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helps https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk/issues/439. closes https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk/issues/473. PR link in the older substrate repository: https://github.com/paritytech/substrate/pull/13498. # Context Rewards payout is processed today in a single block and limited to `MaxNominatorRewardedPerValidator`. This number is currently 512 on both Kusama and Polkadot. This PR tries to scale the nominators payout to an unlimited count in a multi-block fashion. Exposures are stored in pages, with each page capped to a certain number (`MaxExposurePageSize`). Starting out, this number would be the same as `MaxNominatorRewardedPerValidator`, but eventually, this number can be lowered through new runtime upgrades to limit the rewardeable nominators per dispatched call instruction. The changes in the PR are backward compatible. ## How payouts would work like after this change Staking exposes two calls, 1) the existing `payout_stakers` and 2) `payout_stakers_by_page`. ### payout_stakers This remains backward compatible with no signature change. If for a given era a validator has multiple pages, they can call `payout_stakers` multiple times. The pages are executed in an ascending sequence and the runtime takes care of preventing double claims. ### payout_stakers_by_page Very similar to `payout_stakers` but also accepts an extra param `page_index`. An account can choose to payout rewards only for an explicitly passed `page_index`. **Lets look at an example scenario** Given an active validator on Kusama had 1100 nominators, `MaxExposurePageSize` set to 512 for Era e. In order to pay out rewards to all nominators, the caller would need to call `payout_stakers` 3 times. - `payout_stakers(origin, stash, e)` => will pay the first 512 nominators. - `payout_stakers(origin, stash, e)` => will pay the second set of 512 nominators. - `payout_stakers(origin, stash, e)` => will pay the last set of 76 nominators. ... - `payout_stakers(origin, stash, e)` => calling it the 4th time would return an error `InvalidPage`. The above calls can also be replaced by `payout_stakers_by_page` and passing a `page_index` explicitly. ## Commission note Validator commission is paid out in chunks across all the pages where each commission chunk is proportional to the total stake of the current page. This implies higher the total stake of a page, higher will be the commission. If all the pages of a validator's single era are paid out, the sum of commission paid to the validator across all pages should be equal to what the commission would have been if we had a non-paged exposure. ### Migration Note Strictly speaking, we did not need to bump our storage version since there is no migration of storage in this PR. But it is still useful to mark a storage upgrade for the following reasons: - New storage items are introduced in this PR while some older storage items are deprecated. - For the next `HistoryDepth` eras, the exposure would be incrementally migrated to its corresponding paged storage item. - Runtimes using staking pallet would strictly need to wait at least `HistoryDepth` eras with current upgraded version (14) for the migration to complete. At some era `E` such that `E > era_at_which_V14_gets_into_effect + HistoryDepth`, we will upgrade to version X which will remove the deprecated storage items. In other words, it is a strict requirement that E<sub>x</sub> - E<sub>14</sub> > `HistoryDepth`, where E<sub>x</sub> = Era at which deprecated storages are removed from runtime, E<sub>14</sub> = Era at which runtime is upgraded to version 14. - For Polkadot and Kusama, there is a [tracker ticket](https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk/issues/433) to clean up the deprecated storage items. ### Storage Changes #### Added - ErasStakersOverview - ClaimedRewards - ErasStakersPaged #### Deprecated The following can be cleaned up after 84 eras which is tracked [here](https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk/issues/433). - ErasStakers. - ErasStakersClipped. - StakingLedger.claimed_rewards, renamed to StakingLedger.legacy_claimed_rewards. ### Config Changes - Renamed MaxNominatorRewardedPerValidator to MaxExposurePageSize. ### TODO - [x] Tracker ticket for cleaning up the old code after 84 eras. - [x] Add companion. - [x] Redo benchmarks before merge. - [x] Add Changelog for pallet_staking. - [x] Pallet should be configurable to enable/disable paged rewards. - [x] Commission payouts are distributed across pages. - [x] Review documentation thoroughly. - [x] Rename `MaxNominatorRewardedPerValidator` -> `MaxExposurePageSize`. - [x] NMap for `ErasStakersPaged`. - [x] Deprecate ErasStakers. - [x] Integrity tests. ### Followup issues [Runtime api for deprecated ErasStakers storage item](https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk/issues/426) --------- Co-authored-by: Javier Viola <javier@parity.io> Co-authored-by: Ross Bulat <ross@parity.io> Co-authored-by: command-bot <>
NOTE: We have recently made significant changes to our repository structure. In order to streamline our development process and foster better contributions, we have merged three separate repositories Cumulus, Substrate and Polkadot into this repository. Read more about the changes here.
Polkadot SDK
The Polkadot SDK repository provides all the resources needed to start building on the Polkadot network, a multi-chain blockchain platform that enables different blockchains to interoperate and share information in a secure and scalable way. The Polkadot SDK comprises three main pieces of software:
Polkadot
Implementation of a node for the https://polkadot.network in Rust, using the Substrate framework. This directory
currently contains runtimes for the Polkadot, Kusama, Westend, and Rococo networks. In the future, these will be
relocated to the runtimes repository.
Substrate
Substrate is the primary blockchain SDK used by developers to create the parachains that make up the Polkadot network. Additionally, it allows for the development of self-sovereign blockchains that operate completely independently of Polkadot.
Cumulus
Cumulus is a set of tools for writing Substrate-based Polkadot parachains.
Upstream Dependencies
Below are the primary upstream dependencies utilized in this project:
Security
The security policy and procedures can be found in docs/SECURITY.md.
Contributing & Code of Conduct
Ensure you follow our contribution guidelines. In every interaction and contribution, this project adheres to the Contributor Covenant Code of Conduct.
Additional Resources
- For monitoring upcoming changes and current proposals related to the technical implementation of the Polkadot network,
visit the
Requests for Comment (RFC)repository. While it's maintained by the Polkadot Fellowship, the RFC process welcomes contributions from everyone.