pezkuwi-subxt/substrate/frame/example/src/lib.rs

// Copyright 2017-2020 Parity Technologies (UK) Ltd.
// This file is part of Substrate.

// Substrate is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
// (at your option) any later version.

// Substrate is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
// GNU General Public License for more details.

// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
// along with Substrate.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

//! # Example Pallet
//!
//! <!-- Original author of paragraph: @gavofyork -->
//! The Example: A simple example of a FRAME pallet demonstrating
//! concepts, APIs and structures common to most FRAME runtimes.
//!
//! Run `cargo doc --package pallet-example --open` to view this pallet's documentation.
//!
//! ### Documentation Guidelines:
//!
//! <!-- Original author of paragraph: Various. Based on collation of review comments to PRs addressing issues with -->
//! <!-- label 'S3-FRAME' in https://github.com/paritytech/substrate-developer-hub/issues -->
//! <ul>
//!     <li>Documentation comments (i.e. <code>/// comment</code>) - should
//!         accompany pallet functions and be restricted to the pallet interface,
//!         not the internals of the pallet implementation. Only state inputs,
//!         outputs, and a brief description that mentions whether calling it
//!         requires root, but without repeating the source code details.
//!         Capitalize the first word of each documentation comment and end it with
//!         a full stop. See
//!         <a href="https://github.com/paritytech/substrate#72-contributing-to-documentation-for-substrate-packages"
//!         target="_blank"> Generic example of annotating source code with documentation comments</a></li>
//!     <li>Self-documenting code - Try to refactor code to be self-documenting.</li>
//!     <li>Code comments - Supplement complex code with a brief explanation, not every line of code.</li>
//!     <li>Identifiers - surround by backticks (i.e. <code>INHERENT_IDENTIFIER</code>, <code>InherentType</code>,
//!         <code>u64</code>)</li>
//!     <li>Usage scenarios - should be simple doctests. The compiler should ensure they stay valid.</li>
//!     <li>Extended tutorials - should be moved to external files and refer to.</li>
//!     <!-- Original author of paragraph: @AmarRSingh -->
//!     <li>Mandatory - include all of the sections/subsections where <b>MUST</b> is specified.</li>
//!     <li>Optional - optionally include sections/subsections where <b>CAN</b> is specified.</li>
//! </ul>
//!
//! ### Documentation Template:<br>
//!
//! Copy and paste this template from frame/example/src/lib.rs into file
//! `frame/<INSERT_CUSTOM_PALLET_NAME>/src/lib.rs` of your own custom pallet and complete it.
//! <details><p><pre>
//! // Add heading with custom pallet name
//!
//! \# <INSERT_CUSTOM_PALLET_NAME> Pallet
//!
//! // Add simple description
//!
//! // Include the following links that shows what trait needs to be implemented to use the pallet
//! // and the supported dispatchables that are documented in the Call enum.
//!
//! - \[`<INSERT_CUSTOM_PALLET_NAME>::Trait`](./trait.Trait.html)
//! - \[`Call`](./enum.Call.html)
//! - \[`Module`](./struct.Module.html)
//!
//! \## Overview
//!
//! <!-- Original author of paragraph: Various. See https://github.com/paritytech/substrate-developer-hub/issues/44 -->
//! // Short description of pallet's purpose.
//! // Links to Traits that should be implemented.
//! // What this pallet is for.
//! // What functionality the pallet provides.
//! // When to use the pallet (use case examples).
//! // How it is used.
//! // Inputs it uses and the source of each input.
//! // Outputs it produces.
//!
//! <!-- Original author of paragraph: @Kianenigma in PR https://github.com/paritytech/substrate/pull/1951 -->
//! <!-- and comment https://github.com/paritytech/substrate-developer-hub/issues/44#issuecomment-471982710 -->
//!
//! \## Terminology
//!
//! // Add terminology used in the custom pallet. Include concepts, storage items, or actions that you think
//! // deserve to be noted to give context to the rest of the documentation or pallet usage. The author needs to
//! // use some judgment about what is included. We don't want a list of every storage item nor types - the user
//! // can go to the code for that. For example, "transfer fee" is obvious and should not be included, but
//! // "free balance" and "reserved balance" should be noted to give context to the pallet.
//! // Please do not link to outside resources. The reference docs should be the ultimate source of truth.
//!
//! <!-- Original author of heading: @Kianenigma in PR https://github.com/paritytech/substrate/pull/1951 -->
//!
//! \## Goals
//!
//! // Add goals that the custom pallet is designed to achieve.
//!
//! <!-- Original author of heading: @Kianenigma in PR https://github.com/paritytech/substrate/pull/1951 -->
//!
//! \### Scenarios
//!
//! <!-- Original author of paragraph: @Kianenigma. Based on PR https://github.com/paritytech/substrate/pull/1951 -->
//!
//! \#### <INSERT_SCENARIO_NAME>
//!
//! // Describe requirements prior to interacting with the custom pallet.
//! // Describe the process of interacting with the custom pallet for this scenario and public API functions used.
//!
//! \## Interface
//!
//! \### Supported Origins
//!
//! // What origins are used and supported in this pallet (root, signed, none)
//! // i.e. root when <code>\`ensure_root\`</code> used
//! // i.e. none when <code>\`ensure_none\`</code> used
//! // i.e. signed when <code>\`ensure_signed\`</code> used
//!
//! <code>\`inherent\`</code> <INSERT_DESCRIPTION>
//!
//! <!-- Original author of paragraph: @Kianenigma in comment -->
//! <!-- https://github.com/paritytech/substrate-developer-hub/issues/44#issuecomment-471982710 -->
//!
//! \### Types
//!
//! // Type aliases. Include any associated types and where the user would typically define them.
//!
//! <code>\`ExampleType\`</code> <INSERT_DESCRIPTION>
//!
//! <!-- Original author of paragraph: ??? -->
//!
//! // Reference documentation of aspects such as `storageItems` and `dispatchable` functions should only be
//! // included in the https://docs.rs Rustdocs for Substrate and not repeated in the README file.
//!
//! \### Dispatchable Functions
//!
//! <!-- Original author of paragraph: @AmarRSingh & @joepetrowski -->
//!
//! // A brief description of dispatchable functions and a link to the rustdoc with their actual documentation.
//!
//! // <b>MUST</b> have link to Call enum
//! // <b>MUST</b> have origin information included in function doc
//! // <b>CAN</b> have more info up to the user
//!
//! \### Public Functions
//!
//! <!-- Original author of paragraph: @joepetrowski -->
//!
//! // A link to the rustdoc and any notes about usage in the pallet, not for specific functions.
//! // For example, in the Balances Pallet: "Note that when using the publicly exposed functions,
//! // you (the runtime developer) are responsible for implementing any necessary checks
//! // (e.g. that the sender is the signer) before calling a function that will affect storage."
//!
//! <!-- Original author of paragraph: @AmarRSingh -->
//!
//! // It is up to the writer of the respective pallet (with respect to how much information to provide).
//!
//! \#### Public Inspection functions - Immutable (getters)
//!
//! // Insert a subheading for each getter function signature
//!
//! \##### <code>\`example_getter_name()\`</code>
//!
//! // What it returns
//! // Why, when, and how often to call it
//! // When it could panic or error
//! // When safety issues to consider
//!
//! \#### Public Mutable functions (changing state)
//!
//! // Insert a subheading for each setter function signature
//!
//! \##### <code>\`example_setter_name(origin, parameter_name: T::ExampleType)\`</code>
//!
//! // What state it changes
//! // Why, when, and how often to call it
//! // When it could panic or error
//! // When safety issues to consider
//! // What parameter values are valid and why
//!
//! \### Storage Items
//!
//! // Explain any storage items included in this pallet
//!
//! \### Digest Items
//!
//! // Explain any digest items included in this pallet
//!
//! \### Inherent Data
//!
//! // Explain what inherent data (if any) is defined in the pallet and any other related types
//!
//! \### Events:
//!
//! // Insert events for this pallet if any
//!
//! \### Errors:
//!
//! // Explain what generates errors
//!
//! \## Usage
//!
//! // Insert 2-3 examples of usage and code snippets that show how to
//! // use <INSERT_CUSTOM_PALLET_NAME> Pallet in a custom pallet.
//!
//! \### Prerequisites
//!
//! // Show how to include necessary imports for <INSERT_CUSTOM_PALLET_NAME> and derive
//! // your pallet configuration trait with the `INSERT_CUSTOM_PALLET_NAME` trait.
//!
//! \```rust
//! use <INSERT_CUSTOM_PALLET_NAME>;
//!
//! pub trait Trait: <INSERT_CUSTOM_PALLET_NAME>::Trait { }
//! \```
//!
//! \### Simple Code Snippet
//!
//! // Show a simple example (e.g. how to query a public getter function of <INSERT_CUSTOM_PALLET_NAME>)
//!
//! \### Example from FRAME
//!
//! // Show a usage example in an actual runtime
//!
//! // See:
//! // - Substrate TCR https://github.com/parity-samples/substrate-tcr
//! // - Substrate Kitties https://shawntabrizi.github.io/substrate-collectables-workshop/#/
//!
//! \## Genesis Config
//!
//! <!-- Original author of paragraph: @joepetrowski -->
//!
//! \## Dependencies
//!
//! // Dependencies on other FRAME pallets and the genesis config should be mentioned,
//! // but not the Rust Standard Library.
//! // Genesis configuration modifications that may be made to incorporate this pallet
//! // Interaction with other pallets
//!
//! <!-- Original author of heading: @AmarRSingh -->
//!
//! \## Related Pallets
//!
//! // Interaction with other pallets in the form of a bullet point list
//!
//! \## References
//!
//! <!-- Original author of paragraph: @joepetrowski -->
//!
//! // Links to reference material, if applicable. For example, Phragmen, W3F research, etc.
//! // that the implementation is based on.
//! </pre></p></details>

// Ensure we're `no_std` when compiling for Wasm.
#![cfg_attr(not(feature = "std"), no_std)]

use sp_std::marker::PhantomData;
use frame_support::{
	dispatch::DispatchResult, decl_module, decl_storage, decl_event,
	weights::{DispatchClass, ClassifyDispatch, WeighData, Weight, PaysFee, MINIMUM_WEIGHT, Pays},
};
use sp_std::prelude::*;
use frame_system::{self as system, ensure_signed, ensure_root};
use codec::{Encode, Decode};
use sp_runtime::{
	traits::{
		SignedExtension, Bounded, SaturatedConversion, DispatchInfoOf,
	},
	transaction_validity::{
		ValidTransaction, TransactionValidityError, InvalidTransaction, TransactionValidity,
	},
};

// A custom weight calculator tailored for the dispatch call `set_dummy()`. This actually examines
// the arguments and makes a decision based upon them.
//
// The `WeightData<T>` trait has access to the arguments of the dispatch that it wants to assign a
// weight to. Nonetheless, the trait itself can not make any assumptions about what the generic type
// of the arguments (`T`) is. Based on our needs, we could replace `T` with a more concrete type
// while implementing the trait. The `decl_module!` expects whatever implements `WeighData<T>` to
// replace `T` with a tuple of the dispatch arguments. This is exactly how we will craft the
// implementation below.
//
// The rules of `WeightForSetDummy` are as follows:
// - The final weight of each dispatch is calculated as the argument of the call multiplied by the
//   parameter given to the `WeightForSetDummy`'s constructor.
// - assigns a dispatch class `operational` if the argument of the call is more than 1000.
struct WeightForSetDummy<T: pallet_balances::Trait>(BalanceOf<T>);

impl<T: pallet_balances::Trait> WeighData<(&BalanceOf<T>,)> for WeightForSetDummy<T>
{
	fn weigh_data(&self, target: (&BalanceOf<T>,)) -> Weight {
		let multiplier = self.0;
		(*target.0 * multiplier).saturated_into::<Weight>()
	}
}

impl<T: pallet_balances::Trait> ClassifyDispatch<(&BalanceOf<T>,)> for WeightForSetDummy<T> {
	fn classify_dispatch(&self, target: (&BalanceOf<T>,)) -> DispatchClass {
		if *target.0 > <BalanceOf<T>>::from(1000u32) {
			DispatchClass::Operational
		} else {
			DispatchClass::Normal
		}
	}
}

impl<T: pallet_balances::Trait> PaysFee<(&BalanceOf<T>,)> for WeightForSetDummy<T> {
	fn pays_fee(&self, _target: (&BalanceOf<T>,)) -> Pays {
		Pays::Yes
	}
}

/// A type alias for the balance type from this pallet's point of view.
type BalanceOf<T> = <T as pallet_balances::Trait>::Balance;

/// Our pallet's configuration trait. All our types and constants go in here. If the
/// pallet is dependent on specific other pallets, then their configuration traits
/// should be added to our implied traits list.
///
/// `frame_system::Trait` should always be included in our implied traits.
pub trait Trait: pallet_balances::Trait {
	/// The overarching event type.
	type Event: From<Event<Self>> + Into<<Self as frame_system::Trait>::Event>;
}

decl_storage! {
	// A macro for the Storage trait, and its implementation, for this pallet.
	// This allows for type-safe usage of the Substrate storage database, so you can
	// keep things around between blocks.
	//
	// It is important to update your storage name so that your pallet's
	// storage items are isolated from other pallets.
	// ---------------------------------vvvvvvv
	trait Store for Module<T: Trait> as Example {
		// Any storage declarations of the form:
		//   `pub? Name get(fn getter_name)? [config()|config(myname)] [build(|_| {...})] : <type> (= <new_default_value>)?;`
		// where `<type>` is either:
		//   - `Type` (a basic value item); or
		//   - `map hasher(HasherKind) KeyType => ValueType` (a map item).
		//
		// Note that there are two optional modifiers for the storage type declaration.
		// - `Foo: Option<u32>`:
		//   - `Foo::put(1); Foo::get()` returns `Some(1)`;
		//   - `Foo::kill(); Foo::get()` returns `None`.
		// - `Foo: u32`:
		//   - `Foo::put(1); Foo::get()` returns `1`;
		//   - `Foo::kill(); Foo::get()` returns `0` (u32::default()).
		// e.g. Foo: u32;
		// e.g. pub Bar get(fn bar): map hasher(blake2_128_concat) T::AccountId => Vec<(T::Balance, u64)>;
		//
		// For basic value items, you'll get a type which implements
		// `frame_support::StorageValue`. For map items, you'll get a type which
		// implements `frame_support::StorageMap`.
		//
		// If they have a getter (`get(getter_name)`), then your pallet will come
		// equipped with `fn getter_name() -> Type` for basic value items or
		// `fn getter_name(key: KeyType) -> ValueType` for map items.
		Dummy get(fn dummy) config(): Option<T::Balance>;

		// A map that has enumerable entries.
		Bar get(fn bar) config(): map hasher(blake2_128_concat) T::AccountId => T::Balance;

		// this one uses the default, we'll demonstrate the usage of 'mutate' API.
		Foo get(fn foo) config(): T::Balance;
	}
}

decl_event!(
	/// Events are a simple means of reporting specific conditions and
	/// circumstances that have happened that users, Dapps and/or chain explorers would find
	/// interesting and otherwise difficult to detect.
	pub enum Event<T> where B = <T as pallet_balances::Trait>::Balance {
		// Just a normal `enum`, here's a dummy event to ensure it compiles.
		/// Dummy event, just here so there's a generic type that's used.
		Dummy(B),
	}
);

// The module declaration. This states the entry points that we handle. The
// macro takes care of the marshalling of arguments and dispatch.
//
// Anyone can have these functions execute by signing and submitting
// an extrinsic. Ensure that calls into each of these execute in a time, memory and
// using storage space proportional to any costs paid for by the caller or otherwise the
// difficulty of forcing the call to happen.
//
// Generally you'll want to split these into three groups:
// - Public calls that are signed by an external account.
// - Root calls that are allowed to be made only by the governance system.
// - Unsigned calls that can be of two kinds:
//   * "Inherent extrinsics" that are opinions generally held by the block
//     authors that build child blocks.
//   * Unsigned Transactions that are of intrinsic recognizable utility to the
//     network, and are validated by the runtime.
//
// Information about where this dispatch initiated from is provided as the first argument
// "origin". As such functions must always look like:
//
// `fn foo(origin, bar: Bar, baz: Baz) -> Result;`
//
// The `Result` is required as part of the syntax (and expands to the conventional dispatch
// result of `Result<(), &'static str>`).
//
// When you come to `impl` them later in the pallet, you must specify the full type for `origin`:
//
// `fn foo(origin: T::Origin, bar: Bar, baz: Baz) { ... }`
//
// There are three entries in the `frame_system::Origin` enum that correspond
// to the above bullets: `::Signed(AccountId)`, `::Root` and `::None`. You should always match
// against them as the first thing you do in your function. There are three convenience calls
// in system that do the matching for you and return a convenient result: `ensure_signed`,
// `ensure_root` and `ensure_none`.
decl_module! {
	// Simple declaration of the `Module` type. Lets the macro know what its working on.
	pub struct Module<T: Trait> for enum Call where origin: T::Origin {
		/// Deposit one of this pallet's events by using the default implementation.
		/// It is also possible to provide a custom implementation.
		/// For non-generic events, the generic parameter just needs to be dropped, so that it
		/// looks like: `fn deposit_event() = default;`.
		fn deposit_event() = default;
		/// This is your public interface. Be extremely careful.
		/// This is just a simple example of how to interact with the pallet from the external
		/// world.
		// This just increases the value of `Dummy` by `increase_by`.
		//
		// Since this is a dispatched function there are two extremely important things to
		// remember:
		//
		// - MUST NOT PANIC: Under no circumstances (save, perhaps, storage getting into an
		// irreparably damaged state) must this function panic.
		// - NO SIDE-EFFECTS ON ERROR: This function must either complete totally (and return
		// `Ok(())` or it must have no side-effects on storage and return `Err('Some reason')`.
		//
		// The first is relatively easy to audit for - just ensure all panickers are removed from
		// logic that executes in production (which you do anyway, right?!). To ensure the second
		// is followed, you should do all tests for validity at the top of your function. This
		// is stuff like checking the sender (`origin`) or that state is such that the operation
		// makes sense.
		//
		// Once you've determined that it's all good, then enact the operation and change storage.
		// If you can't be certain that the operation will succeed without substantial computation
		// then you have a classic blockchain attack scenario. The normal way of managing this is
		// to attach a bond to the operation. As the first major alteration of storage, reserve
		// some value from the sender's account (`Balances` Pallet has a `reserve` function for
		// exactly this scenario). This amount should be enough to cover any costs of the
		// substantial execution in case it turns out that you can't proceed with the operation.
		//
		// If it eventually transpires that the operation is fine and, therefore, that the
		// expense of the checks should be borne by the network, then you can refund the reserved
		// deposit. If, however, the operation turns out to be invalid and the computation is
		// wasted, then you can burn it or repatriate elsewhere.
		//
		// Security bonds ensure that attackers can't game it by ensuring that anyone interacting
		// with the system either progresses it or pays for the trouble of faffing around with
		// no progress.
		//
		// If you don't respect these rules, it is likely that your chain will be attackable.
		//
		// Each transaction can define an optional `#[weight]` attribute to convey a set of static
		// information about its dispatch. FRAME System and FRAME Executive pallet then use this
		// information to properly execute the transaction, whilst keeping the total load of the
		// chain in a moderate rate.
		//
		// The _right-hand-side_ value of the `#[weight]` attribute can be any type that implements
		// a set of traits, namely [`WeighData`] and [`ClassifyDispatch`]. The former conveys the
		// weight (a numeric representation of pure execution time and difficulty) of the
		// transaction and the latter demonstrates the [`DispatchClass`] of the call. A higher
		// weight means a larger transaction (less of which can be placed in a single block).
		#[weight = MINIMUM_WEIGHT]
		fn accumulate_dummy(origin, increase_by: T::Balance) -> DispatchResult {
			// This is a public call, so we ensure that the origin is some signed account.
			let _sender = ensure_signed(origin)?;

			// Read the value of dummy from storage.
			// let dummy = Self::dummy();
			// Will also work using the `::get` on the storage item type itself:
			// let dummy = <Dummy<T>>::get();

			// Calculate the new value.
			// let new_dummy = dummy.map_or(increase_by, |dummy| dummy + increase_by);

			// Put the new value into storage.
			// <Dummy<T>>::put(new_dummy);
			// Will also work with a reference:
			// <Dummy<T>>::put(&new_dummy);

			// Here's the new one of read and then modify the value.
			<Dummy<T>>::mutate(|dummy| {
				let new_dummy = dummy.map_or(increase_by, |dummy| dummy + increase_by);
				*dummy = Some(new_dummy);
			});

			// Let's deposit an event to let the outside world know this happened.
			Self::deposit_event(RawEvent::Dummy(increase_by));

			// All good.
			Ok(())
		}

		/// A privileged call; in this case it resets our dummy value to something new.
		// Implementation of a privileged call. The `origin` parameter is ROOT because
		// it's not (directly) from an extrinsic, but rather the system as a whole has decided
		// to execute it. Different runtimes have different reasons for allow privileged
		// calls to be executed - we don't need to care why. Because it's privileged, we can
		// assume it's a one-off operation and substantial processing/storage/memory can be used
		// without worrying about gameability or attack scenarios.
		// If you do not specify `Result` explicitly as return value, it will be added automatically
		// for you and `Ok(())` will be returned.
		#[weight = WeightForSetDummy::<T>(<BalanceOf<T>>::from(100u32))]
		fn set_dummy(origin, #[compact] new_value: T::Balance) {
			ensure_root(origin)?;
			// Put the new value into storage.
			<Dummy<T>>::put(new_value);
		}

		// The signature could also look like: `fn on_initialize()`.
		// This function could also very well have a weight annotation, similar to any other. The
		// only difference is that it mut be returned, not annotated.
		fn on_initialize(_n: T::BlockNumber) -> Weight {
			// Anything that needs to be done at the start of the block.
			// We don't do anything here.

			MINIMUM_WEIGHT
		}

		// The signature could also look like: `fn on_finalize()`
		fn on_finalize(_n: T::BlockNumber) {
			// Anything that needs to be done at the end of the block.
			// We just kill our dummy storage item.
			<Dummy<T>>::kill();
		}

		// A runtime code run after every block and have access to extended set of APIs.
		//
		// For instance you can generate extrinsics for the upcoming produced block.
		fn offchain_worker(_n: T::BlockNumber) {
			// We don't do anything here.
			// but we could dispatch extrinsic (transaction/unsigned/inherent) using
			// sp_io::submit_extrinsic
		}
	}
}

// The main implementation block for the pallet. Functions here fall into three broad
// categories:
// - Public interface. These are functions that are `pub` and generally fall into inspector
// functions that do not write to storage and operation functions that do.
// - Private functions. These are your usual private utilities unavailable to other pallets.
impl<T: Trait> Module<T> {
	// Add public immutables and private mutables.
	#[allow(dead_code)]
	fn accumulate_foo(origin: T::Origin, increase_by: T::Balance) -> DispatchResult {
		let _sender = ensure_signed(origin)?;

		let prev = <Foo<T>>::get();
		// Because Foo has 'default', the type of 'foo' in closure is the raw type instead of an Option<> type.
		let result = <Foo<T>>::mutate(|foo| {
			*foo = *foo + increase_by;
			*foo
		});
		assert!(prev + increase_by == result);

		Ok(())
	}
}

// Similar to other FRAME pallets, your pallet can also define a signed extension and perform some
// checks and [pre/post]processing [before/after] the transaction. A signed extension can be any
// decodable type that implements `SignedExtension`. See the trait definition for the full list of
// bounds. As a convention, you can follow this approach to create an extension for your pallet:
//   - If the extension does not carry any data, then use a tuple struct with just a `marker`
//     (needed for the compiler to accept `T: Trait`) will suffice.
//   - Otherwise, create a tuple struct which contains the external data. Of course, for the entire
//     struct to be decodable, each individual item also needs to be decodable.
//
// Note that a signed extension can also indicate that a particular data must be present in the
// _signing payload_ of a transaction by providing an implementation for the `additional_signed`
// method. This example will not cover this type of extension. See `CheckRuntime` in FRAME System
// for an example.
//
// Using the extension, you can add some hooks to the life cycle of each transaction. Note that by
// default, an extension is applied to all `Call` functions (i.e. all transactions). the `Call` enum
// variant is given to each function of `SignedExtension`. Hence, you can filter based on pallet or
// a particular call if needed.
//
// Some extra information, such as encoded length, some static dispatch info like weight and the
// sender of the transaction (if signed) are also provided.
//
// The full list of hooks that can be added to a signed extension can be found
// [here](https://crates.parity.io/sp_runtime/traits/trait.SignedExtension.html).
//
// The signed extensions are aggregated in the runtime file of a substrate chain. All extensions
// should be aggregated in a tuple and passed to the `CheckedExtrinsic` and `UncheckedExtrinsic`
// types defined in the runtime. Lookup `pub type SignedExtra = (...)` in `node/runtime` and
// `node-template` for an example of this.

/// A simple signed extension that checks for the `set_dummy` call. In that case, it increases the
/// priority and prints some log.
///
/// Additionally, it drops any transaction with an encoded length higher than 200 bytes. No
/// particular reason why, just to demonstrate the power of signed extensions.
#[derive(Encode, Decode, Clone, Eq, PartialEq)]
pub struct WatchDummy<T: Trait + Send + Sync>(PhantomData<T>);

impl<T: Trait + Send + Sync> sp_std::fmt::Debug for WatchDummy<T> {
	fn fmt(&self, f: &mut sp_std::fmt::Formatter) -> sp_std::fmt::Result {
		write!(f, "WatchDummy")
	}
}

impl<T: Trait + Send + Sync> SignedExtension for WatchDummy<T> {
	const IDENTIFIER: &'static str = "WatchDummy";
	type AccountId = T::AccountId;
	// Note that this could also be assigned to the top-level call enum. It is passed into the
	// Balances Pallet directly and since `Trait: pallet_balances::Trait`, you could also use `T::Call`.
	// In that case, you would have had access to all call variants and could match on variants from
	// other pallets.
	type Call = Call<T>;
	type AdditionalSigned = ();
	type Pre = ();

	fn additional_signed(&self) -> sp_std::result::Result<(), TransactionValidityError> { Ok(()) }

	fn validate(
		&self,
		_who: &Self::AccountId,
		call: &Self::Call,
		_info: &DispatchInfoOf<Self::Call>,
		len: usize,
	) -> TransactionValidity {
		// if the transaction is too big, just drop it.
		if len > 200 {
			return InvalidTransaction::ExhaustsResources.into()
		}

		// check for `set_dummy`
		match call {
			Call::set_dummy(..) => {
				sp_runtime::print("set_dummy was received.");

				let mut valid_tx = ValidTransaction::default();
				valid_tx.priority = Bounded::max_value();
				Ok(valid_tx)
			}
			_ => Ok(Default::default()),
		}
	}
}

#[cfg(feature = "runtime-benchmarks")]
mod benchmarking {
	use super::*;
	use frame_benchmarking::{benchmarks, account};
	use frame_system::RawOrigin;

	benchmarks!{
		_ {
			// Define a common range for `b`.
			let b in 1 .. 1000 => ();
		}

		// This will measure the execution time of `accumulate_dummy` for b in [1..1000] range.
		accumulate_dummy {
			let b in ...;
			let caller = account("caller", 0, 0);
		}: _ (RawOrigin::Signed(caller), b.into())

		// This will measure the execution time of `set_dummy` for b in [1..1000] range.
		set_dummy {
			let b in ...;
		}: set_dummy (RawOrigin::Root, b.into())

		// This will measure the execution time of `set_dummy` for b in [1..10] range.
		another_set_dummy {
			let b in 1 .. 10;
		}: set_dummy (RawOrigin::Root, b.into())

		// This will measure the execution time of sorting a vector.
		sort_vector {
			let x in 0 .. 10000;
			let mut m = Vec::<u32>::new();
			for i in (0..x).rev() {
				m.push(i);
			}
		}: {
			m.sort();
		}
	}

	#[cfg(test)]
	mod tests {
		use super::*;
		use crate::tests::{new_test_ext, Test};
		use frame_support::assert_ok;

		#[test]
		fn test_benchmarks() {
			new_test_ext().execute_with(|| {
				assert_ok!(test_benchmark_accumulate_dummy::<Test>());
				assert_ok!(test_benchmark_set_dummy::<Test>());
				assert_ok!(test_benchmark_another_set_dummy::<Test>());
				assert_ok!(test_benchmark_sort_vector::<Test>());
			});
		}
	}
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
	use super::*;

	use frame_support::{
		assert_ok, impl_outer_origin, parameter_types, weights::{DispatchInfo, GetDispatchInfo},
		traits::{OnInitialize, OnFinalize}
	};
	use sp_core::H256;
	// The testing primitives are very useful for avoiding having to work with signatures
	// or public keys. `u64` is used as the `AccountId` and no `Signature`s are required.
	use sp_runtime::{
		Perbill,
		testing::Header,
		traits::{BlakeTwo256, IdentityLookup},
	};

	impl_outer_origin! {
		pub enum Origin for Test  where system = frame_system {}
	}

	// For testing the pallet, we construct most of a mock runtime. This means
	// first constructing a configuration type (`Test`) which `impl`s each of the
	// configuration traits of pallets we want to use.
	#[derive(Clone, Eq, PartialEq)]
	pub struct Test;
	parameter_types! {
		pub const BlockHashCount: u64 = 250;
		pub const MaximumBlockWeight: Weight = 1024;
		pub const MaximumBlockLength: u32 = 2 * 1024;
		pub const AvailableBlockRatio: Perbill = Perbill::one();
	}
	impl frame_system::Trait for Test {
		type Origin = Origin;
		type Index = u64;
		type BlockNumber = u64;
		type Hash = H256;
		type Call = ();
		type Hashing = BlakeTwo256;
		type AccountId = u64;
		type Lookup = IdentityLookup<Self::AccountId>;
		type Header = Header;
		type Event = ();
		type BlockHashCount = BlockHashCount;
		type MaximumBlockWeight = MaximumBlockWeight;
		type DbWeight = ();
		type MaximumBlockLength = MaximumBlockLength;
		type AvailableBlockRatio = AvailableBlockRatio;
		type Version = ();
		type ModuleToIndex = ();
		type AccountData = pallet_balances::AccountData<u64>;
		type OnNewAccount = ();
		type OnKilledAccount = ();
	}
	parameter_types! {
		pub const ExistentialDeposit: u64 = 1;
	}
	impl pallet_balances::Trait for Test {
		type Balance = u64;
		type DustRemoval = ();
		type Event = ();
		type ExistentialDeposit = ExistentialDeposit;
		type AccountStore = System;
	}
	impl Trait for Test {
		type Event = ();
	}
	type System = frame_system::Module<Test>;
	type Example = Module<Test>;

	// This function basically just builds a genesis storage key/value store according to
	// our desired mockup.
	pub fn new_test_ext() -> sp_io::TestExternalities {
		let mut t = frame_system::GenesisConfig::default().build_storage::<Test>().unwrap();
		// We use default for brevity, but you can configure as desired if needed.
		pallet_balances::GenesisConfig::<Test>::default().assimilate_storage(&mut t).unwrap();
		GenesisConfig::<Test>{
			dummy: 42,
			// we configure the map with (key, value) pairs.
			bar: vec![(1, 2), (2, 3)],
			foo: 24,
		}.assimilate_storage(&mut t).unwrap();
		t.into()
	}

	#[test]
	fn it_works_for_optional_value() {
		new_test_ext().execute_with(|| {
			// Check that GenesisBuilder works properly.
			assert_eq!(Example::dummy(), Some(42));

			// Check that accumulate works when we have Some value in Dummy already.
			assert_ok!(Example::accumulate_dummy(Origin::signed(1), 27));
			assert_eq!(Example::dummy(), Some(69));

			// Check that finalizing the block removes Dummy from storage.
			<Example as OnFinalize<u64>>::on_finalize(1);
			assert_eq!(Example::dummy(), None);

			// Check that accumulate works when we Dummy has None in it.
			<Example as OnInitialize<u64>>::on_initialize(2);
			assert_ok!(Example::accumulate_dummy(Origin::signed(1), 42));
			assert_eq!(Example::dummy(), Some(42));
		});
	}

	#[test]
	fn it_works_for_default_value() {
		new_test_ext().execute_with(|| {
			assert_eq!(Example::foo(), 24);
			assert_ok!(Example::accumulate_foo(Origin::signed(1), 1));
			assert_eq!(Example::foo(), 25);
		});
	}

	#[test]
	fn signed_ext_watch_dummy_works() {
		new_test_ext().execute_with(|| {
			let call = <Call<Test>>::set_dummy(10);
			let info = DispatchInfo::default();

			assert_eq!(
				WatchDummy::<Test>(PhantomData).validate(&1, &call, &info, 150)
					.unwrap()
					.priority,
				Bounded::max_value(),
			);
			assert_eq!(
				WatchDummy::<Test>(PhantomData).validate(&1, &call, &info, 250),
				InvalidTransaction::ExhaustsResources.into(),
			);
		})
	}

	#[test]
	fn weights_work() {
		// must have a defined weight.
		let default_call = <Call<Test>>::accumulate_dummy(10);
		let info = default_call.get_dispatch_info();
		// aka. `let info = <Call<Test> as GetDispatchInfo>::get_dispatch_info(&default_call);`
		assert_eq!(info.weight, 10_000_000);

		// must have a custom weight of `100 * arg = 2000`
		let custom_call = <Call<Test>>::set_dummy(20);
		let info = custom_call.get_dispatch_info();
		assert_eq!(info.weight, 2000);
	}
}