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<h1 id="compiler-architecture-and-internals"><a class="header" href="#compiler-architecture-and-internals">Compiler architecture and internals</a></h1>
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<p><code>revive</code> relies on <code>solc</code>, the <a href="https://github.com/argotorg/solidity">Ethereum Solidity compiler</a>, as the Solidity frontend to process smart contracts written in Solidity. <a href="https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project">LLVM</a>, a popular and powerful compiler framework, is used as the compiler backend and does the heavy lifting in terms of optimizitations and RISC-V code generation.</p>
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<p><code>revive</code> mainly takes care of lowering the Yul intermediate representation (IR) produced by <code>solc</code> to LLVM IR. This approach provides a good balance between maintaining a high level of Ethereum compatibility, good contract performance and feasible engineering efforts.</p>
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<h2 id="resolc"><a class="header" href="#resolc"><code>resolc</code></a></h2>
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<p><code>resolc</code> is the overarching compiler driver library and binary.</p>
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<p>When compiling a Solidity source file with <code>resolc</code>, the following steps happen under the hood:</p>
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<ol>
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<li><code>solc</code> is used to lower the Solidity source code into <a href="https://docs.soliditylang.org/en/latest/yul.html">YUL intermediate representation</a>.</li>
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<li><code>revive</code> lowers the YUL IR into LLVM IR.</li>
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<li>LLVM optimizes the code and emits a RISC-V ELF shared object (through LLD).</li>
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<li>The <a href="https://github.com/paritytech/polkavm">PolkaVM</a> linker finally links the ELF shared object into a PolkaVM blob.</li>
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</ol>
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<p>This compilation process can be visualized as follows:</p>
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<p><img src="images/resolc.svg" alt="Architecture Overview"></p>
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<h2 id="reproducible-contract-builds"><a class="header" href="#reproducible-contract-builds">Reproducible contract builds</a></h2>
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<p>Because on-chain contract code is identified via its code blob hash, it is crucial to maintain reproducible contract builds. A given compiler version must reproduce the contract build <em>exactly</em> on every target platform <code>resolc</code> supports via the official binary releases.</p>
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<p>To ensure this, we employ the following measures:</p>
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<ul>
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<li>The code generation must be fully deterministic. For example iterating over standard <code>HashMap</code> invalidates this due to its internal state, making it an invalid operation in <code>revive</code>. To circumvent that, a <code>BTreeMap</code> can be used instead.</li>
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<li>We release fully statically linked <code>resolc</code> binaries. This prevents dynamic linking of potentially differentiating libraries.</li>
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<li>The only non-bundled dependency is the <code>solc</code> compiler. This is considered fine because the same properties apply to <code>solc</code>.</li>
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</ul>
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<h2 id="the-revive-compiler-libraries"><a class="header" href="#the-revive-compiler-libraries">The <code>revive</code> compiler libraries</a></h2>
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<p>The main compiler logic is implemented in the <code>revive-yul</code> and <code>revive-llvm-context</code> crates.</p>
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<p>The Yul library implements a lexer and parser and lowers the resulting tree into LLVM IR. It does so by emitting LL using the LLVM builder and our own <code>revive-llvm-context</code> compiler context crate. The revive LLVM context crate encapsulates code generation logic (decoupled from the parser).</p>
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<p>The Yul library also implements a simple <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visitor_pattern">visitor</a> interface (see <a href="https://github.com/paritytech/revive/blob/main/crates/yul/src/visitor.rs">visitor.rs</a>). If you want to work with the AST, it is strongly recommended to implement visitors. The LLVM code generation is implemented using a dedicated trait for historical reasons only.</p>
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<h2 id="evm-heap-memory"><a class="header" href="#evm-heap-memory">EVM heap memory</a></h2>
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<p>PVM doesn’t offer a similar API. Hence the emitted contract code emulates the linear EVM heap memory using a static byte buffer. Data inside this byte buffer is kept big endian for EVM compatibility reasons (unaligned access is allowed and makes optimizing this non-trivial).</p>
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<p>Unlike with the EVM, where heap memory usage is gas metered, our heap size is static (the size is user controllable via a setting flag). The compiler emits bound checks to prevent overflows.</p>
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<h2 id="the-llvm-dependency"><a class="header" href="#the-llvm-dependency">The LLVM dependency</a></h2>
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<p>LLVM is a special non Rust dependency. We interface its builder interface via the <a href="https://crates.io/crates/inkwell">inkwell</a> wrapper crate.</p>
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<p>We use upstream LLVM, but release and use our custom builds. We require the compiler builtins specifically built for the PVM <code>rv64emacb</code> target and always leave assertions on. Furthermore, we need cross builds because <code>resolc</code> itself targets emscripten and musl. The <a href="https://crates.io/crates/revive-llvm-builder">revive-llvm-builer</a> functions as a cross-platform build script and is used to build and release the LLVM dependency.</p>
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<p>We also maintain the <a href="https://crates.io/crates/lld-sys">lld-sys crate</a> for interfacing with <code>LLD</code>. The LLVM linker is used during the compilation process, but we don’t want to distribute another binary.</p>
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<h2 id="custom-optimizations"><a class="header" href="#custom-optimizations">Custom optimizations</a></h2>
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<p>At the moment, no significant custom optimizations are implemented. Thus, we are missing some optimization opportunities that neither <code>solc</code> nor LLVM can realize (due to their lack of domain specific knowledge about the semantics of our target environment). Furthermore, <code>solc</code> optimizes for EVM gas and a target machine orthogonal to our target (BE 256-bit stack machine EVM vs. 64-bit LE RISC architecture PVM). We have started working on an additional IR layer between Yul and LLVM to capture missed optimization opportunities, though.</p>
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