
pub use pallet::*;

pub trait WeightInfo {
	fn on_initialize(peaks: u64) -> Weight;
}

#[frame_support::pallet]
pub mod pallet {
	use frame_support::pallet_prelude::*;
	use frame_system::pallet_prelude::*;
	use super::*;

	#[pallet::pallet]
	#[pallet::generate_store(pub(super) trait Store)]
	pub struct Pallet<T, I = ()>(PhantomData<(T, I)>);

	/// This pallet's configuration trait
	#[pallet::config]
	pub trait Config<I: 'static = ()>: frame_system::Config {
		/// Prefix for elements stored in the Off-chain DB via Indexing API.
		///
		/// Each node of the MMR is inserted both on-chain and off-chain via Indexing API.
		/// The former does not store full leaf content, just it's compact version (hash),
		/// and some of the inner mmr nodes might be pruned from on-chain storage.
		/// The latter will contain all the entries in their full form.
		///
		/// Each node is stored in the Off-chain DB under key derived from the [`Self::INDEXING_PREFIX`] and
		/// it's in-tree index (MMR position).
		const INDEXING_PREFIX: &'static [u8];

		/// A hasher type for MMR.
		///
		/// To construct trie nodes that result in merging (bagging) two peaks, depending on the node
		/// kind we take either:
		/// - The node (hash) itself if it's an inner node.
		/// - The hash of SCALE-encoding of the leaf data if it's a leaf node.
		///
		/// Then we create a tuple of these two hashes, SCALE-encode it (concatenate) and
		/// hash, to obtain a new MMR inner node - the new peak.
		type Hashing: traits::Hash<Output = <Self as Config<I>>::Hash>;

		/// The hashing output type.
		///
		/// This type is actually going to be stored in the MMR.
		/// Required to be provided again, to satisfy trait bounds for storage items.
		type Hash: traits::Member + traits::MaybeSerializeDeserialize + sp_std::fmt::Debug
			+ sp_std::hash::Hash + AsRef<[u8]> + AsMut<[u8]> + Copy + Default + codec::Codec
			+ codec::EncodeLike;

		/// Data stored in the leaf nodes.
		///
		/// The [LeafData](primitives::LeafDataProvider) is responsible for returning the entire leaf
		/// data that will be inserted to the MMR.
		/// [LeafDataProvider](primitives::LeafDataProvider)s can be composed into tuples to put
		/// multiple elements into the tree. In such a case it might be worth using [primitives::Compact]
		/// to make MMR proof for one element of the tuple leaner.
		///
		/// Note that the leaf at each block MUST be unique. You may want to include a block hash or block
		/// number as an easiest way to ensure that.
		type LeafData: primitives::LeafDataProvider;

		/// A hook to act on the new MMR root.
		///
		/// For some applications it might be beneficial to make the MMR root available externally
		/// apart from having it in the storage. For instance you might output it in the header digest
		/// (see [`frame_system::Pallet::deposit_log`]) to make it available for Light Clients.
		/// Hook complexity should be `O(1)`.
		type OnNewRoot: primitives::OnNewRoot<<Self as Config<I>>::Hash>;

		/// Weights for this pallet.
		type WeightInfo: WeightInfo;
	}

	/// Latest MMR Root hash.
	#[pallet::storage]
	#[pallet::getter(fn mmr_root_hash)]
	pub type RootHash<T: Config<I>, I: 'static = ()> = StorageValue<_, <T as Config<I>>::Hash, ValueQuery>;

	/// Current size of the MMR (number of leaves).
	#[pallet::storage]
	#[pallet::getter(fn mmr_leaves)]
	pub type NumberOfLeaves<T, I = ()> = StorageValue<_, u64, ValueQuery>;

	/// Hashes of the nodes in the MMR.
	///
	/// Note this collection only contains MMR peaks, the inner nodes (and leaves)
	/// are pruned and only stored in the Offchain DB.
	#[pallet::storage]
	#[pallet::getter(fn mmr_peak)]
	pub type Nodes<T: Config<I>, I: 'static = ()> = StorageMap<
		_,
		Identity,
		u64,
		<T as Config<I>>::Hash,
		OptionQuery
	>;

	#[pallet::hooks]
	impl<T: Config<I>, I: 'static> Hooks<BlockNumberFor<T>> for Pallet<T, I> {
		fn on_initialize(_n: T::BlockNumber) -> Weight {
			use primitives::LeafDataProvider;
			let leaves = Self::mmr_leaves();
			let peaks_before = mmr::utils::NodesUtils::new(leaves).number_of_peaks();
			let data = T::LeafData::leaf_data();
			// append new leaf to MMR
			let mut mmr: ModuleMmr<mmr::storage::RuntimeStorage, T, I> = mmr::Mmr::new(leaves);
			mmr.push(data).expect("MMR push never fails.");

			// update the size
			let (leaves, root) = mmr.finalize().expect("MMR finalize never fails.");
			<T::OnNewRoot as primitives::OnNewRoot<_>>::on_new_root(&root);

			<NumberOfLeaves<T, I>>::put(leaves);
			<RootHash<T, I>>::put(root);

			let peaks_after = mmr::utils::NodesUtils::new(leaves).number_of_peaks();
			T::WeightInfo::on_initialize(peaks_before.max(peaks_after))
		}
	}
}

/// A MMR specific to the pallet.
type ModuleMmr<StorageType, T, I> = mmr::Mmr<StorageType, T, I, LeafOf<T, I>>;

/// Leaf data.
type LeafOf<T, I> = <<T as Config<I>>::LeafData as primitives::LeafDataProvider>::LeafData;

/// Hashing used for the pallet.
pub(crate) type HashingOf<T, I> = <T as Config<I>>::Hashing;

/// Stateless MMR proof verification.
///
/// This function can be used to verify received MMR proof (`proof`)
/// for given leaf data (`leaf`) against a known MMR root hash (`root`).
///
/// The verification does not require any storage access.
pub fn verify_leaf_proof<H, L>(
	root: H::Output,
	leaf: mmr::Node<H, L>,
	proof: primitives::Proof<H::Output>,
) -> Result<(), primitives::Error> where
	H: traits::Hash,
	L: primitives::FullLeaf,
{
	let is_valid = mmr::verify_leaf_proof::<H, L>(root, leaf, proof)?;
	if is_valid {
		Ok(())
	} else {
		Err(primitives::Error::Verify.log_debug(("The proof is incorrect.", root)))
	}
}

impl<T: Config<I>, I: 'static> Pallet<T, I> {
	fn offchain_key(pos: u64) -> sp_std::prelude::Vec<u8> {
		(T::INDEXING_PREFIX, pos).encode()
	}

	/// Generate a MMR proof for the given `leaf_index`.
	///
	/// Note this method can only be used from an off-chain context
	/// (Offchain Worker or Runtime API call), since it requires
	/// all the leaves to be present.
	/// It may return an error or panic if used incorrectly.
	pub fn generate_proof(leaf_index: u64) -> Result<
		(LeafOf<T, I>, primitives::Proof<<T as Config<I>>::Hash>),
		primitives::Error,
	> {
		let mmr: ModuleMmr<mmr::storage::OffchainStorage, T, I> = mmr::Mmr::new(Self::mmr_leaves());
		mmr.generate_proof(leaf_index)
	}

	/// Verify MMR proof for given `leaf`.
	///
	/// This method is safe to use within the runtime code.
	/// It will return `Ok(())` if the proof is valid
	/// and an `Err(..)` if MMR is inconsistent (some leaves are missing)
	/// or the proof is invalid.
	pub fn verify_leaf(
		leaf: LeafOf<T, I>,
		proof: primitives::Proof<<T as Config<I>>::Hash>,
	) -> Result<(), primitives::Error> {
		if proof.leaf_count > Self::mmr_leaves()
			|| proof.leaf_count == 0
			|| proof.items.len() as u32 > mmr::utils::NodesUtils::new(proof.leaf_count).depth()
		{
			return Err(primitives::Error::Verify.log_debug(
				"The proof has incorrect number of leaves or proof items."
			));
		}

		let mmr: ModuleMmr<mmr::storage::RuntimeStorage, T, I> = mmr::Mmr::new(proof.leaf_count);
		let is_valid = mmr.verify_leaf_proof(leaf, proof)?;
		if is_valid {
			Ok(())
		} else {
			Err(primitives::Error::Verify.log_debug("The proof is incorrect."))
		}
	}
}