Implements a variable deposit base calculation for EPM signed submissions (#1547)

**Note**: This is a lift-and-shift PR from the old substrate and
polkadot repos, both PRs have been reviewed and audited
(https://github.com/paritytech/substrate/pull/13983,
https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot/pull/7140)

---

This PR implements a generic `BaseDeposit` calculation for signed
submissions, based on the size of the submission queue.

It adds a new associated type to EPM's config, `type SignedDepositBase`,
that implements `Convert<usize, BalanceOf<T>>`, which is used to
calculate the base deposit for signed submissions based on the size of
the signed submissions queue.

`struct GeometricDepositBase<Balance, Fixed, Inc>` implements the
convert trait so that the deposit value increases as a geometric
progression. The deposit base is calculated by `deposit_base =
fixed_deposit_base * (1 + increase_factor)^n`, where `n` is the term of
the progression (i.e. the number of signed submissions in the queue).
`Fixed` and `Inc` generic params are getters for `Balance` and
`IncreaseFactor` to compute the geometric progression. If
`IncreaseFactor = 0`, then the signed deposit is constant and equal to
`Fixed` regardless of the size of the queue.

### Runtime configs

In Kusama, the progression with 10% increase without changing the
current signed fixed deposit is: (term == size of the queue)

Term 1: `1,333,333,332,000`
Term 2: `1,333,333,332,000 * 1.10 = 1,466,666,665,200`
Term 3: `1,333,333,332,000 * 1.10^2 = 1,613,333,331,200`
Term 4: `1,333,333,332,000 * 1.10^3 = 1,774,666,664,320`
Term 5: `1,333,333,332,000 * 1.10^4 = 1,952,133,330,752`
Term 6: `1,333,333,332,000 * 1.10^5 = 2,147,346,663,827.20`
Term 7: `1,333,333,332,000 * 1.10^6 = 2,362,081,330,210.92`
Term 8: `1,333,333,332,000 * 1.10^7 = 2,598,289,463,231.01`
Term 9: `1,333,333,332,000 * 1.10^8 = 2,858,118,409,554.11`
Term 10: `1,333,333,332,000 * 1.10^9 = 3,143,930,250,509.52`

Westend:

Term 1: `2,000,000,000,000`
Term 2: `2,000,000,000,000 * 1.10 = 2,200,000,000,000`
Term 3: `2,000,000,000,000 * 1.10^2 = 2,420,000,000,000`
Term 4: `2,000,000,000,000 * 1.10^3 = 2,662,000,000,000`
Term 5: `2,000,000,000,000 * 1.10^4 = 2,928,200,000,000`
Term 6: `2,000,000,000,000 * 1.10^5 = 3,221,020,000,000`
Term 7: `2,000,000,000,000 * 1.10^6 = 3,543,122,000,000`
Term 8: `2,000,000,000,000 * 1.10^7 = 3,897,434,200,000`
Term 9: `2,000,000,000,000 * 1.10^8 = 4,287,177,620,000`
Term 10: `2,000,000,000,000 * 1.10^9 = 4,715,895,382,000`

and in Polkadot, the deposit increase is disabled in the current state
of the PR, as the increase factor is 0% -- so nothing changes from the
current behaviour.

Closes https://github.com/paritytech-secops/srlabs_findings/issues/189

substrate/frame/election-provider-multi-phase/src/lib.rs

@@ -279,8 +279,8 @@ use unsigned::VoterOf;
 pub use weights::WeightInfo;
 
 pub use signed::{
-	BalanceOf, NegativeImbalanceOf, PositiveImbalanceOf, SignedSubmission, SignedSubmissionOf,
-	SignedSubmissions, SubmissionIndicesOf,
+	BalanceOf, GeometricDepositBase, NegativeImbalanceOf, PositiveImbalanceOf, SignedSubmission,
+	SignedSubmissionOf, SignedSubmissions, SubmissionIndicesOf,
 };
 pub use unsigned::{Miner, MinerConfig};
 
@@ -572,6 +572,7 @@ pub mod pallet {
 	use frame_election_provider_support::{InstantElectionProvider, NposSolver};
 	use frame_support::{pallet_prelude::*, traits::EstimateCallFee};
 	use frame_system::pallet_prelude::*;
+	use sp_runtime::traits::Convert;
 
 	#[pallet::config]
 	pub trait Config: frame_system::Config + SendTransactionTypes<Call<Self>> {
@@ -649,10 +650,6 @@ pub mod pallet {
 		#[pallet::constant]
 		type SignedRewardBase: Get<BalanceOf<Self>>;
 
-		/// Base deposit for a signed solution.
-		#[pallet::constant]
-		type SignedDepositBase: Get<BalanceOf<Self>>;
-
 		/// Per-byte deposit for a signed solution.
 		#[pallet::constant]
 		type SignedDepositByte: Get<BalanceOf<Self>>;
@@ -668,6 +665,10 @@ pub mod pallet {
 		#[pallet::constant]
 		type MaxWinners: Get<u32>;
 
+		/// Something that calculates the signed deposit base based on the signed submissions queue
+		/// size.
+		type SignedDepositBase: Convert<usize, BalanceOf<Self>>;
+
 		/// The maximum number of electing voters and electable targets to put in the snapshot.
 		/// At the moment, snapshots are only over a single block, but once multi-block elections
 		/// are introduced they will take place over multiple blocks.