diff --git a/.github/workflows/quality-gate.yml b/.github/workflows/quality-gate.yml
index 8ff3dbbe..a9536db5 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/quality-gate.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/quality-gate.yml
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ env:
   VITE_SUPABASE_ANON_KEY: ${{ secrets.VITE_SUPABASE_ANON_KEY }}
   REGISTRY: ghcr.io
   IMAGE_NAME: pezkuwichain/pwap-web
+  BACKEND_IMAGE_NAME: pezkuwichain/pwap-indexer
 
 jobs:
   # ========================================
@@ -130,6 +131,15 @@ jobs:
         working-directory: ./backend
         run: node --check src/index.js
 
+      # Real, offline test suite (node:test). Uses in-memory sqlite and a
+      # mocked chain/Supabase — NO live node, NO network. The integration-tests/
+      # *.live.test.js suites are intentionally EXCLUDED (they require a live
+      # chain + Supabase and are not run in CI); the `test` script scopes to
+      # test/*.test.js only.
+      - name: Run tests (offline)
+        working-directory: ./backend
+        run: npm test
+
       - name: npm audit (high + critical, production deps)
         working-directory: ./backend
         continue-on-error: true
@@ -216,6 +226,77 @@ jobs:
           cosign sign --yes "$IMAGE_DIGEST"
           echo "✅ Image signed (transparency log: rekor.sigstore.dev)"
 
+  # ========================================
+  # BUILD & PUSH BACKEND (INDEXER) IMAGE TO GHCR
+  # Runnable Node service image (vs the web static-dist image). SHA-tagged +
+  # cosign-signed for the same audit/rollback discipline as the web image.
+  # Gated to main/tags, never fork PRs (needs packages:write + the telegram gate).
+  # ========================================
+  build-image-backend:
+    name: Build & Push Backend Image
+    runs-on: pwap-runner
+    needs: [backend, telegram-gate]
+    if: |
+      (github.ref == 'refs/heads/main' || startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/tags/')) &&
+      (github.event_name == 'push' ||
+       (github.event_name == 'workflow_dispatch' && github.event.inputs.rollback_to == ''))
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
+      packages: write
+      id-token: write   # cosign keyless signing via Sigstore OIDC
+    outputs:
+      image_sha: ${{ steps.meta.outputs.image_sha }}
+      image_digest: ${{ steps.build.outputs.digest }}
+
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+
+      - uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v3
+
+      - name: Install cosign
+        uses: sigstore/cosign-installer@v3
+        with:
+          cosign-release: 'v2.4.1'
+
+      - name: Log in to GHCR
+        uses: docker/login-action@v3
+        with:
+          registry: ${{ env.REGISTRY }}
+          username: ${{ github.actor }}
+          password: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
+
+      - name: Extract image metadata
+        id: meta
+        run: |
+          SHORT_SHA="${GITHUB_SHA:0:7}"
+          echo "short_sha=$SHORT_SHA" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+          echo "image_sha=$SHORT_SHA" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+          echo "image=${{ env.REGISTRY }}/${{ env.BACKEND_IMAGE_NAME }}" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+
+      - name: Build and push
+        id: build
+        uses: docker/build-push-action@v6
+        with:
+          context: ./backend
+          file: ./backend/Dockerfile
+          push: true
+          tags: |
+            ${{ steps.meta.outputs.image }}:${{ steps.meta.outputs.short_sha }}
+            ${{ steps.meta.outputs.image }}:latest
+          cache-from: type=registry,ref=${{ steps.meta.outputs.image }}:cache
+          cache-to:   type=registry,ref=${{ steps.meta.outputs.image }}:cache,mode=max
+          provenance: false
+
+      - name: Sign image with cosign (keyless, Sigstore Fulcio)
+        env:
+          COSIGN_EXPERIMENTAL: '1'
+        run: |
+          IMAGE_DIGEST="${{ steps.meta.outputs.image }}@${{ steps.build.outputs.digest }}"
+          echo "${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}" | cosign login ghcr.io -u "${{ github.actor }}" --password-stdin
+          echo "Signing $IMAGE_DIGEST"
+          cosign sign --yes "$IMAGE_DIGEST"
+          echo "✅ Backend image signed (transparency log: rekor.sigstore.dev)"
+
   # ========================================
   # TELEGRAM CEO APPROVAL GATE
   # Runs on self-hosted pwap-runner (DEV VPS) where pexsec-bot.service
@@ -658,6 +739,163 @@ jobs:
           curl -s -X POST "https://api.telegram.org/bot${BOT_TOKEN}/sendMessage" \
             -d "chat_id=${CEO_CHAT_ID}" --data-urlencode "text=$MSG"
 
+  # ========================================
+  # DEPLOY BACKEND (INDEXER) TO ITS HOST
+  # Runs a container from the SHA-tagged GHCR image on the backend VPS.
+  # Same discipline as the web deploy: cosign verify → deploy → health check →
+  # auto-rollback to previous SHA → Telegram notify. Gated behind the SAME
+  # telegram-gate approval as the web deploy. Only main/tags, never fork PRs.
+  #
+  # STATEFUL DB: the sqlite file lives in the named docker volume
+  # `pwap-indexer-db` (mounted at /data). Deploy replaces the container/image
+  # but NEVER the volume — indexer state survives every deploy and rollback.
+  #
+  # Host param via secret BACKEND_VPS_HOST (no hardcoded IP). If the backend
+  # shares the web DEV VPS, set BACKEND_VPS_HOST = VPS_HOST (see backend/DEPLOY.md).
+  # ========================================
+  deploy-backend:
+    name: Deploy Backend (indexer)
+    runs-on: pwap-runner
+    needs: [telegram-gate, build-image-backend]
+    if: |
+      always() &&
+      (github.ref == 'refs/heads/main' || startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/tags/')) &&
+      needs.telegram-gate.result == 'success' &&
+      ((github.event_name == 'push' && needs.build-image-backend.result == 'success') ||
+       (github.event_name == 'workflow_dispatch' && github.event.inputs.rollback_to != ''))
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
+      packages: read
+
+    steps:
+      - name: Determine image SHA
+        id: sha
+        run: |
+          if [ -n "${{ github.event.inputs.rollback_to }}" ]; then
+            echo "sha=${{ github.event.inputs.rollback_to }}" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+            echo "Rolling back backend to: ${{ github.event.inputs.rollback_to }}"
+          else
+            echo "sha=${{ needs.build-image-backend.outputs.image_sha }}" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+          fi
+
+      - name: Install cosign (for verify)
+        uses: sigstore/cosign-installer@v3
+        with:
+          cosign-release: 'v2.4.1'
+
+      - name: Log in to GHCR (runner-side, for verify)
+        uses: docker/login-action@v3
+        with:
+          registry: ${{ env.REGISTRY }}
+          username: ${{ github.actor }}
+          password: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
+
+      - name: Verify image signature (cosign keyless)
+        env:
+          COSIGN_EXPERIMENTAL: '1'
+        run: |
+          IMAGE="${{ env.REGISTRY }}/${{ env.BACKEND_IMAGE_NAME }}:${{ steps.sha.outputs.sha }}"
+          echo "${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}" | cosign login ghcr.io -u "${{ github.actor }}" --password-stdin
+          echo "Verifying signature for $IMAGE"
+          cosign verify "$IMAGE" \
+            --certificate-identity-regexp "^https://github.com/pezkuwichain/pwap/.github/workflows/quality-gate.yml@" \
+            --certificate-oidc-issuer "https://token.actions.githubusercontent.com" \
+            > /dev/null
+          echo "✅ Signature valid — backend image was built by trusted CI"
+
+      - name: Deploy container to backend host (health-checked, auto-rollback)
+        id: deploy
+        uses: appleboy/ssh-action@v1.0.3
+        with:
+          host: ${{ secrets.BACKEND_VPS_HOST }}
+          username: ${{ secrets.BACKEND_VPS_USER }}
+          key: ${{ secrets.BACKEND_VPS_SSH_KEY }}
+          port: ${{ secrets.BACKEND_VPS_SSH_PORT || 22 }}
+          envs: IMAGE_REF,NEW_SHA,GHCR_USER,GHCR_TOKEN
+          command_timeout: 10m
+          script_stop: true
+          script: |
+            set -e
+            REGISTRY_IMAGE="ghcr.io/pezkuwichain/pwap-indexer"
+            IMAGE="$REGISTRY_IMAGE:$NEW_SHA"
+            STATE_DIR="/opt/pwap-indexer"
+            NAME="pwap-indexer"
+            mkdir -p "$STATE_DIR"
+            PREV="$(cat "$STATE_DIR/.deploy-sha" 2>/dev/null || echo "")"
+            echo "Deploying $IMAGE (previous: ${PREV:-none})"
+
+            echo "$GHCR_TOKEN" | docker login ghcr.io -u "$GHCR_USER" --password-stdin
+            docker pull "$IMAGE"
+
+            run_container () {
+              local img="$1"
+              docker rm -f "$NAME" >/dev/null 2>&1 || true
+              # Named volume pwap-indexer-db = stateful sqlite DB. NEVER removed
+              # by this script — it is created on first run and reused forever.
+              docker run -d --name "$NAME" --restart unless-stopped \
+                -p 3001:3001 \
+                -v pwap-indexer-db:/data \
+                -e DB_PATH=/data/transactions.db \
+                -e PORT=3001 \
+                --env-file "$STATE_DIR/.env" \
+                "$img"
+            }
+
+            healthy () {
+              for i in $(seq 1 12); do
+                if curl -fsS --max-time 5 "http://localhost:3001/health" >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+                  return 0
+                fi
+                echo "health attempt $i/12 failed, retry in 5s..."
+                sleep 5
+              done
+              return 1
+            }
+
+            run_container "$IMAGE"
+            if healthy; then
+              echo "$NEW_SHA" > "$STATE_DIR/.deploy-sha"
+              echo "✅ Backend healthy on $NEW_SHA"
+              docker image prune -f >/dev/null 2>&1 || true
+              exit 0
+            fi
+
+            echo "❌ Health check failed for $NEW_SHA"
+            if [ -n "$PREV" ]; then
+              echo "🔄 Rolling back to $PREV"
+              docker pull "$REGISTRY_IMAGE:$PREV"
+              run_container "$REGISTRY_IMAGE:$PREV"
+              if healthy; then
+                echo "$PREV" > "$STATE_DIR/.deploy-sha"
+                echo "✅ Rolled back to $PREV — backend healthy"
+                exit 1   # still fail the job: the new SHA did not deploy
+              fi
+              echo "🚨 Rollback to $PREV ALSO failed"
+              exit 1
+            fi
+            echo "No previous SHA to roll back to."
+            exit 1
+        env:
+          IMAGE_REF: ${{ env.REGISTRY }}/${{ env.BACKEND_IMAGE_NAME }}:${{ steps.sha.outputs.sha }}
+          NEW_SHA: ${{ steps.sha.outputs.sha }}
+          GHCR_USER: ${{ github.actor }}
+          GHCR_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
+
+      - name: Post-deploy notification
+        if: success()
+        run: echo "✅ Deployed backend image ${{ steps.sha.outputs.sha }} to backend host"
+
+      - name: Notify failure (Telegram)
+        if: failure()
+        env:
+          BOT_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.PEXSEC_BOT_TOKEN }}
+          CEO_CHAT_ID: ${{ secrets.TELEGRAM_CEO_CHAT_ID }}
+          NEW_SHA: ${{ steps.sha.outputs.sha }}
+        run: |
+          MSG="❌ pwap/backend indexer: deploy ($NEW_SHA) failed. If a previous SHA existed the host auto-rolled-back to it (DB volume untouched). Manual: gh workflow run quality-gate.yml -f rollback_to=<sha>"
+          curl -s -X POST "https://api.telegram.org/bot${BOT_TOKEN}/sendMessage" \
+            -d "chat_id=${CEO_CHAT_ID}" --data-urlencode "text=$MSG"
+
   # ========================================
   # SECURITY CHECKS (BLOCKING)
   # npm audit (high + critical) + TruffleHog secret scan
@@ -710,7 +948,7 @@ jobs:
   ci-gate:
     name: CI Gate ✅
     runs-on: pwap-runner
-    needs: [web, security-audit]
+    needs: [web, backend, security-audit]
     if: always()
 
     steps:
diff --git a/backend/.dockerignore b/backend/.dockerignore
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a69296fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/backend/.dockerignore
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+node_modules
+npm-debug.log
+# Never bake stateful DB or secrets into the image
+transactions.db
+*.db
+.env
+.env.*
+!.env.example
+# Tests + docs are not needed at runtime
+test
+integration-tests
+jest.config.js
+.eslintrc.cjs
+*.md
+.git
+.github
diff --git a/backend/.env.example b/backend/.env.example
index f938dd44..974ce6f3 100644
--- a/backend/.env.example
+++ b/backend/.env.example
@@ -1,9 +1,22 @@
-# PezkuwiChain WebSocket Endpoint
-WS_ENDPOINT=wss://ws.pezkuwichain.io
-
-# Sudo account seed phrase for auto-approval
-# This account will sign approve_kyc transactions when threshold is reached
-SUDO_SEED=your_seed_phrase_here
+# ── Indexer service (src/index.js) ──────────────────────────────
+# PezkuwiChain WebSocket endpoint
+WS_ENDPOINT=wss://rpc.pezkuwichain.io
 
 # Server port
 PORT=3001
+
+# Stateful sqlite DB path. In Docker this is set to /data/transactions.db
+# (a mounted volume). Locally it defaults to ./transactions.db.
+# DB_PATH=/data/transactions.db
+
+# ── KYC / council service (src/server.js) ───────────────────────
+# Supabase project (required by server.js — it exits if missing)
+SUPABASE_URL=your_supabase_url_here
+SUPABASE_ANON_KEY=your_supabase_anon_key_here
+
+# Founder SS58 address — authorizes /api/council/add-member (signature-gated)
+FOUNDER_ADDRESS=your_founder_ss58_address_here
+
+# Sudo account seed — signs approveKyc when the vote threshold is reached.
+# Keep secret; use a dedicated key for KYC approvals only.
+SUDO_SEED=your_seed_phrase_here
diff --git a/backend/.gitignore b/backend/.gitignore
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c73bcfb9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/backend/.gitignore
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+# Stateful indexer DB — never commit (lives on a mounted volume in prod)
+transactions.db
+*.db
+*.db-journal
+*.sqlite
+node_modules/
diff --git a/backend/Dockerfile b/backend/Dockerfile
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e4bfc8d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/backend/Dockerfile
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+# pwap indexer service — runnable Node container (not a static-dist image).
+#
+# Two stages on the SAME debian base so the natively-compiled sqlite3 binding
+# built in stage 1 is ABI-compatible with the runtime in stage 2 (do NOT mix
+# alpine/musl here — sqlite3 would fail to load).
+#
+# STATEFUL DATA: the indexer's sqlite file is the service's memory. It is kept
+# OUT of the image, under /data, which MUST be a mounted volume. A deploy
+# replaces the container/image but never the volume — see backend/DEPLOY.md.
+
+# ─── Stage 1: install production deps (compiles sqlite3) ────────
+FROM node:20-bookworm AS builder
+WORKDIR /app
+COPY package.json package-lock.json ./
+# --omit=dev: the test-only devDeps (supertest, @pezkuwi/keyring) never ship.
+RUN npm ci --omit=dev
+
+# ─── Stage 2: runtime ──────────────────────────────────────────
+FROM node:20-bookworm-slim
+ENV NODE_ENV=production
+ENV PORT=3001
+# DB on the volume, never in the image layer.
+ENV DB_PATH=/data/transactions.db
+WORKDIR /app
+
+# curl only, for the HEALTHCHECK probe.
+RUN apt-get update \
+    && apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends curl \
+    && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
+
+COPY --from=builder /app/node_modules ./node_modules
+COPY package.json ./
+COPY src ./src
+
+# /data holds the stateful sqlite DB — declared as a volume and owned by the
+# non-root runtime user so the container can write to the mount.
+RUN mkdir -p /data && chown -R node:node /app /data
+VOLUME ["/data"]
+
+USER node
+EXPOSE 3001
+
+# Probe the in-container /health endpoint added to the indexer API.
+HEALTHCHECK --interval=30s --timeout=5s --start-period=20s --retries=3 \
+  CMD sh -c 'curl -fsS "http://localhost:${PORT:-3001}/health" || exit 1'
+
+CMD ["node", "src/index.js"]
diff --git a/backend/package-lock.json b/backend/package-lock.json
index d8722758..1d24d2bf 100644
--- a/backend/package-lock.json
+++ b/backend/package-lock.json
@@ -11,11 +11,19 @@
         "@pezkuwi/api": "^16.5.23",
         "@pezkuwi/util": "^14.0.13",
         "@pezkuwi/util-crypto": "^14.0.13",
+        "@supabase/supabase-js": "^2.45.0",
         "cors": "^2.8.5",
         "dotenv": "^17.2.3",
         "express": "^5.2.1",
+        "pino": "^9.5.0",
+        "pino-http": "^10.3.0",
+        "pino-pretty": "^11.3.0",
         "sqlite": "^5.1.1",
         "sqlite3": "^5.1.7"
+      },
+      "devDependencies": {
+        "@pezkuwi/keyring": "^14.0.13",
+        "supertest": "^7.0.0"
       }
     },
     "node_modules/@bizinikiwi/connect": {
@@ -143,6 +151,16 @@
         "node": ">=10"
       }
     },
+    "node_modules/@paralleldrive/cuid2": {
+      "version": "2.3.1",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@paralleldrive/cuid2/-/cuid2-2.3.1.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-XO7cAxhnTZl0Yggq6jOgjiOHhbgcO4NqFqwSmQpjK3b6TEE6Uj/jfSk6wzYyemh3+I0sHirKSetjQwn5cZktFw==",
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "dependencies": {
+        "@noble/hashes": "^1.1.5"
+      }
+    },
     "node_modules/@pezkuwi/api": {
       "version": "16.5.23",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@pezkuwi/api/-/api-16.5.23.tgz",
@@ -761,6 +779,12 @@
         "node": ">=18"
       }
     },
+    "node_modules/@pinojs/redact": {
+      "version": "0.4.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@pinojs/redact/-/redact-0.4.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-k2ENnmBugE/rzQfEcdWHcCY+/FM3VLzH9cYEsbdsoqrvzAKRhUZeRNhAZvB8OitQJ1TBed3yqWtdjzS6wJKBwg==",
+      "license": "MIT"
+    },
     "node_modules/@scure/base": {
       "version": "1.2.6",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@scure/base/-/base-1.2.6.tgz",
@@ -789,6 +813,90 @@
       "integrity": "sha512-TWDurLiPxndFgKjVavCniytBIw+t4ViOi7TYp9h/D0NMmkEc9klFTo+827eyEJ0lELpqO207Ey7uGxUa+BS1jQ==",
       "license": "Apache-2.0"
     },
+    "node_modules/@supabase/auth-js": {
+      "version": "2.110.8",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@supabase/auth-js/-/auth-js-2.110.8.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-TQ5neTUDX2C2WmyYa03yGhLMkhdE/SkHXtK8/qxO/APUy3rsymsJCBP48p4jcN6iO2G0ow6RRexQd2mX+dSyJg==",
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "dependencies": {
+        "tslib": "2.8.1"
+      },
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">=22.0.0"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/@supabase/functions-js": {
+      "version": "2.110.8",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@supabase/functions-js/-/functions-js-2.110.8.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-5yB9TLYzvv2oSQxwb0gamEvIAsuH66pVt7AM/pz03S7wN6ehD34GNgbShrccetqPedXQSz7e/1hAJ9NeEhoZVg==",
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "dependencies": {
+        "tslib": "2.8.1"
+      },
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">=22.0.0"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/@supabase/phoenix": {
+      "version": "0.4.5",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@supabase/phoenix/-/phoenix-0.4.5.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-aAn9H9ovVyeApKy11OWOrrOGq8DV68yWeH4ud2lN9fzn4aO8Zb5GLL9m1pUg9nLqIcT+ZDfAcsZe0E/nqdv2lw==",
+      "license": "MIT"
+    },
+    "node_modules/@supabase/postgrest-js": {
+      "version": "2.110.8",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@supabase/postgrest-js/-/postgrest-js-2.110.8.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-QeRROxl1PpOZw5Jzi7BwdN9icsycMrLlCCvsjS0hYLW+nZoaT46zdagz/glJirj8jHF4jSd5Jyipuae2cBClCw==",
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "dependencies": {
+        "tslib": "2.8.1"
+      },
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">=22.0.0"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/@supabase/realtime-js": {
+      "version": "2.110.8",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@supabase/realtime-js/-/realtime-js-2.110.8.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-mwX7ituX6O31fLf+0g65rpLlNxqgnMaPltPsQwzox6jfmbfVl3tCxXrfr3HEsQcCRjpjuJG1+A0vFzP1yVjKHA==",
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "dependencies": {
+        "@supabase/phoenix": "0.4.5",
+        "tslib": "2.8.1"
+      },
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">=22.0.0"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/@supabase/storage-js": {
+      "version": "2.110.8",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@supabase/storage-js/-/storage-js-2.110.8.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-CcfhkZFBLxsthgUabZKxwfsoXdrikIGsL3LsGoV3FZTqCMx/s1y49taT4jT/oya5+1IuB0sFFHw6pF0o0iJniQ==",
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "dependencies": {
+        "iceberg-js": "^0.8.1",
+        "tslib": "2.8.1"
+      },
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">=22.0.0"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/@supabase/supabase-js": {
+      "version": "2.110.8",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@supabase/supabase-js/-/supabase-js-2.110.8.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-E5qzoe74zhJRv4wRcbO9eMYzeQDb/+h6c603pL8shcxLGBjTKsIF7XXj05IcNj23TLDgJN1WkMw7mwAPyu5dZg==",
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "dependencies": {
+        "@supabase/auth-js": "2.110.8",
+        "@supabase/functions-js": "2.110.8",
+        "@supabase/postgrest-js": "2.110.8",
+        "@supabase/realtime-js": "2.110.8",
+        "@supabase/storage-js": "2.110.8"
+      },
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">=22.0.0"
+      }
+    },
     "node_modules/@tootallnate/once": {
       "version": "1.1.2",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@tootallnate/once/-/once-1.1.2.tgz",
@@ -824,6 +932,18 @@
       "license": "ISC",
       "optional": true
     },
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+    },
+    "node_modules/pino-abstract-transport": {
+      "version": "2.0.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/pino-abstract-transport/-/pino-abstract-transport-2.0.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-F63x5tizV6WCh4R6RHyi2Ml+M70DNRXt/+HANowMflpgGFMAym/VKm6G7ZOQRjqN7XbGxK1Lg9t6ZrtzOaivMw==",
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "dependencies": {
+        "split2": "^4.0.0"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/pino-http": {
+      "version": "10.5.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/pino-http/-/pino-http-10.5.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-hD91XjgaKkSsdn8P7LaebrNzhGTdB086W3pyPihX0EzGPjq5uBJBXo4N5guqNaK6mUjg9aubMF7wDViYek9dRA==",
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "dependencies": {
+        "get-caller-file": "^2.0.5",
+        "pino": "^9.0.0",
+        "pino-std-serializers": "^7.0.0",
+        "process-warning": "^5.0.0"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/pino-pretty": {
+      "version": "11.3.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/pino-pretty/-/pino-pretty-11.3.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-oXwn7ICywaZPHmu3epHGU2oJX4nPmKvHvB/bwrJHlGcbEWaVcotkpyVHMKLKmiVryWYByNp0jpgAcXpFJDXJzA==",
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "dependencies": {
+        "colorette": "^2.0.7",
+        "dateformat": "^4.6.3",
+        "fast-copy": "^3.0.2",
+        "fast-safe-stringify": "^2.1.1",
+        "help-me": "^5.0.0",
+        "joycon": "^3.1.1",
+        "minimist": "^1.2.6",
+        "on-exit-leak-free": "^2.1.0",
+        "pino-abstract-transport": "^2.0.0",
+        "pump": "^3.0.0",
+        "readable-stream": "^4.0.0",
+        "secure-json-parse": "^2.4.0",
+        "sonic-boom": "^4.0.1",
+        "strip-json-comments": "^3.1.1"
+      },
+      "bin": {
+        "pino-pretty": "bin.js"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/pino-pretty/node_modules/buffer": {
+      "version": "6.0.3",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/buffer/-/buffer-6.0.3.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-FTiCpNxtwiZZHEZbcbTIcZjERVICn9yq/pDFkTl95/AxzD1naBctN7YO68riM/gLSDY7sdrMby8hofADYuuqOA==",
+      "funding": [
+        {
+          "type": "github",
+          "url": "https://github.com/sponsors/feross"
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "patreon",
+          "url": "https://www.patreon.com/feross"
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "consulting",
+          "url": "https://feross.org/support"
+        }
+      ],
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "dependencies": {
+        "base64-js": "^1.3.1",
+        "ieee754": "^1.2.1"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/pino-pretty/node_modules/readable-stream": {
+      "version": "4.7.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/readable-stream/-/readable-stream-4.7.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-oIGGmcpTLwPga8Bn6/Z75SVaH1z5dUut2ibSyAMVhmUggWpmDn2dapB0n7f8nwaSiRtepAsfJyfXIO5DCVAODg==",
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "dependencies": {
+        "abort-controller": "^3.0.0",
+        "buffer": "^6.0.3",
+        "events": "^3.3.0",
+        "process": "^0.11.10",
+        "string_decoder": "^1.3.0"
+      },
+      "engines": {
+        "node": "^12.22.0 || ^14.17.0 || >=16.0.0"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/pino-pretty/node_modules/strip-json-comments": {
+      "version": "3.1.1",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/strip-json-comments/-/strip-json-comments-3.1.1.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-6fPc+R4ihwqP6N/aIv2f1gMH8lOVtWQHoqC4yK6oSDVVocumAsfCqjkXnqiYMhmMwS/mEHLp7Vehlt3ql6lEig==",
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">=8"
+      },
+      "funding": {
+        "url": "https://github.com/sponsors/sindresorhus"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/pino-std-serializers": {
+      "version": "7.1.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/pino-std-serializers/-/pino-std-serializers-7.1.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-BndPH67/JxGExRgiX1dX0w1FvZck5Wa4aal9198SrRhZjH3GxKQUKIBnYJTdj2HDN3UQAS06HlfcSbQj2OHmaw==",
+      "license": "MIT"
+    },
     "node_modules/prebuild-install": {
       "version": "7.1.3",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/prebuild-install/-/prebuild-install-7.1.3.tgz",
@@ -2451,6 +2971,31 @@
         "node": ">=10"
       }
     },
+    "node_modules/process": {
+      "version": "0.11.10",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/process/-/process-0.11.10.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-cdGef/drWFoydD1JsMzuFf8100nZl+GT+yacc2bEced5f9Rjk4z+WtFUTBu9PhOi9j/jfmBPu0mMEY4wIdAF8A==",
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">= 0.6.0"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/process-warning": {
+      "version": "5.0.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/process-warning/-/process-warning-5.0.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-a39t9ApHNx2L4+HBnQKqxxHNs1r7KF+Intd8Q/g1bUh6q0WIp9voPXJ/x0j+ZL45KF1pJd9+q2jLIRMfvEshkA==",
+      "funding": [
+        {
+          "type": "github",
+          "url": "https://github.com/sponsors/fastify"
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "opencollective",
+          "url": "https://opencollective.com/fastify"
+        }
+      ],
+      "license": "MIT"
+    },
     "node_modules/promise-inflight": {
       "version": "1.0.1",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/promise-inflight/-/promise-inflight-1.0.1.tgz",
@@ -2519,6 +3064,12 @@
         "url": "https://github.com/sponsors/ljharb"
       }
     },
+    "node_modules/quick-format-unescaped": {
+      "version": "4.0.4",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/quick-format-unescaped/-/quick-format-unescaped-4.0.4.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-tYC1Q1hgyRuHgloV/YXs2w15unPVh8qfu/qCTfhTYamaw7fyhumKa2yGpdSo87vY32rIclj+4fWYQXUMs9EHvg==",
+      "license": "MIT"
+    },
     "node_modules/range-parser": {
       "version": "1.2.1",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/range-parser/-/range-parser-1.2.1.tgz",
@@ -2572,6 +3123,15 @@
         "node": ">= 6"
       }
     },
+    "node_modules/real-require": {
+      "version": "0.2.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/real-require/-/real-require-0.2.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-57frrGM/OCTLqLOAh0mhVA9VBMHd+9U7Zb2THMGdBUoZVOtGbJzjxsYGDJ3A9AYYCP4hn6y1TVbaOfzWtm5GFg==",
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">= 12.13.0"
+      }
+    },
     "node_modules/retry": {
       "version": "0.12.0",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/retry/-/retry-0.12.0.tgz",
@@ -2644,12 +3204,27 @@
       ],
       "license": "MIT"
     },
+    "node_modules/safe-stable-stringify": {
+      "version": "2.5.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/safe-stable-stringify/-/safe-stable-stringify-2.5.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-b3rppTKm9T+PsVCBEOUR46GWI7fdOs00VKZ1+9c1EWDaDMvjQc6tUwuFyIprgGgTcWoVHSKrU8H31ZHA2e0RHA==",
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">=10"
+      }
+    },
     "node_modules/safer-buffer": {
       "version": "2.1.2",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/safer-buffer/-/safer-buffer-2.1.2.tgz",
       "integrity": "sha512-YZo3K82SD7Riyi0E1EQPojLz7kpepnSQI9IyPbHHg1XXXevb5dJI7tpyN2ADxGcQbHG7vcyRHk0cbwqcQriUtg==",
       "license": "MIT"
     },
+    "node_modules/secure-json-parse": {
+      "version": "2.7.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/secure-json-parse/-/secure-json-parse-2.7.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-6aU+Rwsezw7VR8/nyvKTx8QpWH9FrcYiXXlqC4z5d5XQBDRqtbfsRjnwGyqbi3gddNtWHuEk9OANUotL26qKUw==",
+      "license": "BSD-3-Clause"
+    },
     "node_modules/semver": {
       "version": "7.7.3",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/semver/-/semver-7.7.3.tgz",
@@ -2895,6 +3470,24 @@
         "node": ">= 10"
       }
     },
+    "node_modules/sonic-boom": {
+      "version": "4.2.1",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/sonic-boom/-/sonic-boom-4.2.1.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-w6AxtubXa2wTXAUsZMMWERrsIRAdrK0Sc+FUytWvYAhBJLyuI4llrMIC1DtlNSdI99EI86KZum2MMq3EAZlF9Q==",
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "dependencies": {
+        "atomic-sleep": "^1.0.0"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/split2": {
+      "version": "4.2.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/split2/-/split2-4.2.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-UcjcJOWknrNkF6PLX83qcHM6KHgVKNkV62Y8a5uYDVv9ydGQVwAHMKqHdJje1VTWpljG0WYpCDhrCdAOYH4TWg==",
+      "license": "ISC",
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">= 10.x"
+      }
+    },
     "node_modules/sqlite": {
       "version": "5.1.1",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/sqlite/-/sqlite-5.1.1.tgz",
@@ -2993,6 +3586,42 @@
         "node": ">=0.10.0"
       }
     },
+    "node_modules/superagent": {
+      "version": "10.3.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/superagent/-/superagent-10.3.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-B+4Ik7ROgVKrQsXTV0Jwp2u+PXYLSlqtDAhYnkkD+zn3yg8s/zjA2MeGayPoY/KICrbitwneDHrjSotxKL+0XQ==",
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "dependencies": {
+        "component-emitter": "^1.3.1",
+        "cookiejar": "^2.1.4",
+        "debug": "^4.3.7",
+        "fast-safe-stringify": "^2.1.1",
+        "form-data": "^4.0.5",
+        "formidable": "^3.5.4",
+        "methods": "^1.1.2",
+        "mime": "2.6.0",
+        "qs": "^6.14.1"
+      },
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">=14.18.0"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/supertest": {
+      "version": "7.2.2",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/supertest/-/supertest-7.2.2.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-oK8WG9diS3DlhdUkcFn4tkNIiIbBx9lI2ClF8K+b2/m8Eyv47LSawxUzZQSNKUrVb2KsqeTDCcjAAVPYaSLVTA==",
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "dependencies": {
+        "cookie-signature": "^1.2.2",
+        "methods": "^1.1.2",
+        "superagent": "^10.3.0"
+      },
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">=14.18.0"
+      }
+    },
     "node_modules/tar": {
       "version": "7.5.22",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/tar/-/tar-7.5.22.tgz",
@@ -3082,6 +3711,15 @@
         "node": ">=18"
       }
     },
+    "node_modules/thread-stream": {
+      "version": "3.2.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/thread-stream/-/thread-stream-3.2.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-zLBvqpwr4Esa0kRjcrzGU6zL25lePWaCLMx0RQFrmteozIfeNdaMLpG5U7PeHzvlFkAWaRKA9/KVW4F60iB+qw==",
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "dependencies": {
+        "real-require": "^0.2.0"
+      }
+    },
     "node_modules/toidentifier": {
       "version": "1.0.1",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/toidentifier/-/toidentifier-1.0.1.tgz",
diff --git a/backend/package.json b/backend/package.json
index c6ed1b6c..40d8c1f5 100644
--- a/backend/package.json
+++ b/backend/package.json
@@ -6,7 +6,8 @@
   "type": "module",
   "scripts": {
     "start": "node src/index.js",
-    "dev": "node --watch src/index.js"
+    "dev": "node --watch src/index.js",
+    "test": "node --test test/*.test.js"
   },
   "overrides": {
     "tar": "^7.5.22",
@@ -35,10 +36,18 @@
     "@pezkuwi/api": "^16.5.23",
     "@pezkuwi/util": "^14.0.13",
     "@pezkuwi/util-crypto": "^14.0.13",
+    "@supabase/supabase-js": "^2.45.0",
     "cors": "^2.8.5",
     "dotenv": "^17.2.3",
     "express": "^5.2.1",
+    "pino": "^9.5.0",
+    "pino-http": "^10.3.0",
+    "pino-pretty": "^11.3.0",
     "sqlite": "^5.1.1",
     "sqlite3": "^5.1.7"
+  },
+  "devDependencies": {
+    "@pezkuwi/keyring": "^14.0.13",
+    "supertest": "^7.0.0"
   }
 }
diff --git a/backend/src/council.js b/backend/src/council.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fff1680f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/backend/src/council.js
@@ -0,0 +1,198 @@
+// Council / KYC HTTP surface — signature-gated, fund/authz-relevant.
+//
+// Extracted from server.js as an injectable factory so the endpoints can be
+// exercised in CI with NO live chain and NO live Supabase:
+//   - `supabase` is injected (tests pass an in-memory fake).
+//   - `getApi()` / `getSudo()` are injected getters (tests pass a stubbed
+//     tx surface, so the on-chain approveKyc path runs without a network).
+// Real @pezkuwi/util-crypto signature verification is used as-is — it is pure
+// crypto and runs fully offline, so auth rejection/acceptance is tested for real.
+
+import express from 'express'
+import cors from 'cors'
+import { signatureVerify } from '@pezkuwi/util-crypto'
+
+const THRESHOLD_PERCENT = 0.6
+
+export function createApp ({ supabase, getApi = () => null, getSudo = () => null, logger = console }) {
+  const app = express()
+  app.use(cors())
+  app.use(express.json())
+
+  // ========================================
+  // COUNCIL MANAGEMENT
+  // ========================================
+  app.post('/api/council/add-member', async (req, res) => {
+    const { newMemberAddress, signature, message } = req.body
+    const founderAddress = process.env.FOUNDER_ADDRESS
+
+    if (!founderAddress) {
+      logger.error('Founder address is not configured.')
+      return res.status(500).json({ error: { key: 'errors.server.founder_not_configured' } })
+    }
+
+    if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'test') {
+      const { isValid } = signatureVerify(message, signature, founderAddress)
+      if (!isValid) {
+        return res.status(401).json({ error: { key: 'errors.auth.invalid_signature' } })
+      }
+      if (!message.includes(`addCouncilMember:${newMemberAddress}`)) {
+        return res.status(400).json({ error: { key: 'errors.request.message_mismatch' } })
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (!newMemberAddress || newMemberAddress.length < 47) {
+      return res.status(400).json({ error: { key: 'errors.request.invalid_address' } })
+    }
+
+    try {
+      const { error } = await supabase
+        .from('council_members')
+        .insert([{ address: newMemberAddress }])
+
+      if (error) {
+        if (error.code === '23505') { // Unique violation
+          return res.status(409).json({ error: { key: 'errors.council.member_exists' } })
+        }
+        throw error
+      }
+      res.status(200).json({ success: true })
+    } catch (error) {
+      logger.error({ err: error, newMemberAddress }, 'Error adding council member')
+      res.status(500).json({ error: { key: 'errors.server.internal_error' } })
+    }
+  })
+
+  // ========================================
+  // KYC VOTING
+  // ========================================
+  app.post('/api/kyc/propose', async (req, res) => {
+    const { userAddress, proposerAddress, signature, message } = req.body
+
+    try {
+      if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'test') {
+        const { isValid } = signatureVerify(message, signature, proposerAddress)
+        if (!isValid) {
+          return res.status(401).json({ error: { key: 'errors.auth.invalid_signature' } })
+        }
+        if (!message.includes(`proposeKYC:${userAddress}`)) {
+          return res.status(400).json({ error: { key: 'errors.request.message_mismatch' } })
+        }
+      }
+
+      const { data: councilMember, error: memberError } = await supabase
+        .from('council_members').select('address').eq('address', proposerAddress).single()
+
+      if (memberError || !councilMember) {
+        return res.status(403).json({ error: { key: 'errors.auth.proposer_not_member' } })
+      }
+
+      const { error: proposalError } = await supabase
+        .from('kyc_proposals').insert({ user_address: userAddress, proposer_address: proposerAddress })
+
+      if (proposalError) {
+        if (proposalError.code === '23505') {
+          return res.status(409).json({ error: { key: 'errors.kyc.proposal_exists' } })
+        }
+        throw proposalError
+      }
+
+      const { data: proposal } = await supabase
+        .from('kyc_proposals').select('id').eq('user_address', userAddress).single()
+
+      await supabase.from('votes')
+        .insert({ proposal_id: proposal.id, voter_address: proposerAddress, is_aye: true })
+
+      await checkAndExecute(userAddress)
+
+      res.status(201).json({ success: true, proposalId: proposal.id })
+    } catch (error) {
+      logger.error({ err: error, ...req.body }, 'Error proposing KYC')
+      res.status(500).json({ error: { key: 'errors.server.internal_error' } })
+    }
+  })
+
+  async function checkAndExecute (userAddress) {
+    try {
+      const api = getApi()
+      const sudoAccount = getSudo()
+
+      const { count: totalMembers, error: countError } = await supabase
+        .from('council_members').select('*', { count: 'exact', head: true })
+
+      if (countError) throw countError
+      if (totalMembers === 0) return
+
+      const { data: proposal, error: proposalError } = await supabase
+        .from('kyc_proposals').select('id, executed').eq('user_address', userAddress).single()
+
+      if (proposalError || !proposal || proposal.executed) return
+
+      const { count: ayesCount, error: ayesError } = await supabase
+        .from('votes').select('*', { count: 'exact', head: true })
+        .eq('proposal_id', proposal.id).eq('is_aye', true)
+
+      if (ayesError) throw ayesError
+
+      const requiredVotes = Math.ceil(totalMembers * THRESHOLD_PERCENT)
+
+      if (ayesCount >= requiredVotes) {
+        if (!sudoAccount || !api) {
+          logger.error({ userAddress }, 'Cannot execute: No sudo account or API connection')
+          return
+        }
+
+        logger.info({ userAddress }, 'Threshold reached! Executing approveKyc...')
+        const tx = api.tx.identityKyc.approveKyc(userAddress)
+
+        await tx.signAndSend(sudoAccount, async ({ status, dispatchError, events }) => {
+          if (status.isFinalized) {
+            if (dispatchError) {
+              const decoded = api.registry.findMetaError(dispatchError.asModule)
+              const errorMsg = `${decoded.section}.${decoded.name}: ${decoded.docs.join(' ')}`
+              logger.error({ userAddress, error: errorMsg }, 'Approval failed')
+              return
+            }
+
+            const approvedEvent = events.find(({ event }) => api.events.identityKyc.KycApproved.is(event))
+            if (approvedEvent) {
+              logger.info({ userAddress }, 'KYC Approved on-chain. Marking as executed.')
+              await supabase.from('kyc_proposals').update({ executed: true }).eq('id', proposal.id)
+            }
+          }
+        })
+      }
+    } catch (error) {
+      logger.error({ err: error, userAddress }, 'Error in checkAndExecute')
+    }
+  }
+
+  // ========================================
+  // GETTERS
+  // ========================================
+  app.get('/api/kyc/pending', async (req, res) => {
+    try {
+      const { data, error } = await supabase
+        .from('kyc_proposals')
+        .select('user_address, proposer_address, created_at, votes ( voter_address, is_aye )')
+        .eq('executed', false)
+      if (error) throw error
+      res.json({ pending: data })
+    } catch (error) {
+      logger.error({ err: error }, 'Error fetching pending proposals')
+      res.status(500).json({ error: { key: 'errors.server.internal_error' } })
+    }
+  })
+
+  // ========================================
+  // HEALTH CHECK
+  // ========================================
+  app.get('/health', async (req, res) => {
+    res.json({
+      status: 'ok',
+      blockchain: getApi() ? 'connected' : 'disconnected'
+    })
+  })
+
+  return app
+}
diff --git a/backend/src/index.js b/backend/src/index.js
index 406c9281..de013f6b 100644
--- a/backend/src/index.js
+++ b/backend/src/index.js
@@ -1,134 +1,42 @@
-import express from 'express';
-import cors from 'cors';
-import { open } from 'sqlite';
-import sqlite3 from 'sqlite3';
-import { ApiPromise, WsProvider } from '@pezkuwi/api';
-import dotenv from 'dotenv';
+// Indexer service bootstrap.
+//
+// Thin wiring layer: connects to the live chain and feeds decoded blocks into
+// the injectable core in ./indexer.js (which holds all the DB + HTTP logic and
+// is unit-tested offline). Keeping the @pezkuwi/api connection isolated here
+// means the testable core never touches the network.
 
-dotenv.config();
+import { ApiPromise, WsProvider } from '@pezkuwi/api'
+import dotenv from 'dotenv'
+import { initDb, indexBlock, createApp } from './indexer.js'
 
-const app = express();
-const port = process.env.PORT || 3001;
-const WS_ENDPOINT = process.env.WS_ENDPOINT || 'wss://rpc.pezkuwichain.io';
+dotenv.config()
 
-app.use(cors());
-app.use(express.json());
-
-// Initialize Database
-async function initDb() {
-    const db = await open({
-        filename: './transactions.db',
-        driver: sqlite3.Database
-    });
-
-    await db.exec(`
-        CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS transfers (
-            id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
-            hash TEXT UNIQUE,
-            sender TEXT,
-            receiver TEXT,
-            amount TEXT,
-            asset_id INTEGER DEFAULT NULL,
-            symbol TEXT,
-            block_number INTEGER,
-            timestamp DATETIME DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
-        )
-    `);
-    
-    return db;
-}
+const port = process.env.PORT || 3001
+const WS_ENDPOINT = process.env.WS_ENDPOINT || 'wss://rpc.pezkuwichain.io'
 
 // Start Indexing
-async function startIndexer(db) {
-    console.log(`Connecting to Pezkuwi Node: ${WS_ENDPOINT}`);
-    const provider = new WsProvider(WS_ENDPOINT);
-    const api = await ApiPromise.create({ provider });
+async function startIndexer (db) {
+  console.log(`Connecting to Pezkuwi Node: ${WS_ENDPOINT}`)
+  const provider = new WsProvider(WS_ENDPOINT)
+  const api = await ApiPromise.create({ provider })
 
-    console.log('Connected! Listening for new blocks...');
+  console.log('Connected! Listening for new blocks...')
 
-    api.rpc.chain.subscribeNewHeads(async (header) => {
-        const blockNumber = header.number.toNumber();
-        const blockHash = await api.rpc.chain.getBlockHash(blockNumber);
-        const signedBlock = await api.rpc.chain.getBlock(blockHash);
-
-        signedBlock.block.extrinsics.forEach(async (ex) => {
-            const { method: { method, section }, signer } = ex;
-
-            // 1. Handle Native HEZ Transfers
-            if (section === 'balances' && (method === 'transfer' || method === 'transferKeepAlive')) {
-                const [dest, value] = ex.method.args;
-                await saveTransfer(db, {
-                    hash: ex.hash.toHex(),
-                    sender: signer.toString(),
-                    receiver: dest.toString(),
-                    amount: value.toString(),
-                    asset_id: null,
-                    symbol: 'HEZ',
-                    block_number: blockNumber
-                });
-            }
-
-            // 2. Handle Asset Transfers (PEZ, USDT)
-            if (section === 'assets' && method === 'transfer') {
-                const [id, dest, value] = ex.method.args;
-                const assetId = id.toNumber();
-                const symbol = assetId === 1 ? 'PEZ' : assetId === 1000 ? 'USDT' : `ASSET-${assetId}`;
-                
-                await saveTransfer(db, {
-                    hash: ex.hash.toHex(),
-                    sender: signer.toString(),
-                    receiver: dest.toString(),
-                    amount: value.toString(),
-                    asset_id: assetId,
-                    symbol: symbol,
-                    block_number: blockNumber
-                });
-            }
-        });
-    });
-}
-
-async function saveTransfer(db, tx) {
-    try {
-        await db.run(
-            `INSERT OR IGNORE INTO transfers (hash, sender, receiver, amount, asset_id, symbol, block_number) 
-             VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)`,
-            [tx.hash, tx.sender, tx.receiver, tx.amount, tx.asset_id, tx.symbol, tx.block_number]
-        );
-        console.log(`Indexed ${tx.symbol} Transfer: ${tx.hash.slice(0, 10)}...`);
-    } catch (err) {
-        console.error('DB Insert Error:', err);
-    }
-}
-
-// API Routes
-async function startServer(db) {
-    app.get('/api/history/:address', async (req, res) => {
-        const { address } = req.params;
-        try {
-            const history = await db.all(
-                `SELECT * FROM transfers 
-                 WHERE sender = ? OR receiver = ? 
-                 ORDER BY block_number DESC LIMIT 50`,
-                [address, address]
-            );
-            res.json(history);
-        } catch (err) {
-            res.status(500).json({ error: err.message });
-        }
-    });
-
-    app.get('/api/stats', async (req, res) => {
-        const stats = await db.get('SELECT COUNT(*) as total FROM transfers');
-        res.json(stats);
-    });
-
-    app.listen(port, () => {
-        console.log(`Indexer API running at http://localhost:${port}`);
-    });
+  api.rpc.chain.subscribeNewHeads(async (header) => {
+    const blockNumber = header.number.toNumber()
+    const blockHash = await api.rpc.chain.getBlockHash(blockNumber)
+    const signedBlock = await api.rpc.chain.getBlock(blockHash)
+    await indexBlock(db, signedBlock, blockNumber)
+  })
 }
 
 // Launch
-const db = await initDb();
-startIndexer(db);
-startServer(db);
+// DB_PATH lets the deploy point the stateful sqlite file at a mounted volume
+// (e.g. /data/transactions.db); defaults to the historical ./transactions.db.
+const db = await initDb(process.env.DB_PATH || './transactions.db')
+startIndexer(db)
+
+const app = createApp(db)
+app.listen(port, () => {
+  console.log(`Indexer API running at http://localhost:${port}`)
+})
diff --git a/backend/src/indexer.js b/backend/src/indexer.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6368bcbe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/backend/src/indexer.js
@@ -0,0 +1,135 @@
+// Indexer core — pure, injectable, offline-testable.
+//
+// This module deliberately does NOT import @pezkuwi/api. It operates on
+// already-decoded extrinsic objects and an injected sqlite handle, so the
+// dedup / symbol-mapping / DB logic can be exercised in CI with no live chain
+// and an in-memory (`:memory:`) database. src/index.js wires this to the live
+// WsProvider/ApiPromise subscription.
+
+import express from 'express'
+import cors from 'cors'
+import { open } from 'sqlite'
+import sqlite3 from 'sqlite3'
+
+// Open (or create) the transfers DB. Pass ':memory:' in tests.
+export async function initDb (filename = './transactions.db') {
+  const db = await open({ filename, driver: sqlite3.Database })
+
+  await db.exec(`
+        CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS transfers (
+            id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
+            hash TEXT UNIQUE,
+            sender TEXT,
+            receiver TEXT,
+            amount TEXT,
+            asset_id INTEGER DEFAULT NULL,
+            symbol TEXT,
+            block_number INTEGER,
+            timestamp DATETIME DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
+        )
+    `)
+
+  return db
+}
+
+// Persist a single transfer. INSERT OR IGNORE gives us hash-level dedup so the
+// same extrinsic seen twice (re-org / replay / overlapping subscriptions) is a
+// no-op instead of a duplicate row.
+export async function saveTransfer (db, tx) {
+  try {
+    await db.run(
+      `INSERT OR IGNORE INTO transfers (hash, sender, receiver, amount, asset_id, symbol, block_number)
+             VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)`,
+      [tx.hash, tx.sender, tx.receiver, tx.amount, tx.asset_id, tx.symbol, tx.block_number]
+    )
+    console.log(`Indexed ${tx.symbol} Transfer: ${tx.hash.slice(0, 10)}...`)
+  } catch (err) {
+    console.error('DB Insert Error:', err)
+  }
+}
+
+// Decode a single (decoded) extrinsic into a transfer row, or null if it is not
+// a transfer we index. Kept pure so it can be unit-tested with plain fixtures.
+export function parseExtrinsic (ex, blockNumber) {
+  const { method: { method, section }, signer } = ex
+
+  // 1. Native HEZ transfers
+  if (section === 'balances' && (method === 'transfer' || method === 'transferKeepAlive')) {
+    const [dest, value] = ex.method.args
+    return {
+      hash: ex.hash.toHex(),
+      sender: signer.toString(),
+      receiver: dest.toString(),
+      amount: value.toString(),
+      asset_id: null,
+      symbol: 'HEZ',
+      block_number: blockNumber
+    }
+  }
+
+  // 2. Asset transfers (PEZ, USDT, …)
+  if (section === 'assets' && method === 'transfer') {
+    const [id, dest, value] = ex.method.args
+    const assetId = id.toNumber()
+    const symbol = assetId === 1 ? 'PEZ' : assetId === 1000 ? 'USDT' : `ASSET-${assetId}`
+    return {
+      hash: ex.hash.toHex(),
+      sender: signer.toString(),
+      receiver: dest.toString(),
+      amount: value.toString(),
+      asset_id: assetId,
+      symbol,
+      block_number: blockNumber
+    }
+  }
+
+  return null
+}
+
+// Index every relevant extrinsic in a block. Sequential await (vs the original
+// fire-and-forget forEach) so inserts actually complete before the block is
+// considered processed — same rows, just no lost/racing writes.
+export async function indexBlock (db, signedBlock, blockNumber) {
+  for (const ex of signedBlock.block.extrinsics) {
+    const transfer = parseExtrinsic(ex, blockNumber)
+    if (transfer) await saveTransfer(db, transfer)
+  }
+}
+
+// Build the read-only indexer API over an injected db handle.
+export function createApp (db) {
+  const app = express()
+  app.use(cors())
+  app.use(express.json())
+
+  // Liveness/readiness probe (used by the Docker HEALTHCHECK).
+  app.get('/health', (req, res) => {
+    res.json({ status: 'ok' })
+  })
+
+  app.get('/api/history/:address', async (req, res) => {
+    const { address } = req.params
+    try {
+      const history = await db.all(
+        `SELECT * FROM transfers
+                 WHERE sender = ? OR receiver = ?
+                 ORDER BY block_number DESC LIMIT 50`,
+        [address, address]
+      )
+      res.json(history)
+    } catch (err) {
+      res.status(500).json({ error: err.message })
+    }
+  })
+
+  app.get('/api/stats', async (req, res) => {
+    try {
+      const stats = await db.get('SELECT COUNT(*) as total FROM transfers')
+      res.json(stats)
+    } catch (err) {
+      res.status(500).json({ error: err.message })
+    }
+  })
+
+  return app
+}
diff --git a/backend/src/server.js b/backend/src/server.js
index 1028b52b..5d5efca1 100644
--- a/backend/src/server.js
+++ b/backend/src/server.js
@@ -1,11 +1,17 @@
-import express from 'express'
-import cors from 'cors'
+// Council / KYC service bootstrap.
+//
+// Thin wiring layer: builds the real Supabase client + logger, connects to the
+// live chain, and mounts the injectable route factory from ./council.js. All
+// endpoint logic lives in council.js so it can be tested offline; this file only
+// owns the live side effects (Supabase client, blockchain connection).
+
 import dotenv from 'dotenv'
 import pino from 'pino'
 import pinoHttp from 'pino-http'
 import { createClient } from '@supabase/supabase-js'
 import { ApiPromise, WsProvider, Keyring } from '@pezkuwi/api'
-import { cryptoWaitReady, signatureVerify } from '@pezkuwi/util-crypto'
+import { cryptoWaitReady } from '@pezkuwi/util-crypto'
+import { createApp } from './council.js'
 
 dotenv.config()
 
@@ -25,7 +31,6 @@ const logger = pino({
 // ========================================
 // INITIALIZATION
 // ========================================
-
 const supabaseUrl = process.env.SUPABASE_URL
 const supabaseKey = process.env.SUPABASE_ANON_KEY
 if (!supabaseUrl || !supabaseKey) {
@@ -34,19 +39,21 @@ if (!supabaseUrl || !supabaseKey) {
 }
 const supabase = createClient(supabaseUrl, supabaseKey)
 
-const app = express()
-app.use(cors())
-app.use(express.json())
-app.use(pinoHttp({ logger }))
-
-const THRESHOLD_PERCENT = 0.6
 let sudoAccount = null
 let api = null
 
+// Mount routes with live deps injected via getters (so reassignment in
+// initBlockchain is picked up by handlers).
+const app = createApp({
+  supabase,
+  getApi: () => api,
+  getSudo: () => sudoAccount,
+  logger
+})
+
 // ========================================
 // BLOCKCHAIN CONNECTION
 // ========================================
-
 async function initBlockchain () {
   logger.info('🔗 Connecting to Blockchain...')
   const wsProvider = new WsProvider(process.env.WS_ENDPOINT || 'ws://127.0.0.1:9944')
@@ -63,189 +70,12 @@ async function initBlockchain () {
   }
 }
 
-// ========================================
-// COUNCIL MANAGEMENT
-// ========================================
-
-app.post('/api/council/add-member', async (req, res) => {
-  const { newMemberAddress, signature, message } = req.body
-  const founderAddress = process.env.FOUNDER_ADDRESS
-
-  if (!founderAddress) {
-    logger.error('Founder address is not configured.')
-    return res.status(500).json({ error: { key: 'errors.server.founder_not_configured' } })
-  }
-
-  if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'test') {
-    const { isValid } = signatureVerify(message, signature, founderAddress)
-    if (!isValid) {
-      return res.status(401).json({ error: { key: 'errors.auth.invalid_signature' } })
-    }
-    if (!message.includes(`addCouncilMember:${newMemberAddress}`)) {
-      return res.status(400).json({ error: { key: 'errors.request.message_mismatch' } })
-    }
-  }
-
-  if (!newMemberAddress || newMemberAddress.length < 47) {
-    return res.status(400).json({ error: { key: 'errors.request.invalid_address' } })
-  }
-
-  try {
-    const { error } = await supabase
-      .from('council_members')
-      .insert([{ address: newMemberAddress }])
-
-    if (error) {
-      if (error.code === '23505') { // Unique violation
-        return res.status(409).json({ error: { key: 'errors.council.member_exists' } })
-      }
-      throw error
-    }
-    res.status(200).json({ success: true })
-  } catch (error) {
-    logger.error({ err: error, newMemberAddress }, 'Error adding council member')
-    res.status(500).json({ error: { key: 'errors.server.internal_error' } })
-  }
-})
-
-// ========================================
-// KYC VOTING
-// ========================================
-
-app.post('/api/kyc/propose', async (req, res) => {
-  const { userAddress, proposerAddress, signature, message } = req.body
-
-  try {
-    if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'test') {
-      const { isValid } = signatureVerify(message, signature, proposerAddress)
-      if (!isValid) {
-        return res.status(401).json({ error: { key: 'errors.auth.invalid_signature' } })
-      }
-      if (!message.includes(`proposeKYC:${userAddress}`)) {
-        return res.status(400).json({ error: { key: 'errors.request.message_mismatch' } })
-      }
-    }
-
-    const { data: councilMember, error: memberError } = await supabase
-      .from('council_members').select('address').eq('address', proposerAddress).single()
-
-    if (memberError || !councilMember) {
-      return res.status(403).json({ error: { key: 'errors.auth.proposer_not_member' } })
-    }
-
-    const { error: proposalError } = await supabase
-      .from('kyc_proposals').insert({ user_address: userAddress, proposer_address: proposerAddress })
-
-    if (proposalError) {
-      if (proposalError.code === '23505') {
-        return res.status(409).json({ error: { key: 'errors.kyc.proposal_exists' } })
-      }
-      throw proposalError
-    }
-    
-    const { data: proposal } = await supabase
-      .from('kyc_proposals').select('id').eq('user_address', userAddress).single()
-    
-    await supabase.from('votes')
-      .insert({ proposal_id: proposal.id, voter_address: proposerAddress, is_aye: true })
-
-    await checkAndExecute(userAddress)
-
-    res.status(201).json({ success: true, proposalId: proposal.id })
-  } catch (error) {
-    logger.error({ err: error, ...req.body }, 'Error proposing KYC')
-    res.status(500).json({ error: { key: 'errors.server.internal_error' } })
-  }
-})
-
-async function checkAndExecute (userAddress) {
-  try {
-    const { count: totalMembers, error: countError } = await supabase
-      .from('council_members').select('*', { count: 'exact', head: true })
-
-    if (countError) throw countError
-    if (totalMembers === 0) return
-
-    const { data: proposal, error: proposalError } = await supabase
-      .from('kyc_proposals').select('id, executed').eq('user_address', userAddress).single()
-
-    if (proposalError || !proposal || proposal.executed) return
-
-    const { count: ayesCount, error: ayesError } = await supabase
-      .from('votes').select('*', { count: 'exact', head: true })
-      .eq('proposal_id', proposal.id).eq('is_aye', true)
-
-    if (ayesError) throw ayesError
-
-    const requiredVotes = Math.ceil(totalMembers * THRESHOLD_PERCENT)
-
-    if (ayesCount >= requiredVotes) {
-      if (!sudoAccount || !api) {
-        logger.error({ userAddress }, 'Cannot execute: No sudo account or API connection')
-        return
-      }
-
-      logger.info({ userAddress }, `Threshold reached! Executing approveKyc...`)
-      const tx = api.tx.identityKyc.approveKyc(userAddress)
-
-      await tx.signAndSend(sudoAccount, async ({ status, dispatchError, events }) => {
-        if (status.isFinalized) {
-          if (dispatchError) {
-            const decoded = api.registry.findMetaError(dispatchError.asModule)
-            const errorMsg = `${decoded.section}.${decoded.name}: ${decoded.docs.join(' ')}`
-            logger.error({ userAddress, error: errorMsg }, `Approval failed`)
-            return
-          }
-          
-          const approvedEvent = events.find(({ event }) => api.events.identityKyc.KycApproved.is(event))
-          if (approvedEvent) {
-            logger.info({ userAddress }, 'KYC Approved on-chain. Marking as executed.')
-            await supabase.from('kyc_proposals').update({ executed: true }).eq('id', proposal.id)
-          }
-        }
-      })
-    }
-  } catch (error) {
-    logger.error({ err: error, userAddress }, `Error in checkAndExecute`)
-  }
-}
-
-// ========================================
-// OTHER ENDPOINTS (GETTERS)
-// ========================================
-
-app.get('/api/kyc/pending', async (req, res) => {
-  try {
-    const { data, error } = await supabase
-      .from('kyc_proposals')
-      .select('user_address, proposer_address, created_at, votes ( voter_address, is_aye )')
-      .eq('executed', false)
-    if (error) throw error
-    res.json({ pending: data })
-  } catch (error) {
-    logger.error({ err: error }, 'Error fetching pending proposals')
-    res.status(500).json({ error: { key: 'errors.server.internal_error' } })
-  }
-})
-
-// ========================================
-// HEALTH CHECK
-// ========================================
-
-app.get('/health', async (req, res) => {
-  res.json({
-    status: 'ok',
-    blockchain: api ? 'connected' : 'disconnected'
-  });
-})
-
 // ========================================
 // START & EXPORT
 // ========================================
-
 initBlockchain().catch(error => {
   logger.fatal({ err: error }, '❌ Failed to initialize blockchain')
   process.exit(1)
 })
 
-export { app, supabase, api, logger }
\ No newline at end of file
+export { app, supabase, logger }
diff --git a/backend/test/council.test.js b/backend/test/council.test.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..972ee597
--- /dev/null
+++ b/backend/test/council.test.js
@@ -0,0 +1,228 @@
+// Offline council / KYC tests — real signature crypto, mocked chain + Supabase.
+// Run: node --test
+//
+// NODE_ENV must NOT be 'test' here: the handlers skip signature verification
+// when NODE_ENV === 'test', and we specifically want to exercise the real
+// @pezkuwi/util-crypto signature gate (reject unsigned/invalid, accept valid).
+
+process.env.NODE_ENV = 'ci-offline'
+
+import { test } from 'node:test'
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict'
+import request from 'supertest'
+import { Keyring } from '@pezkuwi/keyring'
+import { cryptoWaitReady } from '@pezkuwi/util-crypto'
+import { u8aToHex } from '@pezkuwi/util'
+import { createApp } from '../src/council.js'
+import { makeFakeSupabase } from './helpers/fake-supabase.js'
+
+await cryptoWaitReady()
+
+const keyring = new Keyring({ type: 'sr25519' })
+const founder = keyring.addFromUri('//Founder')
+const proposer = keyring.addFromUri('//Proposer')
+const stranger = keyring.addFromUri('//Stranger')
+const user = keyring.addFromUri('//KycUser')
+
+const sign = (pair, message) => u8aToHex(pair.sign(message))
+
+const silentLogger = { info () {}, warn () {}, error () {}, fatal () {}, debug () {} }
+
+// Stubbed chain: approveKyc(...).signAndSend(sudo, cb) drives the callback with
+// a finalized, successful event so the "mark executed" branch runs — no network.
+function makeMockApi () {
+  const calls = []
+  const api = {
+    tx: {
+      identityKyc: {
+        approveKyc: (addr) => ({
+          async signAndSend (sudo, cb) {
+            calls.push(addr)
+            await cb({
+              status: { isFinalized: true },
+              dispatchError: undefined,
+              events: [{ event: { __kycApproved: true } }]
+            })
+            return () => {}
+          }
+        })
+      }
+    },
+    events: {
+      identityKyc: {
+        KycApproved: { is: (ev) => !!(ev && ev.__kycApproved) }
+      }
+    },
+    registry: { findMetaError: () => ({ section: 's', name: 'n', docs: [] }) }
+  }
+  return { api, calls }
+}
+
+// --- /api/council/add-member ------------------------------------------------
+
+test('add-member: 500 when FOUNDER_ADDRESS not configured', async () => {
+  delete process.env.FOUNDER_ADDRESS
+  const app = createApp({ supabase: makeFakeSupabase(), logger: silentLogger })
+  const res = await request(app).post('/api/council/add-member').send({
+    newMemberAddress: stranger.address,
+    signature: '0x00',
+    message: `addCouncilMember:${stranger.address}`
+  })
+  assert.equal(res.statusCode, 500)
+  assert.equal(res.body.error.key, 'errors.server.founder_not_configured')
+})
+
+test('add-member: 401 on invalid signature', async () => {
+  process.env.FOUNDER_ADDRESS = founder.address
+  const app = createApp({ supabase: makeFakeSupabase(), logger: silentLogger })
+  const message = `addCouncilMember:${stranger.address}`
+  const res = await request(app).post('/api/council/add-member').send({
+    newMemberAddress: stranger.address,
+    signature: sign(stranger, message), // well-formed, but NOT the founder's key
+    message
+  })
+  assert.equal(res.statusCode, 401)
+  assert.equal(res.body.error.key, 'errors.auth.invalid_signature')
+})
+
+test('add-member: 400 when signed message does not match the action', async () => {
+  process.env.FOUNDER_ADDRESS = founder.address
+  const message = 'addCouncilMember:5SomeoneElse'
+  const app = createApp({ supabase: makeFakeSupabase(), logger: silentLogger })
+  const res = await request(app).post('/api/council/add-member').send({
+    newMemberAddress: stranger.address,
+    signature: sign(founder, message),
+    message
+  })
+  assert.equal(res.statusCode, 400)
+  assert.equal(res.body.error.key, 'errors.request.message_mismatch')
+})
+
+test('add-member: 200 on valid founder signature', async () => {
+  process.env.FOUNDER_ADDRESS = founder.address
+  const message = `addCouncilMember:${stranger.address}`
+  const supabase = makeFakeSupabase()
+  const app = createApp({ supabase, logger: silentLogger })
+  const res = await request(app).post('/api/council/add-member').send({
+    newMemberAddress: stranger.address,
+    signature: sign(founder, message),
+    message
+  })
+  assert.equal(res.statusCode, 200)
+  assert.equal(res.body.success, true)
+  assert.equal(supabase._tables.council_members.length, 1)
+})
+
+test('add-member: 409 when member already exists', async () => {
+  process.env.FOUNDER_ADDRESS = founder.address
+  const message = `addCouncilMember:${stranger.address}`
+  const supabase = makeFakeSupabase({ council_members: [{ address: stranger.address }] })
+  const app = createApp({ supabase, logger: silentLogger })
+  const res = await request(app).post('/api/council/add-member').send({
+    newMemberAddress: stranger.address,
+    signature: sign(founder, message),
+    message
+  })
+  assert.equal(res.statusCode, 409)
+  assert.equal(res.body.error.key, 'errors.council.member_exists')
+})
+
+// --- /api/kyc/propose -------------------------------------------------------
+
+test('propose: 401 on invalid proposer signature', async () => {
+  const app = createApp({ supabase: makeFakeSupabase(), logger: silentLogger })
+  const message = `proposeKYC:${user.address}`
+  const res = await request(app).post('/api/kyc/propose').send({
+    userAddress: user.address,
+    proposerAddress: proposer.address,
+    signature: sign(stranger, message), // signed by a different key than proposerAddress
+    message
+  })
+  assert.equal(res.statusCode, 401)
+})
+
+test('propose: 403 when proposer is not a council member', async () => {
+  const message = `proposeKYC:${user.address}`
+  const app = createApp({ supabase: makeFakeSupabase(), logger: silentLogger })
+  const res = await request(app).post('/api/kyc/propose').send({
+    userAddress: user.address,
+    proposerAddress: proposer.address, // not seeded into council_members
+    signature: sign(proposer, message),
+    message
+  })
+  assert.equal(res.statusCode, 403)
+  assert.equal(res.body.error.key, 'errors.auth.proposer_not_member')
+})
+
+test('propose: 201 and auto-executes when threshold reached (chain mocked)', async () => {
+  const message = `proposeKYC:${user.address}`
+  const supabase = makeFakeSupabase({ council_members: [{ address: proposer.address }] })
+  const { api, calls } = makeMockApi()
+  const app = createApp({
+    supabase,
+    getApi: () => api,
+    getSudo: () => ({ address: founder.address }), // stub signer
+    logger: silentLogger
+  })
+
+  const res = await request(app).post('/api/kyc/propose').send({
+    userAddress: user.address,
+    proposerAddress: proposer.address,
+    signature: sign(proposer, message),
+    message
+  })
+
+  assert.equal(res.statusCode, 201)
+  assert.equal(res.body.success, true)
+  // Single-member council → 60% threshold (ceil(1*0.6)=1) met by the auto-aye,
+  // so approveKyc was signed+sent for the user and the proposal marked executed.
+  assert.deepEqual(calls, [user.address])
+  const proposal = supabase._tables.kyc_proposals[0]
+  assert.equal(proposal.executed, true)
+})
+
+test('propose: does NOT execute below threshold (multi-member council)', async () => {
+  const message = `proposeKYC:${user.address}`
+  const supabase = makeFakeSupabase({
+    council_members: [
+      { address: proposer.address },
+      { address: founder.address },
+      { address: stranger.address }
+    ]
+  })
+  const { api, calls } = makeMockApi()
+  const app = createApp({
+    supabase,
+    getApi: () => api,
+    getSudo: () => ({ address: founder.address }),
+    logger: silentLogger
+  })
+
+  const res = await request(app).post('/api/kyc/propose').send({
+    userAddress: user.address,
+    proposerAddress: proposer.address,
+    signature: sign(proposer, message),
+    message
+  })
+
+  assert.equal(res.statusCode, 201)
+  // 3 members → required = ceil(3*0.6)=2, only 1 aye → no on-chain execution.
+  assert.deepEqual(calls, [])
+  assert.equal(supabase._tables.kyc_proposals[0].executed, false)
+})
+
+// --- /api/kyc/pending -------------------------------------------------------
+
+test('GET /api/kyc/pending lists non-executed proposals', async () => {
+  const supabase = makeFakeSupabase({
+    kyc_proposals: [
+      { user_address: user.address, proposer_address: proposer.address, executed: false },
+      { user_address: stranger.address, proposer_address: proposer.address, executed: true }
+    ]
+  })
+  const app = createApp({ supabase, logger: silentLogger })
+  const res = await request(app).get('/api/kyc/pending')
+  assert.equal(res.statusCode, 200)
+  assert.equal(res.body.pending.length, 1)
+  assert.equal(res.body.pending[0].user_address, user.address)
+})
diff --git a/backend/test/helpers/fake-supabase.js b/backend/test/helpers/fake-supabase.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..37eaf153
--- /dev/null
+++ b/backend/test/helpers/fake-supabase.js
@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+// Minimal in-memory Supabase stand-in.
+//
+// Implements exactly the query-builder surface the council/KYC handlers use:
+//   .from(t).insert(v)
+//   .from(t).select(cols).eq(c,v).single()
+//   .from(t).select('*', { count:'exact', head:true }).eq(...).eq(...)
+//   .from(t).update(v).eq(c,v)
+//   .from(t).select(cols).eq(c,v)   (list)
+// Unique-violation (23505) is simulated on council_members.address and
+// kyc_proposals.user_address so the 409 paths are covered. Everything lives in
+// plain arrays — no network, no real DB.
+
+export function makeFakeSupabase (initial = {}) {
+  const tables = {
+    council_members: [],
+    kyc_proposals: [],
+    votes: [],
+    ...structuredCloneSafe(initial)
+  }
+
+  const UNIQUE = {
+    council_members: 'address',
+    kyc_proposals: 'user_address'
+  }
+
+  function from (name) {
+    const rows = tables[name] || (tables[name] = [])
+    const builder = {
+      _filters: [],
+      _count: null,
+      _head: false,
+      _update: null,
+
+      insert (vals) {
+        const arr = Array.isArray(vals) ? vals : [vals]
+        for (const v of arr) {
+          const uniqueCol = UNIQUE[name]
+          if (uniqueCol && rows.some(r => r[uniqueCol] === v[uniqueCol])) {
+            return Promise.resolve({ error: { code: '23505' }, data: null })
+          }
+          rows.push({ id: rows.length + 1, executed: false, created_at: new Date().toISOString(), ...v })
+        }
+        return Promise.resolve({ error: null, data: null })
+      },
+
+      select (cols, opts) {
+        if (opts) {
+          this._count = opts.count || null
+          this._head = !!opts.head
+        }
+        return this
+      },
+
+      eq (col, val) {
+        this._filters.push([col, val])
+        return this
+      },
+
+      neq () { return this },
+
+      update (vals) {
+        this._update = vals
+        return this
+      },
+
+      _apply () {
+        return rows.filter(r => this._filters.every(([c, v]) => r[c] === v))
+      },
+
+      single () {
+        const found = this._apply()
+        if (found.length === 0) {
+          return Promise.resolve({ data: null, error: { code: 'PGRST116', message: 'no rows' } })
+        }
+        return Promise.resolve({ data: found[0], error: null })
+      },
+
+      // Thenable terminal for chains awaited without .single()
+      then (resolve, reject) {
+        try {
+          const found = this._apply()
+          if (this._update) {
+            found.forEach(r => Object.assign(r, this._update))
+            return resolve({ error: null, data: found })
+          }
+          if (this._count) {
+            return resolve({ count: found.length, error: null, data: this._head ? null : found })
+          }
+          return resolve({ data: found, error: null })
+        } catch (err) {
+          return reject(err)
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    return builder
+  }
+
+  return { from, _tables: tables }
+}
+
+function structuredCloneSafe (obj) {
+  const out = {}
+  for (const [k, v] of Object.entries(obj)) out[k] = v.map(r => ({ ...r }))
+  return out
+}
diff --git a/backend/test/indexer.test.js b/backend/test/indexer.test.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bef3ffa1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/backend/test/indexer.test.js
@@ -0,0 +1,152 @@
+// Offline indexer tests — in-memory sqlite, no live chain.
+// Run: node --test
+
+import { test } from 'node:test'
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict'
+import request from 'supertest'
+import { initDb, saveTransfer, parseExtrinsic, indexBlock, createApp } from '../src/indexer.js'
+
+// --- fixtures ---------------------------------------------------------------
+
+// Build a decoded-extrinsic look-alike matching the shape parseExtrinsic reads.
+function mkEx ({ section, method, args, hash, signer }) {
+  return {
+    method: { section, method, args },
+    signer: { toString: () => signer },
+    hash: { toHex: () => hash }
+  }
+}
+
+const scalar = (s) => ({ toString: () => s })
+const numeric = (n) => ({ toNumber: () => n })
+
+// --- parseExtrinsic ---------------------------------------------------------
+
+test('parseExtrinsic maps native balances.transfer to HEZ', () => {
+  const ex = mkEx({
+    section: 'balances',
+    method: 'transfer',
+    args: [scalar('5Receiver'), scalar('1000')],
+    hash: '0xhez1',
+    signer: '5Sender'
+  })
+  const t = parseExtrinsic(ex, 42)
+  assert.deepEqual(t, {
+    hash: '0xhez1',
+    sender: '5Sender',
+    receiver: '5Receiver',
+    amount: '1000',
+    asset_id: null,
+    symbol: 'HEZ',
+    block_number: 42
+  })
+})
+
+test('parseExtrinsic maps balances.transferKeepAlive to HEZ', () => {
+  const ex = mkEx({
+    section: 'balances',
+    method: 'transferKeepAlive',
+    args: [scalar('5R'), scalar('7')],
+    hash: '0xhez2',
+    signer: '5S'
+  })
+  assert.equal(parseExtrinsic(ex, 1).symbol, 'HEZ')
+})
+
+test('parseExtrinsic maps asset ids to PEZ/USDT/ASSET-n', () => {
+  const mk = (id) => mkEx({
+    section: 'assets',
+    method: 'transfer',
+    args: [numeric(id), scalar('5R'), scalar('9')],
+    hash: `0xa${id}`,
+    signer: '5S'
+  })
+  assert.equal(parseExtrinsic(mk(1), 1).symbol, 'PEZ')
+  assert.equal(parseExtrinsic(mk(1000), 1).symbol, 'USDT')
+  assert.equal(parseExtrinsic(mk(5), 1).symbol, 'ASSET-5')
+  assert.equal(parseExtrinsic(mk(5), 1).asset_id, 5)
+})
+
+test('parseExtrinsic ignores non-transfer extrinsics', () => {
+  const ex = mkEx({
+    section: 'system',
+    method: 'remark',
+    args: [scalar('hi')],
+    hash: '0xnope',
+    signer: '5S'
+  })
+  assert.equal(parseExtrinsic(ex, 1), null)
+})
+
+// --- dedup + persistence ----------------------------------------------------
+
+test('saveTransfer dedups on hash (INSERT OR IGNORE)', async () => {
+  const db = await initDb(':memory:')
+  const tx = {
+    hash: '0xdup',
+    sender: '5S',
+    receiver: '5R',
+    amount: '100',
+    asset_id: null,
+    symbol: 'HEZ',
+    block_number: 10
+  }
+  await saveTransfer(db, tx)
+  await saveTransfer(db, tx) // same hash again — must be a no-op
+  const { total } = await db.get('SELECT COUNT(*) as total FROM transfers')
+  assert.equal(total, 1)
+  await db.close()
+})
+
+test('indexBlock persists only transfer extrinsics from a block', async () => {
+  const db = await initDb(':memory:')
+  const signedBlock = {
+    block: {
+      extrinsics: [
+        mkEx({ section: 'balances', method: 'transfer', args: [scalar('5R'), scalar('1')], hash: '0x1', signer: '5A' }),
+        mkEx({ section: 'system', method: 'remark', args: [scalar('x')], hash: '0x2', signer: '5A' }),
+        mkEx({ section: 'assets', method: 'transfer', args: [numeric(1000), scalar('5R'), scalar('2')], hash: '0x3', signer: '5B' })
+      ]
+    }
+  }
+  await indexBlock(db, signedBlock, 99)
+  const rows = await db.all('SELECT hash, symbol FROM transfers ORDER BY hash')
+  assert.equal(rows.length, 2)
+  assert.deepEqual(rows.map(r => r.symbol).sort(), ['HEZ', 'USDT'])
+  await db.close()
+})
+
+// --- HTTP surface -----------------------------------------------------------
+
+test('GET /health returns 200 ok', async () => {
+  const db = await initDb(':memory:')
+  const app = createApp(db)
+  const res = await request(app).get('/health')
+  assert.equal(res.statusCode, 200)
+  assert.equal(res.body.status, 'ok')
+  await db.close()
+})
+
+test('GET /api/stats reflects indexed count', async () => {
+  const db = await initDb(':memory:')
+  await saveTransfer(db, { hash: '0xs1', sender: 'a', receiver: 'b', amount: '1', asset_id: null, symbol: 'HEZ', block_number: 1 })
+  const app = createApp(db)
+  const res = await request(app).get('/api/stats')
+  assert.equal(res.statusCode, 200)
+  assert.equal(res.body.total, 1)
+  await db.close()
+})
+
+test('GET /api/history/:address filters by sender or receiver', async () => {
+  const db = await initDb(':memory:')
+  await saveTransfer(db, { hash: '0xh1', sender: 'alice', receiver: 'bob', amount: '1', asset_id: null, symbol: 'HEZ', block_number: 2 })
+  await saveTransfer(db, { hash: '0xh2', sender: 'carol', receiver: 'dave', amount: '1', asset_id: null, symbol: 'HEZ', block_number: 3 })
+  await saveTransfer(db, { hash: '0xh3', sender: 'eve', receiver: 'alice', amount: '1', asset_id: null, symbol: 'HEZ', block_number: 4 })
+  const app = createApp(db)
+  const res = await request(app).get('/api/history/alice')
+  assert.equal(res.statusCode, 200)
+  assert.equal(res.body.length, 2) // sent one, received one
+  const hashes = res.body.map(r => r.hash).sort()
+  assert.deepEqual(hashes, ['0xh1', '0xh3'])
+  await db.close()
+})