pezkuwi-subxt/substrate/primitives/trie/src/lib.rs

// This file is part of Substrate.

// Copyright (C) 2015-2022 Parity Technologies (UK) Ltd.
// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0

// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
// 	http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.

//! Utility functions to interact with Substrate's Base-16 Modified Merkle Patricia tree ("trie").

#![cfg_attr(not(feature = "std"), no_std)]

mod error;
mod node_codec;
mod node_header;
mod storage_proof;
mod trie_codec;
mod trie_stream;

/// Our `NodeCodec`-specific error.
pub use error::Error;
/// Various re-exports from the `hash-db` crate.
pub use hash_db::{HashDB as HashDBT, EMPTY_PREFIX};
use hash_db::{Hasher, Prefix};
pub use memory_db::prefixed_key;
/// Various re-exports from the `memory-db` crate.
pub use memory_db::KeyFunction;
/// The Substrate format implementation of `NodeCodec`.
pub use node_codec::NodeCodec;
use sp_std::{borrow::Borrow, boxed::Box, marker::PhantomData, vec::Vec};
pub use storage_proof::{CompactProof, StorageProof};
/// Trie codec reexport, mainly child trie support
/// for trie compact proof.
pub use trie_codec::{decode_compact, encode_compact, Error as CompactProofError};
pub use trie_db::proof::VerifyError;
use trie_db::proof::{generate_proof, verify_proof};
/// Various re-exports from the `trie-db` crate.
pub use trie_db::{
	nibble_ops,
	node::{NodePlan, ValuePlan},
	CError, DBValue, Query, Recorder, Trie, TrieConfiguration, TrieDBIterator, TrieDBKeyIterator,
	TrieLayout, TrieMut,
};
/// The Substrate format implementation of `TrieStream`.
pub use trie_stream::TrieStream;

/// substrate trie layout
pub struct LayoutV0<H>(sp_std::marker::PhantomData<H>);

/// substrate trie layout, with external value nodes.
pub struct LayoutV1<H>(sp_std::marker::PhantomData<H>);

impl<H> TrieLayout for LayoutV0<H>
where
	H: Hasher,
{
	const USE_EXTENSION: bool = false;
	const ALLOW_EMPTY: bool = true;
	const MAX_INLINE_VALUE: Option<u32> = None;

	type Hash = H;
	type Codec = NodeCodec<Self::Hash>;
}

impl<H> TrieConfiguration for LayoutV0<H>
where
	H: Hasher,
{
	fn trie_root<I, A, B>(input: I) -> <Self::Hash as Hasher>::Out
	where
		I: IntoIterator<Item = (A, B)>,
		A: AsRef<[u8]> + Ord,
		B: AsRef<[u8]>,
	{
		trie_root::trie_root_no_extension::<H, TrieStream, _, _, _>(input, Self::MAX_INLINE_VALUE)
	}

	fn trie_root_unhashed<I, A, B>(input: I) -> Vec<u8>
	where
		I: IntoIterator<Item = (A, B)>,
		A: AsRef<[u8]> + Ord,
		B: AsRef<[u8]>,
	{
		trie_root::unhashed_trie_no_extension::<H, TrieStream, _, _, _>(
			input,
			Self::MAX_INLINE_VALUE,
		)
	}

	fn encode_index(input: u32) -> Vec<u8> {
		codec::Encode::encode(&codec::Compact(input))
	}
}

impl<H> TrieLayout for LayoutV1<H>
where
	H: Hasher,
{
	const USE_EXTENSION: bool = false;
	const ALLOW_EMPTY: bool = true;
	const MAX_INLINE_VALUE: Option<u32> = Some(sp_core::storage::TRIE_VALUE_NODE_THRESHOLD);

	type Hash = H;
	type Codec = NodeCodec<Self::Hash>;
}

impl<H> TrieConfiguration for LayoutV1<H>
where
	H: Hasher,
{
	fn trie_root<I, A, B>(input: I) -> <Self::Hash as Hasher>::Out
	where
		I: IntoIterator<Item = (A, B)>,
		A: AsRef<[u8]> + Ord,
		B: AsRef<[u8]>,
	{
		trie_root::trie_root_no_extension::<H, TrieStream, _, _, _>(input, Self::MAX_INLINE_VALUE)
	}

	fn trie_root_unhashed<I, A, B>(input: I) -> Vec<u8>
	where
		I: IntoIterator<Item = (A, B)>,
		A: AsRef<[u8]> + Ord,
		B: AsRef<[u8]>,
	{
		trie_root::unhashed_trie_no_extension::<H, TrieStream, _, _, _>(
			input,
			Self::MAX_INLINE_VALUE,
		)
	}

	fn encode_index(input: u32) -> Vec<u8> {
		codec::Encode::encode(&codec::Compact(input))
	}
}

#[cfg(not(feature = "memory-tracker"))]
type MemTracker = memory_db::NoopTracker<trie_db::DBValue>;
#[cfg(feature = "memory-tracker")]
type MemTracker = memory_db::MemCounter<trie_db::DBValue>;

/// TrieDB error over `TrieConfiguration` trait.
pub type TrieError<L> = trie_db::TrieError<TrieHash<L>, CError<L>>;
/// Reexport from `hash_db`, with genericity set for `Hasher` trait.
pub trait AsHashDB<H: Hasher>: hash_db::AsHashDB<H, trie_db::DBValue> {}
impl<H: Hasher, T: hash_db::AsHashDB<H, trie_db::DBValue>> AsHashDB<H> for T {}
/// Reexport from `hash_db`, with genericity set for `Hasher` trait.
pub type HashDB<'a, H> = dyn hash_db::HashDB<H, trie_db::DBValue> + 'a;
/// Reexport from `hash_db`, with genericity set for `Hasher` trait.
/// This uses a `KeyFunction` for prefixing keys internally (avoiding
/// key conflict for non random keys).
pub type PrefixedMemoryDB<H> =
	memory_db::MemoryDB<H, memory_db::PrefixedKey<H>, trie_db::DBValue, MemTracker>;
/// Reexport from `hash_db`, with genericity set for `Hasher` trait.
/// This uses a noops `KeyFunction` (key addressing must be hashed or using
/// an encoding scheme that avoid key conflict).
pub type MemoryDB<H> = memory_db::MemoryDB<H, memory_db::HashKey<H>, trie_db::DBValue, MemTracker>;
/// Reexport from `hash_db`, with genericity set for `Hasher` trait.
pub type GenericMemoryDB<H, KF> = memory_db::MemoryDB<H, KF, trie_db::DBValue, MemTracker>;

/// Persistent trie database read-access interface for the a given hasher.
pub type TrieDB<'a, L> = trie_db::TrieDB<'a, L>;
/// Persistent trie database write-access interface for the a given hasher.
pub type TrieDBMut<'a, L> = trie_db::TrieDBMut<'a, L>;
/// Querying interface, as in `trie_db` but less generic.
pub type Lookup<'a, L, Q> = trie_db::Lookup<'a, L, Q>;
/// Hash type for a trie layout.
pub type TrieHash<L> = <<L as TrieLayout>::Hash as Hasher>::Out;
/// This module is for non generic definition of trie type.
/// Only the `Hasher` trait is generic in this case.
pub mod trie_types {
	use super::*;

	/// Persistent trie database read-access interface for the a given hasher.
	/// Read only V1 and V0 are compatible, thus we always use V1.
	pub type TrieDB<'a, H> = super::TrieDB<'a, LayoutV1<H>>;
	/// Persistent trie database write-access interface for the a given hasher.
	pub type TrieDBMutV0<'a, H> = super::TrieDBMut<'a, LayoutV0<H>>;
	/// Persistent trie database write-access interface for the a given hasher.
	pub type TrieDBMutV1<'a, H> = super::TrieDBMut<'a, LayoutV1<H>>;
	/// Querying interface, as in `trie_db` but less generic.
	pub type LookupV0<'a, H, Q> = trie_db::Lookup<'a, LayoutV0<H>, Q>;
	/// Querying interface, as in `trie_db` but less generic.
	pub type LookupV1<'a, H, Q> = trie_db::Lookup<'a, LayoutV1<H>, Q>;
	/// As in `trie_db`, but less generic, error type for the crate.
	pub type TrieError<H> = trie_db::TrieError<H, super::Error>;
}

/// Create a proof for a subset of keys in a trie.
///
/// The `keys` may contain any set of keys regardless of each one of them is included
/// in the `db`.
///
/// For a key `K` that is included in the `db` a proof of inclusion is generated.
/// For a key `K` that is not included in the `db` a proof of non-inclusion is generated.
/// These can be later checked in `verify_trie_proof`.
pub fn generate_trie_proof<'a, L, I, K, DB>(
	db: &DB,
	root: TrieHash<L>,
	keys: I,
) -> Result<Vec<Vec<u8>>, Box<TrieError<L>>>
where
	L: TrieConfiguration,
	I: IntoIterator<Item = &'a K>,
	K: 'a + AsRef<[u8]>,
	DB: hash_db::HashDBRef<L::Hash, trie_db::DBValue>,
{
	// Can use default layout (read only).
	let trie = TrieDB::<L>::new(db, &root)?;
	generate_proof(&trie, keys)
}

/// Verify a set of key-value pairs against a trie root and a proof.
///
/// Checks a set of keys with optional values for inclusion in the proof that was generated by
/// `generate_trie_proof`.
/// If the value in the pair is supplied (`(key, Some(value))`), this key-value pair will be
/// checked for inclusion in the proof.
/// If the value is omitted (`(key, None)`), this key will be checked for non-inclusion in the
/// proof.
pub fn verify_trie_proof<'a, L, I, K, V>(
	root: &TrieHash<L>,
	proof: &[Vec<u8>],
	items: I,
) -> Result<(), VerifyError<TrieHash<L>, CError<L>>>
where
	L: TrieConfiguration,
	I: IntoIterator<Item = &'a (K, Option<V>)>,
	K: 'a + AsRef<[u8]>,
	V: 'a + AsRef<[u8]>,
{
	verify_proof::<L, _, _, _>(root, proof, items)
}

/// Determine a trie root given a hash DB and delta values.
pub fn delta_trie_root<L: TrieConfiguration, I, A, B, DB, V>(
	db: &mut DB,
	mut root: TrieHash<L>,
	delta: I,
) -> Result<TrieHash<L>, Box<TrieError<L>>>
where
	I: IntoIterator<Item = (A, B)>,
	A: Borrow<[u8]>,
	B: Borrow<Option<V>>,
	V: Borrow<[u8]>,
	DB: hash_db::HashDB<L::Hash, trie_db::DBValue>,
{
	{
		let mut trie = TrieDBMut::<L>::from_existing(db, &mut root)?;

		let mut delta = delta.into_iter().collect::<Vec<_>>();
		delta.sort_by(|l, r| l.0.borrow().cmp(r.0.borrow()));

		for (key, change) in delta {
			match change.borrow() {
				Some(val) => trie.insert(key.borrow(), val.borrow())?,
				None => trie.remove(key.borrow())?,
			};
		}
	}

	Ok(root)
}

/// Read a value from the trie.
pub fn read_trie_value<L, DB>(
	db: &DB,
	root: &TrieHash<L>,
	key: &[u8],
) -> Result<Option<Vec<u8>>, Box<TrieError<L>>>
where
	L: TrieConfiguration,
	DB: hash_db::HashDBRef<L::Hash, trie_db::DBValue>,
{
	TrieDB::<L>::new(&*db, root)?.get(key).map(|x| x.map(|val| val.to_vec()))
}

/// Read a value from the trie with given Query.
pub fn read_trie_value_with<L, Q, DB>(
	db: &DB,
	root: &TrieHash<L>,
	key: &[u8],
	query: Q,
) -> Result<Option<Vec<u8>>, Box<TrieError<L>>>
where
	L: TrieConfiguration,
	Q: Query<L::Hash, Item = DBValue>,
	DB: hash_db::HashDBRef<L::Hash, trie_db::DBValue>,
{
	TrieDB::<L>::new(&*db, root)?
		.get_with(key, query)
		.map(|x| x.map(|val| val.to_vec()))
}

/// Determine the empty trie root.
pub fn empty_trie_root<L: TrieConfiguration>() -> <L::Hash as Hasher>::Out {
	L::trie_root::<_, Vec<u8>, Vec<u8>>(core::iter::empty())
}

/// Determine the empty child trie root.
pub fn empty_child_trie_root<L: TrieConfiguration>() -> <L::Hash as Hasher>::Out {
	L::trie_root::<_, Vec<u8>, Vec<u8>>(core::iter::empty())
}

/// Determine a child trie root given its ordered contents, closed form. H is the default hasher,
/// but a generic implementation may ignore this type parameter and use other hashers.
pub fn child_trie_root<L: TrieConfiguration, I, A, B>(input: I) -> <L::Hash as Hasher>::Out
where
	I: IntoIterator<Item = (A, B)>,
	A: AsRef<[u8]> + Ord,
	B: AsRef<[u8]>,
{
	L::trie_root(input)
}

/// Determine a child trie root given a hash DB and delta values. H is the default hasher,
/// but a generic implementation may ignore this type parameter and use other hashers.
pub fn child_delta_trie_root<L: TrieConfiguration, I, A, B, DB, RD, V>(
	keyspace: &[u8],
	db: &mut DB,
	root_data: RD,
	delta: I,
) -> Result<<L::Hash as Hasher>::Out, Box<TrieError<L>>>
where
	I: IntoIterator<Item = (A, B)>,
	A: Borrow<[u8]>,
	B: Borrow<Option<V>>,
	V: Borrow<[u8]>,
	RD: AsRef<[u8]>,
	DB: hash_db::HashDB<L::Hash, trie_db::DBValue>,
{
	let mut root = TrieHash::<L>::default();
	// root is fetched from DB, not writable by runtime, so it's always valid.
	root.as_mut().copy_from_slice(root_data.as_ref());

	let mut db = KeySpacedDBMut::new(&mut *db, keyspace);
	delta_trie_root::<L, _, _, _, _, _>(&mut db, root, delta)
}

/// Record all keys for a given root.
pub fn record_all_keys<L: TrieConfiguration, DB>(
	db: &DB,
	root: &TrieHash<L>,
	recorder: &mut Recorder<TrieHash<L>>,
) -> Result<(), Box<TrieError<L>>>
where
	DB: hash_db::HashDBRef<L::Hash, trie_db::DBValue>,
{
	let trie = TrieDB::<L>::new(&*db, root)?;
	let iter = trie.iter()?;

	for x in iter {
		let (key, _) = x?;

		// there's currently no API like iter_with()
		// => use iter to enumerate all keys AND lookup each
		// key using get_with
		trie.get_with(&key, &mut *recorder)?;
	}

	Ok(())
}

/// Read a value from the child trie.
pub fn read_child_trie_value<L: TrieConfiguration, DB>(
	keyspace: &[u8],
	db: &DB,
	root: &TrieHash<L>,
	key: &[u8],
) -> Result<Option<Vec<u8>>, Box<TrieError<L>>>
where
	DB: hash_db::HashDBRef<L::Hash, trie_db::DBValue>,
{
	let db = KeySpacedDB::new(&*db, keyspace);
	TrieDB::<L>::new(&db, root)?.get(key).map(|x| x.map(|val| val.to_vec()))
}

/// Read a value from the child trie with given query.
pub fn read_child_trie_value_with<L, Q, DB>(
	keyspace: &[u8],
	db: &DB,
	root_slice: &[u8],
	key: &[u8],
	query: Q,
) -> Result<Option<Vec<u8>>, Box<TrieError<L>>>
where
	L: TrieConfiguration,
	Q: Query<L::Hash, Item = DBValue>,
	DB: hash_db::HashDBRef<L::Hash, trie_db::DBValue>,
{
	let mut root = TrieHash::<L>::default();
	// root is fetched from DB, not writable by runtime, so it's always valid.
	root.as_mut().copy_from_slice(root_slice);

	let db = KeySpacedDB::new(&*db, keyspace);
	TrieDB::<L>::new(&db, &root)?
		.get_with(key, query)
		.map(|x| x.map(|val| val.to_vec()))
}

/// `HashDB` implementation that append a encoded prefix (unique id bytes) in addition to the
/// prefix of every key value.
pub struct KeySpacedDB<'a, DB, H>(&'a DB, &'a [u8], PhantomData<H>);

/// `HashDBMut` implementation that append a encoded prefix (unique id bytes) in addition to the
/// prefix of every key value.
///
/// Mutable variant of `KeySpacedDB`, see [`KeySpacedDB`].
pub struct KeySpacedDBMut<'a, DB, H>(&'a mut DB, &'a [u8], PhantomData<H>);

/// Utility function used to merge some byte data (keyspace) and `prefix` data
/// before calling key value database primitives.
fn keyspace_as_prefix_alloc(ks: &[u8], prefix: Prefix) -> (Vec<u8>, Option<u8>) {
	let mut result = sp_std::vec![0; ks.len() + prefix.0.len()];
	result[..ks.len()].copy_from_slice(ks);
	result[ks.len()..].copy_from_slice(prefix.0);
	(result, prefix.1)
}

impl<'a, DB, H> KeySpacedDB<'a, DB, H>
where
	H: Hasher,
{
	/// instantiate new keyspaced db
	pub fn new(db: &'a DB, ks: &'a [u8]) -> Self {
		KeySpacedDB(db, ks, PhantomData)
	}
}

impl<'a, DB, H> KeySpacedDBMut<'a, DB, H>
where
	H: Hasher,
{
	/// instantiate new keyspaced db
	pub fn new(db: &'a mut DB, ks: &'a [u8]) -> Self {
		KeySpacedDBMut(db, ks, PhantomData)
	}
}

impl<'a, DB, H, T> hash_db::HashDBRef<H, T> for KeySpacedDB<'a, DB, H>
where
	DB: hash_db::HashDBRef<H, T>,
	H: Hasher,
	T: From<&'static [u8]>,
{
	fn get(&self, key: &H::Out, prefix: Prefix) -> Option<T> {
		let derived_prefix = keyspace_as_prefix_alloc(self.1, prefix);
		self.0.get(key, (&derived_prefix.0, derived_prefix.1))
	}

	fn contains(&self, key: &H::Out, prefix: Prefix) -> bool {
		let derived_prefix = keyspace_as_prefix_alloc(self.1, prefix);
		self.0.contains(key, (&derived_prefix.0, derived_prefix.1))
	}
}

impl<'a, DB, H, T> hash_db::HashDB<H, T> for KeySpacedDBMut<'a, DB, H>
where
	DB: hash_db::HashDB<H, T>,
	H: Hasher,
	T: Default + PartialEq<T> + for<'b> From<&'b [u8]> + Clone + Send + Sync,
{
	fn get(&self, key: &H::Out, prefix: Prefix) -> Option<T> {
		let derived_prefix = keyspace_as_prefix_alloc(self.1, prefix);
		self.0.get(key, (&derived_prefix.0, derived_prefix.1))
	}

	fn contains(&self, key: &H::Out, prefix: Prefix) -> bool {
		let derived_prefix = keyspace_as_prefix_alloc(self.1, prefix);
		self.0.contains(key, (&derived_prefix.0, derived_prefix.1))
	}

	fn insert(&mut self, prefix: Prefix, value: &[u8]) -> H::Out {
		let derived_prefix = keyspace_as_prefix_alloc(self.1, prefix);
		self.0.insert((&derived_prefix.0, derived_prefix.1), value)
	}

	fn emplace(&mut self, key: H::Out, prefix: Prefix, value: T) {
		let derived_prefix = keyspace_as_prefix_alloc(self.1, prefix);
		self.0.emplace(key, (&derived_prefix.0, derived_prefix.1), value)
	}

	fn remove(&mut self, key: &H::Out, prefix: Prefix) {
		let derived_prefix = keyspace_as_prefix_alloc(self.1, prefix);
		self.0.remove(key, (&derived_prefix.0, derived_prefix.1))
	}
}

impl<'a, DB, H, T> hash_db::AsHashDB<H, T> for KeySpacedDBMut<'a, DB, H>
where
	DB: hash_db::HashDB<H, T>,
	H: Hasher,
	T: Default + PartialEq<T> + for<'b> From<&'b [u8]> + Clone + Send + Sync,
{
	fn as_hash_db(&self) -> &dyn hash_db::HashDB<H, T> {
		&*self
	}

	fn as_hash_db_mut<'b>(&'b mut self) -> &'b mut (dyn hash_db::HashDB<H, T> + 'b) {
		&mut *self
	}
}

/// Constants used into trie simplification codec.
mod trie_constants {
	const FIRST_PREFIX: u8 = 0b_00 << 6;
	pub const NIBBLE_SIZE_BOUND: usize = u16::max_value() as usize;
	pub const LEAF_PREFIX_MASK: u8 = 0b_01 << 6;
	pub const BRANCH_WITHOUT_MASK: u8 = 0b_10 << 6;
	pub const BRANCH_WITH_MASK: u8 = 0b_11 << 6;
	pub const EMPTY_TRIE: u8 = FIRST_PREFIX | (0b_00 << 4);
	pub const ALT_HASHING_LEAF_PREFIX_MASK: u8 = FIRST_PREFIX | (0b_1 << 5);
	pub const ALT_HASHING_BRANCH_WITH_MASK: u8 = FIRST_PREFIX | (0b_01 << 4);
	pub const ESCAPE_COMPACT_HEADER: u8 = EMPTY_TRIE | 0b_00_01;
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
	use super::*;
	use codec::{Compact, Decode, Encode};
	use hash_db::{HashDB, Hasher};
	use hex_literal::hex;
	use sp_core::Blake2Hasher;
	use trie_db::{DBValue, NodeCodec as NodeCodecT, Trie, TrieMut};
	use trie_standardmap::{Alphabet, StandardMap, ValueMode};

	type LayoutV0 = super::LayoutV0<Blake2Hasher>;
	type LayoutV1 = super::LayoutV1<Blake2Hasher>;

	type MemoryDBMeta<H> =
		memory_db::MemoryDB<H, memory_db::HashKey<H>, trie_db::DBValue, MemTracker>;

	fn hashed_null_node<T: TrieConfiguration>() -> TrieHash<T> {
		<T::Codec as NodeCodecT>::hashed_null_node()
	}

	fn check_equivalent<T: TrieConfiguration>(input: &Vec<(&[u8], &[u8])>) {
		{
			let closed_form = T::trie_root(input.clone());
			let d = T::trie_root_unhashed(input.clone());
			println!("Data: {:#x?}, {:#x?}", d, Blake2Hasher::hash(&d[..]));
			let persistent = {
				let mut memdb = MemoryDBMeta::default();
				let mut root = Default::default();
				let mut t = TrieDBMut::<T>::new(&mut memdb, &mut root);
				for (x, y) in input.iter().rev() {
					t.insert(x, y).unwrap();
				}
				t.root().clone()
			};
			assert_eq!(closed_form, persistent);
		}
	}

	fn check_iteration<T: TrieConfiguration>(input: &Vec<(&[u8], &[u8])>) {
		let mut memdb = MemoryDBMeta::default();
		let mut root = Default::default();
		{
			let mut t = TrieDBMut::<T>::new(&mut memdb, &mut root);
			for (x, y) in input.clone() {
				t.insert(x, y).unwrap();
			}
		}
		{
			let t = TrieDB::<T>::new(&mut memdb, &root).unwrap();
			assert_eq!(
				input.iter().map(|(i, j)| (i.to_vec(), j.to_vec())).collect::<Vec<_>>(),
				t.iter()
					.unwrap()
					.map(|x| x.map(|y| (y.0, y.1.to_vec())).unwrap())
					.collect::<Vec<_>>()
			);
		}
	}

	fn check_input(input: &Vec<(&[u8], &[u8])>) {
		check_equivalent::<LayoutV0>(input);
		check_iteration::<LayoutV0>(input);
		check_equivalent::<LayoutV1>(input);
		check_iteration::<LayoutV1>(input);
	}

	#[test]
	fn default_trie_root() {
		let mut db = MemoryDB::default();
		let mut root = TrieHash::<LayoutV1>::default();
		let mut empty = TrieDBMut::<LayoutV1>::new(&mut db, &mut root);
		empty.commit();
		let root1 = empty.root().as_ref().to_vec();
		let root2: Vec<u8> = LayoutV1::trie_root::<_, Vec<u8>, Vec<u8>>(std::iter::empty())
			.as_ref()
			.iter()
			.cloned()
			.collect();

		assert_eq!(root1, root2);
	}

	#[test]
	fn empty_is_equivalent() {
		let input: Vec<(&[u8], &[u8])> = vec![];
		check_input(&input);
	}

	#[test]
	fn leaf_is_equivalent() {
		let input: Vec<(&[u8], &[u8])> = vec![(&[0xaa][..], &[0xbb][..])];
		check_input(&input);
	}

	#[test]
	fn branch_is_equivalent() {
		let input: Vec<(&[u8], &[u8])> =
			vec![(&[0xaa][..], &[0x10][..]), (&[0xba][..], &[0x11][..])];
		check_input(&input);
	}

	#[test]
	fn extension_and_branch_is_equivalent() {
		let input: Vec<(&[u8], &[u8])> =
			vec![(&[0xaa][..], &[0x10][..]), (&[0xab][..], &[0x11][..])];
		check_input(&input);
	}

	#[test]
	fn standard_is_equivalent() {
		let st = StandardMap {
			alphabet: Alphabet::All,
			min_key: 32,
			journal_key: 0,
			value_mode: ValueMode::Random,
			count: 1000,
		};
		let mut d = st.make();
		d.sort_by(|&(ref a, _), &(ref b, _)| a.cmp(b));
		let dr = d.iter().map(|v| (&v.0[..], &v.1[..])).collect();
		check_input(&dr);
	}

	#[test]
	fn extension_and_branch_with_value_is_equivalent() {
		let input: Vec<(&[u8], &[u8])> = vec![
			(&[0xaa][..], &[0xa0][..]),
			(&[0xaa, 0xaa][..], &[0xaa][..]),
			(&[0xaa, 0xbb][..], &[0xab][..]),
		];
		check_input(&input);
	}

	#[test]
	fn bigger_extension_and_branch_with_value_is_equivalent() {
		let input: Vec<(&[u8], &[u8])> = vec![
			(&[0xaa][..], &[0xa0][..]),
			(&[0xaa, 0xaa][..], &[0xaa][..]),
			(&[0xaa, 0xbb][..], &[0xab][..]),
			(&[0xbb][..], &[0xb0][..]),
			(&[0xbb, 0xbb][..], &[0xbb][..]),
			(&[0xbb, 0xcc][..], &[0xbc][..]),
		];
		check_input(&input);
	}

	#[test]
	fn single_long_leaf_is_equivalent() {
		let input: Vec<(&[u8], &[u8])> = vec![
			(
				&[0xaa][..],
				&b"ABCABCABCABCABCABCABCABCABCABCABCABCABCABCABCABCABCABCABCABCABCABCABCABC"[..],
			),
			(&[0xba][..], &[0x11][..]),
		];
		check_input(&input);
	}

	#[test]
	fn two_long_leaves_is_equivalent() {
		let input: Vec<(&[u8], &[u8])> = vec![
			(
				&[0xaa][..],
				&b"ABCABCABCABCABCABCABCABCABCABCABCABCABCABCABCABCABCABCABCABCABCABCABCABC"[..],
			),
			(
				&[0xba][..],
				&b"ABCABCABCABCABCABCABCABCABCABCABCABCABCABCABCABCABCABCABCABCABCABCABCABC"[..],
			),
		];
		check_input(&input);
	}

	fn populate_trie<'db, T>(
		db: &'db mut dyn HashDB<T::Hash, DBValue>,
		root: &'db mut TrieHash<T>,
		v: &[(Vec<u8>, Vec<u8>)],
	) -> TrieDBMut<'db, T>
	where
		T: TrieConfiguration,
	{
		let mut t = TrieDBMut::<T>::new(db, root);
		for i in 0..v.len() {
			let key: &[u8] = &v[i].0;
			let val: &[u8] = &v[i].1;
			t.insert(key, val).unwrap();
		}
		t
	}

	fn unpopulate_trie<'db, T: TrieConfiguration>(
		t: &mut TrieDBMut<'db, T>,
		v: &[(Vec<u8>, Vec<u8>)],
	) {
		for i in v {
			let key: &[u8] = &i.0;
			t.remove(key).unwrap();
		}
	}

	#[test]
	fn random_should_work() {
		random_should_work_inner::<LayoutV1>();
		random_should_work_inner::<LayoutV0>();
	}
	fn random_should_work_inner<L: TrieConfiguration>() {
		let mut seed = <Blake2Hasher as Hasher>::Out::zero();
		for test_i in 0..10_000 {
			if test_i % 50 == 0 {
				println!("{:?} of 10000 stress tests done", test_i);
			}
			let x = StandardMap {
				alphabet: Alphabet::Custom(b"@QWERTYUIOPASDFGHJKLZXCVBNM[/]^_".to_vec()),
				min_key: 5,
				journal_key: 0,
				value_mode: ValueMode::Index,
				count: 100,
			}
			.make_with(seed.as_fixed_bytes_mut());

			let real = L::trie_root(x.clone());
			let mut memdb = MemoryDB::default();
			let mut root = Default::default();

			let mut memtrie = populate_trie::<L>(&mut memdb, &mut root, &x);

			memtrie.commit();
			if *memtrie.root() != real {
				println!("TRIE MISMATCH");
				println!("");
				println!("{:?} vs {:?}", memtrie.root(), real);
				for i in &x {
					println!("{:#x?} -> {:#x?}", i.0, i.1);
				}
			}
			assert_eq!(*memtrie.root(), real);
			unpopulate_trie::<L>(&mut memtrie, &x);
			memtrie.commit();
			let hashed_null_node = hashed_null_node::<L>();
			if *memtrie.root() != hashed_null_node {
				println!("- TRIE MISMATCH");
				println!("");
				println!("{:?} vs {:?}", memtrie.root(), hashed_null_node);
				for i in &x {
					println!("{:#x?} -> {:#x?}", i.0, i.1);
				}
			}
			assert_eq!(*memtrie.root(), hashed_null_node);
		}
	}

	fn to_compact(n: u8) -> u8 {
		Compact(n).encode()[0]
	}

	#[test]
	fn codec_trie_empty() {
		let input: Vec<(&[u8], &[u8])> = vec![];
		let trie = LayoutV1::trie_root_unhashed(input);
		println!("trie: {:#x?}", trie);
		assert_eq!(trie, vec![0x0]);
	}

	#[test]
	fn codec_trie_single_tuple() {
		let input = vec![(vec![0xaa], vec![0xbb])];
		let trie = LayoutV1::trie_root_unhashed(input);
		println!("trie: {:#x?}", trie);
		assert_eq!(
			trie,
			vec![
				0x42,          // leaf 0x40 (2^6) with (+) key of 2 nibbles (0x02)
				0xaa,          // key data
				to_compact(1), // length of value in bytes as Compact
				0xbb           // value data
			]
		);
	}

	#[test]
	fn codec_trie_two_tuples_disjoint_keys() {
		let input = vec![(&[0x48, 0x19], &[0xfe]), (&[0x13, 0x14], &[0xff])];
		let trie = LayoutV1::trie_root_unhashed(input);
		println!("trie: {:#x?}", trie);
		let mut ex = Vec::<u8>::new();
		ex.push(0x80); // branch, no value (0b_10..) no nibble
		ex.push(0x12); // slots 1 & 4 are taken from 0-7
		ex.push(0x00); // no slots from 8-15
		ex.push(to_compact(0x05)); // first slot: LEAF, 5 bytes long.
		ex.push(0x43); // leaf 0x40 with 3 nibbles
		ex.push(0x03); // first nibble
		ex.push(0x14); // second & third nibble
		ex.push(to_compact(0x01)); // 1 byte data
		ex.push(0xff); // value data
		ex.push(to_compact(0x05)); // second slot: LEAF, 5 bytes long.
		ex.push(0x43); // leaf with 3 nibbles
		ex.push(0x08); // first nibble
		ex.push(0x19); // second & third nibble
		ex.push(to_compact(0x01)); // 1 byte data
		ex.push(0xfe); // value data

		assert_eq!(trie, ex);
	}

	#[test]
	fn iterator_works() {
		iterator_works_inner::<LayoutV1>();
		iterator_works_inner::<LayoutV0>();
	}
	fn iterator_works_inner<Layout: TrieConfiguration>() {
		let pairs = vec![
			(hex!("0103000000000000000464").to_vec(), hex!("0400000000").to_vec()),
			(hex!("0103000000000000000469").to_vec(), hex!("0401000000").to_vec()),
		];

		let mut mdb = MemoryDB::default();
		let mut root = Default::default();
		let _ = populate_trie::<Layout>(&mut mdb, &mut root, &pairs);

		let trie = TrieDB::<Layout>::new(&mdb, &root).unwrap();

		let iter = trie.iter().unwrap();
		let mut iter_pairs = Vec::new();
		for pair in iter {
			let (key, value) = pair.unwrap();
			iter_pairs.push((key, value.to_vec()));
		}

		assert_eq!(pairs, iter_pairs);
	}

	#[test]
	fn proof_non_inclusion_works() {
		let pairs = vec![
			(hex!("0102").to_vec(), hex!("01").to_vec()),
			(hex!("0203").to_vec(), hex!("0405").to_vec()),
		];

		let mut memdb = MemoryDB::default();
		let mut root = Default::default();
		populate_trie::<LayoutV1>(&mut memdb, &mut root, &pairs);

		let non_included_key: Vec<u8> = hex!("0909").to_vec();
		let proof =
			generate_trie_proof::<LayoutV1, _, _, _>(&memdb, root, &[non_included_key.clone()])
				.unwrap();

		// Verifying that the K was not included into the trie should work.
		assert!(verify_trie_proof::<LayoutV1, _, _, Vec<u8>>(
			&root,
			&proof,
			&[(non_included_key.clone(), None)],
		)
		.is_ok());

		// Verifying that the K was included into the trie should fail.
		assert!(verify_trie_proof::<LayoutV1, _, _, Vec<u8>>(
			&root,
			&proof,
			&[(non_included_key, Some(hex!("1010").to_vec()))],
		)
		.is_err());
	}

	#[test]
	fn proof_inclusion_works() {
		let pairs = vec![
			(hex!("0102").to_vec(), hex!("01").to_vec()),
			(hex!("0203").to_vec(), hex!("0405").to_vec()),
		];

		let mut memdb = MemoryDB::default();
		let mut root = Default::default();
		populate_trie::<LayoutV1>(&mut memdb, &mut root, &pairs);

		let proof =
			generate_trie_proof::<LayoutV1, _, _, _>(&memdb, root, &[pairs[0].0.clone()]).unwrap();

		// Check that a K, V included into the proof are verified.
		assert!(verify_trie_proof::<LayoutV1, _, _, _>(
			&root,
			&proof,
			&[(pairs[0].0.clone(), Some(pairs[0].1.clone()))]
		)
		.is_ok());

		// Absence of the V is not verified with the proof that has K, V included.
		assert!(verify_trie_proof::<LayoutV1, _, _, Vec<u8>>(
			&root,
			&proof,
			&[(pairs[0].0.clone(), None)]
		)
		.is_err());

		// K not included into the trie is not verified.
		assert!(verify_trie_proof::<LayoutV1, _, _, _>(
			&root,
			&proof,
			&[(hex!("4242").to_vec(), Some(pairs[0].1.clone()))]
		)
		.is_err());

		// K included into the trie but not included into the proof is not verified.
		assert!(verify_trie_proof::<LayoutV1, _, _, _>(
			&root,
			&proof,
			&[(pairs[1].0.clone(), Some(pairs[1].1.clone()))]
		)
		.is_err());
	}

	#[test]
	fn generate_storage_root_with_proof_works_independently_from_the_delta_order() {
		let proof = StorageProof::decode(&mut &include_bytes!("../test-res/proof")[..]).unwrap();
		let storage_root =
			sp_core::H256::decode(&mut &include_bytes!("../test-res/storage_root")[..]).unwrap();
		// Delta order that is "invalid" so that it would require a different proof.
		let invalid_delta = Vec::<(Vec<u8>, Option<Vec<u8>>)>::decode(
			&mut &include_bytes!("../test-res/invalid-delta-order")[..],
		)
		.unwrap();
		// Delta order that is "valid"
		let valid_delta = Vec::<(Vec<u8>, Option<Vec<u8>>)>::decode(
			&mut &include_bytes!("../test-res/valid-delta-order")[..],
		)
		.unwrap();

		let proof_db = proof.into_memory_db::<Blake2Hasher>();
		let first_storage_root = delta_trie_root::<LayoutV0, _, _, _, _, _>(
			&mut proof_db.clone(),
			storage_root,
			valid_delta,
		)
		.unwrap();
		let second_storage_root = delta_trie_root::<LayoutV0, _, _, _, _, _>(
			&mut proof_db.clone(),
			storage_root,
			invalid_delta,
		)
		.unwrap();

		assert_eq!(first_storage_root, second_storage_root);
	}
}