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204fe7ffd7
Bumps the known_good_semver group with 4 updates: [serde](https://github.com/serde-rs/serde), [serde_json](https://github.com/serde-rs/json), [clap](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap) and [syn](https://github.com/dtolnay/syn). Updates `serde` from 1.0.194 to 1.0.195 <details> <summary>Release notes</summary> <p><em>Sourced from <a href="https://github.com/serde-rs/serde/releases">serde's releases</a>.</em></p> <blockquote> <h2>v1.0.195</h2> <ul> <li>Prevent remote definitions of tuple struct or tuple variant from triggering dead_code warning (<a href="https://redirect.github.com/serde-rs/serde/issues/2671">#2671</a>)</li> </ul> </blockquote> </details> <details> <summary>Commits</summary> <ul> <li><a href="https://github.com/serde-rs/serde/commit/03eec42c3313b36da416be1486e9ecac345784d5"><code>03eec42</code></a> Release 1.0.195</li> <li><a href="https://github.com/serde-rs/serde/commit/196f311ae2fd8ad94fe38a57830419859a4d3dbb"><code>196f311</code></a> Merge pull request <a href="https://redirect.github.com/serde-rs/serde/issues/2671">#2671</a> from dtolnay/deadremote</li> <li><a href="https://github.com/serde-rs/serde/commit/38d9e0b2091e9b6150486c2c37367819b86bcc39"><code>38d9e0b</code></a> Revert "Add FIXME to fix dead_code warning when using serde(remote)"</li> <li><a href="https://github.com/serde-rs/serde/commit/6502b3131697eff6420786ad71f87f29cfff3a13"><code>6502b31</code></a> Fix new dead_code warning in tuple struct and tuple variant remote defs</li> <li><a href="https://github.com/serde-rs/serde/commit/6f1a8c3115c8d2502178c25d610fbaee2e82c46b"><code>6f1a8c3</code></a> Add FIXME to fix dead_code warning when using serde(remote)</li> <li><a href="https://github.com/serde-rs/serde/commit/d883c94cc9fe72d0512dc7f4def7191a401595c9"><code>d883c94</code></a> Work around dead_code warning in tests</li> <li><a href="https://github.com/serde-rs/serde/commit/961fa59a7469c5b5e323b9723323df412048d60d"><code>961fa59</code></a> Merge pull request <a href="https://redirect.github.com/serde-rs/serde/issues/2670">#2670</a> from serde-rs/exhaustive</li> <li><a href="https://github.com/serde-rs/serde/commit/8bc71def551df190e6817d3311e5c76f751f53e6"><code>8bc71de</code></a> Fill in omitted patterns for GenericArguments match</li> <li><a href="https://github.com/serde-rs/serde/commit/7c65a9dc0eab2d4d829b258a7b3549351bbe8dcd"><code>7c65a9d</code></a> Pick up changes to non_exhaustive_omitted_patterns lint</li> <li>See full diff in <a href="https://github.com/serde-rs/serde/compare/v1.0.194...v1.0.195">compare view</a></li> </ul> </details> <br /> Updates `serde_json` from 1.0.110 to 1.0.111 <details> <summary>Release notes</summary> <p><em>Sourced from <a href="https://github.com/serde-rs/json/releases">serde_json's releases</a>.</em></p> <blockquote> <h2>v1.0.111</h2> <ul> <li>Improve floating point parsing performance on loongarch64 (<a href="https://redirect.github.com/serde-rs/json/issues/1100">#1100</a>, thanks <a href="https://github.com/heiher"><code>@heiher</code></a>)</li> </ul> </blockquote> </details> <details> <summary>Commits</summary> <ul> <li><a href="https://github.com/serde-rs/json/commit/0131ac68212e8094bd14ee618587d731b4f9a68b"><code>0131ac6</code></a> Release 1.0.111</li> <li><a href="https://github.com/serde-rs/json/commit/96ecfadd3f7dd6366a2d07a098e228d15df93cb4"><code>96ecfad</code></a> Merge pull request <a href="https://redirect.github.com/serde-rs/json/issues/1100">#1100</a> from heiher/limb-64-la64</li> <li><a href="https://github.com/serde-rs/json/commit/c80dbaf8ff5902ca670e0a48bbe495065b9314f5"><code>c80dbaf</code></a> Set limb width to 64 for loongarch64</li> <li>See full diff in <a href="https://github.com/serde-rs/json/compare/v1.0.110...v1.0.111">compare view</a></li> </ul> </details> <br /> Updates `clap` from 4.4.12 to 4.4.13 <details> <summary>Release notes</summary> <p><em>Sourced from <a href="https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/releases">clap's releases</a>.</em></p> <blockquote> <h2>v4.4.13</h2> <h2>[4.4.13] - 2024-01-04</h2> <h3>Documentation</h3> <ul> <li>Fix link to structopt migration guide</li> </ul> </blockquote> </details> <details> <summary>Changelog</summary> <p><em>Sourced from <a href="https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/master/CHANGELOG.md">clap's changelog</a>.</em></p> <blockquote> <h2>[4.4.13] - 2024-01-04</h2> <h3>Documentation</h3> <ul> <li>Fix link to structopt migration guide</li> </ul> </blockquote> </details> <details> <summary>Commits</summary> <ul> <li><a href="https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/2ab48b295c2463ce8c141a9868095b811ccf3b99"><code>2ab48b2</code></a> chore: Release</li> <li><a href="https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/7a06a8cd619db704c6d826bf752eae3b86ce23a8"><code>7a06a8c</code></a> docs: Update changelog</li> <li><a href="https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/cca190efedf40f48147a3a4a777a9cc17728abdf"><code>cca190e</code></a> docs: Correct link to StructOpt migration guide</li> <li><a href="https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/5c31f453c1a9f46109db8e0a47ed212748c0556c"><code>5c31f45</code></a> Merge pull request <a href="https://redirect.github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/5281">#5281</a> from Manishearth/safety-docs</li> <li><a href="https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/ddae7e6f411c4c87294212152b8d9beea16637e7"><code>ddae7e6</code></a> Correct safety docs</li> <li><a href="https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/48d28aa689bfd0fb44ec025244b30ba261e2515a"><code>48d28aa</code></a> chore: Release</li> <li><a href="https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/748ce18cc2ccc3f7c07fa8b7c5b6f90ed9242b72"><code>748ce18</code></a> docs: Update changelog</li> <li><a href="https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/adbe6ec4cb6a617070c41927a389d0bea7b30936"><code>adbe6ec</code></a> Merge pull request <a href="https://redirect.github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/5278">#5278</a> from henry-hsieh/fix-nosort</li> <li><a href="https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/2b48858ba84c62e9af97bee4734d70530254cd8a"><code>2b48858</code></a> fix: Skip nosort option below bash 4.4</li> <li><a href="https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/777b744102cde324dc75534ef043efc15a9f40be"><code>777b744</code></a> Merge pull request <a href="https://redirect.github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/5277">#5277</a> from clap-rs/renovate/actions-setup-python-5.x</li> <li>Additional commits viewable in <a href="https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.4.12...v4.4.13">compare view</a></li> </ul> </details> <br /> Updates `syn` from 2.0.47 to 2.0.48 <details> <summary>Release notes</summary> <p><em>Sourced from <a href="https://github.com/dtolnay/syn/releases">syn's releases</a>.</em></p> <blockquote> <h2>2.0.48</h2> <ul> <li>Improve error message on unexpected token after <code>else</code> (<a href="https://redirect.github.com/dtolnay/syn/issues/1578">#1578</a>)</li> </ul> </blockquote> </details> <details> <summary>Commits</summary> <ul> <li><a href="https://github.com/dtolnay/syn/commit/5e16fc24e68b16a381cb7ef22455dba9db143083"><code>5e16fc2</code></a> Release 2.0.48</li> <li><a href="https://github.com/dtolnay/syn/commit/dc40084b15ab4a443179fc39cbadac6452408838"><code>dc40084</code></a> Merge pull request <a href="https://redirect.github.com/dtolnay/syn/issues/1578">#1578</a> from dtolnay/elseblock</li> <li><a href="https://github.com/dtolnay/syn/commit/82fcefce69d36e78301936c5af91f005d6a24357"><code>82fcefc</code></a> Fix error message on unexpected token after 'else'</li> <li><a href="https://github.com/dtolnay/syn/commit/e8a5c68ad45194e575a923f6b1e08f1817196331"><code>e8a5c68</code></a> Merge pull request <a href="https://redirect.github.com/dtolnay/syn/issues/1576">#1576</a> from dtolnay/exhaustive</li> <li><a href="https://github.com/dtolnay/syn/commit/97b1df6d935cb4801f4090782304577c8574d024"><code>97b1df6</code></a> Pick up changes to non_exhaustive_omitted_patterns lint</li> <li>See full diff in <a href="https://github.com/dtolnay/syn/compare/2.0.47...2.0.48">compare view</a></li> </ul> </details> <br /> Dependabot will resolve any conflicts with this PR as long as you don't alter it yourself. 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BABE (Blind Assignment for Blockchain Extension)
BABE is a slot-based block production mechanism which uses a VRF PRNG to randomly perform the slot allocation. On every slot, all the authorities generate a new random number with the VRF function and if it is lower than a given threshold (which is proportional to their weight/stake) they have a right to produce a block. The proof of the VRF function execution will be used by other peer to validate the legitimacy of the slot claim.
The engine is also responsible for collecting entropy on-chain which will be used to seed the given VRF PRNG. An epoch is a contiguous number of slots under which we will be using the same authority set. During an epoch all VRF outputs produced as a result of block production will be collected on an on-chain randomness pool. Epoch changes are announced one epoch in advance, i.e. when ending epoch N, we announce the parameters (randomness, authorities, etc.) for epoch N+2.
Since the slot assignment is randomized, it is possible that a slot is assigned to multiple validators in which case we will have a temporary fork, or that a slot is assigned to no validator in which case no block is produced. Which means that block times are not deterministic.
The protocol has a parameter c [0, 1] for which 1 - c is the probability
of a slot being empty. The choice of this parameter affects the security of
the protocol relating to maximum tolerable network delays.
In addition to the VRF-based slot assignment described above, which we will call primary slots, the engine also supports a deterministic secondary slot assignment. Primary slots take precedence over secondary slots, when authoring the node starts by trying to claim a primary slot and falls back to a secondary slot claim attempt. The secondary slot assignment is done by picking the authority at index:
blake2_256(epoch_randomness ++ slot_number) % authorities_len.
The secondary slots supports either a SecondaryPlain or SecondaryVRF
variant. Comparing with SecondaryPlain variant, the SecondaryVRF variant
generates an additional VRF output. The output is not included in beacon
randomness, but can be consumed by parachains.
The fork choice rule is weight-based, where weight equals the number of primary blocks in the chain. We will pick the heaviest chain (more primary blocks) and will go with the longest one in case of a tie.
An in-depth description and analysis of the protocol can be found here: https://research.web3.foundation/en/latest/polkadot/block-production/Babe.html
License: GPL-3.0-or-later WITH Classpath-exception-2.0