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Bumps the known_good_semver group with 6 updates: | Package | From | To | | --- | --- | --- | | [serde](https://github.com/serde-rs/serde) | `1.0.195` | `1.0.196` | | [serde_json](https://github.com/serde-rs/json) | `1.0.111` | `1.0.113` | | [clap](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap) | `4.4.18` | `4.5.0` | | [syn](https://github.com/dtolnay/syn) | `2.0.48` | `2.0.49` | | [serde_yaml](https://github.com/dtolnay/serde-yaml) | `0.9.30` | `0.9.31` | | [serde_derive](https://github.com/serde-rs/serde) | `1.0.195` | `1.0.196` | Updates `serde` from 1.0.195 to 1.0.196 <details> <summary>Release notes</summary> <p><em>Sourced from <a href="https://github.com/serde-rs/serde/releases">serde's releases</a>.</em></p> <blockquote> <h2>v1.0.196</h2> <ul> <li>Improve formatting of "invalid type" error messages involving floats (<a href="https://redirect.github.com/serde-rs/serde/issues/2682">#2682</a>)</li> </ul> </blockquote> </details> <details> <summary>Commits</summary> <ul> <li><a href="https://github.com/serde-rs/serde/commit/ede9762a583c3cc3b87c10a53551828fad339525"><code>ede9762</code></a> Release 1.0.196</li> <li><a href="https://github.com/serde-rs/serde/commit/d438c2d67bf30e3edab31c2272c4829c12cf4cb5"><code>d438c2d</code></a> Merge pull request <a href="https://redirect.github.com/serde-rs/serde/issues/2682">#2682</a> from dtolnay/decimalpoint</li> <li><a href="https://github.com/serde-rs/serde/commit/bef110b92a171ac568a47339f5bd97938a8c9da2"><code>bef110b</code></a> Format Unexpected::Float with decimal point</li> <li><a href="https://github.com/serde-rs/serde/commit/b971ef11d1b53da7673e0c8199e87509c003c1a8"><code>b971ef1</code></a> Merge pull request <a href="https://redirect.github.com/serde-rs/serde/issues/2681">#2681</a> from dtolnay/workspacedeps</li> <li><a href="https://github.com/serde-rs/serde/commit/29d9f693996d199748136d5561a971ed68626724"><code>29d9f69</code></a> Fix workspace.dependencies default-features future compat warning</li> <li><a href="https://github.com/serde-rs/serde/commit/aecb4083bde754155752f5d7d442b64eb7dc636f"><code>aecb408</code></a> Sort workspace dependencies</li> <li><a href="https://github.com/serde-rs/serde/commit/1c675ab3a38e46df4e62465800970f8b20a2055d"><code>1c675ab</code></a> Merge pull request <a href="https://redirect.github.com/serde-rs/serde/issues/2678">#2678</a> from rodoufu/workspaceDependencies</li> <li><a href="https://github.com/serde-rs/serde/commit/dd619630a337139424725697ccd9a9f7596a2d3a"><code>dd61963</code></a> Adding workspace dependencies</li> <li><a href="https://github.com/serde-rs/serde/commit/111803ab0768d010c606f2fc0d0add12750d5eef"><code>111803a</code></a> Merge pull request <a href="https://redirect.github.com/serde-rs/serde/issues/2673">#2673</a> from Sky9x/msrv-badge</li> <li><a href="https://github.com/serde-rs/serde/commit/0024f74f34fbbdc44a7b22457faebe36c5cbe7f8"><code>0024f74</code></a> Use shields.io's MSRV badges</li> <li>See full diff in <a href="https://github.com/serde-rs/serde/compare/v1.0.195...v1.0.196">compare view</a></li> </ul> </details> <br /> Updates `serde_json` from 1.0.111 to 1.0.113 <details> <summary>Release notes</summary> <p><em>Sourced from <a href="https://github.com/serde-rs/json/releases">serde_json's releases</a>.</em></p> <blockquote> <h2>v1.0.113</h2> <ul> <li>Add <code>swap_remove</code> and <code>shift_remove</code> methods on Map (<a href="https://redirect.github.com/serde-rs/json/issues/1109">#1109</a>)</li> </ul> <h2>v1.0.112</h2> <ul> <li>Improve formatting of "invalid type" error messages involving floats (<a href="https://redirect.github.com/serde-rs/json/issues/1107">#1107</a>)</li> </ul> </blockquote> </details> <details> <summary>Commits</summary> <ul> <li><a href="https://github.com/serde-rs/json/commit/09d865b34b9701be52764dc9bf571b1a16e9d3dc"><code>09d865b</code></a> Release 1.0.113</li> <li><a href="https://github.com/serde-rs/json/commit/5aeab4eaf69d7959f013f8081865c264d6c00551"><code>5aeab4e</code></a> Merge pull request <a href="https://redirect.github.com/serde-rs/json/issues/1109">#1109</a> from serde-rs/remove</li> <li><a href="https://github.com/serde-rs/json/commit/ca3c2ca3696cab79b8b279be7569ee1647250f1e"><code>ca3c2ca</code></a> Add swap_remove and shift_remove methods on Map</li> <li><a href="https://github.com/serde-rs/json/commit/7fece969e3b480ec620419d65c2aeb08776bebcb"><code>7fece96</code></a> Release 1.0.112</li> <li><a href="https://github.com/serde-rs/json/commit/6a6d2bbd9e8b8bd72573b863f12a4ec991f33232"><code>6a6d2bb</code></a> Merge pull request <a href="https://redirect.github.com/serde-rs/json/issues/1107">#1107</a> from serde-rs/unexpectedfloat</li> <li><a href="https://github.com/serde-rs/json/commit/83d7bad54ba5db3a44198d6df0ff2e81621683fa"><code>83d7bad</code></a> Format f64 in error messages using ryu</li> <li><a href="https://github.com/serde-rs/json/commit/107c2d1c42817f0d71f07a4d5b0ea2f29dbce8b8"><code>107c2d1</code></a> Merge pull request <a href="https://redirect.github.com/serde-rs/json/issues/1106">#1106</a> from serde-rs/invalidvalue</li> <li><a href="https://github.com/serde-rs/json/commit/62ca3e4c01c2e62cd5c2a32e9104f386e5ce7808"><code>62ca3e4</code></a> Handle Unexpected::Unit in Error::invalid_value</li> <li><a href="https://github.com/serde-rs/json/commit/296fafb8f32e8442ef8e4d5725c15ffca726b288"><code>296fafb</code></a> Factor out JSON-specific Display impl for serde::de::Unexpected</li> <li><a href="https://github.com/serde-rs/json/commit/e56cc696bd7c112e5dd4ccfa23d094c3a1c1c1ff"><code>e56cc69</code></a> Merge pull request <a href="https://redirect.github.com/serde-rs/json/issues/1105">#1105</a> from keienWang/master</li> <li>Additional commits viewable in <a href="https://github.com/serde-rs/json/compare/v1.0.111...v1.0.113">compare view</a></li> </ul> </details> <br /> Updates `clap` from 4.4.18 to 4.5.0 <details> <summary>Changelog</summary> <p><em>Sourced from <a href="https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/master/CHANGELOG.md">clap's changelog</a>.</em></p> <blockquote> <h2>[4.5.0] - 2024-02-08</h2> <h3>Compatibility</h3> <ul> <li>Update MSRV to 1.74</li> </ul> </blockquote> </details> <details> <summary>Commits</summary> <ul> <li><a href="https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/a751c5fe65cd33cb09e85ff3039b4fd0182cdb6e"><code>a751c5f</code></a> chore: Release</li> <li><a href="https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/9ec6c942b81c370a8c14652e42295933244555ac"><code>9ec6c94</code></a> chore: Release</li> <li><a href="https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/0735119775c2d27fef6b3c232cb9ef2fcbbd963f"><code>0735119</code></a> docs: Update changelog</li> <li><a href="https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/c4d3959506f5068f86ffb7ab34b622bd2da40dd8"><code>c4d3959</code></a> Merge pull request <a href="https://redirect.github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/5344">#5344</a> from epage/encode</li> <li><a href="https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/f750e577789e1dd34c6950d8c8fe16d1bfd1f49c"><code>f750e57</code></a> fix(lex): Use new-ish OsStr API</li> <li><a href="https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/1d9a554cdfddffcb92d197706b9720e2760cb443"><code>1d9a554</code></a> Merge pull request <a href="https://redirect.github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/5343">#5343</a> from epage/msrv</li> <li><a href="https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/4b45d361b1b96eb1f37b7d1db2684203ca828a94"><code>4b45d36</code></a> chore: Update MSRV to 1.74</li> <li><a href="https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/55b1f945157d4d0e480dea6c492e04d0b541088a"><code>55b1f94</code></a> Merge pull request <a href="https://redirect.github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/5342">#5342</a> from epage/divan</li> <li><a href="https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/ea77b98da3f321069ae136a241a2d266c2b28bd7"><code>ea77b98</code></a> test(complete): Make it order independent</li> <li><a href="https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/b0fea2bac60819bdb042e10c032817fded67f815"><code>b0fea2b</code></a> test(bench): Switch to divan</li> <li>Additional commits viewable in <a href="https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/v4.4.18...clap_complete-v4.5.0">compare view</a></li> </ul> </details> <br /> Updates `syn` from 2.0.48 to 2.0.49 <details> <summary>Release notes</summary> <p><em>Sourced from <a href="https://github.com/dtolnay/syn/releases">syn's releases</a>.</em></p> <blockquote> <h2>2.0.49</h2> <ul> <li>Improve error location when parsing from an empty string literal using <code>LitStr::parse</code> (<a href="https://redirect.github.com/dtolnay/syn/issues/1590">#1590</a>)</li> </ul> </blockquote> </details> <details> <summary>Commits</summary> <ul> <li><a href="https://github.com/dtolnay/syn/commit/e64c0636042bcd8cf56f9e6c3e828a49cb434649"><code>e64c063</code></a> Release 2.0.49</li> <li><a href="https://github.com/dtolnay/syn/commit/981359c5f46f25f3db42d1b341cc607f634688e7"><code>981359c</code></a> Merge pull request <a href="https://redirect.github.com/dtolnay/syn/issues/1590">#1590</a> from dtolnay/streof</li> <li><a href="https://github.com/dtolnay/syn/commit/51298d40a447b9e5b3cd8c898c2ea9d24b31cd6d"><code>51298d4</code></a> Improve error location at eof in LitStr::parse</li> <li><a href="https://github.com/dtolnay/syn/commit/270c63384a9d891f65880a03a5a92f0bf4605bbf"><code>270c633</code></a> Update test suite to nightly-2024-02-13</li> <li><a href="https://github.com/dtolnay/syn/commit/dc9cf16b9b0601d2d393d059c46a8f8e0220cc21"><code>dc9cf16</code></a> Remove FilterAttrs trait when unused</li> <li><a href="https://github.com/dtolnay/syn/commit/7dcfac79eda716fa806d68cc0aa811f3be717dc0"><code>7dcfac7</code></a> Ignore dead_code warning in test</li> <li><a href="https://github.com/dtolnay/syn/commit/98318441089f9a9bb596fc010ed14c3b593d4bda"><code>9831844</code></a> Update signature of Emitter::emit_diagnostic in nightly-2024-02-07</li> <li><a href="https://github.com/dtolnay/syn/commit/9e8033f63da93dfb6a3e698449c6edff5e56727d"><code>9e8033f</code></a> Update test suite to nightly-2024-02-07</li> <li><a href="https://github.com/dtolnay/syn/commit/cb3348cd94be50995054796facdfa055b6e0e9e8"><code>cb3348c</code></a> Update test suite to nightly-2024-01-23</li> <li><a href="https://github.com/dtolnay/syn/commit/15b9dbcd67bc56f3da7d33bbede46f7380fc7164"><code>15b9dbc</code></a> Update test suite to nightly-2024-01-19</li> <li>Additional commits viewable in <a href="https://github.com/dtolnay/syn/compare/2.0.48...2.0.49">compare view</a></li> </ul> </details> <br /> Updates `serde_yaml` from 0.9.30 to 0.9.31 <details> <summary>Release notes</summary> <p><em>Sourced from <a href="https://github.com/dtolnay/serde-yaml/releases">serde_yaml's releases</a>.</em></p> <blockquote> <h2>0.9.31</h2> <ul> <li>Add <code>swap_remove</code> and <code>shift_remove</code> methods on Mapping (<a href="https://redirect.github.com/dtolnay/serde-yaml/issues/408">#408</a>)</li> </ul> </blockquote> </details> <details> <summary>Commits</summary> <ul> <li><a href="https://github.com/dtolnay/serde-yaml/commit/2a77483b23897115bdd69af32ae34d593268d555"><code>2a77483</code></a> Release 0.9.31</li> <li><a href="https://github.com/dtolnay/serde-yaml/commit/d8d1a839cf42ef4627c66bebd743f5fecd24e3ed"><code>d8d1a83</code></a> Merge pull request <a href="https://redirect.github.com/dtolnay/serde-yaml/issues/408">#408</a> from dtolnay/remove</li> <li><a href="https://github.com/dtolnay/serde-yaml/commit/f8a99a496836ccfa6c547af9136986d13011be98"><code>f8a99a4</code></a> Add swap_remove and shift_remove methods on Mapping</li> <li><a href="https://github.com/dtolnay/serde-yaml/commit/8b26413e3307e39329dc68a96b065058aec38f9a"><code>8b26413</code></a> Work around dead_code warning in tests</li> <li>See full diff in <a href="https://github.com/dtolnay/serde-yaml/compare/0.9.30...0.9.31">compare view</a></li> </ul> </details> <br /> Updates `serde_derive` from 1.0.195 to 1.0.196 <details> <summary>Release notes</summary> <p><em>Sourced from <a href="https://github.com/serde-rs/serde/releases">serde_derive's releases</a>.</em></p> <blockquote> <h2>v1.0.196</h2> <ul> <li>Improve formatting of "invalid type" error messages involving floats (<a href="https://redirect.github.com/serde-rs/serde/issues/2682">#2682</a>)</li> </ul> </blockquote> </details> <details> <summary>Commits</summary> <ul> <li><a href="https://github.com/serde-rs/serde/commit/ede9762a583c3cc3b87c10a53551828fad339525"><code>ede9762</code></a> Release 1.0.196</li> <li><a href="https://github.com/serde-rs/serde/commit/d438c2d67bf30e3edab31c2272c4829c12cf4cb5"><code>d438c2d</code></a> Merge pull request <a href="https://redirect.github.com/serde-rs/serde/issues/2682">#2682</a> from dtolnay/decimalpoint</li> <li><a href="https://github.com/serde-rs/serde/commit/bef110b92a171ac568a47339f5bd97938a8c9da2"><code>bef110b</code></a> Format Unexpected::Float with decimal point</li> <li><a href="https://github.com/serde-rs/serde/commit/b971ef11d1b53da7673e0c8199e87509c003c1a8"><code>b971ef1</code></a> Merge pull request <a href="https://redirect.github.com/serde-rs/serde/issues/2681">#2681</a> from dtolnay/workspacedeps</li> <li><a href="https://github.com/serde-rs/serde/commit/29d9f693996d199748136d5561a971ed68626724"><code>29d9f69</code></a> Fix workspace.dependencies default-features future compat warning</li> <li><a href="https://github.com/serde-rs/serde/commit/aecb4083bde754155752f5d7d442b64eb7dc636f"><code>aecb408</code></a> Sort workspace dependencies</li> <li><a href="https://github.com/serde-rs/serde/commit/1c675ab3a38e46df4e62465800970f8b20a2055d"><code>1c675ab</code></a> Merge pull request <a href="https://redirect.github.com/serde-rs/serde/issues/2678">#2678</a> from rodoufu/workspaceDependencies</li> <li><a href="https://github.com/serde-rs/serde/commit/dd619630a337139424725697ccd9a9f7596a2d3a"><code>dd61963</code></a> Adding workspace dependencies</li> <li><a href="https://github.com/serde-rs/serde/commit/111803ab0768d010c606f2fc0d0add12750d5eef"><code>111803a</code></a> Merge pull request <a href="https://redirect.github.com/serde-rs/serde/issues/2673">#2673</a> from Sky9x/msrv-badge</li> <li><a href="https://github.com/serde-rs/serde/commit/0024f74f34fbbdc44a7b22457faebe36c5cbe7f8"><code>0024f74</code></a> Use shields.io's MSRV badges</li> <li>See full diff in <a href="https://github.com/serde-rs/serde/compare/v1.0.195...v1.0.196">compare view</a></li> </ul> </details> <br /> Dependabot will resolve any conflicts with this PR as long as you don't alter it yourself. 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BABE (Blind Assignment for Blockchain Extension)
BABE is a slot-based block production mechanism which uses a VRF PRNG to randomly perform the slot allocation. On every slot, all the authorities generate a new random number with the VRF function and if it is lower than a given threshold (which is proportional to their weight/stake) they have a right to produce a block. The proof of the VRF function execution will be used by other peer to validate the legitimacy of the slot claim.
The engine is also responsible for collecting entropy on-chain which will be used to seed the given VRF PRNG. An epoch is a contiguous number of slots under which we will be using the same authority set. During an epoch all VRF outputs produced as a result of block production will be collected on an on-chain randomness pool. Epoch changes are announced one epoch in advance, i.e. when ending epoch N, we announce the parameters (randomness, authorities, etc.) for epoch N+2.
Since the slot assignment is randomized, it is possible that a slot is assigned to multiple validators in which case we will have a temporary fork, or that a slot is assigned to no validator in which case no block is produced. Which means that block times are not deterministic.
The protocol has a parameter c [0, 1] for which 1 - c is the probability
of a slot being empty. The choice of this parameter affects the security of
the protocol relating to maximum tolerable network delays.
In addition to the VRF-based slot assignment described above, which we will call primary slots, the engine also supports a deterministic secondary slot assignment. Primary slots take precedence over secondary slots, when authoring the node starts by trying to claim a primary slot and falls back to a secondary slot claim attempt. The secondary slot assignment is done by picking the authority at index:
blake2_256(epoch_randomness ++ slot_number) % authorities_len.
The secondary slots supports either a SecondaryPlain or SecondaryVRF
variant. Comparing with SecondaryPlain variant, the SecondaryVRF variant
generates an additional VRF output. The output is not included in beacon
randomness, but can be consumed by parachains.
The fork choice rule is weight-based, where weight equals the number of primary blocks in the chain. We will pick the heaviest chain (more primary blocks) and will go with the longest one in case of a tie.
An in-depth description and analysis of the protocol can be found here: https://research.web3.foundation/en/latest/polkadot/block-production/Babe.html
License: GPL-3.0-or-later WITH Classpath-exception-2.0