rename target to polkavm

Signed-off-by: xermicus <cyrill@parity.io>

crates/llvm-context/src/polkavm/const.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+//! The LLVM context constants.
+
+/// The LLVM framework version.
+pub const LLVM_VERSION: semver::Version = semver::Version::new(18, 1, 4);
+
+/// The PolkaVM version.
+pub const ZKEVM_VERSION: semver::Version = semver::Version::new(1, 3, 2);
+
+/// The register width sized type
+pub static XLEN: usize = revive_common::BIT_LENGTH_X32;
+
+/// The heap memory pointer pointer global variable name.
+pub static GLOBAL_HEAP_MEMORY_POINTER: &str = "memory_pointer";
+
+/// The calldata pointer global variable name.
+pub static GLOBAL_CALLDATA_POINTER: &str = "ptr_calldata";
+
+/// The calldata size global variable name.
+pub static GLOBAL_CALLDATA_SIZE: &str = "calldatasize";
+
+/// The return data pointer global variable name.
+pub static GLOBAL_RETURN_DATA_POINTER: &str = "ptr_return_data";
+
+/// The return data size pointer global variable name.
+pub static GLOBAL_RETURN_DATA_SIZE: &str = "returndatasize";
+
+/// The call flags global variable name.
+pub static GLOBAL_CALL_FLAGS: &str = "call_flags";
+
+/// The extra ABI data global variable name.
+pub static GLOBAL_EXTRA_ABI_DATA: &str = "extra_abi_data";
+
+/// The active pointer global variable name.
+pub static GLOBAL_ACTIVE_POINTER: &str = "ptr_active";
+
+/// The constant array global variable name prefix.
+pub static GLOBAL_CONST_ARRAY_PREFIX: &str = "const_array_";
+
+/// The global verbatim getter identifier prefix.
+pub static GLOBAL_VERBATIM_GETTER_PREFIX: &str = "get_global::";
+
+/// The external call data offset in the auxiliary heap.
+pub const HEAP_AUX_OFFSET_EXTERNAL_CALL: u64 = 0;
+
+/// The constructor return data offset in the auxiliary heap.
+pub const HEAP_AUX_OFFSET_CONSTRUCTOR_RETURN_DATA: u64 =
+    8 * (revive_common::BYTE_LENGTH_FIELD as u64);
+
+/// The number of the extra ABI data arguments.
+pub const EXTRA_ABI_DATA_SIZE: usize = 0;
+
+/// The `create` method deployer signature.
+pub static DEPLOYER_SIGNATURE_CREATE: &str = "create(bytes32,bytes32,bytes)";
+
+/// The `create2` method deployer signature.
+pub static DEPLOYER_SIGNATURE_CREATE2: &str = "create2(bytes32,bytes32,bytes)";
+
+/// The absence of system call bit.
+pub const NO_SYSTEM_CALL_BIT: bool = false;
+
+/// The system call bit.
+pub const SYSTEM_CALL_BIT: bool = true;
+
+/// The deployer call header size that consists of:
+/// - selector (4 bytes)
+/// - salt (32 bytes)
+/// - bytecode hash (32 bytes)
+/// - constructor arguments offset (32 bytes)
+/// - constructor arguments length (32 bytes)
+pub const DEPLOYER_CALL_HEADER_SIZE: usize =
+    revive_common::BYTE_LENGTH_X32 + (revive_common::BYTE_LENGTH_FIELD * 4);

crates/llvm-context/src/polkavm/context/address_space.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+//! The address space aliases.
+
+/// The address space aliases.
+#[derive(Default, Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+pub enum AddressSpace {
+    /// The stack memory.
+    #[default]
+    Stack,
+    /// The heap memory.
+    Heap,
+    /// The auxiliary heap memory.
+    HeapAuxiliary,
+    /// The generic memory page.
+    Generic,
+    /// The code area.
+    Code,
+    /// The storage.
+    Storage,
+    /// The transient storage.
+    TransientStorage,
+}
+
+impl From<AddressSpace> for inkwell::AddressSpace {
+    fn from(value: AddressSpace) -> Self {
+        match value {
+            AddressSpace::Stack => Self::from(0),
+            AddressSpace::Heap => Self::from(1),
+            AddressSpace::HeapAuxiliary => Self::from(2),
+            AddressSpace::Generic => Self::from(3),
+            AddressSpace::Code => Self::from(4),
+            AddressSpace::Storage => Self::from(5),
+            AddressSpace::TransientStorage => Self::from(6),
+        }
+    }
+}

crates/llvm-context/src/polkavm/context/argument.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+//! The LLVM argument with metadata.
+
+/// The LLVM argument with metadata.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct Argument<'ctx> {
+    /// The actual LLVM operand.
+    pub value: inkwell::values::BasicValueEnum<'ctx>,
+    /// The original AST value. Used mostly for string literals.
+    pub original: Option<String>,
+    /// The preserved constant value, if available.
+    pub constant: Option<num::BigUint>,
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> Argument<'ctx> {
+    /// The calldata offset argument index.
+    pub const ARGUMENT_INDEX_CALLDATA_OFFSET: usize = 0;
+
+    /// The calldata length argument index.
+    pub const ARGUMENT_INDEX_CALLDATA_LENGTH: usize = 1;
+
+    /// A shortcut constructor.
+    pub fn new(value: inkwell::values::BasicValueEnum<'ctx>) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            value,
+            original: None,
+            constant: None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// A shortcut constructor.
+    pub fn new_with_original(
+        value: inkwell::values::BasicValueEnum<'ctx>,
+        original: String,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            value,
+            original: Some(original),
+            constant: None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// A shortcut constructor.
+    pub fn new_with_constant(
+        value: inkwell::values::BasicValueEnum<'ctx>,
+        constant: num::BigUint,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            value,
+            original: None,
+            constant: Some(constant),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the inner LLVM value.
+    pub fn to_llvm(&self) -> inkwell::values::BasicValueEnum<'ctx> {
+        self.value
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> From<inkwell::values::BasicValueEnum<'ctx>> for Argument<'ctx> {
+    fn from(value: inkwell::values::BasicValueEnum<'ctx>) -> Self {
+        Self::new(value)
+    }
+}

crates/llvm-context/src/polkavm/context/attribute.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+//! The LLVM attribute.
+
+use serde::Deserialize;
+use serde::Serialize;
+
+/// The LLVM attribute.
+/// In order to check the real order in a new major version of LLVM, find the `Attributes.inc` file
+/// inside of the LLVM build directory. This order is actually generated during the building.
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, Hash)]
+pub enum Attribute {
+    Unused = 0,
+    AllocAlign = 1,
+    AllocatedPointer = 2,
+    AlwaysInline = 3,
+    Builtin = 4,
+    Cold = 5,
+    Convergent = 6,
+    CoroDestroyOnlyWhenComplete = 7,
+    DeadOnUnwind = 8,
+    DisableSanitizerInstrumentation = 9,
+    FnRetThunkExtern = 10,
+    Hot = 11,
+    ImmArg = 12,
+    InReg = 13,
+    InlineHint = 14,
+    JumpTable = 15,
+    MinSize = 16,
+    MustProgress = 17,
+    Naked = 18,
+    Nest = 19,
+    NoAlias = 20,
+    NoBuiltin = 21,
+    NoCallback = 22,
+    NoCapture = 23,
+    NoCfCheck = 24,
+    NoDuplicate = 25,
+    NoFree = 26,
+    NoImplicitFloat = 27,
+    NoInline = 28,
+    NoMerge = 29,
+    NoProfile = 30,
+    NoRecurse = 31,
+    NoRedZone = 32,
+    NoReturn = 33,
+    NoSanitizeBounds = 34,
+    NoSanitizeCoverage = 35,
+    NoSync = 36,
+    NoUndef = 37,
+    NoUnwind = 38,
+    NonLazyBind = 39,
+    NonNull = 40,
+    NullPointerIsValid = 41,
+    OptForFuzzing = 42,
+    OptimizeForDebugging = 43,
+    OptimizeForSize = 44,
+    OptimizeNone = 45,
+    PresplitCoroutine = 46,
+    ReadNone = 47,
+    ReadOnly = 48,
+    Returned = 49,
+    ReturnsTwice = 50,
+    SExt = 51,
+    SafeStack = 52,
+    SanitizeAddress = 53,
+    SanitizeHWAddress = 54,
+    SanitizeMemTag = 55,
+    SanitizeMemory = 56,
+    SanitizeThread = 57,
+    ShadowCallStack = 58,
+    SkipProfile = 59,
+    Speculatable = 60,
+    SpeculativeLoadHardening = 61,
+    StackProtect = 62,
+    StackProtectReq = 63,
+    StackProtectStrong = 64,
+    StrictFP = 65,
+    SwiftAsync = 66,
+    SwiftError = 67,
+    SwiftSelf = 68,
+    WillReturn = 69,
+    Writable = 70,
+    WriteOnly = 71,
+    ZExt = 72,
+    // LastEnumAttr = 72,
+    // FirstTypeAttr = 73,
+    ByRef = 73,
+    ByVal = 74,
+    ElementType = 75,
+    InAlloca = 76,
+    Preallocated = 77,
+    StructRet = 78,
+    // LastTypeAttr = 78,
+    // FirstIntAttr = 79,
+    Alignment = 79,
+    AllocKind = 80,
+    AllocSize = 81,
+    Dereferenceable = 82,
+    DereferenceableOrNull = 83,
+    Memory = 84,
+    NoFPClass = 85,
+    StackAlignment = 86,
+    UWTable = 87,
+    VScaleRange = 88,
+    // LastIntAttr = 88,
+}
+
+impl TryFrom<&str> for Attribute {
+    type Error = String;
+
+    fn try_from(value: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
+        match value {
+            "AlwaysInline" => Ok(Attribute::AlwaysInline),
+            "Cold" => Ok(Attribute::Cold),
+            "Hot" => Ok(Attribute::Hot),
+            "MinSize" => Ok(Attribute::MinSize),
+            "OptimizeForSize" => Ok(Attribute::OptimizeForSize),
+            "NoInline" => Ok(Attribute::NoInline),
+            "WillReturn" => Ok(Attribute::WillReturn),
+            "NoReturn" => Ok(Attribute::NoReturn),
+            "MustProgress" => Ok(Attribute::MustProgress),
+            _ => Err(value.to_owned()),
+        }
+    }
+}

crates/llvm-context/src/polkavm/context/build.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+//! The LLVM module build.
+
+use std::collections::BTreeMap;
+
+use serde::Deserialize;
+use serde::Serialize;
+
+/// The LLVM module build.
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct Build {
+    /// The PolkaVM text assembly.
+    pub assembly_text: String,
+    /// The metadata hash.
+    pub metadata_hash: Option<[u8; revive_common::BYTE_LENGTH_FIELD]>,
+    /// The PolkaVM binary bytecode.
+    pub bytecode: Vec<u8>,
+    /// The PolkaVM bytecode hash.
+    pub bytecode_hash: String,
+    /// The hash-to-full-path mapping of the contract factory dependencies.
+    pub factory_dependencies: BTreeMap<String, String>,
+}
+
+impl Build {
+    /// A shortcut constructor.
+    pub fn new(
+        assembly_text: String,
+        metadata_hash: Option<[u8; revive_common::BYTE_LENGTH_FIELD]>,
+        bytecode: Vec<u8>,
+        bytecode_hash: String,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            assembly_text,
+            metadata_hash,
+            bytecode,
+            bytecode_hash,
+            factory_dependencies: BTreeMap::new(),
+        }
+    }
+}

crates/llvm-context/src/polkavm/context/code_type.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+//! The contract code types.
+
+/// The contract code types (deploy and runtime).
+/// They do not represent any entities in the final bytecode, but this separation is always present
+/// in the IRs used for translation to the EVM bytecode.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, Hash)]
+pub enum CodeType {
+    /// The deploy code.
+    Deploy,
+    /// The runtime code.
+    Runtime,
+}
+
+impl std::fmt::Display for CodeType {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        match self {
+            Self::Deploy => write!(f, "deploy"),
+            Self::Runtime => write!(f, "runtime"),
+        }
+    }
+}

crates/llvm-context/src/polkavm/context/debug_info.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+//! The LLVM debug information.
+
+use inkwell::debug_info::AsDIScope;
+use num::Zero;
+
+/// The LLVM debug information.
+pub struct DebugInfo<'ctx> {
+    /// The compile unit.
+    compile_unit: inkwell::debug_info::DICompileUnit<'ctx>,
+    /// The debug info builder.
+    builder: inkwell::debug_info::DebugInfoBuilder<'ctx>,
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> DebugInfo<'ctx> {
+    /// A shortcut constructor.
+    pub fn new(module: &inkwell::module::Module<'ctx>) -> Self {
+        let (builder, compile_unit) = module.create_debug_info_builder(
+            true,
+            inkwell::debug_info::DWARFSourceLanguage::C,
+            module.get_name().to_string_lossy().as_ref(),
+            "",
+            "",
+            false,
+            "",
+            0,
+            "",
+            inkwell::debug_info::DWARFEmissionKind::Full,
+            0,
+            false,
+            false,
+            "",
+            "",
+        );
+
+        Self {
+            compile_unit,
+            builder,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Creates a function info.
+    pub fn create_function(
+        &self,
+        name: &str,
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<inkwell::debug_info::DISubprogram<'ctx>> {
+        let subroutine_type = self.builder.create_subroutine_type(
+            self.compile_unit.get_file(),
+            Some(self.create_type(era_compiler_common::BIT_LENGTH_FIELD)?),
+            &[],
+            inkwell::debug_info::DIFlags::zero(),
+        );
+
+        let function = self.builder.create_function(
+            self.compile_unit.get_file().as_debug_info_scope(),
+            name,
+            None,
+            self.compile_unit.get_file(),
+            42,
+            subroutine_type,
+            true,
+            false,
+            1,
+            inkwell::debug_info::DIFlags::zero(),
+            false,
+        );
+
+        self.builder.create_lexical_block(
+            function.as_debug_info_scope(),
+            self.compile_unit.get_file(),
+            1,
+            1,
+        );
+
+        Ok(function)
+    }
+
+    /// Creates a primitive type info.
+    pub fn create_type(
+        &self,
+        bit_length: usize,
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<inkwell::debug_info::DIType<'ctx>> {
+        self.builder
+            .create_basic_type(
+                "U256",
+                bit_length as u64,
+                0,
+                inkwell::debug_info::DIFlags::zero(),
+            )
+            .map(|basic_type| basic_type.as_type())
+            .map_err(|error| anyhow::anyhow!("Debug info error: {}", error))
+    }
+
+    /// Finalizes the builder.
+    pub fn finalize(&self) {
+        self.builder.finalize();
+    }
+}

crates/llvm-context/src/polkavm/context/evmla_data.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+//! The LLVM IR generator EVM legacy assembly data.
+
+use crate::polkavm::context::argument::Argument;
+
+/// The LLVM IR generator EVM legacy assembly data.
+/// Describes some data that is only relevant to the EVM legacy assembly.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct EVMLAData<'ctx> {
+    /// The Solidity compiler version.
+    /// Some instruction behave differenly depending on the version.
+    pub version: semver::Version,
+    /// The static stack allocated for the current function.
+    pub stack: Vec<Argument<'ctx>>,
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> EVMLAData<'ctx> {
+    /// The default stack size.
+    pub const DEFAULT_STACK_SIZE: usize = 64;
+
+    /// A shortcut constructor.
+    pub fn new(version: semver::Version) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            version,
+            stack: Vec::with_capacity(Self::DEFAULT_STACK_SIZE),
+        }
+    }
+}

crates/llvm-context/src/polkavm/context/function/block/evmla_data/key.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+//! The LLVM IR generator function block key.
+
+use crate::polkavm::context::code_type::CodeType;
+
+/// The LLVM IR generator function block key.
+/// Is only relevant to the EVM legacy assembly.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, Hash)]
+pub struct Key {
+    /// The block code type.
+    pub code_type: CodeType,
+    /// The block tag.
+    pub tag: num::BigUint,
+}
+
+impl Key {
+    /// A shortcut constructor.
+    pub fn new(code_type: CodeType, tag: num::BigUint) -> Self {
+        Self { code_type, tag }
+    }
+}
+
+impl std::fmt::Display for Key {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        write!(
+            f,
+            "{}_{}",
+            match self.code_type {
+                CodeType::Deploy => "dt",
+                CodeType::Runtime => "rt",
+            },
+            self.tag
+        )
+    }
+}

crates/llvm-context/src/polkavm/context/function/block/evmla_data/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+//! The LLVM function block EVM legacy assembly data.
+
+pub mod key;
+
+/// The LLVM function block EVM legacy assembly data.
+/// Describes some data that is only relevant to the EVM legacy assembly.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct EVMLAData {
+    /// The initial hashes of the allowed stack states.
+    pub stack_hashes: Vec<md5::Digest>,
+}
+
+impl EVMLAData {
+    /// A shortcut constructor.
+    pub fn new(stack_hashes: Vec<md5::Digest>) -> Self {
+        Self { stack_hashes }
+    }
+}

crates/llvm-context/src/polkavm/context/function/block/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+//! The LLVM IR generator function block.
+
+pub mod evmla_data;
+
+use self::evmla_data::EVMLAData;
+
+/// The LLVM IR generator function block.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct Block<'ctx> {
+    /// The inner block.
+    inner: inkwell::basic_block::BasicBlock<'ctx>,
+    /// The EVM legacy assembly compiler data.
+    evmla_data: Option<EVMLAData>,
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> Block<'ctx> {
+    /// A shortcut constructor.
+    pub fn new(inner: inkwell::basic_block::BasicBlock<'ctx>) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            inner,
+            evmla_data: None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Sets the EVM legacy assembly data.
+    pub fn set_evmla_data(&mut self, data: EVMLAData) {
+        self.evmla_data = Some(data);
+    }
+
+    /// The LLVM object reference.
+    pub fn inner(&self) -> inkwell::basic_block::BasicBlock<'ctx> {
+        self.inner
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the EVM data reference.
+    /// # Panics
+    /// If the EVM data has not been initialized.
+    pub fn evm(&self) -> &EVMLAData {
+        self.evmla_data
+            .as_ref()
+            .expect("The EVM data must have been initialized")
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the EVM data mutable reference.
+    /// # Panics
+    /// If the EVM data has not been initialized.
+    pub fn evm_mut(&mut self) -> &mut EVMLAData {
+        self.evmla_data
+            .as_mut()
+            .expect("The EVM data must have been initialized")
+    }
+}

crates/llvm-context/src/polkavm/context/function/declaration.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+//! The LLVM function declaration.
+
+/// The LLVM function declaration.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct Declaration<'ctx> {
+    /// The function type.
+    pub r#type: inkwell::types::FunctionType<'ctx>,
+    /// The function value.
+    pub value: inkwell::values::FunctionValue<'ctx>,
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> Declaration<'ctx> {
+    /// A shortcut constructor.
+    pub fn new(
+        r#type: inkwell::types::FunctionType<'ctx>,
+        value: inkwell::values::FunctionValue<'ctx>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self { r#type, value }
+    }
+}

crates/llvm-context/src/polkavm/context/function/evmla_data.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+//! The LLVM function EVM legacy assembly data.
+
+use std::collections::BTreeMap;
+
+use crate::polkavm::context::function::block::evmla_data::key::Key as BlockKey;
+use crate::polkavm::context::function::block::Block;
+
+/// The LLVM function EVM legacy assembly data.
+/// Describes some data that is only relevant to the EVM legacy assembly.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct EVMLAData<'ctx> {
+    /// The ordinary blocks with numeric tags.
+    /// Is only used by the Solidity EVM compiler.
+    pub blocks: BTreeMap<BlockKey, Vec<Block<'ctx>>>,
+    /// The function stack size.
+    pub stack_size: usize,
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> EVMLAData<'ctx> {
+    /// A shortcut constructor.
+    pub fn new(stack_size: usize) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            blocks: BTreeMap::new(),
+            stack_size,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Inserts a function block.
+    pub fn insert_block(&mut self, key: BlockKey, block: Block<'ctx>) {
+        if let Some(blocks) = self.blocks.get_mut(&key) {
+            blocks.push(block);
+        } else {
+            self.blocks.insert(key, vec![block]);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the block with the specified tag and initial stack pattern.
+    /// If there is only one block, it is returned unconditionally.
+    pub fn find_block(
+        &self,
+        key: &BlockKey,
+        stack_hash: &md5::Digest,
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<Block<'ctx>> {
+        if self
+            .blocks
+            .get(key)
+            .ok_or_else(|| anyhow::anyhow!("Undeclared function block {}", key))?
+            .len()
+            == 1
+        {
+            return self
+                .blocks
+                .get(key)
+                .ok_or_else(|| anyhow::anyhow!("Undeclared function block {}", key))?
+                .first()
+                .cloned()
+                .ok_or_else(|| anyhow::anyhow!("Undeclared function block {}", key));
+        }
+
+        self.blocks
+            .get(key)
+            .ok_or_else(|| anyhow::anyhow!("Undeclared function block {}", key))?
+            .iter()
+            .find(|block| {
+                block
+                    .evm()
+                    .stack_hashes
+                    .iter()
+                    .any(|hash| hash == stack_hash)
+            })
+            .cloned()
+            .ok_or_else(|| anyhow::anyhow!("Undeclared function block {}", key))
+    }
+}

crates/llvm-context/src/polkavm/context/function/intrinsics.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
+//! The LLVM intrinsic functions.
+
+use inkwell::types::BasicType;
+
+use crate::polkavm::context::address_space::AddressSpace;
+use crate::polkavm::context::function::declaration::Declaration as FunctionDeclaration;
+
+/// The LLVM intrinsic functions, implemented in the LLVM back-end.
+/// Most of them are translated directly into bytecode instructions.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct Intrinsics<'ctx> {
+    /// The trap.
+    pub trap: FunctionDeclaration<'ctx>,
+    /// The memory copy within the heap.
+    pub memory_copy: FunctionDeclaration<'ctx>,
+    /// The memory copy from a generic page.
+    pub memory_copy_from_generic: FunctionDeclaration<'ctx>,
+    /// Performs endianness swaps on i256 values
+    pub byte_swap: FunctionDeclaration<'ctx>,
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> Intrinsics<'ctx> {
+    /// The corresponding intrinsic function name.
+    pub const FUNCTION_TRAP: &'static str = "llvm.trap";
+
+    /// The corresponding intrinsic function name.
+    pub const FUNCTION_MEMORY_COPY: &'static str = "llvm.memcpy.p1.p1.i256";
+
+    /// The corresponding intrinsic function name.
+    pub const FUNCTION_MEMORY_COPY_FROM_GENERIC: &'static str = "llvm.memcpy.p3.p1.i256";
+
+    /// The corresponding intrinsic function name.
+    pub const FUNCTION_BYTE_SWAP: &'static str = "llvm.bswap.i256";
+
+    /// A shortcut constructor.
+    pub fn new(
+        llvm: &'ctx inkwell::context::Context,
+        module: &inkwell::module::Module<'ctx>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        let void_type = llvm.void_type();
+        let bool_type = llvm.bool_type();
+        let field_type = llvm.custom_width_int_type(revive_common::BIT_LENGTH_FIELD as u32);
+        let _stack_field_pointer_type = llvm.ptr_type(AddressSpace::Stack.into());
+        let heap_field_pointer_type = llvm.ptr_type(AddressSpace::Heap.into());
+        let generic_byte_pointer_type = llvm.ptr_type(AddressSpace::Generic.into());
+
+        let trap = Self::declare(
+            llvm,
+            module,
+            Self::FUNCTION_TRAP,
+            void_type.fn_type(&[], false),
+        );
+        let memory_copy = Self::declare(
+            llvm,
+            module,
+            Self::FUNCTION_MEMORY_COPY,
+            void_type.fn_type(
+                &[
+                    heap_field_pointer_type.as_basic_type_enum().into(),
+                    heap_field_pointer_type.as_basic_type_enum().into(),
+                    field_type.as_basic_type_enum().into(),
+                    bool_type.as_basic_type_enum().into(),
+                ],
+                false,
+            ),
+        );
+        let memory_copy_from_generic = Self::declare(
+            llvm,
+            module,
+            Self::FUNCTION_MEMORY_COPY_FROM_GENERIC,
+            void_type.fn_type(
+                &[
+                    heap_field_pointer_type.as_basic_type_enum().into(),
+                    generic_byte_pointer_type.as_basic_type_enum().into(),
+                    field_type.as_basic_type_enum().into(),
+                    bool_type.as_basic_type_enum().into(),
+                ],
+                false,
+            ),
+        );
+        let byte_swap = Self::declare(
+            llvm,
+            module,
+            Self::FUNCTION_BYTE_SWAP,
+            field_type.fn_type(&[field_type.as_basic_type_enum().into()], false),
+        );
+
+        Self {
+            trap,
+            memory_copy,
+            memory_copy_from_generic,
+            byte_swap,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Finds the specified LLVM intrinsic function in the target and returns its declaration.
+    pub fn declare(
+        llvm: &'ctx inkwell::context::Context,
+        module: &inkwell::module::Module<'ctx>,
+        name: &str,
+        r#type: inkwell::types::FunctionType<'ctx>,
+    ) -> FunctionDeclaration<'ctx> {
+        let intrinsic = inkwell::intrinsics::Intrinsic::find(name)
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("Intrinsic function `{name}` does not exist"));
+        let argument_types = Self::argument_types(llvm, name);
+        let value = intrinsic
+            .get_declaration(module, argument_types.as_slice())
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("Intrinsic function `{name}` declaration error"));
+        FunctionDeclaration::new(r#type, value)
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the LLVM types for selecting via the signature.
+    pub fn argument_types(
+        llvm: &'ctx inkwell::context::Context,
+        name: &str,
+    ) -> Vec<inkwell::types::BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>> {
+        let field_type = llvm.custom_width_int_type(revive_common::BIT_LENGTH_FIELD as u32);
+
+        match name {
+            name if name == Self::FUNCTION_MEMORY_COPY => vec![
+                llvm.ptr_type(AddressSpace::Heap.into())
+                    .as_basic_type_enum(),
+                llvm.ptr_type(AddressSpace::Heap.into())
+                    .as_basic_type_enum(),
+                field_type.as_basic_type_enum(),
+            ],
+            name if name == Self::FUNCTION_MEMORY_COPY_FROM_GENERIC => vec![
+                llvm.ptr_type(AddressSpace::Heap.into())
+                    .as_basic_type_enum(),
+                llvm.ptr_type(AddressSpace::Generic.into())
+                    .as_basic_type_enum(),
+                field_type.as_basic_type_enum(),
+            ],
+            name if name == Self::FUNCTION_BYTE_SWAP => vec![field_type.as_basic_type_enum()],
+            _ => vec![],
+        }
+    }
+}

crates/llvm-context/src/polkavm/context/function/llvm_runtime.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,649 @@
+//! The LLVM runtime functions.
+
+use inkwell::types::BasicType;
+
+use crate::optimizer::Optimizer;
+use crate::polkavm::context::address_space::AddressSpace;
+use crate::polkavm::context::function::declaration::Declaration as FunctionDeclaration;
+use crate::polkavm::context::function::Function;
+
+/// The runtime functions, implemented on the LLVM side.
+/// The functions are automatically linked to the LLVM implementations if the signatures match.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct LLVMRuntime<'ctx> {
+    /// The LLVM personality function, used for exception handling.
+    pub personality: FunctionDeclaration<'ctx>,
+    /// The LLVM exception throwing function.
+    pub cxa_throw: FunctionDeclaration<'ctx>,
+
+    /// The corresponding LLVM runtime function.
+    pub div: FunctionDeclaration<'ctx>,
+    /// The corresponding LLVM runtime function.
+    pub sdiv: FunctionDeclaration<'ctx>,
+    /// The corresponding LLVM runtime function.
+    pub r#mod: FunctionDeclaration<'ctx>,
+    /// The corresponding LLVM runtime function.
+    pub smod: FunctionDeclaration<'ctx>,
+
+    /// The corresponding LLVM runtime function.
+    pub shl: FunctionDeclaration<'ctx>,
+    /// The corresponding LLVM runtime function.
+    pub shr: FunctionDeclaration<'ctx>,
+    /// The corresponding LLVM runtime function.
+    pub sar: FunctionDeclaration<'ctx>,
+    /// The corresponding LLVM runtime function.
+    pub byte: FunctionDeclaration<'ctx>,
+
+    /// The corresponding LLVM runtime function.
+    pub add_mod: FunctionDeclaration<'ctx>,
+    /// The corresponding LLVM runtime function.
+    pub mul_mod: FunctionDeclaration<'ctx>,
+    /// The corresponding LLVM runtime function.
+    pub exp: FunctionDeclaration<'ctx>,
+    /// The corresponding LLVM runtime function.
+    pub sign_extend: FunctionDeclaration<'ctx>,
+
+    /// The corresponding LLVM runtime function.
+    pub sha3: FunctionDeclaration<'ctx>,
+
+    /// The corresponding LLVM runtime function.
+    pub system_request: FunctionDeclaration<'ctx>,
+
+    /// The corresponding LLVM runtime function.
+    //pub far_call: FunctionDeclaration<'ctx>,
+    /// The corresponding LLVM runtime function.
+    pub far_call_byref: FunctionDeclaration<'ctx>,
+
+    /// The corresponding LLVM runtime function.
+    pub static_call: FunctionDeclaration<'ctx>,
+    /// The corresponding LLVM runtime function.
+    pub static_call_byref: FunctionDeclaration<'ctx>,
+
+    /// The corresponding LLVM runtime function.
+    pub delegate_call: FunctionDeclaration<'ctx>,
+    /// The corresponding LLVM runtime function.
+    pub delegate_call_byref: FunctionDeclaration<'ctx>,
+
+    /// The corresponding LLVM runtime function.
+    pub mimic_call: FunctionDeclaration<'ctx>,
+    /// The corresponding LLVM runtime function.
+    pub mimic_call_byref: FunctionDeclaration<'ctx>,
+
+    /// The corresponding LLVM runtime function.
+    pub r#return: FunctionDeclaration<'ctx>,
+    /// The corresponding LLVM runtime function.
+    pub revert: FunctionDeclaration<'ctx>,
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> LLVMRuntime<'ctx> {
+    /// The LLVM personality function name.
+    pub const FUNCTION_PERSONALITY: &'static str = "__personality";
+
+    /// The LLVM exception throwing function name.
+    pub const FUNCTION_CXA_THROW: &'static str = "__cxa_throw";
+
+    /// The corresponding runtime function name.
+    pub const FUNCTION_DIV: &'static str = "__div";
+
+    /// The corresponding runtime function name.
+    pub const FUNCTION_SDIV: &'static str = "__sdiv";
+
+    /// The corresponding runtime function name.
+    pub const FUNCTION_MOD: &'static str = "__mod";
+
+    /// The corresponding runtime function name.
+    pub const FUNCTION_SMOD: &'static str = "__smod";
+
+    /// The corresponding runtime function name.
+    pub const FUNCTION_SHL: &'static str = "__shl";
+
+    /// The corresponding runtime function name.
+    pub const FUNCTION_SHR: &'static str = "__shr";
+
+    /// The corresponding runtime function name.
+    pub const FUNCTION_SAR: &'static str = "__sar";
+
+    /// The corresponding runtime function name.
+    pub const FUNCTION_BYTE: &'static str = "__byte";
+
+    /// The corresponding runtime function name.
+    pub const FUNCTION_ADDMOD: &'static str = "__addmod";
+
+    /// The corresponding runtime function name.
+    pub const FUNCTION_MULMOD: &'static str = "__mulmod";
+
+    /// The corresponding runtime function name.
+    pub const FUNCTION_EXP: &'static str = "__exp";
+
+    /// The corresponding runtime function name.
+    pub const FUNCTION_SIGNEXTEND: &'static str = "__signextend";
+
+    /// The corresponding runtime function name.
+    pub const FUNCTION_SHA3: &'static str = "__sha3";
+
+    /// The corresponding runtime function name.
+    pub const FUNCTION_SYSTEM_REQUEST: &'static str = "__system_request";
+
+    /// The corresponding runtime function name.
+    pub const FUNCTION_FARCALL: &'static str = "__farcall";
+
+    /// The corresponding runtime function name.
+    pub const FUNCTION_STATICCALL: &'static str = "__staticcall";
+
+    /// The corresponding runtime function name.
+    pub const FUNCTION_DELEGATECALL: &'static str = "__delegatecall";
+
+    /// The corresponding runtime function name.
+    pub const FUNCTION_MIMICCALL: &'static str = "__mimiccall";
+
+    /// The corresponding runtime function name.
+    pub const FUNCTION_FARCALL_BYREF: &'static str = "__farcall_byref";
+
+    /// The corresponding runtime function name.
+    pub const FUNCTION_STATICCALL_BYREF: &'static str = "__staticcall_byref";
+
+    /// The corresponding runtime function name.
+    pub const FUNCTION_DELEGATECALL_BYREF: &'static str = "__delegatecall_byref";
+
+    /// The corresponding runtime function name.
+    pub const FUNCTION_MIMICCALL_BYREF: &'static str = "__mimiccall_byref";
+
+    /// The corresponding runtime function name.
+    pub const FUNCTION_RETURN: &'static str = "__return";
+
+    /// The corresponding runtime function name.
+    pub const FUNCTION_REVERT: &'static str = "__revert";
+
+    /// A shortcut constructor.
+    pub fn new(
+        llvm: &'ctx inkwell::context::Context,
+        module: &inkwell::module::Module<'ctx>,
+        optimizer: &Optimizer,
+    ) -> Self {
+        let personality = Self::declare(
+            module,
+            Self::FUNCTION_PERSONALITY,
+            llvm.i32_type().fn_type(&[], false),
+            None,
+        );
+
+        let cxa_throw = Self::declare(
+            module,
+            Self::FUNCTION_CXA_THROW,
+            llvm.void_type().fn_type(
+                vec![
+                    llvm.ptr_type(AddressSpace::Stack.into())
+                        .as_basic_type_enum()
+                        .into();
+                    3
+                ]
+                .as_slice(),
+                false,
+            ),
+            Some(inkwell::module::Linkage::External),
+        );
+        Function::set_cxa_throw_attributes(llvm, cxa_throw);
+
+        let div = Self::declare(
+            module,
+            Self::FUNCTION_DIV,
+            llvm.custom_width_int_type(revive_common::BIT_LENGTH_FIELD as u32)
+                .fn_type(
+                    vec![
+                        llvm.custom_width_int_type(revive_common::BIT_LENGTH_FIELD as u32)
+                            .as_basic_type_enum()
+                            .into();
+                        2
+                    ]
+                    .as_slice(),
+                    false,
+                ),
+            Some(inkwell::module::Linkage::External),
+        );
+        Function::set_default_attributes(llvm, div, optimizer);
+        Function::set_pure_function_attributes(llvm, div);
+
+        let r#mod = Self::declare(
+            module,
+            Self::FUNCTION_MOD,
+            llvm.custom_width_int_type(revive_common::BIT_LENGTH_FIELD as u32)
+                .fn_type(
+                    vec![
+                        llvm.custom_width_int_type(revive_common::BIT_LENGTH_FIELD as u32)
+                            .as_basic_type_enum()
+                            .into();
+                        2
+                    ]
+                    .as_slice(),
+                    false,
+                ),
+            Some(inkwell::module::Linkage::External),
+        );
+        Function::set_default_attributes(llvm, r#mod, optimizer);
+        Function::set_pure_function_attributes(llvm, r#mod);
+
+        let sdiv = Self::declare(
+            module,
+            Self::FUNCTION_SDIV,
+            llvm.custom_width_int_type(revive_common::BIT_LENGTH_FIELD as u32)
+                .fn_type(
+                    vec![
+                        llvm.custom_width_int_type(revive_common::BIT_LENGTH_FIELD as u32)
+                            .as_basic_type_enum()
+                            .into();
+                        2
+                    ]
+                    .as_slice(),
+                    false,
+                ),
+            Some(inkwell::module::Linkage::External),
+        );
+        Function::set_default_attributes(llvm, sdiv, optimizer);
+        Function::set_pure_function_attributes(llvm, sdiv);
+
+        let smod = Self::declare(
+            module,
+            Self::FUNCTION_SMOD,
+            llvm.custom_width_int_type(revive_common::BIT_LENGTH_FIELD as u32)
+                .fn_type(
+                    vec![
+                        llvm.custom_width_int_type(revive_common::BIT_LENGTH_FIELD as u32)
+                            .as_basic_type_enum()
+                            .into();
+                        2
+                    ]
+                    .as_slice(),
+                    false,
+                ),
+            Some(inkwell::module::Linkage::External),
+        );
+        Function::set_default_attributes(llvm, smod, optimizer);
+        Function::set_pure_function_attributes(llvm, smod);
+
+        let shl = Self::declare(
+            module,
+            Self::FUNCTION_SHL,
+            llvm.custom_width_int_type(revive_common::BIT_LENGTH_FIELD as u32)
+                .fn_type(
+                    vec![
+                        llvm.custom_width_int_type(revive_common::BIT_LENGTH_FIELD as u32)
+                            .as_basic_type_enum()
+                            .into();
+                        2
+                    ]
+                    .as_slice(),
+                    false,
+                ),
+            Some(inkwell::module::Linkage::External),
+        );
+        Function::set_default_attributes(llvm, shl, optimizer);
+        Function::set_pure_function_attributes(llvm, shl);
+
+        let shr = Self::declare(
+            module,
+            Self::FUNCTION_SHR,
+            llvm.custom_width_int_type(revive_common::BIT_LENGTH_FIELD as u32)
+                .fn_type(
+                    vec![
+                        llvm.custom_width_int_type(revive_common::BIT_LENGTH_FIELD as u32)
+                            .as_basic_type_enum()
+                            .into();
+                        2
+                    ]
+                    .as_slice(),
+                    false,
+                ),
+            Some(inkwell::module::Linkage::External),
+        );
+        Function::set_default_attributes(llvm, shr, optimizer);
+        Function::set_pure_function_attributes(llvm, shr);
+
+        let sar = Self::declare(
+            module,
+            Self::FUNCTION_SAR,
+            llvm.custom_width_int_type(revive_common::BIT_LENGTH_FIELD as u32)
+                .fn_type(
+                    vec![
+                        llvm.custom_width_int_type(revive_common::BIT_LENGTH_FIELD as u32)
+                            .as_basic_type_enum()
+                            .into();
+                        2
+                    ]
+                    .as_slice(),
+                    false,
+                ),
+            Some(inkwell::module::Linkage::External),
+        );
+        Function::set_default_attributes(llvm, sar, optimizer);
+        Function::set_pure_function_attributes(llvm, sar);
+
+        let byte = Self::declare(
+            module,
+            Self::FUNCTION_BYTE,
+            llvm.custom_width_int_type(revive_common::BIT_LENGTH_FIELD as u32)
+                .fn_type(
+                    vec![
+                        llvm.custom_width_int_type(revive_common::BIT_LENGTH_FIELD as u32)
+                            .as_basic_type_enum()
+                            .into();
+                        2
+                    ]
+                    .as_slice(),
+                    false,
+                ),
+            Some(inkwell::module::Linkage::External),
+        );
+        Function::set_default_attributes(llvm, byte, optimizer);
+        Function::set_pure_function_attributes(llvm, byte);
+
+        let add_mod =
+            Self::define(module, Self::FUNCTION_ADDMOD).expect("should be declared in stdlib");
+        Function::set_default_attributes(llvm, add_mod, optimizer);
+        Function::set_pure_function_attributes(llvm, add_mod);
+
+        let mul_mod =
+            Self::define(module, Self::FUNCTION_MULMOD).expect("should be declared in stdlib");
+        Function::set_default_attributes(llvm, mul_mod, optimizer);
+        Function::set_pure_function_attributes(llvm, mul_mod);
+
+        let exp = Self::define(module, Self::FUNCTION_EXP).expect("should be declared in stdlib");
+        Function::set_default_attributes(llvm, exp, optimizer);
+        Function::set_pure_function_attributes(llvm, exp);
+
+        let sign_extend =
+            Self::define(module, Self::FUNCTION_SIGNEXTEND).expect("should be declared in stdlib");
+        Function::set_default_attributes(llvm, sign_extend, optimizer);
+        Function::set_pure_function_attributes(llvm, sign_extend);
+
+        let sha3 = Self::declare(
+            module,
+            Self::FUNCTION_SHA3,
+            llvm.custom_width_int_type(revive_common::BIT_LENGTH_FIELD as u32)
+                .fn_type(
+                    vec![
+                        llvm.ptr_type(AddressSpace::Heap.into())
+                            .as_basic_type_enum()
+                            .into(),
+                        llvm.custom_width_int_type(revive_common::BIT_LENGTH_FIELD as u32)
+                            .as_basic_type_enum()
+                            .into(),
+                        llvm.custom_width_int_type(revive_common::BIT_LENGTH_BOOLEAN as u32)
+                            .as_basic_type_enum()
+                            .into(),
+                    ]
+                    .as_slice(),
+                    false,
+                ),
+            Some(inkwell::module::Linkage::External),
+        );
+        Function::set_default_attributes(llvm, sha3, optimizer);
+        Function::set_attributes(
+            llvm,
+            sha3,
+            //vec![Attribute::ArgMemOnly, Attribute::ReadOnly],
+            vec![],
+            false,
+        );
+
+        let system_request = Self::declare(
+            module,
+            Self::FUNCTION_SYSTEM_REQUEST,
+            llvm.custom_width_int_type(revive_common::BIT_LENGTH_FIELD as u32)
+                .fn_type(
+                    vec![
+                        llvm.custom_width_int_type(revive_common::BIT_LENGTH_FIELD as u32)
+                            .as_basic_type_enum()
+                            .into(),
+                        llvm.custom_width_int_type(revive_common::BIT_LENGTH_FIELD as u32)
+                            .as_basic_type_enum()
+                            .into(),
+                        llvm.custom_width_int_type(revive_common::BIT_LENGTH_FIELD as u32)
+                            .as_basic_type_enum()
+                            .into(),
+                        llvm.ptr_type(AddressSpace::Stack.into())
+                            .as_basic_type_enum()
+                            .into(),
+                    ]
+                    .as_slice(),
+                    false,
+                ),
+            Some(inkwell::module::Linkage::External),
+        );
+        Function::set_default_attributes(llvm, system_request, optimizer);
+
+        let external_call_arguments: Vec<inkwell::types::BasicMetadataTypeEnum> = vec![
+                llvm.custom_width_int_type(revive_common::BIT_LENGTH_FIELD as u32)
+                    .as_basic_type_enum()
+                    .into();
+                crate::polkavm::context::function::runtime::entry::Entry::MANDATORY_ARGUMENTS_COUNT
+                    + crate::polkavm::EXTRA_ABI_DATA_SIZE
+            ];
+        let mut mimic_call_arguments = external_call_arguments.clone();
+        mimic_call_arguments.push(
+            llvm.custom_width_int_type(revive_common::BIT_LENGTH_FIELD as u32)
+                .as_basic_type_enum()
+                .into(),
+        );
+
+        let mut external_call_arguments_by_ref: Vec<inkwell::types::BasicMetadataTypeEnum> = vec![
+            llvm.ptr_type(AddressSpace::Generic.into())
+                .as_basic_type_enum()
+                .into(),
+            llvm.custom_width_int_type(revive_common::BIT_LENGTH_FIELD as u32)
+                .as_basic_type_enum()
+                .into(),
+        ];
+        external_call_arguments_by_ref.extend::<Vec<inkwell::types::BasicMetadataTypeEnum>>(vec![
+            llvm.custom_width_int_type(
+                revive_common::BIT_LENGTH_FIELD as u32
+            )
+            .as_basic_type_enum()
+            .into();
+            crate::polkavm::EXTRA_ABI_DATA_SIZE
+        ]);
+        let mut mimic_call_arguments_by_ref = external_call_arguments_by_ref.clone();
+        mimic_call_arguments_by_ref.push(
+            llvm.custom_width_int_type(revive_common::BIT_LENGTH_FIELD as u32)
+                .as_basic_type_enum()
+                .into(),
+        );
+
+        let external_call_result_type = llvm
+            .struct_type(
+                &[
+                    llvm.ptr_type(AddressSpace::Generic.into())
+                        .as_basic_type_enum(),
+                    llvm.bool_type().as_basic_type_enum(),
+                ],
+                false,
+            )
+            .as_basic_type_enum();
+
+        //let far_call = Self::declare(
+        //    module,
+        //    Self::FUNCTION_FARCALL,
+        //    external_call_result_type.fn_type(external_call_arguments.as_slice(), false),
+        //    Some(inkwell::module::Linkage::External),
+        //);
+        //Function::set_default_attributes(llvm, far_call, optimizer);
+        let static_call = Self::declare(
+            module,
+            Self::FUNCTION_STATICCALL,
+            external_call_result_type.fn_type(external_call_arguments.as_slice(), false),
+            Some(inkwell::module::Linkage::External),
+        );
+        Function::set_default_attributes(llvm, static_call, optimizer);
+        let delegate_call = Self::declare(
+            module,
+            Self::FUNCTION_DELEGATECALL,
+            external_call_result_type.fn_type(external_call_arguments.as_slice(), false),
+            Some(inkwell::module::Linkage::External),
+        );
+        Function::set_default_attributes(llvm, delegate_call, optimizer);
+        let mimic_call = Self::declare(
+            module,
+            Self::FUNCTION_MIMICCALL,
+            external_call_result_type.fn_type(mimic_call_arguments.as_slice(), false),
+            Some(inkwell::module::Linkage::External),
+        );
+        Function::set_default_attributes(llvm, mimic_call, optimizer);
+
+        let far_call_byref = Self::declare(
+            module,
+            Self::FUNCTION_FARCALL_BYREF,
+            external_call_result_type.fn_type(external_call_arguments_by_ref.as_slice(), false),
+            Some(inkwell::module::Linkage::External),
+        );
+        Function::set_default_attributes(llvm, far_call_byref, optimizer);
+        let static_call_byref = Self::declare(
+            module,
+            Self::FUNCTION_STATICCALL_BYREF,
+            external_call_result_type.fn_type(external_call_arguments_by_ref.as_slice(), false),
+            Some(inkwell::module::Linkage::External),
+        );
+        Function::set_default_attributes(llvm, static_call_byref, optimizer);
+        let delegate_call_byref = Self::declare(
+            module,
+            Self::FUNCTION_DELEGATECALL_BYREF,
+            external_call_result_type.fn_type(external_call_arguments_by_ref.as_slice(), false),
+            Some(inkwell::module::Linkage::External),
+        );
+        Function::set_default_attributes(llvm, delegate_call_byref, optimizer);
+        let mimic_call_byref = Self::declare(
+            module,
+            Self::FUNCTION_MIMICCALL_BYREF,
+            external_call_result_type.fn_type(mimic_call_arguments_by_ref.as_slice(), false),
+            Some(inkwell::module::Linkage::External),
+        );
+        Function::set_default_attributes(llvm, mimic_call_byref, optimizer);
+
+        let r#return = Self::declare(
+            module,
+            Self::FUNCTION_RETURN,
+            llvm.void_type().fn_type(
+                vec![
+                    llvm.custom_width_int_type(revive_common::BIT_LENGTH_FIELD as u32)
+                        .as_basic_type_enum()
+                        .into();
+                    3
+                ]
+                .as_slice(),
+                false,
+            ),
+            Some(inkwell::module::Linkage::External),
+        );
+        Function::set_default_attributes(llvm, r#return, optimizer);
+        let revert = Self::declare(
+            module,
+            Self::FUNCTION_REVERT,
+            llvm.void_type().fn_type(
+                vec![
+                    llvm.custom_width_int_type(revive_common::BIT_LENGTH_FIELD as u32)
+                        .as_basic_type_enum()
+                        .into();
+                    3
+                ]
+                .as_slice(),
+                false,
+            ),
+            Some(inkwell::module::Linkage::External),
+        );
+        Function::set_default_attributes(llvm, revert, optimizer);
+
+        Self {
+            personality,
+            cxa_throw,
+
+            div,
+            sdiv,
+            r#mod,
+            smod,
+
+            shl,
+            shr,
+            sar,
+            byte,
+
+            add_mod,
+            mul_mod,
+            exp,
+            sign_extend,
+
+            sha3,
+
+            system_request,
+
+            //far_call,
+            static_call,
+            delegate_call,
+            mimic_call,
+
+            far_call_byref,
+            static_call_byref,
+            delegate_call_byref,
+            mimic_call_byref,
+
+            r#return,
+            revert,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Declares an LLVM runtime function in the `module`,
+    pub fn declare(
+        module: &inkwell::module::Module<'ctx>,
+        name: &str,
+        r#type: inkwell::types::FunctionType<'ctx>,
+        linkage: Option<inkwell::module::Linkage>,
+    ) -> FunctionDeclaration<'ctx> {
+        let value = module.add_function(name, r#type, linkage);
+        FunctionDeclaration::new(r#type, value)
+    }
+
+    /// Create the function definition from an existing symbol.
+    pub fn define(
+        module: &inkwell::module::Module<'ctx>,
+        name: &str,
+    ) -> Option<FunctionDeclaration<'ctx>> {
+        let value = module.get_function(name)?;
+        value.set_linkage(inkwell::module::Linkage::External);
+        FunctionDeclaration::new(value.get_type(), value).into()
+    }
+
+    /// Modifies the external call function with `is_byref` and `is_system` modifiers.
+    pub fn modify(
+        &self,
+        function: FunctionDeclaration<'ctx>,
+        is_byref: bool,
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<FunctionDeclaration<'ctx>> {
+        let modified = if
+        /*function == self.far_call {
+            match is_byref {
+                false => self.far_call,
+                true => self.far_call_byref,
+            }
+        } else if */
+        function == self.static_call {
+            match is_byref {
+                false => self.static_call,
+                true => self.static_call_byref,
+            }
+        } else if function == self.delegate_call {
+            match is_byref {
+                false => self.delegate_call,
+                true => self.delegate_call_byref,
+            }
+        } else if function == self.mimic_call {
+            match is_byref {
+                false => self.mimic_call,
+                true => self.mimic_call_byref,
+            }
+        } else {
+            anyhow::bail!(
+                "Cannot modify an external call function `{}`",
+                function.value.get_name().to_string_lossy()
+            );
+        };
+
+        Ok(modified)
+    }
+}

crates/llvm-context/src/polkavm/context/function/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,378 @@
+//! The LLVM IR generator function.
+
+pub mod block;
+pub mod declaration;
+pub mod evmla_data;
+pub mod intrinsics;
+pub mod llvm_runtime;
+pub mod r#return;
+pub mod runtime;
+pub mod vyper_data;
+pub mod yul_data;
+
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+
+use crate::optimizer::settings::size_level::SizeLevel;
+use crate::optimizer::Optimizer;
+use crate::polkavm::context::attribute::Attribute;
+use crate::polkavm::context::pointer::Pointer;
+
+use self::declaration::Declaration;
+use self::evmla_data::EVMLAData;
+use self::r#return::Return;
+use self::runtime::Runtime;
+use self::vyper_data::VyperData;
+use self::yul_data::YulData;
+
+/// The LLVM IR generator function.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct Function<'ctx> {
+    /// The high-level source code name.
+    name: String,
+    /// The LLVM function declaration.
+    declaration: Declaration<'ctx>,
+    /// The stack representation.
+    stack: HashMap<String, Pointer<'ctx>>,
+    /// The return value entity.
+    r#return: Return<'ctx>,
+
+    /// The entry block. Each LLVM IR functions must have an entry block.
+    entry_block: inkwell::basic_block::BasicBlock<'ctx>,
+    /// The return/leave block. LLVM IR functions may have multiple returning blocks, but it is
+    /// more reasonable to have a single returning block and other high-level language returns
+    /// jumping to it. This way it is easier to implement some additional checks and clean-ups
+    /// before the returning.
+    return_block: inkwell::basic_block::BasicBlock<'ctx>,
+
+    /// The Yul compiler data.
+    yul_data: Option<YulData>,
+    /// The EVM legacy assembly compiler data.
+    evmla_data: Option<EVMLAData<'ctx>>,
+    /// The Vyper data.
+    vyper_data: Option<VyperData>,
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> Function<'ctx> {
+    /// The near call ABI function prefix.
+    pub const ZKSYNC_NEAR_CALL_ABI_PREFIX: &'static str = "ZKSYNC_NEAR_CALL";
+
+    /// The near call ABI exception handler name.
+    pub const ZKSYNC_NEAR_CALL_ABI_EXCEPTION_HANDLER: &'static str = "ZKSYNC_CATCH_NEAR_CALL";
+
+    /// The stack hashmap default capacity.
+    const STACK_HASHMAP_INITIAL_CAPACITY: usize = 64;
+
+    /// A shortcut constructor.
+    pub fn new(
+        name: String,
+        declaration: Declaration<'ctx>,
+        r#return: Return<'ctx>,
+
+        entry_block: inkwell::basic_block::BasicBlock<'ctx>,
+        return_block: inkwell::basic_block::BasicBlock<'ctx>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            name,
+            declaration,
+            stack: HashMap::with_capacity(Self::STACK_HASHMAP_INITIAL_CAPACITY),
+            r#return,
+
+            entry_block,
+            return_block,
+
+            yul_data: None,
+            evmla_data: None,
+            vyper_data: None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the function name reference.
+    pub fn name(&self) -> &str {
+        self.name.as_str()
+    }
+
+    /// Checks whether the function is defined outside of the front-end.
+    pub fn is_name_external(name: &str) -> bool {
+        name.starts_with("llvm.")
+            || (name.starts_with("__")
+                && name != Runtime::FUNCTION_ENTRY
+                && name != Runtime::FUNCTION_DEPLOY_CODE
+                && name != Runtime::FUNCTION_RUNTIME_CODE)
+    }
+
+    /// Checks whether the function is related to the near call ABI.
+    pub fn is_near_call_abi(name: &str) -> bool {
+        name.starts_with(Self::ZKSYNC_NEAR_CALL_ABI_PREFIX)
+            || name == Self::ZKSYNC_NEAR_CALL_ABI_EXCEPTION_HANDLER
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the LLVM function declaration.
+    pub fn declaration(&self) -> Declaration<'ctx> {
+        self.declaration
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the N-th parameter of the function.
+    pub fn get_nth_param(&self, index: usize) -> inkwell::values::BasicValueEnum<'ctx> {
+        self.declaration()
+            .value
+            .get_nth_param(index as u32)
+            .expect("Always exists")
+    }
+
+    /// Sets the memory writer function attributes.
+    pub fn set_attributes(
+        llvm: &'ctx inkwell::context::Context,
+        declaration: Declaration<'ctx>,
+        attributes: Vec<Attribute>,
+        force: bool,
+    ) {
+        for attribute_kind in attributes.into_iter() {
+            match attribute_kind {
+                Attribute::Memory => todo!("`memory` attributes are not yet implemented"),
+                attribute_kind @ Attribute::AlwaysInline if force => {
+                    let is_optimize_none_set = declaration
+                        .value
+                        .get_enum_attribute(
+                            inkwell::attributes::AttributeLoc::Function,
+                            Attribute::OptimizeNone as u32,
+                        )
+                        .is_some();
+                    if !is_optimize_none_set {
+                        declaration.value.remove_enum_attribute(
+                            inkwell::attributes::AttributeLoc::Function,
+                            Attribute::NoInline as u32,
+                        );
+                        declaration.value.add_attribute(
+                            inkwell::attributes::AttributeLoc::Function,
+                            llvm.create_enum_attribute(attribute_kind as u32, 0),
+                        );
+                    }
+                }
+                attribute_kind @ Attribute::NoInline if force => {
+                    declaration.value.remove_enum_attribute(
+                        inkwell::attributes::AttributeLoc::Function,
+                        Attribute::AlwaysInline as u32,
+                    );
+                    declaration.value.add_attribute(
+                        inkwell::attributes::AttributeLoc::Function,
+                        llvm.create_enum_attribute(attribute_kind as u32, 0),
+                    );
+                }
+                attribute_kind => declaration.value.add_attribute(
+                    inkwell::attributes::AttributeLoc::Function,
+                    llvm.create_enum_attribute(attribute_kind as u32, 0),
+                ),
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Remove specified attributes existing on the given declaration.
+    pub fn remove_attributes(declaration: Declaration, attributes: &[Attribute]) {
+        for attribute in attributes.iter().filter(|attribute| {
+            declaration
+                .value
+                .get_enum_attribute(
+                    inkwell::attributes::AttributeLoc::Function,
+                    **attribute as u32,
+                )
+                .is_some()
+        }) {
+            declaration.value.remove_enum_attribute(
+                inkwell::attributes::AttributeLoc::Function,
+                *attribute as u32,
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Sets the default attributes.
+    /// The attributes only affect the LLVM optimizations.
+    pub fn set_default_attributes(
+        llvm: &'ctx inkwell::context::Context,
+        declaration: Declaration<'ctx>,
+        optimizer: &Optimizer,
+    ) {
+        if optimizer.settings().level_middle_end == inkwell::OptimizationLevel::None {
+            Self::remove_attributes(
+                declaration,
+                &[Attribute::OptimizeForSize, Attribute::AlwaysInline],
+            );
+            Self::set_attributes(
+                llvm,
+                declaration,
+                vec![Attribute::OptimizeNone, Attribute::NoInline],
+                false,
+            );
+        } else if optimizer.settings().level_middle_end_size == SizeLevel::Z {
+            Self::set_attributes(
+                llvm,
+                declaration,
+                vec![Attribute::OptimizeForSize, Attribute::MinSize],
+                false,
+            );
+        }
+
+        Self::set_attributes(llvm, declaration, vec![Attribute::NoFree], false);
+    }
+
+    /// Sets the front-end runtime attributes.
+    pub fn set_frontend_runtime_attributes(
+        llvm: &'ctx inkwell::context::Context,
+        declaration: Declaration<'ctx>,
+        optimizer: &Optimizer,
+    ) {
+        if optimizer.settings().level_middle_end_size == SizeLevel::Z {
+            Self::set_attributes(llvm, declaration, vec![Attribute::NoInline], false);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Sets the exception handler attributes.
+    pub fn set_exception_handler_attributes(
+        llvm: &'ctx inkwell::context::Context,
+        declaration: Declaration<'ctx>,
+    ) {
+        Self::set_attributes(llvm, declaration, vec![Attribute::NoInline], false);
+    }
+
+    /// Sets the CXA-throw attributes.
+    pub fn set_cxa_throw_attributes(
+        llvm: &'ctx inkwell::context::Context,
+        declaration: Declaration<'ctx>,
+    ) {
+        Self::set_attributes(llvm, declaration, vec![Attribute::NoProfile], false);
+    }
+
+    /// Sets the pure function attributes.
+    pub fn set_pure_function_attributes(
+        llvm: &'ctx inkwell::context::Context,
+        declaration: Declaration<'ctx>,
+    ) {
+        Self::set_attributes(
+            llvm,
+            declaration,
+            vec![
+                Attribute::MustProgress,
+                Attribute::NoUnwind,
+                Attribute::WillReturn,
+            ],
+            false,
+        );
+    }
+
+    /// Saves the pointer to a stack variable, returning the pointer to the shadowed variable,
+    /// if it exists.
+    pub fn insert_stack_pointer(
+        &mut self,
+        name: String,
+        pointer: Pointer<'ctx>,
+    ) -> Option<Pointer<'ctx>> {
+        self.stack.insert(name, pointer)
+    }
+
+    /// Gets the pointer to a stack variable.
+    pub fn get_stack_pointer(&self, name: &str) -> Option<Pointer<'ctx>> {
+        self.stack.get(name).copied()
+    }
+
+    /// Removes the pointer to a stack variable.
+    pub fn remove_stack_pointer(&mut self, name: &str) {
+        self.stack.remove(name);
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the return entity representation.
+    pub fn r#return(&self) -> Return<'ctx> {
+        self.r#return
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the pointer to the function return value.
+    /// # Panics
+    /// If the pointer has not been set yet.
+    pub fn return_pointer(&self) -> Option<Pointer<'ctx>> {
+        self.r#return.return_pointer()
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the return data size in bytes, based on the default stack alignment.
+    /// # Panics
+    /// If the pointer has not been set yet.
+    pub fn return_data_size(&self) -> usize {
+        self.r#return.return_data_size()
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the function entry block.
+    pub fn entry_block(&self) -> inkwell::basic_block::BasicBlock<'ctx> {
+        self.entry_block
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the function return block.
+    pub fn return_block(&self) -> inkwell::basic_block::BasicBlock<'ctx> {
+        self.return_block
+    }
+
+    /// Sets the EVM legacy assembly data.
+    pub fn set_evmla_data(&mut self, data: EVMLAData<'ctx>) {
+        self.evmla_data = Some(data);
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the EVM legacy assembly data reference.
+    /// # Panics
+    /// If the EVM data has not been initialized.
+    pub fn evmla(&self) -> &EVMLAData<'ctx> {
+        self.evmla_data
+            .as_ref()
+            .expect("The EVM data must have been initialized")
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the EVM legacy assembly data mutable reference.
+    /// # Panics
+    /// If the EVM data has not been initialized.
+    pub fn evmla_mut(&mut self) -> &mut EVMLAData<'ctx> {
+        self.evmla_data
+            .as_mut()
+            .expect("The EVM data must have been initialized")
+    }
+
+    /// Sets the Vyper data.
+    pub fn set_vyper_data(&mut self, data: VyperData) {
+        self.vyper_data = Some(data);
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the Vyper data reference.
+    /// # Panics
+    /// If the Vyper data has not been initialized.
+    pub fn vyper(&self) -> &VyperData {
+        self.vyper_data
+            .as_ref()
+            .expect("The Vyper data must have been initialized")
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the Vyper data mutable reference.
+    /// # Panics
+    /// If the Vyper data has not been initialized.
+    pub fn vyper_mut(&mut self) -> &mut VyperData {
+        self.vyper_data
+            .as_mut()
+            .expect("The Vyper data must have been initialized")
+    }
+
+    /// Sets the Yul data.
+    pub fn set_yul_data(&mut self, data: YulData) {
+        self.yul_data = Some(data);
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the Yul data reference.
+    /// # Panics
+    /// If the Yul data has not been initialized.
+    pub fn yul(&self) -> &YulData {
+        self.yul_data
+            .as_ref()
+            .expect("The Yul data must have been initialized")
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the Yul data mutable reference.
+    /// # Panics
+    /// If the Yul data has not been initialized.
+    pub fn yul_mut(&mut self) -> &mut YulData {
+        self.yul_data
+            .as_mut()
+            .expect("The Yul data must have been initialized")
+    }
+}

crates/llvm-context/src/polkavm/context/function/return.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+//! The LLVM IR generator function return entity.
+
+use crate::polkavm::context::pointer::Pointer;
+
+/// The LLVM IR generator function return entity.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub enum Return<'ctx> {
+    /// The function does not return a value.
+    None,
+    /// The function returns a primitive value.
+    Primitive {
+        /// The primitive value pointer allocated at the function entry.
+        pointer: Pointer<'ctx>,
+    },
+    /// The function returns a compound value.
+    /// In this case, the return pointer is allocated on the stack by the callee.
+    Compound {
+        /// The structure pointer allocated at the function entry.
+        pointer: Pointer<'ctx>,
+        /// The function return type size.
+        size: usize,
+    },
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> Return<'ctx> {
+    /// A shortcut constructor.
+    pub fn none() -> Self {
+        Self::None
+    }
+
+    /// A shortcut constructor.
+    pub fn primitive(pointer: Pointer<'ctx>) -> Self {
+        Self::Primitive { pointer }
+    }
+
+    /// A shortcut constructor.
+    pub fn compound(pointer: Pointer<'ctx>, size: usize) -> Self {
+        Self::Compound { pointer, size }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the pointer to the function return value.
+    pub fn return_pointer(&self) -> Option<Pointer<'ctx>> {
+        match self {
+            Return::None => None,
+            Return::Primitive { pointer } => Some(pointer.to_owned()),
+            Return::Compound { pointer, .. } => Some(pointer.to_owned()),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the return data size in bytes, based on the default stack alignment.
+    pub fn return_data_size(&self) -> usize {
+        revive_common::BYTE_LENGTH_FIELD
+            * match self {
+                Self::None => 0,
+                Self::Primitive { .. } => 1,
+                Self::Compound { size, .. } => *size,
+            }
+    }
+}

crates/llvm-context/src/polkavm/context/function/runtime/default_call.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,244 @@
+//! The `default_call` function.
+
+use inkwell::types::BasicType;
+
+use crate::polkavm::context::function::declaration::Declaration as FunctionDeclaration;
+use crate::polkavm::context::function::llvm_runtime::LLVMRuntime;
+use crate::polkavm::context::function::Function;
+use crate::polkavm::context::Context;
+use crate::polkavm::Dependency;
+use crate::polkavm::WriteLLVM;
+
+/// The `default_call` function.
+/// Generates a default contract call, if the `msg.value` is zero.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct DefaultCall {
+    /// The name of the inner function used for the low-level call.
+    inner_name: String,
+    /// The function name with the low-level function name as an element.
+    name: String,
+}
+
+#[allow(unused)]
+impl DefaultCall {
+    /// The gas argument index.
+    pub const ARGUMENT_INDEX_GAS: usize = 0;
+
+    /// The address argument index.
+    pub const ARGUMENT_INDEX_ADDRESS: usize = 1;
+
+    /// The input offset argument index.
+    pub const ARGUMENT_INDEX_INPUT_OFFSET: usize = 2;
+
+    /// The input length argument index.
+    pub const ARGUMENT_INDEX_INPUT_LENGTH: usize = 3;
+
+    /// The output offset argument index.
+    pub const ARGUMENT_INDEX_OUTPUT_OFFSET: usize = 4;
+
+    /// The output length argument index.
+    pub const ARGUMENT_INDEX_OUTPUT_LENGTH: usize = 5;
+
+    /// A shortcut constructor.
+    pub fn new(call_function: FunctionDeclaration) -> Self {
+        let inner_name = call_function.value.get_name().to_string_lossy().to_string();
+        let name = Self::name(call_function);
+
+        Self { inner_name, name }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the function name.
+    pub fn name(call_function: FunctionDeclaration) -> String {
+        let suffix = match call_function.value.get_name().to_string_lossy() {
+            name if name == LLVMRuntime::FUNCTION_FARCALL => "far",
+            name if name == LLVMRuntime::FUNCTION_STATICCALL => "static",
+            name if name == LLVMRuntime::FUNCTION_DELEGATECALL => "delegate",
+            name => panic!("Invalid low-level call inner function `{name}`"),
+        };
+        format!("__default_{suffix}_call")
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the low-level call function.
+    fn inner_function<'ctx, D>(&self, context: &Context<'ctx, D>) -> FunctionDeclaration<'ctx>
+    where
+        D: Dependency + Clone,
+    {
+        match self.inner_name.as_str() {
+            //name if name == LLVMRuntime::FUNCTION_FARCALL => context.llvm_runtime().far_call,
+            name if name == LLVMRuntime::FUNCTION_STATICCALL => context.llvm_runtime().static_call,
+            name if name == LLVMRuntime::FUNCTION_DELEGATECALL => {
+                context.llvm_runtime().delegate_call
+            }
+            name => panic!("Invalid low-level call inner function `{name}`"),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<D> WriteLLVM<D> for DefaultCall
+where
+    D: Dependency + Clone,
+{
+    fn declare(&mut self, context: &mut Context<D>) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+        let function_type = context.function_type(
+            vec![
+                context.field_type().as_basic_type_enum(),
+                context.field_type().as_basic_type_enum(),
+                context.field_type().as_basic_type_enum(),
+                context.field_type().as_basic_type_enum(),
+                context.field_type().as_basic_type_enum(),
+                context.field_type().as_basic_type_enum(),
+            ],
+            1,
+            false,
+        );
+        let function = context.add_function(
+            self.name.as_str(),
+            function_type,
+            1,
+            Some(inkwell::module::Linkage::Private),
+        )?;
+        Function::set_frontend_runtime_attributes(
+            context.llvm,
+            function.borrow().declaration(),
+            &context.optimizer,
+        );
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn into_llvm(self, context: &mut Context<D>) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+        context.set_current_function(self.name.as_str())?;
+
+        /*
+               let gas = context
+                   .current_function()
+                   .borrow()
+                   .get_nth_param(Self::ARGUMENT_INDEX_GAS)
+                   .into_int_value();
+               let address = context
+                   .current_function()
+                   .borrow()
+                   .get_nth_param(Self::ARGUMENT_INDEX_ADDRESS)
+                   .into_int_value();
+               let input_offset = context
+                   .current_function()
+                   .borrow()
+                   .get_nth_param(Self::ARGUMENT_INDEX_INPUT_OFFSET)
+                   .into_int_value();
+               let input_length = context
+                   .current_function()
+                   .borrow()
+                   .get_nth_param(Self::ARGUMENT_INDEX_INPUT_LENGTH)
+                   .into_int_value();
+               let output_offset = context
+                   .current_function()
+                   .borrow()
+                   .get_nth_param(Self::ARGUMENT_INDEX_OUTPUT_OFFSET)
+                   .into_int_value();
+               let output_length = context
+                   .current_function()
+                   .borrow()
+                   .get_nth_param(Self::ARGUMENT_INDEX_OUTPUT_LENGTH)
+                   .into_int_value();
+        */
+        context.set_basic_block(context.current_function().borrow().entry_block());
+
+        let status_code_result_pointer = context.build_alloca(
+            context.field_type(),
+            "contract_call_result_status_code_pointer",
+        );
+        /*
+        context.build_store(status_code_result_pointer, context.field_const(0));
+
+        let abi_data = crate::polkavm::utils::abi_data(
+            context,
+            input_offset,
+            input_length,
+            Some(gas),
+            AddressSpace::Heap,
+            false,
+        )?
+        .into_int_value();
+
+        let result = context
+            .build_call(
+                self.inner_function(context),
+                crate::polkavm::utils::external_call_arguments(
+                    context,
+                    abi_data.as_basic_value_enum(),
+                    address,
+                    vec![],
+                    None,
+                )
+                .as_slice(),
+                "contract_call_external",
+            )
+            .expect("IntrinsicFunction always returns a flag");
+
+        let result_abi_data = context
+            .builder()
+            .build_extract_value(
+                result.into_struct_value(),
+                0,
+                "contract_call_external_result_abi_data",
+            )
+            .expect("Always exists");
+        let result_abi_data_pointer = Pointer::new(
+            context.byte_type(),
+            AddressSpace::Generic,
+            result_abi_data.into_pointer_value(),
+        );
+        let result_abi_data_casted = result_abi_data_pointer.cast(context.field_type());
+
+        let result_status_code_boolean = context
+            .builder()
+            .build_extract_value(
+                result.into_struct_value(),
+                1,
+                "contract_call_external_result_status_code_boolean",
+            )
+            .expect("Always exists");
+        let result_status_code = context.builder().build_int_z_extend_or_bit_cast(
+            result_status_code_boolean.into_int_value(),
+            context.field_type(),
+            "contract_call_external_result_status_code",
+        )?;
+        context.build_store(status_code_result_pointer, result_status_code);
+
+        let source = result_abi_data_casted;
+
+        let destination = Pointer::new_with_offset(
+            context,
+            AddressSpace::Heap,
+            context.byte_type(),
+            output_offset,
+            "contract_call_destination",
+        );
+
+        context.build_memcpy_return_data(
+            context.intrinsics().memory_copy_from_generic,
+            destination,
+            source,
+            output_length,
+            "contract_call_memcpy_from_child",
+        );
+
+        context.write_abi_pointer(
+            result_abi_data_pointer,
+            crate::polkavm::GLOBAL_RETURN_DATA_POINTER,
+        );
+        context.write_abi_data_size(
+            result_abi_data_pointer,
+            crate::polkavm::GLOBAL_RETURN_DATA_SIZE,
+        );
+        */
+        context.build_unconditional_branch(context.current_function().borrow().return_block());
+
+        context.set_basic_block(context.current_function().borrow().return_block());
+        let status_code_result =
+            context.build_load(status_code_result_pointer, "contract_call_status_code")?;
+        context.build_return(Some(&status_code_result));
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}

crates/llvm-context/src/polkavm/context/function/runtime/deploy_code.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+//! The deploy code function.
+
+use std::marker::PhantomData;
+
+use crate::polkavm::context::address_space::AddressSpace;
+use crate::polkavm::context::code_type::CodeType;
+use crate::polkavm::context::function::runtime::Runtime;
+use crate::polkavm::context::pointer::Pointer;
+use crate::polkavm::context::Context;
+use crate::polkavm::Dependency;
+use crate::polkavm::WriteLLVM;
+
+/// The deploy code function.
+/// Is a special function that is only used by the front-end generated code.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct DeployCode<B, D>
+where
+    B: WriteLLVM<D>,
+    D: Dependency + Clone,
+{
+    /// The deploy code AST representation.
+    inner: B,
+    /// The `D` phantom data.
+    _pd: PhantomData<D>,
+}
+
+impl<B, D> DeployCode<B, D>
+where
+    B: WriteLLVM<D>,
+    D: Dependency + Clone,
+{
+    /// A shortcut constructor.
+    pub fn new(inner: B) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            inner,
+            _pd: PhantomData,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<B, D> WriteLLVM<D> for DeployCode<B, D>
+where
+    B: WriteLLVM<D>,
+    D: Dependency + Clone,
+{
+    fn declare(&mut self, context: &mut Context<D>) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+        let function_type =
+            context.function_type::<inkwell::types::BasicTypeEnum>(vec![], 0, false);
+        context.add_function(
+            Runtime::FUNCTION_DEPLOY_CODE,
+            function_type,
+            0,
+            Some(inkwell::module::Linkage::External),
+        )?;
+
+        self.inner.declare(context)
+    }
+
+    fn into_llvm(self, context: &mut Context<D>) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+        context.set_current_function(Runtime::FUNCTION_DEPLOY_CODE)?;
+
+        context.set_basic_block(context.current_function().borrow().entry_block());
+        context.set_code_type(CodeType::Deploy);
+        if let Some(vyper) = context.vyper_data.as_ref() {
+            for index in 0..vyper.immutables_size() / revive_common::BYTE_LENGTH_FIELD {
+                let offset = (crate::polkavm::r#const::HEAP_AUX_OFFSET_CONSTRUCTOR_RETURN_DATA
+                    as usize)
+                    + (1 + index) * 2 * revive_common::BYTE_LENGTH_FIELD;
+                let value = index * revive_common::BYTE_LENGTH_FIELD;
+                let pointer = Pointer::new_with_offset(
+                    context,
+                    AddressSpace::HeapAuxiliary,
+                    context.field_type(),
+                    context.field_const(offset as u64),
+                    "immutable_index_initializer",
+                );
+                context.build_store(pointer, context.field_const(value as u64))?;
+            }
+        }
+
+        self.inner.into_llvm(context)?;
+        match context
+            .basic_block()
+            .get_last_instruction()
+            .map(|instruction| instruction.get_opcode())
+        {
+            Some(inkwell::values::InstructionOpcode::Br) => {}
+            Some(inkwell::values::InstructionOpcode::Switch) => {}
+            _ => context
+                .build_unconditional_branch(context.current_function().borrow().return_block()),
+        }
+
+        context.set_basic_block(context.current_function().borrow().return_block());
+        context.build_return(None);
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}

crates/llvm-context/src/polkavm/context/function/runtime/deployer_call.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,324 @@
+//! The `deployer_call` function.
+
+use inkwell::types::BasicType;
+
+use crate::polkavm::context::address_space::AddressSpace;
+use crate::polkavm::context::function::Function;
+use crate::polkavm::context::pointer::Pointer;
+use crate::polkavm::context::Context;
+use crate::polkavm::Dependency;
+use crate::polkavm::WriteLLVM;
+
+/// The `deployer_call` function.
+/// Calls the deployer system contract, which returns the newly deployed contract address or 0.
+/// The address is returned in the first 32-byte word of the return data. If it is 0, the 0 is
+/// returned. If the entire call has failed, there is also a 0 returned.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct DeployerCall {
+    /// The address space where the calldata is allocated.
+    /// Solidity uses the ordinary heap. Vyper uses the auxiliary heap.
+    address_space: AddressSpace,
+}
+
+impl DeployerCall {
+    /// The default function name.
+    pub const FUNCTION_NAME: &'static str = "__deployer_call";
+
+    /// The value argument index.
+    pub const ARGUMENT_INDEX_VALUE: usize = 0;
+
+    /// The input offset argument index.
+    pub const ARGUMENT_INDEX_INPUT_OFFSET: usize = 1;
+
+    /// The input length argument index.
+    pub const ARGUMENT_INDEX_INPUT_LENGTH: usize = 2;
+
+    /// The signature hash argument index.
+    pub const ARGUMENT_INDEX_SIGNATURE_HASH: usize = 3;
+
+    /// The salt argument index.
+    pub const ARGUMENT_INDEX_SALT: usize = 4;
+
+    /// A shortcut constructor.
+    pub fn new(address_space: AddressSpace) -> Self {
+        Self { address_space }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<D> WriteLLVM<D> for DeployerCall
+where
+    D: Dependency + Clone,
+{
+    fn declare(&mut self, context: &mut Context<D>) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+        let function_type = context.function_type(
+            vec![
+                context.field_type().as_basic_type_enum(),
+                context.field_type().as_basic_type_enum(),
+                context.field_type().as_basic_type_enum(),
+                context.field_type().as_basic_type_enum(),
+                context.field_type().as_basic_type_enum(),
+            ],
+            1,
+            false,
+        );
+        let function = context.add_function(
+            Self::FUNCTION_NAME,
+            function_type,
+            1,
+            Some(inkwell::module::Linkage::External),
+        )?;
+        Function::set_frontend_runtime_attributes(
+            context.llvm,
+            function.borrow().declaration(),
+            &context.optimizer,
+        );
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn into_llvm(self, context: &mut Context<D>) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+        context.set_current_function(Self::FUNCTION_NAME)?;
+
+        let value = context
+            .current_function()
+            .borrow()
+            .get_nth_param(Self::ARGUMENT_INDEX_VALUE)
+            .into_int_value();
+        let input_offset = context
+            .current_function()
+            .borrow()
+            .get_nth_param(Self::ARGUMENT_INDEX_INPUT_OFFSET)
+            .into_int_value();
+        let input_length = context
+            .current_function()
+            .borrow()
+            .get_nth_param(Self::ARGUMENT_INDEX_INPUT_LENGTH)
+            .into_int_value();
+        let signature_hash = context
+            .current_function()
+            .borrow()
+            .get_nth_param(Self::ARGUMENT_INDEX_SIGNATURE_HASH)
+            .into_int_value();
+        let salt = context
+            .current_function()
+            .borrow()
+            .get_nth_param(Self::ARGUMENT_INDEX_SALT)
+            .into_int_value();
+
+        let error_block = context.append_basic_block("deployer_call_error_block");
+        let success_block = context.append_basic_block("deployer_call_success_block");
+        let value_zero_block = context.append_basic_block("deployer_call_value_zero_block");
+        let value_non_zero_block = context.append_basic_block("deployer_call_value_non_zero_block");
+        let value_join_block = context.append_basic_block("deployer_call_value_join_block");
+
+        context.set_basic_block(context.current_function().borrow().entry_block());
+        let _abi_data = crate::polkavm::utils::abi_data(
+            context,
+            input_offset,
+            input_length,
+            None,
+            self.address_space,
+            true,
+        )?;
+
+        let signature_pointer = Pointer::new_with_offset(
+            context,
+            self.address_space,
+            context.field_type(),
+            input_offset,
+            "deployer_call_signature_pointer",
+        );
+        context.build_store(signature_pointer, signature_hash)?;
+
+        let salt_offset = context.builder().build_int_add(
+            input_offset,
+            context.field_const(revive_common::BYTE_LENGTH_X32 as u64),
+            "deployer_call_salt_offset",
+        )?;
+        let salt_pointer = Pointer::new_with_offset(
+            context,
+            self.address_space,
+            context.field_type(),
+            salt_offset,
+            "deployer_call_salt_pointer",
+        );
+        context.build_store(salt_pointer, salt)?;
+
+        let arguments_offset_offset = context.builder().build_int_add(
+            salt_offset,
+            context.field_const((revive_common::BYTE_LENGTH_FIELD * 2) as u64),
+            "deployer_call_arguments_offset_offset",
+        )?;
+        let arguments_offset_pointer = Pointer::new_with_offset(
+            context,
+            self.address_space,
+            context.field_type(),
+            arguments_offset_offset,
+            "deployer_call_arguments_offset_pointer",
+        );
+        context.build_store(
+            arguments_offset_pointer,
+            context.field_const(
+                (crate::polkavm::DEPLOYER_CALL_HEADER_SIZE
+                    - (revive_common::BYTE_LENGTH_X32 + revive_common::BYTE_LENGTH_FIELD))
+                    as u64,
+            ),
+        )?;
+
+        let arguments_length_offset = context.builder().build_int_add(
+            arguments_offset_offset,
+            context.field_const(revive_common::BYTE_LENGTH_FIELD as u64),
+            "deployer_call_arguments_length_offset",
+        )?;
+        let arguments_length_pointer = Pointer::new_with_offset(
+            context,
+            self.address_space,
+            context.field_type(),
+            arguments_length_offset,
+            "deployer_call_arguments_length_pointer",
+        );
+        let arguments_length_value = context.builder().build_int_sub(
+            input_length,
+            context.field_const(crate::polkavm::DEPLOYER_CALL_HEADER_SIZE as u64),
+            "deployer_call_arguments_length",
+        )?;
+        context.build_store(arguments_length_pointer, arguments_length_value)?;
+
+        let result_pointer =
+            context.build_alloca(context.field_type(), "deployer_call_result_pointer");
+        context.build_store(result_pointer, context.field_const(0))?;
+        let deployer_call_result_type = context.structure_type(&[
+            context
+                .llvm()
+                .ptr_type(AddressSpace::Generic.into())
+                .as_basic_type_enum(),
+            context.bool_type().as_basic_type_enum(),
+        ]);
+        let deployer_call_result_pointer =
+            context.build_alloca(deployer_call_result_type, "deployer_call_result_pointer");
+        context.build_store(
+            deployer_call_result_pointer,
+            deployer_call_result_type.const_zero(),
+        )?;
+        let is_value_zero = context.builder().build_int_compare(
+            inkwell::IntPredicate::EQ,
+            value,
+            context.field_const(0),
+            "deployer_call_is_value_zero",
+        )?;
+        context.build_conditional_branch(is_value_zero, value_zero_block, value_non_zero_block)?;
+
+        context.set_basic_block(value_zero_block);
+        //let deployer_call_result = context
+        //    .build_call(
+        //        context.llvm_runtime().far_call,
+        //        crate::polkavm::utils::external_call_arguments(
+        //            context,
+        //            abi_data,
+        //            context.field_const(zkevm_opcode_defs::ADDRESS_CONTRACT_DEPLOYER.into()),
+        //            vec![],
+        //            None,
+        //        )
+        //        .as_slice(),
+        //        "deployer_call_ordinary",
+        //    )
+        //    .expect("Always returns a value");
+        //context.build_store(deployer_call_result_pointer, deployer_call_result)?;
+        context.build_unconditional_branch(value_join_block);
+
+        context.set_basic_block(value_non_zero_block);
+        //let deployer_call_result = context
+        //    .build_call(
+        //        context.llvm_runtime().far_call,
+        //        crate::polkavm::utils::external_call_arguments(
+        //            context,
+        //            abi_data.as_basic_value_enum(),
+        //            context.field_const(zkevm_opcode_defs::ADDRESS_MSG_VALUE.into()),
+        //            vec![
+        //                value,
+        //                context.field_const(zkevm_opcode_defs::ADDRESS_CONTRACT_DEPLOYER.into()),
+        //                context.field_const(u64::from(crate::polkavm::r#const::SYSTEM_CALL_BIT)),
+        //            ],
+        //            None,
+        //        )
+        //        .as_slice(),
+        //        "deployer_call_system",
+        //    )
+        //    .expect("Always returns a value");
+        //context.build_store(deployer_call_result_pointer, deployer_call_result)?;
+        context.build_unconditional_branch(value_join_block);
+
+        context.set_basic_block(value_join_block);
+        let result_abi_data_pointer = context.build_gep(
+            deployer_call_result_pointer,
+            &[
+                context.field_const(0),
+                context
+                    .integer_type(revive_common::BIT_LENGTH_X32)
+                    .const_zero(),
+            ],
+            context
+                .llvm()
+                .ptr_type(AddressSpace::Generic.into())
+                .as_basic_type_enum(),
+            "deployer_call_result_abi_data_pointer",
+        );
+        let result_abi_data =
+            context.build_load(result_abi_data_pointer, "deployer_call_result_abi_data")?;
+
+        let result_status_code_pointer = context.build_gep(
+            deployer_call_result_pointer,
+            &[
+                context.field_const(0),
+                context
+                    .integer_type(revive_common::BIT_LENGTH_X32)
+                    .const_int(1, false),
+            ],
+            context.bool_type().as_basic_type_enum(),
+            "contract_call_external_result_status_code_pointer",
+        );
+        let result_status_code_boolean = context
+            .build_load(
+                result_status_code_pointer,
+                "contract_call_external_result_status_code_boolean",
+            )?
+            .into_int_value();
+
+        context.build_conditional_branch(result_status_code_boolean, success_block, error_block)?;
+
+        context.set_basic_block(success_block);
+        let result_abi_data_pointer = Pointer::new(
+            context.field_type(),
+            AddressSpace::Generic,
+            result_abi_data.into_pointer_value(),
+        );
+        let address_or_status_code = context.build_load(
+            result_abi_data_pointer,
+            "deployer_call_address_or_status_code",
+        )?;
+        context.build_store(result_pointer, address_or_status_code)?;
+        context.build_unconditional_branch(context.current_function().borrow().return_block());
+
+        context.set_basic_block(error_block);
+        let result_abi_data_pointer = Pointer::new(
+            context.byte_type(),
+            AddressSpace::Generic,
+            result_abi_data.into_pointer_value(),
+        );
+        context.write_abi_pointer(
+            result_abi_data_pointer,
+            crate::polkavm::GLOBAL_RETURN_DATA_POINTER,
+        );
+        context.write_abi_data_size(
+            result_abi_data_pointer,
+            crate::polkavm::GLOBAL_RETURN_DATA_SIZE,
+        );
+        context.build_unconditional_branch(context.current_function().borrow().return_block());
+
+        context.set_basic_block(context.current_function().borrow().return_block());
+        let result = context.build_load(result_pointer, "deployer_call_result")?;
+        context.build_return(Some(&result));
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}

crates/llvm-context/src/polkavm/context/function/runtime/entry.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,276 @@
+//! The entry function.
+
+use inkwell::types::BasicType;
+
+use crate::polkavm::context::address_space::AddressSpace;
+use crate::polkavm::context::function::runtime::Runtime;
+use crate::polkavm::context::Context;
+use crate::polkavm::Dependency;
+use crate::polkavm::WriteLLVM;
+use crate::PolkaVMPointer as Pointer;
+
+/// The entry function.
+/// The function is a wrapper managing the runtime and deploy code calling logic.
+/// Is a special runtime function that is only used by the front-end generated code.
+#[derive(Debug, Default)]
+pub struct Entry {}
+
+impl Entry {
+    /// The call flags argument index.
+    pub const ARGUMENT_INDEX_CALL_FLAGS: usize = 0;
+
+    /// The number of mandatory arguments.
+    pub const MANDATORY_ARGUMENTS_COUNT: usize = 2;
+
+    /// Reserve 1kb for calldata.
+    pub const MAX_CALLDATA_SIZE: usize = 1024;
+
+    /// Initializes the global variables.
+    /// The pointers are not initialized, because it's not possible to create a null pointer.
+    pub fn initialize_globals<D>(context: &mut Context<D>) -> anyhow::Result<()>
+    where
+        D: Dependency + Clone,
+    {
+        let calldata_type = context.array_type(context.byte_type(), Self::MAX_CALLDATA_SIZE);
+        context.set_global(
+            crate::polkavm::GLOBAL_CALLDATA_POINTER,
+            calldata_type,
+            AddressSpace::Stack,
+            calldata_type.get_undef(),
+        );
+
+        context.set_global(
+            crate::polkavm::GLOBAL_HEAP_MEMORY_POINTER,
+            context.llvm().ptr_type(AddressSpace::Generic.into()),
+            AddressSpace::Stack,
+            context.xlen_type().get_undef(),
+        );
+        context.build_store(
+            context
+                .get_global(crate::polkavm::GLOBAL_HEAP_MEMORY_POINTER)?
+                .into(),
+            context.build_sbrk(context.integer_const(32, 0))?,
+        )?;
+
+        context.set_global(
+            crate::polkavm::GLOBAL_CALLDATA_SIZE,
+            context.field_type(),
+            AddressSpace::Stack,
+            context.field_undef(),
+        );
+        context.set_global(
+            crate::polkavm::GLOBAL_RETURN_DATA_SIZE,
+            context.field_type(),
+            AddressSpace::Stack,
+            context.field_const(0),
+        );
+
+        context.set_global(
+            crate::polkavm::GLOBAL_CALL_FLAGS,
+            context.field_type(),
+            AddressSpace::Stack,
+            context.field_const(0),
+        );
+
+        let extra_abi_data_type = context.array_type(
+            context.field_type().as_basic_type_enum(),
+            crate::polkavm::EXTRA_ABI_DATA_SIZE,
+        );
+        context.set_global(
+            crate::polkavm::GLOBAL_EXTRA_ABI_DATA,
+            extra_abi_data_type,
+            AddressSpace::Stack,
+            extra_abi_data_type.const_zero(),
+        );
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Load the calldata via seal `input` and initialize the calldata end
+    /// and calldata size globals.
+    pub fn load_calldata<D>(context: &mut Context<D>) -> anyhow::Result<()>
+    where
+        D: Dependency + Clone,
+    {
+        let input_pointer = context
+            .get_global(crate::polkavm::GLOBAL_CALLDATA_POINTER)?
+            .value
+            .as_pointer_value();
+        let input_pointer_casted = context.builder.build_ptr_to_int(
+            input_pointer,
+            context.xlen_type(),
+            "input_pointer_casted",
+        )?;
+
+        let length_pointer = context.build_alloca(context.xlen_type(), "len_ptr");
+        let length_pointer_casted = context.builder.build_ptr_to_int(
+            length_pointer.value,
+            context.xlen_type(),
+            "length_pointer_casted",
+        )?;
+
+        context.build_store(
+            length_pointer,
+            context.integer_const(32, Self::MAX_CALLDATA_SIZE as u64),
+        )?;
+        context.builder().build_call(
+            context.module().get_function("input").expect("is declared"),
+            &[input_pointer_casted.into(), length_pointer_casted.into()],
+            "call_seal_input",
+        )?;
+
+        // Store the calldata size
+        let calldata_size = context
+            .build_load(length_pointer, "input_size")?
+            .into_int_value();
+        let calldata_size_casted = context.builder().build_int_z_extend(
+            calldata_size,
+            context.field_type(),
+            "zext_input_len",
+        )?;
+        context.set_global(
+            crate::polkavm::GLOBAL_CALLDATA_SIZE,
+            context.field_type(),
+            AddressSpace::Stack,
+            calldata_size_casted,
+        );
+
+        // Store calldata end pointer
+        let input_pointer = Pointer::new(
+            input_pointer.get_type(),
+            AddressSpace::Generic,
+            input_pointer,
+        );
+        let calldata_end_pointer = context.build_gep(
+            input_pointer,
+            &[calldata_size_casted],
+            context
+                .llvm()
+                .ptr_type(AddressSpace::Generic.into())
+                .as_basic_type_enum(),
+            "return_data_abi_initializer",
+        );
+        context.write_abi_pointer(
+            calldata_end_pointer,
+            crate::polkavm::GLOBAL_RETURN_DATA_POINTER,
+        );
+        context.write_abi_pointer(calldata_end_pointer, crate::polkavm::GLOBAL_ACTIVE_POINTER);
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Calls the deploy code if the first function argument was `1`.
+    /// Calls the runtime code otherwise.
+    pub fn leave_entry<D>(context: &mut Context<D>) -> anyhow::Result<()>
+    where
+        D: Dependency + Clone,
+    {
+        let is_deploy = context
+            .current_function()
+            .borrow()
+            .get_nth_param(Self::ARGUMENT_INDEX_CALL_FLAGS);
+
+        context.set_global(
+            crate::polkavm::GLOBAL_CALL_FLAGS,
+            is_deploy.get_type(),
+            AddressSpace::Stack,
+            is_deploy.into_int_value(),
+        );
+
+        let deploy_code_call_block = context.append_basic_block("deploy_code_call_block");
+        let runtime_code_call_block = context.append_basic_block("runtime_code_call_block");
+
+        context.build_conditional_branch(
+            is_deploy.into_int_value(),
+            deploy_code_call_block,
+            runtime_code_call_block,
+        )?;
+
+        let deploy_code = context
+            .functions
+            .get(Runtime::FUNCTION_DEPLOY_CODE)
+            .cloned()
+            .ok_or_else(|| anyhow::anyhow!("Contract deploy code not found"))?;
+        let runtime_code = context
+            .functions
+            .get(Runtime::FUNCTION_RUNTIME_CODE)
+            .cloned()
+            .ok_or_else(|| anyhow::anyhow!("Contract runtime code not found"))?;
+
+        context.set_basic_block(deploy_code_call_block);
+        context.build_invoke(deploy_code.borrow().declaration, &[], "deploy_code_call");
+        context.build_unconditional_branch(context.current_function().borrow().return_block());
+
+        context.set_basic_block(runtime_code_call_block);
+        context.build_invoke(runtime_code.borrow().declaration, &[], "runtime_code_call");
+        context.build_unconditional_branch(context.current_function().borrow().return_block());
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+impl<D> WriteLLVM<D> for Entry
+where
+    D: Dependency + Clone,
+{
+    fn declare(&mut self, context: &mut Context<D>) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+        let entry_arguments = vec![context.bool_type().as_basic_type_enum()];
+        let entry_function_type = context.function_type(entry_arguments, 0, false);
+        context.add_function(Runtime::FUNCTION_ENTRY, entry_function_type, 0, None)?;
+
+        context.declare_extern_function("deploy")?;
+        context.declare_extern_function("call")?;
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Instead of a single entrypoint, the runtime expects two exports: `call ` and `deploy`.
+    /// `call` and `deploy` directly call `entry`, signaling a deploy if the first arg is `1`.
+    /// The `entry` function loads calldata, sets globals and calls the runtime or deploy code.
+    fn into_llvm(self, context: &mut Context<D>) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+        let entry = context
+            .get_function(Runtime::FUNCTION_ENTRY)
+            .expect("the entry function should already be declared")
+            .borrow()
+            .declaration;
+        crate::PolkaVMFunction::set_attributes(
+            context.llvm(),
+            entry,
+            vec![crate::PolkaVMAttribute::NoReturn],
+            true,
+        );
+
+        context.set_current_function("deploy")?;
+        context.set_basic_block(context.current_function().borrow().entry_block());
+
+        assert!(context
+            .build_call(entry, &[context.bool_const(true).into()], "entry_deploy")
+            .is_none());
+
+        context.set_basic_block(context.current_function().borrow().return_block);
+        context.build_unreachable();
+
+        context.set_current_function("call")?;
+        context.set_basic_block(context.current_function().borrow().entry_block());
+
+        assert!(context
+            .build_call(entry, &[context.bool_const(false).into()], "entry_call")
+            .is_none());
+
+        context.set_basic_block(context.current_function().borrow().return_block);
+        context.build_unreachable();
+
+        context.set_current_function(Runtime::FUNCTION_ENTRY)?;
+        context.set_basic_block(context.current_function().borrow().entry_block());
+
+        Self::initialize_globals(context)?;
+        Self::load_calldata(context)?;
+        Self::leave_entry(context)?;
+
+        context.build_unconditional_branch(context.current_function().borrow().return_block());
+        context.set_basic_block(context.current_function().borrow().return_block());
+        context.build_unreachable();
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}

crates/llvm-context/src/polkavm/context/function/runtime/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+//! The front-end runtime functions.
+
+pub mod default_call;
+pub mod deploy_code;
+pub mod deployer_call;
+pub mod entry;
+pub mod runtime_code;
+
+use crate::polkavm::context::address_space::AddressSpace;
+use crate::polkavm::context::function::declaration::Declaration as FunctionDeclaration;
+use crate::polkavm::context::Context;
+use crate::polkavm::Dependency;
+use crate::polkavm::WriteLLVM;
+
+use self::default_call::DefaultCall;
+use self::deployer_call::DeployerCall;
+
+/// The front-end runtime functions.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct Runtime {
+    /// The address space where the calldata is allocated.
+    /// Solidity uses the ordinary heap. Vyper uses the auxiliary heap.
+    address_space: AddressSpace,
+}
+
+impl Runtime {
+    /// The main entry function name.
+    pub const FUNCTION_ENTRY: &'static str = "__entry";
+
+    /// The deploy code function name.
+    pub const FUNCTION_DEPLOY_CODE: &'static str = "__deploy";
+
+    /// The runtime code function name.
+    pub const FUNCTION_RUNTIME_CODE: &'static str = "__runtime";
+
+    /// A shortcut constructor.
+    pub fn new(address_space: AddressSpace) -> Self {
+        Self { address_space }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the corresponding runtime function.
+    pub fn default_call<'ctx, D>(
+        context: &Context<'ctx, D>,
+        call_function: FunctionDeclaration<'ctx>,
+    ) -> FunctionDeclaration<'ctx>
+    where
+        D: Dependency + Clone,
+    {
+        context
+            .get_function(DefaultCall::name(call_function).as_str())
+            .expect("Always exists")
+            .borrow()
+            .declaration()
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the corresponding runtime function.
+    pub fn deployer_call<'ctx, D>(context: &Context<'ctx, D>) -> FunctionDeclaration<'ctx>
+    where
+        D: Dependency + Clone,
+    {
+        context
+            .get_function(DeployerCall::FUNCTION_NAME)
+            .expect("Always exists")
+            .borrow()
+            .declaration()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<D> WriteLLVM<D> for Runtime
+where
+    D: Dependency + Clone,
+{
+    fn declare(&mut self, context: &mut Context<D>) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+        //DefaultCall::new(context.llvm_runtime().far_call).declare(context)?;
+        DefaultCall::new(context.llvm_runtime().static_call).declare(context)?;
+        DefaultCall::new(context.llvm_runtime().delegate_call).declare(context)?;
+        DeployerCall::new(self.address_space).declare(context)?;
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn into_llvm(self, context: &mut Context<D>) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+        //DefaultCall::new(context.llvm_runtime().far_call).into_llvm(context)?;
+        DefaultCall::new(context.llvm_runtime().static_call).into_llvm(context)?;
+        DefaultCall::new(context.llvm_runtime().delegate_call).into_llvm(context)?;
+        DeployerCall::new(self.address_space).into_llvm(context)?;
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}

crates/llvm-context/src/polkavm/context/function/runtime/runtime_code.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+//! The runtime code function.
+
+use std::marker::PhantomData;
+
+use crate::polkavm::context::code_type::CodeType;
+use crate::polkavm::context::function::runtime::Runtime;
+use crate::polkavm::context::Context;
+use crate::polkavm::Dependency;
+use crate::polkavm::WriteLLVM;
+
+/// The runtime code function.
+/// Is a special function that is only used by the front-end generated code.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct RuntimeCode<B, D>
+where
+    B: WriteLLVM<D>,
+    D: Dependency + Clone,
+{
+    /// The runtime code AST representation.
+    inner: B,
+    /// The `D` phantom data.
+    _pd: PhantomData<D>,
+}
+
+impl<B, D> RuntimeCode<B, D>
+where
+    B: WriteLLVM<D>,
+    D: Dependency + Clone,
+{
+    /// A shortcut constructor.
+    pub fn new(inner: B) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            inner,
+            _pd: PhantomData,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<B, D> WriteLLVM<D> for RuntimeCode<B, D>
+where
+    B: WriteLLVM<D>,
+    D: Dependency + Clone,
+{
+    fn declare(&mut self, context: &mut Context<D>) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+        let function_type =
+            context.function_type::<inkwell::types::BasicTypeEnum>(vec![], 0, false);
+        context.add_function(
+            Runtime::FUNCTION_RUNTIME_CODE,
+            function_type,
+            0,
+            Some(inkwell::module::Linkage::External),
+        )?;
+
+        self.inner.declare(context)
+    }
+
+    fn into_llvm(self, context: &mut Context<D>) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+        context.set_current_function(Runtime::FUNCTION_RUNTIME_CODE)?;
+
+        context.set_basic_block(context.current_function().borrow().entry_block());
+        context.set_code_type(CodeType::Runtime);
+        self.inner.into_llvm(context)?;
+        match context
+            .basic_block()
+            .get_last_instruction()
+            .map(|instruction| instruction.get_opcode())
+        {
+            Some(inkwell::values::InstructionOpcode::Br) => {}
+            Some(inkwell::values::InstructionOpcode::Switch) => {}
+            _ => context
+                .build_unconditional_branch(context.current_function().borrow().return_block()),
+        }
+
+        context.set_basic_block(context.current_function().borrow().return_block());
+        context.build_unreachable();
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}

crates/llvm-context/src/polkavm/context/function/vyper_data.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+//! The LLVM function Vyper data.
+
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+
+/// The LLVM function Vyper data.
+/// Describes some data that is only relevant to Vyper.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct VyperData {
+    /// The block-local variables. They are still allocated at the beginning of the function,
+    /// but their parent block must be known in order to pass the implicit arguments thereto.
+    /// Is only used by the Vyper LLL IR compiler.
+    label_arguments: HashMap<String, Vec<String>>,
+}
+
+impl Default for VyperData {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            label_arguments: HashMap::with_capacity(Self::LABEL_ARGUMENTS_HASHMAP_INITIAL_CAPACITY),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl VyperData {
+    /// The label arguments hashmap default capacity.
+    const LABEL_ARGUMENTS_HASHMAP_INITIAL_CAPACITY: usize = 16;
+
+    /// A shortcut constructor.
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        Self::default()
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the list of a Vyper label arguments.
+    pub fn label_arguments(&self, label_name: &str) -> Option<Vec<String>> {
+        self.label_arguments.get(label_name).cloned()
+    }
+
+    /// Inserts arguments for the specified label.
+    pub fn insert_label_arguments(&mut self, label_name: String, arguments: Vec<String>) {
+        self.label_arguments.insert(label_name, arguments);
+    }
+}

crates/llvm-context/src/polkavm/context/function/yul_data.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+//! The LLVM function Yul data.
+
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+
+use num::BigUint;
+
+/// The LLVM function Yul data.
+/// Describes some data that is only relevant to Yul.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct YulData {
+    /// The constants saved to variables. Used for peculiar cases like call simulation.
+    /// It is a partial implementation of the constant propagation.
+    constants: HashMap<String, BigUint>,
+}
+
+impl Default for YulData {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            constants: HashMap::with_capacity(Self::CONSTANTS_HASHMAP_INITIAL_CAPACITY),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl YulData {
+    /// The constants hashmap default capacity.
+    const CONSTANTS_HASHMAP_INITIAL_CAPACITY: usize = 16;
+
+    /// A shortcut constructor.
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        Self::default()
+    }
+
+    /// Returns a constant if it has been saved.
+    pub fn get_constant(&self, name: &str) -> Option<BigUint> {
+        self.constants.get(name).cloned()
+    }
+
+    /// Saves a constant detected with the partial constant propagation.
+    pub fn insert_constant(&mut self, name: String, value: BigUint) {
+        self.constants.insert(name, value);
+    }
+}

crates/llvm-context/src/polkavm/context/global.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+//! The LLVM global value.
+
+use inkwell::types::BasicType;
+use inkwell::values::BasicValue;
+
+use crate::polkavm::context::address_space::AddressSpace;
+use crate::polkavm::context::Context;
+use crate::PolkaVMDependency;
+
+/// The LLVM global value.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct Global<'ctx> {
+    /// The global type.
+    pub r#type: inkwell::types::BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>,
+    /// The global value.
+    pub value: inkwell::values::GlobalValue<'ctx>,
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> Global<'ctx> {
+    /// A shortcut constructor.
+    pub fn new<D, T, V>(
+        context: &mut Context<'ctx, D>,
+        r#type: T,
+        address_space: AddressSpace,
+        initializer: V,
+        name: &str,
+    ) -> Self
+    where
+        D: PolkaVMDependency + Clone,
+        T: BasicType<'ctx>,
+        V: BasicValue<'ctx>,
+    {
+        let r#type = r#type.as_basic_type_enum();
+
+        let value = context
+            .module()
+            .add_global(r#type, Some(address_space.into()), name);
+        let global = Self { r#type, value };
+
+        global.value.set_linkage(inkwell::module::Linkage::Private);
+        global
+            .value
+            .set_visibility(inkwell::GlobalVisibility::Default);
+        global.value.set_externally_initialized(false);
+        if let AddressSpace::Code = address_space {
+            global.value.set_constant(true);
+        }
+        if !r#type.is_pointer_type() {
+            global.value.set_initializer(&initializer);
+        } else {
+            global.value.set_initializer(&r#type.const_zero());
+            context.build_store(global.into(), initializer).unwrap();
+        }
+
+        global
+    }
+}

crates/llvm-context/src/polkavm/context/loop.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+//! The LLVM IR generator loop.
+
+/// The LLVM IR generator loop.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct Loop<'ctx> {
+    /// The loop current block.
+    pub body_block: inkwell::basic_block::BasicBlock<'ctx>,
+    /// The increment block before the body.
+    pub continue_block: inkwell::basic_block::BasicBlock<'ctx>,
+    /// The join block after the body.
+    pub join_block: inkwell::basic_block::BasicBlock<'ctx>,
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> Loop<'ctx> {
+    /// A shortcut constructor.
+    pub fn new(
+        body_block: inkwell::basic_block::BasicBlock<'ctx>,
+        continue_block: inkwell::basic_block::BasicBlock<'ctx>,
+        join_block: inkwell::basic_block::BasicBlock<'ctx>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            body_block,
+            continue_block,
+            join_block,
+        }
+    }
+}

crates/llvm-context/src/polkavm/context/pointer.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
+//! The LLVM pointer.
+
+use inkwell::types::BasicType;
+
+use crate::polkavm::context::address_space::AddressSpace;
+use crate::polkavm::context::global::Global;
+use crate::polkavm::context::Context;
+use crate::polkavm::Dependency;
+
+/// The LLVM pointer.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct Pointer<'ctx> {
+    /// The pointee type.
+    pub r#type: inkwell::types::BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>,
+    /// The address space.
+    pub address_space: AddressSpace,
+    /// The pointer value.
+    pub value: inkwell::values::PointerValue<'ctx>,
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> Pointer<'ctx> {
+    /// A shortcut constructor.
+    pub fn new<T>(
+        r#type: T,
+        address_space: AddressSpace,
+        value: inkwell::values::PointerValue<'ctx>,
+    ) -> Self
+    where
+        T: BasicType<'ctx>,
+    {
+        Self {
+            r#type: r#type.as_basic_type_enum(),
+            address_space,
+            value,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Wraps a 256-bit primitive type pointer.
+    pub fn new_stack_field<D>(
+        context: &Context<'ctx, D>,
+        value: inkwell::values::PointerValue<'ctx>,
+    ) -> Self
+    where
+        D: Dependency + Clone,
+    {
+        Self {
+            r#type: context.field_type().as_basic_type_enum(),
+            address_space: AddressSpace::Stack,
+            value,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Creates a new pointer with the specified `offset`.
+    pub fn new_with_offset<D, T>(
+        context: &Context<'ctx, D>,
+        address_space: AddressSpace,
+        r#type: T,
+        offset: inkwell::values::IntValue<'ctx>,
+        name: &str,
+    ) -> Self
+    where
+        D: Dependency + Clone,
+        T: BasicType<'ctx>,
+    {
+        assert_ne!(
+            address_space,
+            AddressSpace::Stack,
+            "Stack pointers cannot be addressed"
+        );
+
+        let offset = context.safe_truncate_int_to_i32(offset).unwrap();
+        let value = context
+            .builder
+            .build_int_to_ptr(offset, context.llvm().ptr_type(address_space.into()), name)
+            .unwrap();
+        Self::new(r#type, address_space, value)
+    }
+
+    /// Casts the pointer into another type.
+    pub fn cast<T>(self, r#type: T) -> Self
+    where
+        T: BasicType<'ctx>,
+    {
+        Self {
+            r#type: r#type.as_basic_type_enum(),
+            address_space: self.address_space,
+            value: self.value,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn address_space_cast<D>(
+        self,
+        context: &Context<'ctx, D>,
+        address_space: AddressSpace,
+        name: &str,
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<Self>
+    where
+        D: Dependency + Clone,
+    {
+        let value = context.builder().build_address_space_cast(
+            self.value,
+            context.llvm().ptr_type(address_space.into()),
+            name,
+        )?;
+
+        Ok(Self {
+            address_space,
+            value,
+            ..self
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> From<Global<'ctx>> for Pointer<'ctx> {
+    fn from(global: Global<'ctx>) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            r#type: global.r#type,
+            address_space: AddressSpace::Stack,
+            value: global.value.as_pointer_value(),
+        }
+    }
+}

crates/llvm-context/src/polkavm/context/solidity_data.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+//! The LLVM IR generator Solidity data.
+
+use std::collections::BTreeMap;
+
+/// The LLVM IR generator Solidity data.
+/// Describes some data that is only relevant to Solidity.
+#[derive(Debug, Default)]
+pub struct SolidityData {
+    /// The immutables identifier-to-offset mapping. Is only used by Solidity due to
+    /// the arbitrariness of its identifiers.
+    immutables: BTreeMap<String, usize>,
+}
+
+impl SolidityData {
+    /// A shortcut constructor.
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        Self::default()
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the current number of immutables values in the contract.
+    pub fn immutables_size(&self) -> usize {
+        self.immutables.len() * revive_common::BYTE_LENGTH_FIELD
+    }
+
+    /// Allocates memory for an immutable value in the auxiliary heap.
+    /// If the identifier is already known, just returns its offset.
+    pub fn allocate_immutable(&mut self, identifier: &str) -> usize {
+        let number_of_elements = self.immutables.len();
+        let new_offset = number_of_elements * revive_common::BYTE_LENGTH_FIELD;
+        *self
+            .immutables
+            .entry(identifier.to_owned())
+            .or_insert(new_offset)
+    }
+
+    /// Gets the offset of the immutable value.
+    /// If the value is not yet allocated, then it is done forcibly.
+    pub fn get_or_allocate_immutable(&mut self, identifier: &str) -> usize {
+        match self.immutables.get(identifier).copied() {
+            Some(offset) => offset,
+            None => self.allocate_immutable(identifier),
+        }
+    }
+}

crates/llvm-context/src/polkavm/context/tests.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,134 @@
+//! The LLVM IR generator context tests.
+
+use crate::optimizer::settings::Settings as OptimizerSettings;
+use crate::optimizer::Optimizer;
+use crate::polkavm::context::attribute::Attribute;
+use crate::polkavm::context::Context;
+use crate::polkavm::DummyDependency;
+
+pub fn create_context(
+    llvm: &inkwell::context::Context,
+    optimizer_settings: OptimizerSettings,
+) -> Context<DummyDependency> {
+    crate::polkavm::initialize_target();
+
+    let module = llvm.create_module("test");
+    let optimizer = Optimizer::new(optimizer_settings);
+
+    Context::<DummyDependency>::new(llvm, module, optimizer, None, true, None)
+}
+
+#[test]
+pub fn check_attribute_null_pointer_is_invalid() {
+    let llvm = inkwell::context::Context::create();
+    let mut context = create_context(&llvm, OptimizerSettings::cycles());
+
+    let function = context
+        .add_function(
+            "test",
+            context
+                .field_type()
+                .fn_type(&[context.field_type().into()], false),
+            1,
+            Some(inkwell::module::Linkage::External),
+        )
+        .expect("Failed to add function");
+    assert!(function
+        .borrow()
+        .declaration()
+        .value
+        .attributes(inkwell::attributes::AttributeLoc::Function)
+        .contains(&llvm.create_enum_attribute(Attribute::NullPointerIsValid as u32, 0)));
+}
+
+#[test]
+pub fn check_attribute_optimize_for_size_mode_3() {
+    let llvm = inkwell::context::Context::create();
+    let mut context = create_context(&llvm, OptimizerSettings::cycles());
+
+    let function = context
+        .add_function(
+            "test",
+            context
+                .field_type()
+                .fn_type(&[context.field_type().into()], false),
+            1,
+            Some(inkwell::module::Linkage::External),
+        )
+        .expect("Failed to add function");
+    assert!(!function
+        .borrow()
+        .declaration()
+        .value
+        .attributes(inkwell::attributes::AttributeLoc::Function)
+        .contains(&llvm.create_enum_attribute(Attribute::OptimizeForSize as u32, 0)));
+}
+
+#[test]
+pub fn check_attribute_optimize_for_size_mode_z() {
+    let llvm = inkwell::context::Context::create();
+    let mut context = create_context(&llvm, OptimizerSettings::size());
+
+    let function = context
+        .add_function(
+            "test",
+            context
+                .field_type()
+                .fn_type(&[context.field_type().into()], false),
+            1,
+            Some(inkwell::module::Linkage::External),
+        )
+        .expect("Failed to add function");
+    assert!(function
+        .borrow()
+        .declaration()
+        .value
+        .attributes(inkwell::attributes::AttributeLoc::Function)
+        .contains(&llvm.create_enum_attribute(Attribute::OptimizeForSize as u32, 0)));
+}
+
+#[test]
+pub fn check_attribute_min_size_mode_3() {
+    let llvm = inkwell::context::Context::create();
+    let mut context = create_context(&llvm, OptimizerSettings::cycles());
+
+    let function = context
+        .add_function(
+            "test",
+            context
+                .field_type()
+                .fn_type(&[context.field_type().into()], false),
+            1,
+            Some(inkwell::module::Linkage::External),
+        )
+        .expect("Failed to add function");
+    assert!(!function
+        .borrow()
+        .declaration()
+        .value
+        .attributes(inkwell::attributes::AttributeLoc::Function)
+        .contains(&llvm.create_enum_attribute(Attribute::MinSize as u32, 0)));
+}
+
+#[test]
+pub fn check_attribute_min_size_mode_z() {
+    let llvm = inkwell::context::Context::create();
+    let mut context = create_context(&llvm, OptimizerSettings::size());
+
+    let function = context
+        .add_function(
+            "test",
+            context
+                .field_type()
+                .fn_type(&[context.field_type().into()], false),
+            1,
+            Some(inkwell::module::Linkage::External),
+        )
+        .expect("Failed to add function");
+    assert!(function
+        .borrow()
+        .declaration()
+        .value
+        .attributes(inkwell::attributes::AttributeLoc::Function)
+        .contains(&llvm.create_enum_attribute(Attribute::MinSize as u32, 0)));
+}

crates/llvm-context/src/polkavm/context/vyper_data.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+//! The LLVM IR generator Vyper data.
+
+/// The LLVM IR generator Vyper data.
+/// Describes some data that is only relevant to Vyper.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct VyperData {
+    /// The immutables size tracker. Stores the size in bytes.
+    /// Does not take into account the size of the indexes.
+    immutables_size: usize,
+    /// Whether the contract forwarder has been used.
+    is_forwarder_used: bool,
+}
+
+impl VyperData {
+    /// A shortcut constructor.
+    pub fn new(immutables_size: usize, is_forwarder_used: bool) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            immutables_size,
+            is_forwarder_used,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the size of the immutables data of the contract.
+    pub fn immutables_size(&self) -> usize {
+        self.immutables_size
+    }
+
+    /// Sets the forwarder usage flag.
+    pub fn set_is_forwarder_used(&mut self) {
+        self.is_forwarder_used = true;
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the forwarder usage flag.
+    pub fn is_forwarder_used(&self) -> bool {
+        self.is_forwarder_used
+    }
+}

crates/llvm-context/src/polkavm/context/yul_data.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+//! The LLVM IR generator Yul data.
+
+use std::collections::BTreeMap;
+
+use num::Zero;
+
+/// The LLVM IR generator Yul data.
+/// Describes some data that is only relevant to Yul.
+#[derive(Debug, Default)]
+pub struct YulData {
+    /// The system mode flag.
+    /// The call simulations only work if this mode is enabled.
+    is_system_mode: bool,
+    /// The list of constant arrays in the code section.
+    /// It is a temporary storage used until the finalization method is called.
+    const_arrays: BTreeMap<u8, Vec<num::BigUint>>,
+}
+
+impl YulData {
+    /// A shortcut constructor.
+    pub fn new(is_system_mode: bool) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            is_system_mode,
+            const_arrays: BTreeMap::new(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Whether the system mode is enabled.
+    pub fn is_system_mode(&self) -> bool {
+        self.is_system_mode
+    }
+
+    /// Declares a temporary constant array representation.
+    pub fn const_array_declare(&mut self, index: u8, size: u16) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+        if self.const_arrays.contains_key(&index) {
+            anyhow::bail!(
+                "The constant array with index {} is already declared",
+                index
+            );
+        }
+
+        self.const_arrays
+            .insert(index, vec![num::BigUint::zero(); size as usize]);
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Sets a value in the constant array representation.
+    pub fn const_array_set(
+        &mut self,
+        index: u8,
+        offset: u16,
+        value: num::BigUint,
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+        let array = self.const_arrays.get_mut(&index).ok_or_else(|| {
+            anyhow::anyhow!("The constant array with index {} is not declared", index)
+        })?;
+        if offset >= array.len() as u16 {
+            anyhow::bail!(
+                "The constant array with index {} has size {} but the offset is {}",
+                index,
+                array.len(),
+                offset,
+            );
+        }
+        array[offset as usize] = value;
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Finalizes the constant array declaration.
+    pub fn const_array_take(&mut self, index: u8) -> anyhow::Result<Vec<num::BigUint>> {
+        self.const_arrays.remove(&index).ok_or_else(|| {
+            anyhow::anyhow!("The constant array with index {} is not declared", index)
+        })
+    }
+}

crates/llvm-context/src/polkavm/evm/arithmetic.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+//! Translates the arithmetic operations.
+
+use inkwell::values::BasicValue;
+
+use crate::polkavm::context::Context;
+use crate::polkavm::Dependency;
+
+/// Translates the arithmetic addition.
+pub fn addition<'ctx, D>(
+    context: &mut Context<'ctx, D>,
+    operand_1: inkwell::values::IntValue<'ctx>,
+    operand_2: inkwell::values::IntValue<'ctx>,
+) -> anyhow::Result<inkwell::values::BasicValueEnum<'ctx>>
+where
+    D: Dependency + Clone,
+{
+    Ok(context
+        .builder()
+        .build_int_add(operand_1, operand_2, "addition_result")?
+        .as_basic_value_enum())
+}
+
+/// Translates the arithmetic subtraction.
+pub fn subtraction<'ctx, D>(
+    context: &mut Context<'ctx, D>,
+    operand_1: inkwell::values::IntValue<'ctx>,
+    operand_2: inkwell::values::IntValue<'ctx>,
+) -> anyhow::Result<inkwell::values::BasicValueEnum<'ctx>>
+where
+    D: Dependency + Clone,
+{
+    Ok(context
+        .builder()
+        .build_int_sub(operand_1, operand_2, "subtraction_result")?
+        .as_basic_value_enum())
+}
+
+/// Translates the arithmetic multiplication.
+pub fn multiplication<'ctx, D>(
+    context: &mut Context<'ctx, D>,
+    operand_1: inkwell::values::IntValue<'ctx>,
+    operand_2: inkwell::values::IntValue<'ctx>,
+) -> anyhow::Result<inkwell::values::BasicValueEnum<'ctx>>
+where
+    D: Dependency + Clone,
+{
+    Ok(context
+        .builder()
+        .build_int_mul(operand_1, operand_2, "multiplication_result")?
+        .as_basic_value_enum())
+}
+
+/// Translates the arithmetic division.
+pub fn division<'ctx, D>(
+    context: &mut Context<'ctx, D>,
+    operand_1: inkwell::values::IntValue<'ctx>,
+    operand_2: inkwell::values::IntValue<'ctx>,
+) -> anyhow::Result<inkwell::values::BasicValueEnum<'ctx>>
+where
+    D: Dependency + Clone,
+{
+    Ok(context
+        .builder()
+        .build_int_unsigned_div(operand_1, operand_2, "udiv")?
+        .into())
+}
+
+/// Translates the arithmetic remainder.
+pub fn remainder<'ctx, D>(
+    context: &mut Context<'ctx, D>,
+    operand_1: inkwell::values::IntValue<'ctx>,
+    operand_2: inkwell::values::IntValue<'ctx>,
+) -> anyhow::Result<inkwell::values::BasicValueEnum<'ctx>>
+where
+    D: Dependency + Clone,
+{
+    Ok(context
+        .build_call(
+            context.llvm_runtime().r#mod,
+            &[
+                operand_1.as_basic_value_enum(),
+                operand_2.as_basic_value_enum(),
+            ],
+            "add_mod_call",
+        )
+        .expect("Always exists"))
+}
+
+/// Translates the signed arithmetic division.
+/// Two differences between the EVM and LLVM IR:
+/// 1. In case of division by zero, 0 is returned.
+/// 2. In case of overflow, the first argument is returned.
+pub fn division_signed<'ctx, D>(
+    context: &mut Context<'ctx, D>,
+    operand_1: inkwell::values::IntValue<'ctx>,
+    operand_2: inkwell::values::IntValue<'ctx>,
+) -> anyhow::Result<inkwell::values::BasicValueEnum<'ctx>>
+where
+    D: Dependency + Clone,
+{
+    Ok(context
+        .build_call(
+            context.llvm_runtime().sdiv,
+            &[
+                operand_1.as_basic_value_enum(),
+                operand_2.as_basic_value_enum(),
+            ],
+            "add_mod_call",
+        )
+        .expect("Always exists"))
+}
+
+/// Translates the signed arithmetic remainder.
+pub fn remainder_signed<'ctx, D>(
+    context: &mut Context<'ctx, D>,
+    operand_1: inkwell::values::IntValue<'ctx>,
+    operand_2: inkwell::values::IntValue<'ctx>,
+) -> anyhow::Result<inkwell::values::BasicValueEnum<'ctx>>
+where
+    D: Dependency + Clone,
+{
+    Ok(context
+        .build_call(
+            context.llvm_runtime().smod,
+            &[
+                operand_1.as_basic_value_enum(),
+                operand_2.as_basic_value_enum(),
+            ],
+            "add_mod_call",
+        )
+        .expect("Always exists"))
+}

crates/llvm-context/src/polkavm/evm/bitwise.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,219 @@
+//! Translates the bitwise operations.
+
+use inkwell::values::BasicValue;
+
+use crate::polkavm::context::Context;
+use crate::polkavm::Dependency;
+
+/// Translates the bitwise OR.
+pub fn or<'ctx, D>(
+    context: &mut Context<'ctx, D>,
+    operand_1: inkwell::values::IntValue<'ctx>,
+    operand_2: inkwell::values::IntValue<'ctx>,
+) -> anyhow::Result<inkwell::values::BasicValueEnum<'ctx>>
+where
+    D: Dependency + Clone,
+{
+    Ok(context
+        .builder()
+        .build_or(operand_1, operand_2, "or_result")?
+        .as_basic_value_enum())
+}
+
+/// Translates the bitwise XOR.
+pub fn xor<'ctx, D>(
+    context: &mut Context<'ctx, D>,
+    operand_1: inkwell::values::IntValue<'ctx>,
+    operand_2: inkwell::values::IntValue<'ctx>,
+) -> anyhow::Result<inkwell::values::BasicValueEnum<'ctx>>
+where
+    D: Dependency + Clone,
+{
+    Ok(context
+        .builder()
+        .build_xor(operand_1, operand_2, "xor_result")?
+        .as_basic_value_enum())
+}
+
+/// Translates the bitwise AND.
+pub fn and<'ctx, D>(
+    context: &mut Context<'ctx, D>,
+    operand_1: inkwell::values::IntValue<'ctx>,
+    operand_2: inkwell::values::IntValue<'ctx>,
+) -> anyhow::Result<inkwell::values::BasicValueEnum<'ctx>>
+where
+    D: Dependency + Clone,
+{
+    Ok(context
+        .builder()
+        .build_and(operand_1, operand_2, "and_result")?
+        .as_basic_value_enum())
+}
+
+/// Translates the bitwise shift left.
+pub fn shift_left<'ctx, D>(
+    context: &mut Context<'ctx, D>,
+    shift: inkwell::values::IntValue<'ctx>,
+    value: inkwell::values::IntValue<'ctx>,
+) -> anyhow::Result<inkwell::values::BasicValueEnum<'ctx>>
+where
+    D: Dependency + Clone,
+{
+    let overflow_block = context.append_basic_block("shift_left_overflow");
+    let non_overflow_block = context.append_basic_block("shift_left_non_overflow");
+    let join_block = context.append_basic_block("shift_left_join");
+
+    let result_pointer = context.build_alloca(context.field_type(), "shift_left_result_pointer");
+    let condition_is_overflow = context.builder().build_int_compare(
+        inkwell::IntPredicate::UGT,
+        shift,
+        context.field_const((revive_common::BIT_LENGTH_FIELD - 1) as u64),
+        "shift_left_is_overflow",
+    )?;
+    context.build_conditional_branch(condition_is_overflow, overflow_block, non_overflow_block)?;
+
+    context.set_basic_block(overflow_block);
+    context.build_store(result_pointer, context.field_const(0))?;
+    context.build_unconditional_branch(join_block);
+
+    context.set_basic_block(non_overflow_block);
+    let value =
+        context
+            .builder()
+            .build_left_shift(value, shift, "shift_left_non_overflow_result")?;
+    context.build_store(result_pointer, value)?;
+    context.build_unconditional_branch(join_block);
+
+    context.set_basic_block(join_block);
+    context.build_load(result_pointer, "shift_left_result")
+}
+
+/// Translates the bitwise shift right.
+pub fn shift_right<'ctx, D>(
+    context: &mut Context<'ctx, D>,
+    shift: inkwell::values::IntValue<'ctx>,
+    value: inkwell::values::IntValue<'ctx>,
+) -> anyhow::Result<inkwell::values::BasicValueEnum<'ctx>>
+where
+    D: Dependency + Clone,
+{
+    let overflow_block = context.append_basic_block("shift_right_overflow");
+    let non_overflow_block = context.append_basic_block("shift_right_non_overflow");
+    let join_block = context.append_basic_block("shift_right_join");
+
+    let result_pointer = context.build_alloca(context.field_type(), "shift_right_result_pointer");
+    let condition_is_overflow = context.builder().build_int_compare(
+        inkwell::IntPredicate::UGT,
+        shift,
+        context.field_const((revive_common::BIT_LENGTH_FIELD - 1) as u64),
+        "shift_right_is_overflow",
+    )?;
+    context.build_conditional_branch(condition_is_overflow, overflow_block, non_overflow_block)?;
+
+    context.set_basic_block(overflow_block);
+    context.build_store(result_pointer, context.field_const(0))?;
+    context.build_unconditional_branch(join_block);
+
+    context.set_basic_block(non_overflow_block);
+    let value = context.builder().build_right_shift(
+        value,
+        shift,
+        false,
+        "shift_right_non_overflow_result",
+    )?;
+    context.build_store(result_pointer, value)?;
+    context.build_unconditional_branch(join_block);
+
+    context.set_basic_block(join_block);
+    context.build_load(result_pointer, "shift_right_result")
+}
+
+/// Translates the arithmetic bitwise shift right.
+pub fn shift_right_arithmetic<'ctx, D>(
+    context: &mut Context<'ctx, D>,
+    shift: inkwell::values::IntValue<'ctx>,
+    value: inkwell::values::IntValue<'ctx>,
+) -> anyhow::Result<inkwell::values::BasicValueEnum<'ctx>>
+where
+    D: Dependency + Clone,
+{
+    let overflow_block = context.append_basic_block("shift_right_arithmetic_overflow");
+    let overflow_positive_block =
+        context.append_basic_block("shift_right_arithmetic_overflow_positive");
+    let overflow_negative_block =
+        context.append_basic_block("shift_right_arithmetic_overflow_negative");
+    let non_overflow_block = context.append_basic_block("shift_right_arithmetic_non_overflow");
+    let join_block = context.append_basic_block("shift_right_arithmetic_join");
+
+    let result_pointer = context.build_alloca(
+        context.field_type(),
+        "shift_right_arithmetic_result_pointer",
+    );
+    let condition_is_overflow = context.builder().build_int_compare(
+        inkwell::IntPredicate::UGT,
+        shift,
+        context.field_const((revive_common::BIT_LENGTH_FIELD - 1) as u64),
+        "shift_right_arithmetic_is_overflow",
+    )?;
+    context.build_conditional_branch(condition_is_overflow, overflow_block, non_overflow_block)?;
+
+    context.set_basic_block(overflow_block);
+    let sign_bit = context.builder().build_right_shift(
+        value,
+        context.field_const((revive_common::BIT_LENGTH_FIELD - 1) as u64),
+        false,
+        "shift_right_arithmetic_sign_bit",
+    )?;
+    let condition_is_negative = context.builder().build_int_truncate_or_bit_cast(
+        sign_bit,
+        context.bool_type(),
+        "shift_right_arithmetic_sign_bit_truncated",
+    )?;
+    context.build_conditional_branch(
+        condition_is_negative,
+        overflow_negative_block,
+        overflow_positive_block,
+    )?;
+
+    context.set_basic_block(overflow_positive_block);
+    context.build_store(result_pointer, context.field_const(0))?;
+    context.build_unconditional_branch(join_block);
+
+    context.set_basic_block(overflow_negative_block);
+    context.build_store(result_pointer, context.field_type().const_all_ones())?;
+    context.build_unconditional_branch(join_block);
+
+    context.set_basic_block(non_overflow_block);
+    let value = context.builder().build_right_shift(
+        value,
+        shift,
+        true,
+        "shift_right_arithmetic_non_overflow_result",
+    )?;
+    context.build_store(result_pointer, value)?;
+    context.build_unconditional_branch(join_block);
+
+    context.set_basic_block(join_block);
+    context.build_load(result_pointer, "shift_right_arithmetic_result")
+}
+
+/// Translates the `byte` instruction.
+pub fn byte<'ctx, D>(
+    context: &mut Context<'ctx, D>,
+    operand_1: inkwell::values::IntValue<'ctx>,
+    operand_2: inkwell::values::IntValue<'ctx>,
+) -> anyhow::Result<inkwell::values::BasicValueEnum<'ctx>>
+where
+    D: Dependency + Clone,
+{
+    Ok(context
+        .build_call(
+            context.llvm_runtime().byte,
+            &[
+                operand_1.as_basic_value_enum(),
+                operand_2.as_basic_value_enum(),
+            ],
+            "byte_call",
+        )
+        .expect("Always exists"))
+}

crates/llvm-context/src/polkavm/evm/call.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+//! Translates a contract call.
+
+use inkwell::values::BasicValue;
+
+use crate::polkavm::context::argument::Argument;
+use crate::polkavm::context::function::declaration::Declaration as FunctionDeclaration;
+use crate::polkavm::context::Context;
+use crate::polkavm::Dependency;
+
+/// Translates a contract call.
+/// If the `simulation_address` is specified, the call is substituted with another instruction
+/// according to the specification.
+#[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
+pub fn default<'ctx, D>(
+    _context: &mut Context<'ctx, D>,
+    _function: FunctionDeclaration<'ctx>,
+    _gas: inkwell::values::IntValue<'ctx>,
+    _address: inkwell::values::IntValue<'ctx>,
+    _value: Option<inkwell::values::IntValue<'ctx>>,
+    _input_offset: inkwell::values::IntValue<'ctx>,
+    _input_length: inkwell::values::IntValue<'ctx>,
+    _output_offset: inkwell::values::IntValue<'ctx>,
+    _output_length: inkwell::values::IntValue<'ctx>,
+    _constants: Vec<Option<num::BigUint>>,
+) -> anyhow::Result<inkwell::values::BasicValueEnum<'ctx>>
+where
+    D: Dependency + Clone,
+{
+    todo!();
+
+    /*
+    let ordinary_block = context.append_basic_block("contract_call_ordinary_block");
+    let join_block = context.append_basic_block("contract_call_join_block");
+
+    let result_pointer = context.build_alloca(context.field_type(), "contract_call_result_pointer");
+    context.build_store(result_pointer, context.field_const(0));
+
+    context.builder().build_switch(
+        address,
+        ordinary_block,
+        &[(
+            context.field_const(zkevm_opcode_defs::ADDRESS_IDENTITY.into()),
+            identity_block,
+        )],
+    )?;
+
+    {
+        context.set_basic_block(identity_block);
+        let result = identity(context, output_offset, input_offset, output_length)?;
+        context.build_store(result_pointer, result);
+        context.build_unconditional_branch(join_block);
+    }
+
+    context.set_basic_block(ordinary_block);
+    let result = if let Some(value) = value {
+        default_wrapped(
+            context,
+            function,
+            gas,
+            value,
+            address,
+            input_offset,
+            input_length,
+            output_offset,
+            output_length,
+        )?
+    } else {
+        let function = Runtime::default_call(context, function);
+        context
+            .build_call(
+                function,
+                &[
+                    gas.as_basic_value_enum(),
+                    address.as_basic_value_enum(),
+                    input_offset.as_basic_value_enum(),
+                    input_length.as_basic_value_enum(),
+                    output_offset.as_basic_value_enum(),
+                    output_length.as_basic_value_enum(),
+                ],
+                "default_call",
+            )
+            .expect("Always exists")
+    };
+    context.build_store(result_pointer, result);
+    context.build_unconditional_branch(join_block);
+
+    context.set_basic_block(join_block);
+    let result = context.build_load(result_pointer, "contract_call_result");
+    Ok(result)
+    */
+}
+
+/// Translates the Yul `linkersymbol` instruction.
+pub fn linker_symbol<'ctx, D>(
+    context: &mut Context<'ctx, D>,
+    mut arguments: [Argument<'ctx>; 1],
+) -> anyhow::Result<inkwell::values::BasicValueEnum<'ctx>>
+where
+    D: Dependency + Clone,
+{
+    let path = arguments[0]
+        .original
+        .take()
+        .ok_or_else(|| anyhow::anyhow!("Linker symbol literal is missing"))?;
+
+    Ok(context
+        .resolve_library(path.as_str())?
+        .as_basic_value_enum())
+}

crates/llvm-context/src/polkavm/evm/calldata.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+//! Translates the calldata instructions.
+
+use crate::polkavm::context::address_space::AddressSpace;
+use crate::polkavm::context::pointer::Pointer;
+use crate::polkavm::context::Context;
+use crate::polkavm::Dependency;
+use inkwell::types::BasicType;
+
+/// Translates the calldata load.
+pub fn load<'ctx, D>(
+    context: &mut Context<'ctx, D>,
+    offset: inkwell::values::IntValue<'ctx>,
+) -> anyhow::Result<inkwell::values::BasicValueEnum<'ctx>>
+where
+    D: Dependency + Clone,
+{
+    let calldata_pointer = context
+        .get_global(crate::polkavm::GLOBAL_CALLDATA_POINTER)?
+        .value
+        .as_pointer_value();
+    let offset = context.build_gep(
+        Pointer::new(context.byte_type(), AddressSpace::Stack, calldata_pointer),
+        &[offset],
+        context.field_type().as_basic_type_enum(),
+        "calldata_pointer_with_offset",
+    );
+    context
+        .build_load(offset, "calldata_value")
+        .map(|value| context.build_byte_swap(value))
+}
+
+/// Translates the calldata size.
+pub fn size<'ctx, D>(
+    context: &mut Context<'ctx, D>,
+) -> anyhow::Result<inkwell::values::BasicValueEnum<'ctx>>
+where
+    D: Dependency + Clone,
+{
+    let value = context.get_global_value(crate::polkavm::GLOBAL_CALLDATA_SIZE)?;
+
+    Ok(value)
+}
+
+/// Translates the calldata copy.
+pub fn copy<'ctx, D>(
+    context: &mut Context<'ctx, D>,
+    destination_offset: inkwell::values::IntValue<'ctx>,
+    source_offset: inkwell::values::IntValue<'ctx>,
+    size: inkwell::values::IntValue<'ctx>,
+) -> anyhow::Result<()>
+where
+    D: Dependency + Clone,
+{
+    let offset = context.safe_truncate_int_to_i32(destination_offset)?;
+    let size = context.safe_truncate_int_to_i32(size)?;
+    let destination = context.build_heap_gep(offset, size)?;
+
+    let calldata_pointer = context
+        .get_global(crate::polkavm::GLOBAL_CALLDATA_POINTER)?
+        .value
+        .as_pointer_value();
+    let source = context.build_gep(
+        Pointer::new(context.byte_type(), AddressSpace::Stack, calldata_pointer),
+        &[context.safe_truncate_int_to_i32(source_offset)?],
+        context.byte_type(),
+        "calldata_pointer_with_offset",
+    );
+
+    context.build_memcpy(
+        context.intrinsics().memory_copy_from_generic,
+        destination,
+        source,
+        size,
+        "calldata_copy_memcpy_from_child",
+    )
+}

crates/llvm-context/src/polkavm/evm/comparison.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+//! Translates the comparison operations.
+
+use inkwell::values::BasicValue;
+
+use crate::polkavm::context::Context;
+use crate::polkavm::Dependency;
+
+/// Translates the comparison operations.
+/// There is not difference between the EVM and LLVM IR behaviors.
+pub fn compare<'ctx, D>(
+    context: &mut Context<'ctx, D>,
+    operand_1: inkwell::values::IntValue<'ctx>,
+    operand_2: inkwell::values::IntValue<'ctx>,
+    operation: inkwell::IntPredicate,
+) -> anyhow::Result<inkwell::values::BasicValueEnum<'ctx>>
+where
+    D: Dependency + Clone,
+{
+    let result = context.builder().build_int_compare(
+        operation,
+        operand_1,
+        operand_2,
+        "comparison_result",
+    )?;
+    let result = context.builder().build_int_z_extend_or_bit_cast(
+        result,
+        context.field_type(),
+        "comparison_result_extended",
+    )?;
+    Ok(result.as_basic_value_enum())
+}

crates/llvm-context/src/polkavm/evm/context.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,134 @@
+//! Translates the context getter instructions.
+
+use inkwell::values::BasicValue;
+
+use crate::polkavm::context::Context;
+use crate::polkavm::Dependency;
+
+/// Translates the `gas_limit` instruction.
+pub fn gas_limit<'ctx, D>(
+    _context: &mut Context<'ctx, D>,
+) -> anyhow::Result<inkwell::values::BasicValueEnum<'ctx>>
+where
+    D: Dependency + Clone,
+{
+    todo!()
+}
+
+/// Translates the `gas_price` instruction.
+pub fn gas_price<'ctx, D>(
+    _context: &mut Context<'ctx, D>,
+) -> anyhow::Result<inkwell::values::BasicValueEnum<'ctx>>
+where
+    D: Dependency + Clone,
+{
+    todo!()
+}
+
+/// Translates the `tx.origin` instruction.
+pub fn origin<'ctx, D>(
+    _context: &mut Context<'ctx, D>,
+) -> anyhow::Result<inkwell::values::BasicValueEnum<'ctx>>
+where
+    D: Dependency + Clone,
+{
+    todo!()
+}
+
+/// Translates the `chain_id` instruction.
+pub fn chain_id<'ctx, D>(
+    _context: &mut Context<'ctx, D>,
+) -> anyhow::Result<inkwell::values::BasicValueEnum<'ctx>>
+where
+    D: Dependency + Clone,
+{
+    todo!()
+}
+
+/// Translates the `block_number` instruction.
+pub fn block_number<'ctx, D>(
+    _context: &mut Context<'ctx, D>,
+) -> anyhow::Result<inkwell::values::BasicValueEnum<'ctx>>
+where
+    D: Dependency + Clone,
+{
+    todo!()
+}
+
+/// Translates the `block_timestamp` instruction.
+pub fn block_timestamp<'ctx, D>(
+    _context: &mut Context<'ctx, D>,
+) -> anyhow::Result<inkwell::values::BasicValueEnum<'ctx>>
+where
+    D: Dependency + Clone,
+{
+    todo!()
+}
+
+/// Translates the `block_hash` instruction.
+pub fn block_hash<'ctx, D>(
+    _context: &mut Context<'ctx, D>,
+    _index: inkwell::values::IntValue<'ctx>,
+) -> anyhow::Result<inkwell::values::BasicValueEnum<'ctx>>
+where
+    D: Dependency + Clone,
+{
+    todo!()
+}
+
+/// Translates the `difficulty` instruction.
+pub fn difficulty<'ctx, D>(
+    _context: &mut Context<'ctx, D>,
+) -> anyhow::Result<inkwell::values::BasicValueEnum<'ctx>>
+where
+    D: Dependency + Clone,
+{
+    todo!()
+}
+
+/// Translates the `coinbase` instruction.
+pub fn coinbase<'ctx, D>(
+    _context: &mut Context<'ctx, D>,
+) -> anyhow::Result<inkwell::values::BasicValueEnum<'ctx>>
+where
+    D: Dependency + Clone,
+{
+    todo!()
+}
+
+/// Translates the `basefee` instruction.
+pub fn basefee<'ctx, D>(
+    _context: &mut Context<'ctx, D>,
+) -> anyhow::Result<inkwell::values::BasicValueEnum<'ctx>>
+where
+    D: Dependency + Clone,
+{
+    todo!()
+}
+
+/// Translates the `msize` instruction.
+pub fn msize<'ctx, D>(
+    context: &mut Context<'ctx, D>,
+) -> anyhow::Result<inkwell::values::BasicValueEnum<'ctx>>
+where
+    D: Dependency + Clone,
+{
+    let heap_end = context.build_sbrk(context.xlen_type().const_zero())?;
+    let heap_start = context
+        .get_global(crate::polkavm::GLOBAL_HEAP_MEMORY_POINTER)?
+        .value
+        .as_pointer_value();
+    let heap_size = context.builder().build_int_nuw_sub(
+        context
+            .builder()
+            .build_ptr_to_int(heap_end, context.xlen_type(), "heap_end")?,
+        context
+            .builder()
+            .build_ptr_to_int(heap_start, context.xlen_type(), "heap_start")?,
+        "heap_size",
+    )?;
+    Ok(context
+        .builder()
+        .build_int_z_extend(heap_size, context.field_type(), "heap_size_extended")?
+        .as_basic_value_enum())
+}

crates/llvm-context/src/polkavm/evm/create.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,170 @@
+//! Translates the contract creation instructions.
+
+use inkwell::values::BasicValue;
+use num::Zero;
+
+use crate::polkavm::context::argument::Argument;
+use crate::polkavm::context::code_type::CodeType;
+use crate::polkavm::context::function::runtime::Runtime;
+use crate::polkavm::context::Context;
+use crate::polkavm::Dependency;
+
+/// Translates the contract `create` instruction.
+/// The instruction is simulated by a call to a system contract.
+pub fn create<'ctx, D>(
+    context: &mut Context<'ctx, D>,
+    value: inkwell::values::IntValue<'ctx>,
+    input_offset: inkwell::values::IntValue<'ctx>,
+    input_length: inkwell::values::IntValue<'ctx>,
+) -> anyhow::Result<inkwell::values::BasicValueEnum<'ctx>>
+where
+    D: Dependency + Clone,
+{
+    let signature_hash_string =
+        crate::polkavm::utils::keccak256(crate::polkavm::DEPLOYER_SIGNATURE_CREATE.as_bytes());
+    let signature_hash = context.field_const_str_hex(signature_hash_string.as_str());
+
+    let salt = context.field_const(0);
+
+    let function = Runtime::deployer_call(context);
+    let result = context
+        .build_call(
+            function,
+            &[
+                value.as_basic_value_enum(),
+                input_offset.as_basic_value_enum(),
+                input_length.as_basic_value_enum(),
+                signature_hash.as_basic_value_enum(),
+                salt.as_basic_value_enum(),
+            ],
+            "create_deployer_call",
+        )
+        .expect("Always exists");
+
+    Ok(result)
+}
+
+/// Translates the contract `create2` instruction.
+/// The instruction is simulated by a call to a system contract.
+pub fn create2<'ctx, D>(
+    context: &mut Context<'ctx, D>,
+    value: inkwell::values::IntValue<'ctx>,
+    input_offset: inkwell::values::IntValue<'ctx>,
+    input_length: inkwell::values::IntValue<'ctx>,
+    salt: Option<inkwell::values::IntValue<'ctx>>,
+) -> anyhow::Result<inkwell::values::BasicValueEnum<'ctx>>
+where
+    D: Dependency + Clone,
+{
+    let signature_hash_string =
+        crate::polkavm::utils::keccak256(crate::polkavm::DEPLOYER_SIGNATURE_CREATE2.as_bytes());
+    let signature_hash = context.field_const_str_hex(signature_hash_string.as_str());
+
+    let salt = salt.unwrap_or_else(|| context.field_const(0));
+
+    let function = Runtime::deployer_call(context);
+    let result = context
+        .build_call(
+            function,
+            &[
+                value.as_basic_value_enum(),
+                input_offset.as_basic_value_enum(),
+                input_length.as_basic_value_enum(),
+                signature_hash.as_basic_value_enum(),
+                salt.as_basic_value_enum(),
+            ],
+            "create2_deployer_call",
+        )
+        .expect("Always exists");
+
+    Ok(result)
+}
+
+/// Translates the contract hash instruction, which is actually used to set the hash of the contract
+/// being created, or other related auxiliary data.
+/// Represents `dataoffset` in Yul and `PUSH [$]` in the EVM legacy assembly.
+pub fn contract_hash<'ctx, D>(
+    context: &mut Context<'ctx, D>,
+    identifier: String,
+) -> anyhow::Result<Argument<'ctx>>
+where
+    D: Dependency + Clone,
+{
+    let code_type = context
+        .code_type()
+        .ok_or_else(|| anyhow::anyhow!("The contract code part type is undefined"))?;
+
+    let parent = context.module().get_name().to_str().expect("Always valid");
+
+    let contract_path =
+        context
+            .resolve_path(identifier.as_str())
+            .map_err(|error| match code_type {
+                CodeType::Runtime if identifier.ends_with("_deployed") => {
+                    anyhow::anyhow!("type({}).runtimeCode is not supported", identifier)
+                }
+                _ => error,
+            })?;
+    if contract_path.as_str() == parent {
+        return Ok(Argument::new_with_constant(
+            context.field_const(0).as_basic_value_enum(),
+            num::BigUint::zero(),
+        ));
+    } else if identifier.ends_with("_deployed") && code_type == CodeType::Runtime {
+        anyhow::bail!("type({}).runtimeCode is not supported", identifier);
+    }
+
+    let hash_string = context.compile_dependency(identifier.as_str())?;
+    let hash_value = context
+        .field_const_str_hex(hash_string.as_str())
+        .as_basic_value_enum();
+    Ok(Argument::new_with_original(hash_value, hash_string))
+}
+
+/// Translates the deployer call header size instruction, Usually, the header consists of:
+/// - the deployer contract method signature
+/// - the salt if the call is `create2`, or zero if the call is `create1`
+/// - the hash of the bytecode of the contract whose instance is being created
+/// - the offset of the constructor arguments
+/// - the length of the constructor arguments
+/// If the call is `create1`, the space for the salt is still allocated, because the memory for the
+/// header is allocated by the Yul or EVM legacy assembly before it is known which version of
+/// `create` is going to be used.
+/// Represents `datasize` in Yul and `PUSH #[$]` in the EVM legacy assembly.
+pub fn header_size<'ctx, D>(
+    context: &mut Context<'ctx, D>,
+    identifier: String,
+) -> anyhow::Result<Argument<'ctx>>
+where
+    D: Dependency + Clone,
+{
+    let code_type = context
+        .code_type()
+        .ok_or_else(|| anyhow::anyhow!("The contract code part type is undefined"))?;
+
+    let parent = context.module().get_name().to_str().expect("Always valid");
+
+    let contract_path =
+        context
+            .resolve_path(identifier.as_str())
+            .map_err(|error| match code_type {
+                CodeType::Runtime if identifier.ends_with("_deployed") => {
+                    anyhow::anyhow!("type({}).runtimeCode is not supported", identifier)
+                }
+                _ => error,
+            })?;
+    if contract_path.as_str() == parent {
+        return Ok(Argument::new_with_constant(
+            context.field_const(0).as_basic_value_enum(),
+            num::BigUint::zero(),
+        ));
+    } else if identifier.ends_with("_deployed") && code_type == CodeType::Runtime {
+        anyhow::bail!("type({}).runtimeCode is not supported", identifier);
+    }
+
+    let size_bigint = num::BigUint::from(crate::polkavm::DEPLOYER_CALL_HEADER_SIZE);
+    let size_value = context
+        .field_const(crate::polkavm::DEPLOYER_CALL_HEADER_SIZE as u64)
+        .as_basic_value_enum();
+    Ok(Argument::new_with_constant(size_value, size_bigint))
+}

crates/llvm-context/src/polkavm/evm/crypto.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+//! Translates the cryptographic operations.
+
+use crate::polkavm::context::Context;
+use crate::polkavm::Dependency;
+
+/// Translates the `sha3` instruction.
+pub fn sha3<'ctx, D>(
+    context: &mut Context<'ctx, D>,
+    offset: inkwell::values::IntValue<'ctx>,
+    length: inkwell::values::IntValue<'ctx>,
+) -> anyhow::Result<inkwell::values::BasicValueEnum<'ctx>>
+where
+    D: Dependency + Clone,
+{
+    let offset_casted = context.safe_truncate_int_to_i32(offset)?;
+    let length_casted = context.safe_truncate_int_to_i32(length)?;
+    let input_pointer = context.build_heap_gep(offset_casted, length_casted)?;
+    let input_pointer_casted = context.builder().build_ptr_to_int(
+        input_pointer.value,
+        context.xlen_type(),
+        "input_pointer_casted",
+    )?;
+
+    let output_pointer = context.build_alloca(context.field_type(), "output_pointer");
+    let output_pointer_casted = context.builder().build_ptr_to_int(
+        output_pointer.value,
+        context.xlen_type(),
+        "output_pointer_casted",
+    )?;
+
+    let function = context
+        .module()
+        .get_function("hash_keccak_256")
+        .expect("is declared");
+
+    context.builder().build_call(
+        function,
+        &[
+            input_pointer_casted.into(),
+            length_casted.into(),
+            output_pointer_casted.into(),
+        ],
+        "call_seal_hash_keccak_256",
+    )?;
+
+    Ok(context.build_byte_swap(context.build_load(output_pointer, "sha3_output")?))
+}

crates/llvm-context/src/polkavm/evm/ether_gas.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+//! Translates the value and balance operations.
+
+use inkwell::values::BasicValue;
+
+use crate::polkavm::context::Context;
+use crate::polkavm::Dependency;
+
+/// Translates the `gas` instruction.
+pub fn gas<'ctx, D>(
+    context: &mut Context<'ctx, D>,
+) -> anyhow::Result<inkwell::values::BasicValueEnum<'ctx>>
+where
+    D: Dependency + Clone,
+{
+    Ok(context.integer_const(256, 0).as_basic_value_enum())
+}
+
+/// Translates the `value` instruction.
+pub fn value<'ctx, D>(
+    context: &mut Context<'ctx, D>,
+) -> anyhow::Result<inkwell::values::BasicValueEnum<'ctx>>
+where
+    D: Dependency + Clone,
+{
+    let output_pointer = context.build_alloca(context.value_type(), "output_pointer");
+    let output_pointer_casted = context.builder().build_ptr_to_int(
+        output_pointer.value,
+        context.xlen_type(),
+        "output_pointer_casted",
+    )?;
+
+    let output_length_pointer = context.build_alloca(context.xlen_type(), "output_len_pointer");
+    let output_length_pointer_casted = context.builder().build_ptr_to_int(
+        output_length_pointer.value,
+        context.xlen_type(),
+        "output_pointer_casted",
+    )?;
+    context.build_store(
+        output_length_pointer,
+        context.integer_const(
+            crate::polkavm::XLEN,
+            revive_common::BYTE_LENGTH_VALUE as u64,
+        ),
+    )?;
+
+    context.builder().build_call(
+        context
+            .module()
+            .get_function("value_transferred")
+            .expect("is declared"),
+        &[
+            output_pointer_casted.into(),
+            output_length_pointer_casted.into(),
+        ],
+        "call_seal_value_transferred",
+    )?;
+
+    let value = context.build_load(output_pointer, "transferred_value")?;
+    let value_extended = context.builder().build_int_z_extend(
+        value.into_int_value(),
+        context.field_type(),
+        "transferred_value_extended",
+    )?;
+    Ok(value_extended.as_basic_value_enum())
+}
+
+/// Translates the `balance` instructions.
+pub fn balance<'ctx, D>(
+    _context: &mut Context<'ctx, D>,
+    _address: inkwell::values::IntValue<'ctx>,
+) -> anyhow::Result<inkwell::values::BasicValueEnum<'ctx>>
+where
+    D: Dependency + Clone,
+{
+    todo!()
+}

crates/llvm-context/src/polkavm/evm/event.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+//! Translates a log or event call.
+
+use crate::polkavm::context::Context;
+use crate::polkavm::Dependency;
+
+/// Translates a log or event call.
+/// The decoding logic is implemented in a system contract, which is called from here.
+/// There are several cases of the translation for the sake of efficiency, since the front-end
+/// emits topics and values sequentially by one, but the LLVM intrinsic and bytecode instruction
+/// accept two at once.
+pub fn log<'ctx, D>(
+    _context: &mut Context<'ctx, D>,
+    _input_offset: inkwell::values::IntValue<'ctx>,
+    _input_length: inkwell::values::IntValue<'ctx>,
+    _topics: Vec<inkwell::values::IntValue<'ctx>>,
+) -> anyhow::Result<()>
+where
+    D: Dependency + Clone,
+{
+    /*
+    let failure_block = context.append_basic_block("event_failure_block");
+    let join_block = context.append_basic_block("event_join_block");
+
+    let gas = crate::polkavm::evm::ether_gas::gas(context)?.into_int_value();
+    let abi_data = crate::polkavm::utils::abi_data(
+        context,
+        input_offset,
+        input_length,
+        Some(gas),
+        AddressSpace::Heap,
+        true,
+    )?;
+    let mut extra_abi_data = Vec::with_capacity(1 + topics.len());
+    extra_abi_data.push(context.field_const(topics.len() as u64));
+    extra_abi_data.extend(topics);
+
+    let result = context
+        .build_call(
+            context.llvm_runtime().far_call,
+            crate::polkavm::utils::external_call_arguments(
+                context,
+                abi_data.as_basic_value_enum(),
+                context.field_const(zkevm_opcode_defs::ADDRESS_EVENT_WRITER as u64),
+                extra_abi_data,
+                None,
+            )
+            .as_slice(),
+            "event_writer_call_external",
+        )
+        .expect("Always returns a value");
+
+    let result_status_code_boolean = context
+        .builder()
+        .build_extract_value(
+            result.into_struct_value(),
+            1,
+            "event_writer_external_result_status_code_boolean",
+        )
+        .expect("Always exists");
+    context.build_conditional_branch(
+        result_status_code_boolean.into_int_value(),
+        join_block,
+        failure_block,
+    )?;
+
+    context.set_basic_block(failure_block);
+    crate::polkavm::evm::r#return::revert(context, context.field_const(0), context.field_const(0))?;
+
+    context.set_basic_block(join_block);
+    */
+    Ok(())
+}

crates/llvm-context/src/polkavm/evm/ext_code.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+//! Translates the external code operations.
+
+use crate::polkavm::context::Context;
+use crate::polkavm::Dependency;
+
+/// Translates the `extcodesize` instruction.
+pub fn size<'ctx, D>(
+    _context: &mut Context<'ctx, D>,
+    _address: inkwell::values::IntValue<'ctx>,
+) -> anyhow::Result<inkwell::values::BasicValueEnum<'ctx>>
+where
+    D: Dependency + Clone,
+{
+    todo!()
+}
+
+/// Translates the `extcodehash` instruction.
+pub fn hash<'ctx, D>(
+    _context: &mut Context<'ctx, D>,
+    _address: inkwell::values::IntValue<'ctx>,
+) -> anyhow::Result<inkwell::values::BasicValueEnum<'ctx>>
+where
+    D: Dependency + Clone,
+{
+    todo!()
+}

crates/llvm-context/src/polkavm/evm/immutable.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+//! Translates the contract immutable operations.
+
+use crate::polkavm::context::address_space::AddressSpace;
+use crate::polkavm::context::code_type::CodeType;
+use crate::polkavm::context::pointer::Pointer;
+use crate::polkavm::context::Context;
+use crate::polkavm::Dependency;
+
+/// Translates the contract immutable load.
+/// In the deploy code the values are read from the auxiliary heap.
+/// In the runtime code they are requested from the system contract.
+pub fn load<'ctx, D>(
+    context: &mut Context<'ctx, D>,
+    index: inkwell::values::IntValue<'ctx>,
+) -> anyhow::Result<inkwell::values::BasicValueEnum<'ctx>>
+where
+    D: Dependency + Clone,
+{
+    match context.code_type() {
+        None => {
+            anyhow::bail!("Immutables are not available if the contract part is undefined");
+        }
+        Some(CodeType::Deploy) => {
+            let index_double = context.builder().build_int_mul(
+                index,
+                context.field_const(2),
+                "immutable_load_index_double",
+            )?;
+            let offset_absolute = context.builder().build_int_add(
+                index_double,
+                context.field_const(
+                    crate::polkavm::HEAP_AUX_OFFSET_CONSTRUCTOR_RETURN_DATA
+                        + (3 * revive_common::BYTE_LENGTH_FIELD) as u64,
+                ),
+                "immutable_offset_absolute",
+            )?;
+            let immutable_pointer = Pointer::new_with_offset(
+                context,
+                AddressSpace::HeapAuxiliary,
+                context.field_type(),
+                offset_absolute,
+                "immutable_pointer",
+            );
+            context.build_load(immutable_pointer, "immutable_value")
+        }
+        Some(CodeType::Runtime) => {
+            todo!()
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Translates the contract immutable store.
+/// In the deploy code the values are written to the auxiliary heap at the predefined offset,
+/// being prepared for returning to the system contract for saving.
+/// Ignored in the runtime code.
+pub fn store<'ctx, D>(
+    context: &mut Context<'ctx, D>,
+    index: inkwell::values::IntValue<'ctx>,
+    value: inkwell::values::IntValue<'ctx>,
+) -> anyhow::Result<()>
+where
+    D: Dependency + Clone,
+{
+    match context.code_type() {
+        None => {
+            anyhow::bail!("Immutables are not available if the contract part is undefined");
+        }
+        Some(CodeType::Deploy) => {
+            let index_double = context.builder().build_int_mul(
+                index,
+                context.field_const(2),
+                "immutable_load_index_double",
+            )?;
+            let index_offset_absolute = context.builder().build_int_add(
+                index_double,
+                context.field_const(
+                    crate::polkavm::HEAP_AUX_OFFSET_CONSTRUCTOR_RETURN_DATA
+                        + (2 * revive_common::BYTE_LENGTH_FIELD) as u64,
+                ),
+                "index_offset_absolute",
+            )?;
+            let index_offset_pointer = Pointer::new_with_offset(
+                context,
+                AddressSpace::HeapAuxiliary,
+                context.field_type(),
+                index_offset_absolute,
+                "immutable_index_pointer",
+            );
+            context.build_store(index_offset_pointer, index)?;
+
+            let value_offset_absolute = context.builder().build_int_add(
+                index_offset_absolute,
+                context.field_const(revive_common::BYTE_LENGTH_FIELD as u64),
+                "value_offset_absolute",
+            )?;
+            let value_offset_pointer = Pointer::new_with_offset(
+                context,
+                AddressSpace::HeapAuxiliary,
+                context.field_type(),
+                value_offset_absolute,
+                "immutable_value_pointer",
+            );
+            context.build_store(value_offset_pointer, value)?;
+
+            Ok(())
+        }
+        Some(CodeType::Runtime) => {
+            anyhow::bail!("Immutable writes are not available in the runtime code");
+        }
+    }
+}

crates/llvm-context/src/polkavm/evm/math.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+//! Translates the mathematical operations.
+
+use inkwell::values::BasicValue;
+
+use crate::polkavm::context::Context;
+use crate::polkavm::Dependency;
+
+/// Translates the `addmod` instruction.
+pub fn add_mod<'ctx, D>(
+    context: &mut Context<'ctx, D>,
+    operand_1: inkwell::values::IntValue<'ctx>,
+    operand_2: inkwell::values::IntValue<'ctx>,
+    modulo: inkwell::values::IntValue<'ctx>,
+) -> anyhow::Result<inkwell::values::BasicValueEnum<'ctx>>
+where
+    D: Dependency + Clone,
+{
+    Ok(context
+        .build_call(
+            context.llvm_runtime().add_mod,
+            &[
+                operand_1.as_basic_value_enum(),
+                operand_2.as_basic_value_enum(),
+                modulo.as_basic_value_enum(),
+            ],
+            "add_mod_call",
+        )
+        .expect("Always exists"))
+}
+
+/// Translates the `mulmod` instruction.
+pub fn mul_mod<'ctx, D>(
+    context: &mut Context<'ctx, D>,
+    operand_1: inkwell::values::IntValue<'ctx>,
+    operand_2: inkwell::values::IntValue<'ctx>,
+    modulo: inkwell::values::IntValue<'ctx>,
+) -> anyhow::Result<inkwell::values::BasicValueEnum<'ctx>>
+where
+    D: Dependency + Clone,
+{
+    Ok(context
+        .build_call(
+            context.llvm_runtime().mul_mod,
+            &[
+                operand_1.as_basic_value_enum(),
+                operand_2.as_basic_value_enum(),
+                modulo.as_basic_value_enum(),
+            ],
+            "mul_mod_call",
+        )
+        .expect("Always exists"))
+}
+
+/// Translates the `exp` instruction.
+pub fn exponent<'ctx, D>(
+    context: &mut Context<'ctx, D>,
+    value: inkwell::values::IntValue<'ctx>,
+    exponent: inkwell::values::IntValue<'ctx>,
+) -> anyhow::Result<inkwell::values::BasicValueEnum<'ctx>>
+where
+    D: Dependency + Clone,
+{
+    Ok(context
+        .build_call(
+            context.llvm_runtime().exp,
+            &[value.as_basic_value_enum(), exponent.as_basic_value_enum()],
+            "exp_call",
+        )
+        .expect("Always exists"))
+}
+
+/// Translates the `signextend` instruction.
+pub fn sign_extend<'ctx, D>(
+    context: &mut Context<'ctx, D>,
+    bytes: inkwell::values::IntValue<'ctx>,
+    value: inkwell::values::IntValue<'ctx>,
+) -> anyhow::Result<inkwell::values::BasicValueEnum<'ctx>>
+where
+    D: Dependency + Clone,
+{
+    Ok(context
+        .build_call(
+            context.llvm_runtime().sign_extend,
+            &[bytes.as_basic_value_enum(), value.as_basic_value_enum()],
+            "sign_extend_call",
+        )
+        .expect("Always exists"))
+}

crates/llvm-context/src/polkavm/evm/memory.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+//! Translates the heap memory operations.
+
+use crate::polkavm::context::address_space::AddressSpace;
+use crate::polkavm::context::pointer::Pointer;
+use crate::polkavm::context::Context;
+use crate::polkavm::Dependency;
+
+/// Translates the `mload` instruction.
+/// Uses the main heap.
+pub fn load<'ctx, D>(
+    context: &mut Context<'ctx, D>,
+    offset: inkwell::values::IntValue<'ctx>,
+) -> anyhow::Result<inkwell::values::BasicValueEnum<'ctx>>
+where
+    D: Dependency + Clone,
+{
+    let pointer = Pointer::new_with_offset(
+        context,
+        AddressSpace::Heap,
+        context.field_type(),
+        offset,
+        "memory_load_pointer",
+    );
+    context.build_load(pointer, "memory_load_result")
+}
+
+/// Translates the `mstore` instruction.
+/// Uses the main heap.
+pub fn store<'ctx, D>(
+    context: &mut Context<'ctx, D>,
+    offset: inkwell::values::IntValue<'ctx>,
+    value: inkwell::values::IntValue<'ctx>,
+) -> anyhow::Result<()>
+where
+    D: Dependency + Clone,
+{
+    let pointer = Pointer::new_with_offset(
+        context,
+        AddressSpace::Heap,
+        context.field_type(),
+        offset,
+        "memory_store_pointer",
+    );
+    context.build_store(pointer, value)?;
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// Translates the `mstore8` instruction.
+/// Uses the main heap.
+pub fn store_byte<'ctx, D>(
+    context: &mut Context<'ctx, D>,
+    offset: inkwell::values::IntValue<'ctx>,
+    value: inkwell::values::IntValue<'ctx>,
+) -> anyhow::Result<()>
+where
+    D: Dependency + Clone,
+{
+    let byte_type = context.byte_type();
+    let value = context
+        .builder()
+        .build_int_truncate(value, byte_type, "mstore8_value")?;
+    let pointer = Pointer::new_with_offset(
+        context,
+        AddressSpace::Heap,
+        byte_type,
+        offset,
+        "mstore8_destination",
+    );
+    context.build_store(pointer, value)
+}

crates/llvm-context/src/polkavm/evm/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+//! The EVM instructions translation utils.
+
+pub mod arithmetic;
+pub mod bitwise;
+pub mod call;
+pub mod calldata;
+pub mod comparison;
+pub mod context;
+pub mod create;
+pub mod crypto;
+pub mod ether_gas;
+pub mod event;
+pub mod ext_code;
+pub mod immutable;
+pub mod math;
+pub mod memory;
+pub mod r#return;
+pub mod return_data;
+pub mod storage;

crates/llvm-context/src/polkavm/evm/return.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+//! Translates the transaction return operations.
+
+use crate::polkavm::context::address_space::AddressSpace;
+use crate::polkavm::context::code_type::CodeType;
+use crate::polkavm::context::pointer::Pointer;
+use crate::polkavm::context::Context;
+use crate::polkavm::Dependency;
+
+/// Translates the `return` instruction.
+/// Unlike in EVM, zkSync constructors return the array of contract immutables.
+pub fn r#return<'ctx, D>(
+    context: &mut Context<'ctx, D>,
+    offset: inkwell::values::IntValue<'ctx>,
+    length: inkwell::values::IntValue<'ctx>,
+) -> anyhow::Result<()>
+where
+    D: Dependency + Clone,
+{
+    match context.code_type() {
+        None => {
+            anyhow::bail!("Return is not available if the contract part is undefined");
+        }
+        Some(CodeType::Deploy) => {
+            let immutables_offset_pointer = Pointer::new_with_offset(
+                context,
+                AddressSpace::HeapAuxiliary,
+                context.field_type(),
+                context.field_const(crate::polkavm::HEAP_AUX_OFFSET_CONSTRUCTOR_RETURN_DATA),
+                "immutables_offset_pointer",
+            );
+            context.build_store(
+                immutables_offset_pointer,
+                context.field_const(revive_common::BYTE_LENGTH_FIELD as u64),
+            )?;
+
+            let immutables_number_pointer = Pointer::new_with_offset(
+                context,
+                AddressSpace::HeapAuxiliary,
+                context.field_type(),
+                context.field_const(
+                    crate::polkavm::HEAP_AUX_OFFSET_CONSTRUCTOR_RETURN_DATA
+                        + (revive_common::BYTE_LENGTH_FIELD as u64),
+                ),
+                "immutables_number_pointer",
+            );
+            let immutable_values_size = context.immutables_size()?;
+            context.build_store(
+                immutables_number_pointer,
+                context
+                    .field_const((immutable_values_size / revive_common::BYTE_LENGTH_FIELD) as u64),
+            )?;
+            let immutables_size = context.builder().build_int_mul(
+                context.field_const(immutable_values_size as u64),
+                context.field_const(2),
+                "immutables_size",
+            )?;
+            let return_data_length = context.builder().build_int_add(
+                immutables_size,
+                context.field_const((revive_common::BYTE_LENGTH_FIELD * 2) as u64),
+                "return_data_length",
+            )?;
+
+            context.build_exit(
+                context.integer_const(32, 0),
+                context.field_const(crate::polkavm::HEAP_AUX_OFFSET_CONSTRUCTOR_RETURN_DATA),
+                return_data_length,
+            )?;
+        }
+        Some(CodeType::Runtime) => {
+            context.build_exit(context.integer_const(32, 0), offset, length)?;
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// Translates the `revert` instruction.
+pub fn revert<'ctx, D>(
+    context: &mut Context<'ctx, D>,
+    offset: inkwell::values::IntValue<'ctx>,
+    length: inkwell::values::IntValue<'ctx>,
+) -> anyhow::Result<()>
+where
+    D: Dependency + Clone,
+{
+    context.build_exit(context.integer_const(32, 1), offset, length)
+}
+
+/// Translates the `stop` instruction.
+/// Is the same as `return(0, 0)`.
+pub fn stop<D>(context: &mut Context<D>) -> anyhow::Result<()>
+where
+    D: Dependency + Clone,
+{
+    r#return(
+        context,
+        context.integer_const(32, 0),
+        context.integer_const(32, 0),
+    )
+}
+
+/// Translates the `invalid` instruction.
+/// Burns all gas using an out-of-bounds memory store, causing a panic.
+pub fn invalid<D>(context: &mut Context<D>) -> anyhow::Result<()>
+where
+    D: Dependency + Clone,
+{
+    crate::polkavm::evm::memory::store(
+        context,
+        context.field_type().const_all_ones(),
+        context.field_const(0),
+    )?;
+    context.build_call(context.intrinsics().trap, &[], "invalid_trap");
+    Ok(())
+}

crates/llvm-context/src/polkavm/evm/return_data.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+//! Translates the return data instructions.
+
+use inkwell::types::BasicType;
+use inkwell::values::BasicValue;
+
+use crate::polkavm::context::address_space::AddressSpace;
+use crate::polkavm::context::pointer::Pointer;
+use crate::polkavm::context::Context;
+use crate::polkavm::Dependency;
+
+/// Translates the return data size.
+pub fn size<'ctx, D>(
+    context: &mut Context<'ctx, D>,
+) -> anyhow::Result<inkwell::values::BasicValueEnum<'ctx>>
+where
+    D: Dependency + Clone,
+{
+    match context.get_global_value(crate::polkavm::GLOBAL_RETURN_DATA_SIZE) {
+        Ok(global) => Ok(global),
+        Err(_error) => Ok(context.field_const(0).as_basic_value_enum()),
+    }
+}
+
+/// Translates the return data copy.
+pub fn copy<'ctx, D>(
+    context: &mut Context<'ctx, D>,
+    destination_offset: inkwell::values::IntValue<'ctx>,
+    source_offset: inkwell::values::IntValue<'ctx>,
+    size: inkwell::values::IntValue<'ctx>,
+) -> anyhow::Result<()>
+where
+    D: Dependency + Clone,
+{
+    let error_block = context.append_basic_block("return_data_copy_error_block");
+    let join_block = context.append_basic_block("return_data_copy_join_block");
+
+    let return_data_size = self::size(context)?.into_int_value();
+    let copy_slice_end =
+        context
+            .builder()
+            .build_int_add(source_offset, size, "return_data_copy_slice_end")?;
+    let is_copy_out_of_bounds = context.builder().build_int_compare(
+        inkwell::IntPredicate::UGT,
+        copy_slice_end,
+        return_data_size,
+        "return_data_copy_is_out_of_bounds",
+    )?;
+    context.build_conditional_branch(is_copy_out_of_bounds, error_block, join_block)?;
+
+    context.set_basic_block(error_block);
+    crate::polkavm::evm::r#return::revert(context, context.field_const(0), context.field_const(0))?;
+
+    context.set_basic_block(join_block);
+    let destination = Pointer::new_with_offset(
+        context,
+        AddressSpace::Heap,
+        context.byte_type(),
+        destination_offset,
+        "return_data_copy_destination_pointer",
+    );
+
+    let return_data_pointer_global =
+        context.get_global(crate::polkavm::GLOBAL_RETURN_DATA_POINTER)?;
+    let return_data_pointer_pointer = return_data_pointer_global.into();
+    let return_data_pointer =
+        context.build_load(return_data_pointer_pointer, "return_data_pointer")?;
+    let source = context.build_gep(
+        Pointer::new(
+            context.byte_type(),
+            return_data_pointer_pointer.address_space,
+            return_data_pointer.into_pointer_value(),
+        ),
+        &[source_offset],
+        context.byte_type().as_basic_type_enum(),
+        "return_data_source_pointer",
+    );
+
+    context.build_memcpy(
+        context.intrinsics().memory_copy_from_generic,
+        destination,
+        source,
+        size,
+        "return_data_copy_memcpy_from_return_data",
+    )?;
+
+    todo!("Build heap GEP to allocate if necessary")
+}

crates/llvm-context/src/polkavm/evm/storage.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+//! Translates the storage operations.
+
+use crate::polkavm::context::address_space::AddressSpace;
+use crate::polkavm::context::pointer::Pointer;
+use crate::polkavm::context::Context;
+use crate::polkavm::Dependency;
+
+/// Translates the storage load.
+pub fn load<'ctx, D>(
+    context: &mut Context<'ctx, D>,
+    position: inkwell::values::IntValue<'ctx>,
+) -> anyhow::Result<inkwell::values::BasicValueEnum<'ctx>>
+where
+    D: Dependency + Clone,
+{
+    let position_pointer = Pointer::new_with_offset(
+        context,
+        AddressSpace::Storage,
+        context.field_type(),
+        position,
+        "storage_load_position_pointer",
+    );
+    context.build_load(position_pointer, "storage_load_value")
+}
+
+/// Translates the storage store.
+pub fn store<'ctx, D>(
+    context: &mut Context<'ctx, D>,
+    position: inkwell::values::IntValue<'ctx>,
+    value: inkwell::values::IntValue<'ctx>,
+) -> anyhow::Result<()>
+where
+    D: Dependency + Clone,
+{
+    let position_pointer = Pointer::new_with_offset(
+        context,
+        AddressSpace::Storage,
+        context.field_type(),
+        position,
+        "storage_store_position_pointer",
+    );
+    context.build_store(position_pointer, value)?;
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// Translates the transient storage load.
+pub fn transient_load<'ctx, D>(
+    context: &mut Context<'ctx, D>,
+    position: inkwell::values::IntValue<'ctx>,
+) -> anyhow::Result<inkwell::values::BasicValueEnum<'ctx>>
+where
+    D: Dependency + Clone,
+{
+    let position_pointer = Pointer::new_with_offset(
+        context,
+        AddressSpace::TransientStorage,
+        context.field_type(),
+        position,
+        "transient_storage_load_position_pointer",
+    );
+    context.build_load(position_pointer, "transient_storage_load_value")
+}
+
+/// Translates the transient storage store.
+pub fn transient_store<'ctx, D>(
+    context: &mut Context<'ctx, D>,
+    position: inkwell::values::IntValue<'ctx>,
+    value: inkwell::values::IntValue<'ctx>,
+) -> anyhow::Result<()>
+where
+    D: Dependency + Clone,
+{
+    let position_pointer = Pointer::new_with_offset(
+        context,
+        AddressSpace::TransientStorage,
+        context.field_type(),
+        position,
+        "transient_storage_store_position_pointer",
+    );
+    context.build_store(position_pointer, value)?;
+    Ok(())
+}

crates/llvm-context/src/polkavm/metadata_hash.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+//! The metadata hash mode.
+
+use std::str::FromStr;
+
+use serde::Deserialize;
+use serde::Serialize;
+
+/// The metadata hash mode.
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+pub enum MetadataHash {
+    /// Do not include bytecode hash.
+    #[serde(rename = "none")]
+    None,
+    /// The default keccak256 hash.
+    #[serde(rename = "keccak256")]
+    Keccak256,
+}
+
+impl FromStr for MetadataHash {
+    type Err = anyhow::Error;
+
+    fn from_str(string: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Err> {
+        match string {
+            "none" => Ok(Self::None),
+            "keccak256" => Ok(Self::Keccak256),
+            _ => anyhow::bail!("Unknown bytecode hash mode: `{}`", string),
+        }
+    }
+}

crates/llvm-context/src/polkavm/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,160 @@
+//! The LLVM context library.
+
+pub mod r#const;
+pub mod context;
+pub mod evm;
+pub mod metadata_hash;
+pub mod utils;
+
+pub use self::r#const::*;
+
+use crate::debug_config::DebugConfig;
+use crate::optimizer::settings::Settings as OptimizerSettings;
+
+use self::context::build::Build;
+use self::context::Context;
+
+/// Initializes the PolkaVM target machine.
+pub fn initialize_target() {
+    inkwell::targets::Target::initialize_riscv(&Default::default());
+}
+
+/// Builds PolkaVM assembly text.
+pub fn build_assembly_text(
+    contract_path: &str,
+    assembly_text: &str,
+    _metadata_hash: Option<[u8; revive_common::BYTE_LENGTH_FIELD]>,
+    debug_config: Option<&DebugConfig>,
+) -> anyhow::Result<Build> {
+    if let Some(debug_config) = debug_config {
+        debug_config.dump_assembly(contract_path, assembly_text)?;
+    }
+
+    /*
+    let mut assembly =
+        zkevm_assembly::Assembly::from_string(assembly_text.to_owned(), metadata_hash).map_err(
+            |error| {
+                anyhow::anyhow!(
+                    "The contract `{}` assembly parsing error: {}",
+                    contract_path,
+                    error,
+                )
+            },
+        )?;
+
+    let bytecode_words = match zkevm_assembly::get_encoding_mode() {
+        zkevm_assembly::RunningVmEncodingMode::Production => { assembly.compile_to_bytecode_for_mode::<8, zkevm_opcode_defs::decoding::EncodingModeProduction>() },
+        zkevm_assembly::RunningVmEncodingMode::Testing => { assembly.compile_to_bytecode_for_mode::<16, zkevm_opcode_defs::decoding::EncodingModeTesting>() },
+    }
+        .map_err(|error| {
+            anyhow::anyhow!(
+                "The contract `{}` assembly-to-bytecode conversion error: {}",
+                contract_path,
+                error,
+            )
+        })?;
+
+    let bytecode_hash = match zkevm_assembly::get_encoding_mode() {
+        zkevm_assembly::RunningVmEncodingMode::Production => {
+            zkevm_opcode_defs::utils::bytecode_to_code_hash_for_mode::<
+                8,
+                zkevm_opcode_defs::decoding::EncodingModeProduction,
+            >(bytecode_words.as_slice())
+        }
+        zkevm_assembly::RunningVmEncodingMode::Testing => {
+            zkevm_opcode_defs::utils::bytecode_to_code_hash_for_mode::<
+                16,
+                zkevm_opcode_defs::decoding::EncodingModeTesting,
+            >(bytecode_words.as_slice())
+        }
+    }
+    .map(hex::encode)
+    .map_err(|_error| {
+        anyhow::anyhow!("The contract `{}` bytecode hashing error", contract_path,)
+    })?;
+
+    let bytecode = bytecode_words.into_iter().flatten().collect();
+    */
+
+    Ok(Build::new(
+        assembly_text.to_owned(),
+        Default::default(),
+        hex::decode(assembly_text).unwrap(),
+        Default::default(),
+    ))
+}
+
+/// Implemented by items which are translated into LLVM IR.
+#[allow(clippy::upper_case_acronyms)]
+pub trait WriteLLVM<D>
+where
+    D: Dependency + Clone,
+{
+    /// Declares the entity in the LLVM IR.
+    /// Is usually performed in order to use the item before defining it.
+    fn declare(&mut self, _context: &mut Context<D>) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Translates the entity into LLVM IR.
+    fn into_llvm(self, context: &mut Context<D>) -> anyhow::Result<()>;
+}
+
+/// The dummy LLVM writable entity.
+#[derive(Debug, Default, Clone)]
+pub struct DummyLLVMWritable {}
+
+impl<D> WriteLLVM<D> for DummyLLVMWritable
+where
+    D: Dependency + Clone,
+{
+    fn into_llvm(self, _context: &mut Context<D>) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+/// Implemented by items managing project dependencies.
+pub trait Dependency {
+    /// Compiles a project dependency.
+    fn compile(
+        dependency: Self,
+        path: &str,
+        optimizer_settings: OptimizerSettings,
+        is_system_mode: bool,
+        include_metadata_hash: bool,
+        debug_config: Option<DebugConfig>,
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<String>;
+
+    /// Resolves a full contract path.
+    fn resolve_path(&self, identifier: &str) -> anyhow::Result<String>;
+
+    /// Resolves a library address.
+    fn resolve_library(&self, path: &str) -> anyhow::Result<String>;
+}
+
+/// The dummy dependency entity.
+#[derive(Debug, Default, Clone)]
+pub struct DummyDependency {}
+
+impl Dependency for DummyDependency {
+    fn compile(
+        _dependency: Self,
+        _path: &str,
+        _optimizer_settings: OptimizerSettings,
+        _is_system_mode: bool,
+        _include_metadata_hash: bool,
+        _debug_config: Option<DebugConfig>,
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<String> {
+        Ok(String::new())
+    }
+
+    /// Resolves a full contract path.
+    fn resolve_path(&self, _identifier: &str) -> anyhow::Result<String> {
+        Ok(String::new())
+    }
+
+    /// Resolves a library address.
+    fn resolve_library(&self, _path: &str) -> anyhow::Result<String> {
+        Ok(String::new())
+    }
+}

crates/llvm-context/src/polkavm/utils.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,218 @@
+//! Some LLVM IR generator utilies.
+
+use inkwell::values::BasicValue;
+
+use crate::polkavm::context::address_space::AddressSpace;
+use crate::polkavm::context::function::llvm_runtime::LLVMRuntime;
+use crate::polkavm::context::Context;
+use crate::polkavm::Dependency;
+
+/// Clamps `value` to `max_value`, if `value` is bigger than `max_value`.
+pub fn clamp<'ctx, D>(
+    context: &mut Context<'ctx, D>,
+    value: inkwell::values::IntValue<'ctx>,
+    max_value: inkwell::values::IntValue<'ctx>,
+    name: &str,
+) -> anyhow::Result<inkwell::values::IntValue<'ctx>>
+where
+    D: Dependency + Clone,
+{
+    let in_bounds_block = context.append_basic_block(format!("{name}_is_bounds_block").as_str());
+    let join_block = context.append_basic_block(format!("{name}_join_block").as_str());
+
+    let pointer = context.build_alloca(context.field_type(), format!("{name}_pointer").as_str());
+    context.build_store(pointer, max_value)?;
+
+    let is_in_bounds = context.builder().build_int_compare(
+        inkwell::IntPredicate::ULE,
+        value,
+        max_value,
+        format!("{name}_is_in_bounds").as_str(),
+    )?;
+    context.build_conditional_branch(is_in_bounds, in_bounds_block, join_block)?;
+
+    context.set_basic_block(in_bounds_block);
+    context.build_store(pointer, value)?;
+    context.build_unconditional_branch(join_block);
+
+    context.set_basic_block(join_block);
+    let result = context.build_load(pointer, name)?;
+    Ok(result.into_int_value())
+}
+
+/// Generates an exception.
+pub fn throw<D>(context: &Context<D>)
+where
+    D: Dependency + Clone,
+{
+    context.build_call(
+        context.llvm_runtime().cxa_throw,
+        &[context
+            .llvm()
+            .ptr_type(AddressSpace::Stack.into())
+            .get_undef()
+            .as_basic_value_enum(); 3],
+        LLVMRuntime::FUNCTION_CXA_THROW,
+    );
+    context.build_unreachable();
+}
+
+/// Returns the full list of arguments for an external call.
+/// Performs the extra ABI data padding and adds the mimic call extra argument.
+pub fn external_call_arguments<'ctx, D>(
+    _context: &Context<'ctx, D>,
+    abi_data: inkwell::values::BasicValueEnum<'ctx>,
+    address: inkwell::values::IntValue<'ctx>,
+    _extra_abi_data: Vec<inkwell::values::IntValue<'ctx>>,
+    mimic: Option<inkwell::values::IntValue<'ctx>>,
+) -> Vec<inkwell::values::BasicValueEnum<'ctx>>
+where
+    D: Dependency + Clone,
+{
+    let mut result = Vec::with_capacity(
+        crate::polkavm::context::function::runtime::entry::Entry::MANDATORY_ARGUMENTS_COUNT
+            + crate::polkavm::EXTRA_ABI_DATA_SIZE
+            + usize::from(mimic.is_some()),
+    );
+    result.push(abi_data);
+    result.push(address.as_basic_value_enum());
+    //result.extend(
+    //    pad_extra_abi_data(context, extra_abi_data)
+    //        .into_iter()
+    //        .map(|value| value.as_basic_value_enum()),
+    //);
+    if let Some(mimic) = mimic {
+        result.push(mimic.as_basic_value_enum());
+    }
+    result
+}
+
+/// Generates an ABI data for an external call.
+/// If `gas` is `None`, it is fetched from the contract context.
+pub fn abi_data<'ctx, D>(
+    context: &mut Context<'ctx, D>,
+    input_offset: inkwell::values::IntValue<'ctx>,
+    input_length: inkwell::values::IntValue<'ctx>,
+    gas: Option<inkwell::values::IntValue<'ctx>>,
+    address_space: AddressSpace,
+    is_system_call: bool,
+) -> anyhow::Result<inkwell::values::BasicValueEnum<'ctx>>
+where
+    D: Dependency + Clone,
+{
+    let input_offset = crate::polkavm::utils::clamp(
+        context,
+        input_offset,
+        context.field_const(u32::MAX as u64),
+        "abi_data_input_offset",
+    )?;
+    let input_length = crate::polkavm::utils::clamp(
+        context,
+        input_length,
+        context.field_const(u32::MAX as u64),
+        "abi_data_input_length",
+    )?;
+
+    let gas = match gas {
+        Some(gas) => gas,
+        None => crate::polkavm::evm::ether_gas::gas(context)?.into_int_value(),
+    };
+    let gas = crate::polkavm::utils::clamp(
+        context,
+        gas,
+        context.field_const(u32::MAX as u64),
+        "abi_data_gas",
+    )?;
+
+    let input_offset_shifted = context.builder().build_left_shift(
+        input_offset,
+        context.field_const((revive_common::BIT_LENGTH_X32 * 2) as u64),
+        "abi_data_input_offset_shifted",
+    )?;
+    let input_length_shifted = context.builder().build_left_shift(
+        input_length,
+        context.field_const((revive_common::BIT_LENGTH_X32 * 3) as u64),
+        "abi_data_input_length_shifted",
+    )?;
+    let gas_shifted = context.builder().build_left_shift(
+        gas,
+        context.field_const((revive_common::BIT_LENGTH_X32 * 6) as u64),
+        "abi_data_gas_shifted",
+    )?;
+
+    let mut abi_data = context.builder().build_int_add(
+        input_offset_shifted,
+        input_length_shifted,
+        "abi_data_offset_and_length",
+    )?;
+    abi_data = context
+        .builder()
+        .build_int_add(abi_data, gas_shifted, "abi_data_add_gas")?;
+    if let AddressSpace::HeapAuxiliary = address_space {
+        let auxiliary_heap_marker_shifted = context.builder().build_left_shift(
+            context.field_const(zkevm_opcode_defs::FarCallForwardPageType::UseAuxHeap as u64),
+            context.field_const((revive_common::BIT_LENGTH_X32 * 7) as u64),
+            "abi_data_auxiliary_heap_marker_shifted",
+        )?;
+        abi_data = context.builder().build_int_add(
+            abi_data,
+            auxiliary_heap_marker_shifted,
+            "abi_data_add_heap_auxiliary_marker",
+        )?;
+    }
+    if is_system_call {
+        let auxiliary_heap_marker_shifted = context.builder().build_left_shift(
+            context.field_const(zkevm_opcode_defs::FarCallForwardPageType::UseAuxHeap as u64),
+            context.field_const(
+                ((revive_common::BIT_LENGTH_X32 * 7) + (revive_common::BIT_LENGTH_BYTE * 3)) as u64,
+            ),
+            "abi_data_system_call_marker_shifted",
+        )?;
+        abi_data = context.builder().build_int_add(
+            abi_data,
+            auxiliary_heap_marker_shifted,
+            "abi_data_add_system_call_marker",
+        )?;
+    }
+
+    Ok(abi_data.as_basic_value_enum())
+}
+
+/// Pads the extra ABI data with `i256::undef`, so it always consists of 10 values.
+pub fn pad_extra_abi_data<'ctx, D>(
+    context: &Context<'ctx, D>,
+    initial_data: Vec<inkwell::values::IntValue<'ctx>>,
+) -> [inkwell::values::IntValue<'ctx>; crate::polkavm::EXTRA_ABI_DATA_SIZE]
+where
+    D: Dependency + Clone,
+{
+    let mut padded_data = initial_data;
+    padded_data.extend(vec![
+        context.field_undef();
+        crate::polkavm::EXTRA_ABI_DATA_SIZE - padded_data.len()
+    ]);
+    padded_data.try_into().expect("Always valid")
+}
+
+/// Computes the `keccak256` hash for `preimage`.
+pub fn keccak256(preimage: &[u8]) -> String {
+    use sha3::Digest;
+
+    let hash_bytes = sha3::Keccak256::digest(preimage);
+    hash_bytes
+        .into_iter()
+        .map(|byte| format!("{byte:02x}"))
+        .collect::<Vec<String>>()
+        .join("")
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    #[test]
+    fn keccak256() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            super::keccak256("zksync".as_bytes()),
+            "0238fb1ab06c28c32885f9a4842207ac480c2467df26b6c58e201679628c5a5b"
+        );
+    }
+}