Implement a reverse polish calculator for calldata arithmetic

This commit reorders the input file such that we have a definitions
section and an implementations section and such that the the order of
the items in both sections is the same.

Cargo.lock

@@ -3948,6 +3948,17 @@ dependencies = [
  "serde_stacker",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "revive-dt-common"
+version = "0.1.0"
+dependencies = [
+ "anyhow",
+ "futures",
+ "once_cell",
+ "tokio",
+ "tracing",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "revive-dt-compiler"
 version = "0.1.0"
@@ -3982,6 +3993,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "clap",
  "indexmap 2.10.0",
  "rayon",
+ "revive-dt-common",
  "revive-dt-compiler",
  "revive-dt-config",
  "revive-dt-format",
@@ -4003,7 +4015,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "alloy-primitives",
  "alloy-sol-types",
  "anyhow",
- "revive-dt-node-interaction",
+ "revive-dt-common",
  "semver 1.0.26",
  "serde",
  "serde_json",
@@ -4016,7 +4028,9 @@ version = "0.1.0"
 dependencies = [
  "alloy",
  "anyhow",
+ "revive-dt-common",
  "revive-dt-config",
+ "revive-dt-format",
  "revive-dt-node-interaction",
  "serde",
  "serde_json",
@@ -4033,10 +4047,6 @@ version = "0.1.0"
 dependencies = [
  "alloy",
  "anyhow",
- "futures",
- "once_cell",
- "tokio",
- "tracing",
 ]
 
 [[package]]

Cargo.toml

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ repository = "https://github.com/paritytech/revive-differential-testing.git"
 rust-version = "1.85.0"
 
 [workspace.dependencies]
+revive-dt-common = { version = "0.1.0", path = "crates/common" }
 revive-dt-compiler = { version = "0.1.0", path = "crates/compiler" }
 revive-dt-config = { version = "0.1.0", path = "crates/config" }
 revive-dt-core = { version = "0.1.0", path = "crates/core" }

crates/common/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+[package]
+name = "revive-dt-common"
+description = "A library containing common concepts that other crates in the workspace can rely on"
+version.workspace = true
+authors.workspace = true
+license.workspace = true
+edition.workspace = true
+repository.workspace = true
+rust-version.workspace = true
+
+[dependencies]
+anyhow = { workspace = true }
+futures = { workspace = true }
+tracing = { workspace = true }
+once_cell = { workspace = true }
+tokio = { workspace = true }

crates/common/src/concepts/blocking_executor.rs

@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ use tracing::Instrument;
 /// executor to drive an async computation:
 ///
 /// ```rust
-/// use revive_dt_node_interaction::*;
+/// use revive_dt_common::concepts::*;
 ///
 /// fn blocking_function() {
 ///     let result = BlockingExecutor::execute(async move {
@@ -134,22 +134,17 @@ impl BlockingExecutor {
             }
         };
 
-        match result.map(|result| {
-            *result
-                .downcast::<R>()
-                .expect("Type mismatch in the downcast")
-        }) {
-            Ok(result) => Ok(result),
+        let result = match result {
+            Ok(result) => result,
             Err(error) => {
-                tracing::error!(
-                    ?error,
-                    "Failed to downcast the returned result into the expected type"
-                );
-                anyhow::bail!(
-                    "Failed to downcast the returned result into the expected type: {error:?}"
-                )
+                tracing::error!(?error, "An error occurred when running the async task");
+                anyhow::bail!("An error occurred when running the async task: {error:?}")
             }
-        }
+        };
+
+        Ok(*result
+            .downcast::<R>()
+            .expect("An error occurred when downcasting into R. This is a bug"))
     }
 }
 /// Represents the state of the async runtime. This runtime is designed to be a singleton runtime
@@ -208,7 +203,9 @@ mod test {
     fn panics_in_futures_are_caught() {
         // Act
         let result = BlockingExecutor::execute(async move {
-            panic!("This is a panic!");
+            panic!(
+                "If this panic causes, well, a panic, then this is an issue. If it's caught then all good!"
+            );
             0xFFu8
         });
 

crates/common/src/concepts/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+mod blocking_executor;
+
+pub use blocking_executor::*;

crates/common/src/iterators/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+mod files_with_extension_iterator;
+
+pub use files_with_extension_iterator::*;

crates/common/src/lib.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+//! This crate provides common concepts, functionality, types, macros, and more that other crates in
+//! the workspace can benefit from.
+
+pub mod concepts;
+pub mod iterators;
+pub mod macros;

crates/common/src/macros/define_wrapper_type.rs

@@ -12,11 +12,9 @@
 /// pub struct CaseId(usize);
 /// ```
 ///
-/// And would also implement a number of methods on this type making it easier
-/// to use.
+/// And would also implement a number of methods on this type making it easier to use.
 ///
-/// These wrapper types become very useful as they make the code a lot easier
-/// to read.
+/// These wrapper types become very useful as they make the code a lot easier to read.
 ///
 /// Take the following as an example:
 ///
@@ -26,33 +24,31 @@
 /// }
 /// ```
 ///
-/// In the above code it's hard to understand what the various types refer to or
-/// what to expect them to contain.
+/// In the above code it's hard to understand what the various types refer to or what to expect them
+/// to contain.
 ///
-/// With these wrapper types we're able to create code that's self-documenting
-/// in that the types tell us what the code is referring to. The above code is
-/// transformed into
+/// With these wrapper types we're able to create code that's self-documenting in that the types
+/// tell us what the code is referring to. The above code is transformed into
 ///
 /// ```rust,ignore
 /// struct State {
 ///     contracts: HashMap<CaseId, HashMap<ContractName, ContractByteCode>>
 /// }
 /// ```
+///
+/// Note that we follow the same syntax for defining wrapper structs but we do not permit the use of
+/// generics.
 #[macro_export]
 macro_rules! define_wrapper_type {
     (
         $(#[$meta: meta])*
-        $ident: ident($ty: ty) $(;)?
+        $vis:vis struct $ident: ident($ty: ty);
     ) => {
         $(#[$meta])*
-        pub struct $ident($ty);
+        $vis struct $ident($ty);
 
         impl $ident {
-            pub fn new(value: $ty) -> Self {
-                Self(value)
-            }
-
-            pub fn new_from<T: Into<$ty>>(value: T) -> Self {
+            pub fn new(value: impl Into<$ty>) -> Self {
                 Self(value.into())
             }
 
@@ -104,3 +100,7 @@ macro_rules! define_wrapper_type {
         }
     };
 }
+
+/// Technically not needed but this allows for the macro to be found in the `macros` module of the
+/// crate in addition to being found in the root of the crate.
+pub use define_wrapper_type;

crates/common/src/macros/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+mod define_wrapper_type;
+
+pub use define_wrapper_type::*;

crates/config/src/lib.rs

@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ pub struct Arguments {
     /// This argument controls which private keys the nodes should have access to and be added to
     /// its wallet signers. With a value of N, private keys (0, N] will be added to the signer set
     /// of the node.
-    #[arg(short, long = "private-keys-count", default_value_t = 30)]
+    #[arg(long = "private-keys-count", default_value_t = 30)]
     pub private_keys_to_add: usize,
 
     /// The differential testing leader node implementation.

crates/core/Cargo.toml

@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ name = "retester"
 path = "src/main.rs"
 
 [dependencies]
+revive-dt-common = { workspace = true }
 revive-dt-compiler = { workspace = true }
 revive-dt-config = { workspace = true }
 revive-dt-format = { workspace = true }

crates/core/src/driver/mod.rs

@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 //! The test driver handles the compilation and execution of the test cases.
 
 use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::fmt::Debug;
 use std::marker::PhantomData;
 
 use alloy::json_abi::JsonAbi;
 use alloy::network::{Ethereum, TransactionBuilder};
-use alloy::primitives::Bytes;
 use alloy::rpc::types::TransactionReceipt;
 use alloy::rpc::types::trace::geth::{
     CallFrame, GethDebugBuiltInTracerType, GethDebugTracerType, GethDebugTracingOptions, GethTrace,
@@ -20,6 +20,9 @@ use alloy::{
 };
 use anyhow::Context;
 use indexmap::IndexMap;
+use serde_json::Value;
+
+use revive_dt_common::iterators::FilesWithExtensionIterator;
 use revive_dt_compiler::{Compiler, SolidityCompiler};
 use revive_dt_config::Arguments;
 use revive_dt_format::case::CaseIdx;
@@ -30,11 +33,8 @@ use revive_dt_node::Node;
 use revive_dt_node_interaction::EthereumNode;
 use revive_dt_report::reporter::{CompilationTask, Report, Span};
 use revive_solc_json_interface::SolcStandardJsonOutput;
-use serde_json::Value;
-use std::fmt::Debug;
 
 use crate::Platform;
-use crate::common::*;
 
 pub struct State<'a, T: Platform> {
     /// The configuration that the framework was started with.
@@ -442,9 +442,8 @@ where
         // Additionally, what happens if the compiler filter doesn't match? Do we consider that the
         // transaction should succeed? Do we just ignore the expectation?
 
-        let error_span =
-            tracing::error_span!("Exception failed", ?tracing_result, ?execution_receipt,);
-        let _guard = error_span.enter();
+        let deployed_contracts = self.deployed_contracts.entry(case_idx).or_default();
+        let chain_state_provider = node;
 
         // Handling the receipt state assertion.
         let expected = !expectation.exception;
@@ -458,17 +457,16 @@ where
 
         // Handling the calldata assertion
         if let Some(ref expected_calldata) = expectation.return_data {
-            let expected = expected_calldata
-                .calldata(self.deployed_contracts.entry(case_idx).or_default(), node)
-                .map(Bytes::from)?;
-            let actual = tracing_result.output.clone().unwrap_or_default();
-            if !expected.starts_with(&actual) {
+            let expected = expected_calldata;
+            let actual = &tracing_result.output.as_ref().unwrap_or_default();
+            if !expected.is_equivalent(actual, deployed_contracts, chain_state_provider)? {
                 tracing::error!(
-                    %expected,
+                    ?execution_receipt,
+                    ?expected,
                     %actual,
                     "Calldata assertion failed"
                 );
-                anyhow::bail!("Calldata assertion failed - Expected {expected} but got {actual}",);
+                anyhow::bail!("Calldata assertion failed - Expected {expected:?} but got {actual}",);
             }
         }
 
@@ -505,17 +503,24 @@ where
                 }
 
                 // Handling the topics assertion.
-                for (expected_topic, actual_topic) in expected_event
+                for (expected, actual) in expected_event
                     .topics
                     .as_slice()
                     .iter()
                     .zip(actual_event.topics())
                 {
-                    let expected = Calldata::Compound(vec![expected_topic.clone()])
-                        .calldata(self.deployed_contracts.entry(case_idx).or_default(), node)?;
-                    let actual = actual_topic.to_vec();
-                    if actual != expected {
-                        tracing::error!(?expected, ?actual, "Event topics assertion failed",);
+                    let expected = Calldata::new_compound([expected]);
+                    if !expected.is_equivalent(
+                        &actual.0,
+                        deployed_contracts,
+                        chain_state_provider,
+                    )? {
+                        tracing::error!(
+                            ?execution_receipt,
+                            ?expected,
+                            ?actual,
+                            "Event topics assertion failed",
+                        );
                         anyhow::bail!(
                             "Event topics assertion failed - Expected {expected:?} but got {actual:?}",
                         );
@@ -523,13 +528,15 @@ where
                 }
 
                 // Handling the values assertion.
-                let expected = &expected_event
-                    .values
-                    .calldata(self.deployed_contracts.entry(case_idx).or_default(), node)
-                    .map(Bytes::from)?;
+                let expected = &expected_event.values;
                 let actual = &actual_event.data().data;
-                if !expected.starts_with(actual) {
-                    tracing::error!(?expected, ?actual, "Event value assertion failed",);
+                if !expected.is_equivalent(&actual.0, deployed_contracts, chain_state_provider)? {
+                    tracing::error!(
+                        ?execution_receipt,
+                        ?expected,
+                        ?actual,
+                        "Event value assertion failed",
+                    );
                     anyhow::bail!(
                         "Event value assertion failed - Expected {expected:?} but got {actual:?}",
                     );
@@ -711,7 +718,7 @@ where
                 );
                 let _guard = tracing_span.enter();
 
-                let case_idx = CaseIdx::new_from(case_idx);
+                let case_idx = CaseIdx::new(case_idx);
 
                 // For inputs if one of the inputs fail we move on to the next case (we do not move
                 // on to the next input as it doesn't make sense. It depends on the previous one).

crates/core/src/lib.rs

@@ -5,17 +5,17 @@
 
 use revive_dt_compiler::{SolidityCompiler, revive_resolc, solc};
 use revive_dt_config::TestingPlatform;
+use revive_dt_format::traits::ResolverApi;
 use revive_dt_node::{Node, geth, kitchensink::KitchensinkNode};
 use revive_dt_node_interaction::EthereumNode;
 
-pub mod common;
 pub mod driver;
 
 /// One platform can be tested differentially against another.
 ///
 /// For this we need a blockchain node implementation and a compiler.
 pub trait Platform {
-    type Blockchain: EthereumNode + Node;
+    type Blockchain: EthereumNode + Node + ResolverApi;
     type Compiler: SolidityCompiler;
 
     /// Returns the matching [TestingPlatform] of the [revive_dt_config::Arguments].

crates/format/Cargo.toml

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ repository.workspace = true
 rust-version.workspace = true
 
 [dependencies]
-revive-dt-node-interaction = { workspace = true }
+revive-dt-common = { workspace = true }
 
 alloy = { workspace = true }
 alloy-primitives = { workspace = true }

crates/format/src/case.rs

@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
 use serde::Deserialize;
 
+use revive_dt_common::macros::define_wrapper_type;
+
 use crate::{
-    define_wrapper_type,
     input::{Expected, Input},
     mode::Mode,
 };
@@ -45,5 +46,5 @@ impl Case {
 define_wrapper_type!(
     /// A wrapper type for the index of test cases found in metadata file.
     #[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, Hash)]
-    CaseIdx(usize);
+    pub struct CaseIdx(usize);
 );

crates/format/src/input.rs

@@ -8,19 +8,21 @@ use alloy::{
     rpc::types::TransactionRequest,
 };
 use alloy_primitives::{FixedBytes, utils::parse_units};
+use anyhow::Context;
 use semver::VersionReq;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 
-use revive_dt_node_interaction::EthereumNode;
+use revive_dt_common::macros::define_wrapper_type;
 
-use crate::{define_wrapper_type, metadata::ContractInstance};
+use crate::metadata::ContractInstance;
+use crate::traits::ResolverApi;
 
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, Default, Deserialize, Eq, PartialEq)]
 pub struct Input {
-    #[serde(default = "default_caller")]
+    #[serde(default = "Input::default_caller")]
     pub caller: Address,
     pub comment: Option<String>,
-    #[serde(default = "default_instance")]
+    #[serde(default = "Input::default_instance")]
     pub instance: ContractInstance,
     pub method: Method,
     #[serde(default)]
@@ -54,11 +56,86 @@ pub struct Event {
     pub values: Calldata,
 }
 
+/// A type definition for the calldata supported by the testing framework.
+///
+/// We choose to document all of the types used in [`Calldata`] in this one doc comment to elaborate
+/// on why they exist and consolidate all of the documentation for calldata in a single place where
+/// it can be viewed and understood.
+///
+/// The [`Single`] variant of this enum is quite simple and straightforward: it's a hex-encoded byte
+/// array of the calldata.
+///
+/// The [`Compound`] type is more intricate and allows for capabilities such as resolution and some
+/// simple arithmetic operations. It houses a vector of [`CalldataItem`]s which is just a wrapper
+/// around an owned string.
+///
+/// A [`CalldataItem`] could be a simple hex string of a single calldata argument, but it could also
+/// be something that requires resolution such as `MyContract.address` which is a variable that is
+/// understood by the resolution logic to mean "Lookup the address of this particular contract
+/// instance".
+///
+/// In addition to the above, the format supports some simple arithmetic operations like add, sub,
+/// divide, multiply, bitwise AND, bitwise OR, and bitwise XOR. Our parser understands the [reverse
+/// polish notation] simply because it's easy to write a calculator for that notation and since we
+/// do not have plans to use arithmetic too often in tests. In reverse polish notation a typical
+/// `2 + 4` would be written as `2 4 +` which makes this notation very simple to implement through
+/// a stack.
+///
+/// Combining the above, a single [`CalldataItem`] could employ both resolution and arithmetic at
+/// the same time. For example, a [`CalldataItem`] of `$BLOCK_NUMBER $BLOCK_NUMBER +` means that
+/// the block number should be retrieved and then it should be added to itself.
+///
+/// Internally, we split the [`CalldataItem`] by spaces. Therefore, `$BLOCK_NUMBER $BLOCK_NUMBER+`
+/// is invalid but `$BLOCK_NUMBER $BLOCK_NUMBER +` is valid and can be understood by the parser and
+/// calculator. After the split is done, each token is parsed into a [`CalldataToken<&str>`] forming
+/// an [`Iterator`] over [`CalldataToken<&str>`]. A [`CalldataToken<&str>`] can then be resolved
+/// into a [`CalldataToken<U256>`] through the resolution logic. Finally, after resolution is done,
+/// this iterator of [`CalldataToken<U256>`] is collapsed into the final result by applying the
+/// arithmetic operations requested.
+///
+/// For example, supplying a [`Compound`] calldata of `0xdeadbeef` produces an iterator of a single
+/// [`CalldataToken<&str>`] items of the value [`CalldataToken::Item`] of the string value 12 which
+/// we can then resolve into the appropriate [`U256`] value and convert into calldata.
+///
+/// In summary, the various types used in [`Calldata`] represent the following:
+/// - [`CalldataItem`]: A calldata string from the metadata files.
+/// - [`CalldataToken<&str>`]: Typically used in an iterator of items from the space splitted
+///   [`CalldataItem`] and represents a token that has not yet been resolved into its value.
+/// - [`CalldataToken<U256>`]: Represents a token that's been resolved from being a string and into
+///   the word-size calldata argument on which we can perform arithmetic.
+///
+/// [`Single`]: Calldata::Single
+/// [`Compound`]: Calldata::Compound
+/// [reverse polish notation]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_Polish_notation
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, Deserialize, Eq, PartialEq)]
 #[serde(untagged)]
 pub enum Calldata {
-    Single(String),
-    Compound(Vec<String>),
+    Single(Bytes),
+    Compound(Vec<CalldataItem>),
+}
+
+define_wrapper_type! {
+    /// This represents an item in the [`Calldata::Compound`] variant.
+    #[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, Hash, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+    #[serde(transparent)]
+    pub struct CalldataItem(String);
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, Hash, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+enum CalldataToken<T> {
+    Item(T),
+    Operation(Operation),
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, Hash, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+enum Operation {
+    Addition,
+    Subtraction,
+    Multiplication,
+    Division,
+    BitwiseAnd,
+    BitwiseOr,
+    BitwiseXor,
 }
 
 /// Specify how the contract is called.
@@ -84,119 +161,20 @@ pub enum Method {
 
 define_wrapper_type!(
     #[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Default, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, Hash)]
-    EtherValue(U256);
+    pub struct EtherValue(U256);
 );
 
-impl Serialize for EtherValue {
-    fn serialize<S>(&self, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error>
-    where
-        S: serde::Serializer,
-    {
-        format!("{} wei", self.0).serialize(serializer)
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for EtherValue {
-    fn deserialize<D>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Self, D::Error>
-    where
-        D: serde::Deserializer<'de>,
-    {
-        let string = String::deserialize(deserializer)?;
-        let mut splitted = string.split(' ');
-        let (Some(value), Some(unit)) = (splitted.next(), splitted.next()) else {
-            return Err(serde::de::Error::custom("Failed to parse the value"));
-        };
-        let parsed = parse_units(value, unit.replace("eth", "ether"))
-            .map_err(|_| serde::de::Error::custom("Failed to parse units"))?
-            .into();
-        Ok(Self(parsed))
-    }
-}
-
-impl ExpectedOutput {
-    pub fn new() -> Self {
-        Default::default()
-    }
-
-    pub fn with_success(mut self) -> Self {
-        self.exception = false;
-        self
-    }
-
-    pub fn with_failure(mut self) -> Self {
-        self.exception = true;
-        self
-    }
-
-    pub fn with_calldata(mut self, calldata: Calldata) -> Self {
-        self.return_data = Some(calldata);
-        self
-    }
-}
-
-impl Default for Calldata {
-    fn default() -> Self {
-        Self::Compound(Default::default())
-    }
-}
-
-impl Calldata {
-    pub fn find_all_contract_instances(&self, vec: &mut Vec<ContractInstance>) {
-        if let Calldata::Compound(compound) = self {
-            for item in compound {
-                if let Some(instance) = item.strip_suffix(".address") {
-                    vec.push(ContractInstance::new_from(instance))
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn calldata(
-        &self,
-        deployed_contracts: &HashMap<ContractInstance, (Address, JsonAbi)>,
-        chain_state_provider: &impl EthereumNode,
-    ) -> anyhow::Result<Vec<u8>> {
-        let mut buffer = Vec::<u8>::with_capacity(self.size_requirement());
-        self.calldata_into_slice(&mut buffer, deployed_contracts, chain_state_provider)?;
-        Ok(buffer)
-    }
-
-    pub fn calldata_into_slice(
-        &self,
-        buffer: &mut Vec<u8>,
-        deployed_contracts: &HashMap<ContractInstance, (Address, JsonAbi)>,
-        chain_state_provider: &impl EthereumNode,
-    ) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
-        match self {
-            Calldata::Single(string) => {
-                alloy::hex::decode_to_slice(string, buffer)?;
-            }
-            Calldata::Compound(items) => {
-                for (arg_idx, arg) in items.iter().enumerate() {
-                    match resolve_argument(arg, deployed_contracts, chain_state_provider) {
-                        Ok(resolved) => {
-                            buffer.extend(resolved.to_be_bytes::<32>());
-                        }
-                        Err(error) => {
-                            tracing::error!(arg, arg_idx, ?error, "Failed to resolve argument");
-                            return Err(error);
-                        }
-                    };
-                }
-            }
-        };
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    pub fn size_requirement(&self) -> usize {
-        match self {
-            Calldata::Single(single) => (single.len() - 2) / 2,
-            Calldata::Compound(items) => items.len() * 32,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
 impl Input {
+    pub const fn default_caller() -> Address {
+        Address(FixedBytes(alloy::hex!(
+            "0x90F8bf6A479f320ead074411a4B0e7944Ea8c9C1"
+        )))
+    }
+
+    fn default_instance() -> ContractInstance {
+        ContractInstance::new("Test")
+    }
+
     fn instance_to_address(
         &self,
         instance: &ContractInstance,
@@ -211,7 +189,7 @@ impl Input {
     pub fn encoded_input(
         &self,
         deployed_contracts: &HashMap<ContractInstance, (Address, JsonAbi)>,
-        chain_state_provider: &impl EthereumNode,
+        chain_state_provider: &impl ResolverApi,
     ) -> anyhow::Result<Bytes> {
         match self.method {
             Method::Deployer | Method::Fallback => {
@@ -278,7 +256,7 @@ impl Input {
     pub fn legacy_transaction(
         &self,
         deployed_contracts: &HashMap<ContractInstance, (Address, JsonAbi)>,
-        chain_state_provider: &impl EthereumNode,
+        chain_state_provider: &impl ResolverApi,
     ) -> anyhow::Result<TransactionRequest> {
         let input_data = self.encoded_input(deployed_contracts, chain_state_provider)?;
         let transaction_request = TransactionRequest::default().from(self.caller).value(
@@ -304,84 +282,337 @@ impl Input {
     }
 }
 
-fn default_instance() -> ContractInstance {
-    ContractInstance::new_from("Test")
+impl ExpectedOutput {
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        Default::default()
+    }
+
+    pub fn with_success(mut self) -> Self {
+        self.exception = false;
+        self
+    }
+
+    pub fn with_failure(mut self) -> Self {
+        self.exception = true;
+        self
+    }
+
+    pub fn with_calldata(mut self, calldata: Calldata) -> Self {
+        self.return_data = Some(calldata);
+        self
+    }
 }
 
-pub const fn default_caller() -> Address {
-    Address(FixedBytes(alloy::hex!(
-        "90F8bf6A479f320ead074411a4B0e7944Ea8c9C1"
-    )))
+impl Default for Calldata {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::Compound(Default::default())
+    }
 }
 
-/// This function takes in the string calldata argument provided in the JSON input and resolves it
-/// into a [`U256`] which is later used to construct the calldata.
-///
-/// # Note
-///
-/// This piece of code is taken from the matter-labs-tester repository which is licensed under MIT
-/// or Apache. The original source code can be found here:
-/// https://github.com/matter-labs/era-compiler-tester/blob/0ed598a27f6eceee7008deab3ff2311075a2ec69/compiler_tester/src/test/case/input/value.rs#L43-L146
-fn resolve_argument(
-    value: &str,
-    deployed_contracts: &HashMap<ContractInstance, (Address, JsonAbi)>,
-    chain_state_provider: &impl EthereumNode,
-) -> anyhow::Result<U256> {
-    if let Some(instance) = value.strip_suffix(".address") {
-        Ok(U256::from_be_slice(
-            deployed_contracts
-                .get(&ContractInstance::new_from(instance))
-                .map(|(a, _)| *a)
-                .ok_or_else(|| anyhow::anyhow!("Instance `{}` not found", instance))?
-                .as_ref(),
-        ))
-    } else if let Some(value) = value.strip_prefix('-') {
-        let value = U256::from_str_radix(value, 10)
-            .map_err(|error| anyhow::anyhow!("Invalid decimal literal after `-`: {}", error))?;
-        if value > U256::ONE << 255u8 {
-            anyhow::bail!("Decimal literal after `-` is too big");
+impl Calldata {
+    pub fn new_single(item: impl Into<Bytes>) -> Self {
+        Self::Single(item.into())
+    }
+
+    pub fn new_compound(items: impl IntoIterator<Item = impl AsRef<str>>) -> Self {
+        Self::Compound(
+            items
+                .into_iter()
+                .map(|item| item.as_ref().to_owned())
+                .map(CalldataItem::new)
+                .collect(),
+        )
+    }
+
+    pub fn find_all_contract_instances(&self, vec: &mut Vec<ContractInstance>) {
+        if let Calldata::Compound(compound) = self {
+            for item in compound {
+                if let Some(instance) =
+                    item.strip_suffix(CalldataToken::<()>::ADDRESS_VARIABLE_SUFFIX)
+                {
+                    vec.push(ContractInstance::new(instance))
+                }
+            }
         }
-        let value = value
-            .checked_sub(U256::ONE)
-            .ok_or_else(|| anyhow::anyhow!("`-0` is invalid literal"))?;
-        Ok(U256::MAX.checked_sub(value).expect("Always valid"))
-    } else if let Some(value) = value.strip_prefix("0x") {
-        Ok(U256::from_str_radix(value, 16)
-            .map_err(|error| anyhow::anyhow!("Invalid hexadecimal literal: {}", error))?)
-    } else if value == "$CHAIN_ID" {
-        let chain_id = chain_state_provider.chain_id()?;
-        Ok(U256::from(chain_id))
-    } else if value == "$GAS_LIMIT" {
-        let gas_limit = chain_state_provider.block_gas_limit(BlockNumberOrTag::Latest)?;
-        Ok(U256::from(gas_limit))
-    } else if value == "$COINBASE" {
-        let coinbase = chain_state_provider.block_coinbase(BlockNumberOrTag::Latest)?;
-        Ok(U256::from_be_slice(coinbase.as_ref()))
-    } else if value == "$DIFFICULTY" {
-        let block_difficulty = chain_state_provider.block_difficulty(BlockNumberOrTag::Latest)?;
-        Ok(block_difficulty)
-    } else if value.starts_with("$BLOCK_HASH") {
-        let offset: u64 = value
-            .split(':')
-            .next_back()
-            .and_then(|value| value.parse().ok())
-            .unwrap_or_default();
+    }
 
-        let current_block_number = chain_state_provider.last_block_number()?;
-        let desired_block_number = current_block_number - offset;
+    pub fn calldata(
+        &self,
+        deployed_contracts: &HashMap<ContractInstance, (Address, JsonAbi)>,
+        chain_state_provider: &impl ResolverApi,
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<Vec<u8>> {
+        let mut buffer = Vec::<u8>::with_capacity(self.size_requirement());
+        self.calldata_into_slice(&mut buffer, deployed_contracts, chain_state_provider)?;
+        Ok(buffer)
+    }
 
-        let block_hash = chain_state_provider.block_hash(desired_block_number.into())?;
+    pub fn calldata_into_slice(
+        &self,
+        buffer: &mut Vec<u8>,
+        deployed_contracts: &HashMap<ContractInstance, (Address, JsonAbi)>,
+        chain_state_provider: &impl ResolverApi,
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+        match self {
+            Calldata::Single(bytes) => {
+                buffer.extend_from_slice(bytes);
+            }
+            Calldata::Compound(items) => {
+                for (arg_idx, arg) in items.iter().enumerate() {
+                    match arg.resolve(deployed_contracts, chain_state_provider) {
+                        Ok(resolved) => {
+                            buffer.extend(resolved.to_be_bytes::<32>());
+                        }
+                        Err(error) => {
+                            tracing::error!(?arg, arg_idx, ?error, "Failed to resolve argument");
+                            return Err(error);
+                        }
+                    };
+                }
+            }
+        };
+        Ok(())
+    }
 
-        Ok(U256::from_be_bytes(block_hash.0))
-    } else if value == "$BLOCK_NUMBER" {
-        let current_block_number = chain_state_provider.last_block_number()?;
-        Ok(U256::from(current_block_number))
-    } else if value == "$BLOCK_TIMESTAMP" {
-        let timestamp = chain_state_provider.block_timestamp(BlockNumberOrTag::Latest)?;
-        Ok(U256::from(timestamp))
-    } else {
-        Ok(U256::from_str_radix(value, 10)
-            .map_err(|error| anyhow::anyhow!("Invalid decimal literal: {}", error))?)
+    pub fn size_requirement(&self) -> usize {
+        match self {
+            Calldata::Single(single) => single.len(),
+            Calldata::Compound(items) => items.len() * 32,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Checks if this [`Calldata`] is equivalent to the passed calldata bytes.
+    pub fn is_equivalent(
+        &self,
+        other: &[u8],
+        deployed_contracts: &HashMap<ContractInstance, (Address, JsonAbi)>,
+        chain_state_provider: &impl ResolverApi,
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<bool> {
+        match self {
+            Calldata::Single(calldata) => Ok(calldata == other),
+            Calldata::Compound(items) => {
+                // Chunking the "other" calldata into 32 byte chunks since each
+                // one of the items in the compound calldata represents 32 bytes
+                for (this, other) in items.iter().zip(other.chunks(32)) {
+                    // The matterlabs format supports wildcards and therefore we
+                    // also need to support them.
+                    if this.as_ref() == "*" {
+                        continue;
+                    }
+
+                    let other = if other.len() < 32 {
+                        let mut vec = other.to_vec();
+                        vec.resize(32, 0);
+                        std::borrow::Cow::Owned(vec)
+                    } else {
+                        std::borrow::Cow::Borrowed(other)
+                    };
+
+                    let this = this.resolve(deployed_contracts, chain_state_provider)?;
+                    let other = U256::from_be_slice(&other);
+                    if this != other {
+                        return Ok(false);
+                    }
+                }
+                Ok(true)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl CalldataItem {
+    fn resolve(
+        &self,
+        deployed_contracts: &HashMap<ContractInstance, (Address, JsonAbi)>,
+        chain_state_provider: &impl ResolverApi,
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<U256> {
+        let mut stack = Vec::<CalldataToken<U256>>::new();
+
+        for token in self
+            .calldata_tokens()
+            .map(|token| token.resolve(deployed_contracts, chain_state_provider))
+        {
+            let token = token?;
+            let new_token = match token {
+                CalldataToken::Item(_) => token,
+                CalldataToken::Operation(operation) => {
+                    let right_operand = stack
+                        .pop()
+                        .and_then(CalldataToken::into_item)
+                        .context("Invalid calldata arithmetic operation")?;
+                    let left_operand = stack
+                        .pop()
+                        .and_then(CalldataToken::into_item)
+                        .context("Invalid calldata arithmetic operation")?;
+
+                    let result = match operation {
+                        Operation::Addition => left_operand.checked_add(right_operand),
+                        Operation::Subtraction => left_operand.checked_sub(right_operand),
+                        Operation::Multiplication => left_operand.checked_mul(right_operand),
+                        Operation::Division => left_operand.checked_div(right_operand),
+                        Operation::BitwiseAnd => Some(left_operand & right_operand),
+                        Operation::BitwiseOr => Some(left_operand | right_operand),
+                        Operation::BitwiseXor => Some(left_operand ^ right_operand),
+                    }
+                    .context("Invalid calldata arithmetic operation")?;
+
+                    CalldataToken::Item(result)
+                }
+            };
+            stack.push(new_token)
+        }
+
+        match stack.as_slice() {
+            // Empty stack means that we got an empty compound calldata which we resolve to zero.
+            [] => Ok(U256::ZERO),
+            [CalldataToken::Item(item)] => Ok(*item),
+            _ => Err(anyhow::anyhow!("Invalid calldata arithmetic operation")),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn calldata_tokens<'a>(&'a self) -> impl Iterator<Item = CalldataToken<&'a str>> + 'a {
+        self.0.split(' ').map(|item| match item {
+            "+" => CalldataToken::Operation(Operation::Addition),
+            "-" => CalldataToken::Operation(Operation::Subtraction),
+            "/" => CalldataToken::Operation(Operation::Division),
+            "*" => CalldataToken::Operation(Operation::Multiplication),
+            "&" => CalldataToken::Operation(Operation::BitwiseAnd),
+            "|" => CalldataToken::Operation(Operation::BitwiseOr),
+            "^" => CalldataToken::Operation(Operation::BitwiseXor),
+            _ => CalldataToken::Item(item),
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T> CalldataToken<T> {
+    const ADDRESS_VARIABLE_SUFFIX: &str = ".address";
+    const NEGATIVE_VALUE_PREFIX: char = '-';
+    const HEX_LITERAL_PREFIX: &str = "0x";
+    const CHAIN_VARIABLE: &str = "$CHAIN_ID";
+    const GAS_LIMIT_VARIABLE: &str = "$GAS_LIMIT";
+    const COINBASE_VARIABLE: &str = "$COINBASE";
+    const DIFFICULTY_VARIABLE: &str = "$DIFFICULTY";
+    const BLOCK_HASH_VARIABLE_PREFIX: &str = "$BLOCK_HASH";
+    const BLOCK_NUMBER_VARIABLE: &str = "$BLOCK_NUMBER";
+    const BLOCK_TIMESTAMP_VARIABLE: &str = "$BLOCK_TIMESTAMP";
+
+    fn into_item(self) -> Option<T> {
+        match self {
+            CalldataToken::Item(item) => Some(item),
+            CalldataToken::Operation(_) => None,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: AsRef<str>> CalldataToken<T> {
+    /// This function takes in the string calldata argument provided in the JSON input and resolves
+    /// it into a [`U256`] which is later used to construct the calldata.
+    ///
+    /// # Note
+    ///
+    /// This piece of code is taken from the matter-labs-tester repository which is licensed under
+    /// MIT or Apache. The original source code can be found here:
+    /// https://github.com/matter-labs/era-compiler-tester/blob/0ed598a27f6eceee7008deab3ff2311075a2ec69/compiler_tester/src/test/case/input/value.rs#L43-L146
+    fn resolve(
+        self,
+        deployed_contracts: &HashMap<ContractInstance, (Address, JsonAbi)>,
+        chain_state_provider: &impl ResolverApi,
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<CalldataToken<U256>> {
+        match self {
+            Self::Item(item) => {
+                let item = item.as_ref();
+                let value = if let Some(instance) = item.strip_suffix(Self::ADDRESS_VARIABLE_SUFFIX)
+                {
+                    Ok(U256::from_be_slice(
+                        deployed_contracts
+                            .get(&ContractInstance::new(instance))
+                            .map(|(a, _)| *a)
+                            .ok_or_else(|| anyhow::anyhow!("Instance `{}` not found", instance))?
+                            .as_ref(),
+                    ))
+                } else if let Some(value) = item.strip_prefix(Self::NEGATIVE_VALUE_PREFIX) {
+                    let value = U256::from_str_radix(value, 10).map_err(|error| {
+                        anyhow::anyhow!("Invalid decimal literal after `-`: {}", error)
+                    })?;
+                    if value > U256::ONE << 255u8 {
+                        anyhow::bail!("Decimal literal after `-` is too big");
+                    }
+                    let value = value
+                        .checked_sub(U256::ONE)
+                        .ok_or_else(|| anyhow::anyhow!("`-0` is invalid literal"))?;
+                    Ok(U256::MAX.checked_sub(value).expect("Always valid"))
+                } else if let Some(value) = item.strip_prefix(Self::HEX_LITERAL_PREFIX) {
+                    Ok(U256::from_str_radix(value, 16).map_err(|error| {
+                        anyhow::anyhow!("Invalid hexadecimal literal: {}", error)
+                    })?)
+                } else if item == Self::CHAIN_VARIABLE {
+                    let chain_id = chain_state_provider.chain_id()?;
+                    Ok(U256::from(chain_id))
+                } else if item == Self::GAS_LIMIT_VARIABLE {
+                    let gas_limit =
+                        chain_state_provider.block_gas_limit(BlockNumberOrTag::Latest)?;
+                    Ok(U256::from(gas_limit))
+                } else if item == Self::COINBASE_VARIABLE {
+                    let coinbase = chain_state_provider.block_coinbase(BlockNumberOrTag::Latest)?;
+                    Ok(U256::from_be_slice(coinbase.as_ref()))
+                } else if item == Self::DIFFICULTY_VARIABLE {
+                    let block_difficulty =
+                        chain_state_provider.block_difficulty(BlockNumberOrTag::Latest)?;
+                    Ok(block_difficulty)
+                } else if item.starts_with(Self::BLOCK_HASH_VARIABLE_PREFIX) {
+                    let offset: u64 = item
+                        .split(':')
+                        .next_back()
+                        .and_then(|value| value.parse().ok())
+                        .unwrap_or_default();
+
+                    let current_block_number = chain_state_provider.last_block_number()?;
+                    let desired_block_number = current_block_number - offset;
+
+                    let block_hash =
+                        chain_state_provider.block_hash(desired_block_number.into())?;
+
+                    Ok(U256::from_be_bytes(block_hash.0))
+                } else if item == Self::BLOCK_NUMBER_VARIABLE {
+                    let current_block_number = chain_state_provider.last_block_number()?;
+                    Ok(U256::from(current_block_number))
+                } else if item == Self::BLOCK_TIMESTAMP_VARIABLE {
+                    let timestamp =
+                        chain_state_provider.block_timestamp(BlockNumberOrTag::Latest)?;
+                    Ok(U256::from(timestamp))
+                } else {
+                    Ok(U256::from_str_radix(item, 10)
+                        .map_err(|error| anyhow::anyhow!("Invalid decimal literal: {}", error))?)
+                };
+                value.map(CalldataToken::Item)
+            }
+            Self::Operation(operation) => Ok(CalldataToken::Operation(operation)),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Serialize for EtherValue {
+    fn serialize<S>(&self, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error>
+    where
+        S: serde::Serializer,
+    {
+        format!("{} wei", self.0).serialize(serializer)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for EtherValue {
+    fn deserialize<D>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Self, D::Error>
+    where
+        D: serde::Deserializer<'de>,
+    {
+        let string = String::deserialize(deserializer)?;
+        let mut splitted = string.split(' ');
+        let (Some(value), Some(unit)) = (splitted.next(), splitted.next()) else {
+            return Err(serde::de::Error::custom("Failed to parse the value"));
+        };
+        let parsed = parse_units(value, unit.replace("eth", "ether"))
+            .map_err(|_| serde::de::Error::custom("Failed to parse units"))?
+            .into();
+        Ok(Self(parsed))
     }
 }
 
@@ -394,31 +625,9 @@ mod tests {
     use alloy_sol_types::SolValue;
     use std::collections::HashMap;
 
-    struct DummyEthereumNode;
-
-    impl EthereumNode for DummyEthereumNode {
-        fn execute_transaction(
-            &self,
-            _: TransactionRequest,
-        ) -> anyhow::Result<alloy::rpc::types::TransactionReceipt> {
-            unimplemented!()
-        }
-
-        fn trace_transaction(
-            &self,
-            _: &alloy::rpc::types::TransactionReceipt,
-            _: alloy::rpc::types::trace::geth::GethDebugTracingOptions,
-        ) -> anyhow::Result<alloy::rpc::types::trace::geth::GethTrace> {
-            unimplemented!()
-        }
-
-        fn state_diff(
-            &self,
-            _: &alloy::rpc::types::TransactionReceipt,
-        ) -> anyhow::Result<alloy::rpc::types::trace::geth::DiffMode> {
-            unimplemented!()
-        }
+    struct MockResolver;
 
+    impl ResolverApi for MockResolver {
         fn chain_id(&self) -> anyhow::Result<alloy_primitives::ChainId> {
             Ok(0x123)
         }
@@ -478,19 +687,19 @@ mod tests {
             .0;
 
         let input = Input {
-            instance: ContractInstance::new_from("Contract"),
+            instance: ContractInstance::new("Contract"),
             method: Method::FunctionName("store".to_owned()),
-            calldata: Calldata::Compound(vec!["42".into()]),
+            calldata: Calldata::new_compound(["42"]),
             ..Default::default()
         };
 
         let mut contracts = HashMap::new();
         contracts.insert(
-            ContractInstance::new_from("Contract"),
+            ContractInstance::new("Contract"),
             (Address::ZERO, parsed_abi),
         );
 
-        let encoded = input.encoded_input(&contracts, &DummyEthereumNode).unwrap();
+        let encoded = input.encoded_input(&contracts, &MockResolver).unwrap();
         assert!(encoded.0.starts_with(&selector));
 
         type T = (u64,);
@@ -522,19 +731,17 @@ mod tests {
         let input: Input = Input {
             instance: "Contract".to_owned().into(),
             method: Method::FunctionName("send(address)".to_owned()),
-            calldata: Calldata::Compound(vec![
-                "0x1000000000000000000000000000000000000001".to_string(),
-            ]),
+            calldata: Calldata::new_compound(["0x1000000000000000000000000000000000000001"]),
             ..Default::default()
         };
 
         let mut contracts = HashMap::new();
         contracts.insert(
-            ContractInstance::new_from("Contract"),
+            ContractInstance::new("Contract"),
             (Address::ZERO, parsed_abi),
         );
 
-        let encoded = input.encoded_input(&contracts, &DummyEthereumNode).unwrap();
+        let encoded = input.encoded_input(&contracts, &MockResolver).unwrap();
         assert!(encoded.0.starts_with(&selector));
 
         type T = (alloy_primitives::Address,);
@@ -567,21 +774,19 @@ mod tests {
             .0;
 
         let input: Input = Input {
-            instance: ContractInstance::new_from("Contract"),
+            instance: ContractInstance::new("Contract"),
             method: Method::FunctionName("send".to_owned()),
-            calldata: Calldata::Compound(vec![
-                "0x1000000000000000000000000000000000000001".to_string(),
-            ]),
+            calldata: Calldata::new_compound(["0x1000000000000000000000000000000000000001"]),
             ..Default::default()
         };
 
         let mut contracts = HashMap::new();
         contracts.insert(
-            ContractInstance::new_from("Contract"),
+            ContractInstance::new("Contract"),
             (Address::ZERO, parsed_abi),
         );
 
-        let encoded = input.encoded_input(&contracts, &DummyEthereumNode).unwrap();
+        let encoded = input.encoded_input(&contracts, &MockResolver).unwrap();
         assert!(encoded.0.starts_with(&selector));
 
         type T = (alloy_primitives::Address,);
@@ -592,17 +797,25 @@ mod tests {
         );
     }
 
+    fn resolve_calldata_item(
+        input: &str,
+        deployed_contracts: &HashMap<ContractInstance, (Address, JsonAbi)>,
+        chain_state_provider: &impl ResolverApi,
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<U256> {
+        CalldataItem::new(input).resolve(deployed_contracts, chain_state_provider)
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn resolver_can_resolve_chain_id_variable() {
         // Arrange
         let input = "$CHAIN_ID";
 
         // Act
-        let resolved = resolve_argument(input, &Default::default(), &DummyEthereumNode);
+        let resolved = resolve_calldata_item(input, &Default::default(), &MockResolver);
 
         // Assert
         let resolved = resolved.expect("Failed to resolve argument");
-        assert_eq!(resolved, U256::from(DummyEthereumNode.chain_id().unwrap()))
+        assert_eq!(resolved, U256::from(MockResolver.chain_id().unwrap()))
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -611,17 +824,13 @@ mod tests {
         let input = "$GAS_LIMIT";
 
         // Act
-        let resolved = resolve_argument(input, &Default::default(), &DummyEthereumNode);
+        let resolved = resolve_calldata_item(input, &Default::default(), &MockResolver);
 
         // Assert
         let resolved = resolved.expect("Failed to resolve argument");
         assert_eq!(
             resolved,
-            U256::from(
-                DummyEthereumNode
-                    .block_gas_limit(Default::default())
-                    .unwrap()
-            )
+            U256::from(MockResolver.block_gas_limit(Default::default()).unwrap())
         )
     }
 
@@ -631,14 +840,14 @@ mod tests {
         let input = "$COINBASE";
 
         // Act
-        let resolved = resolve_argument(input, &Default::default(), &DummyEthereumNode);
+        let resolved = resolve_calldata_item(input, &Default::default(), &MockResolver);
 
         // Assert
         let resolved = resolved.expect("Failed to resolve argument");
         assert_eq!(
             resolved,
             U256::from_be_slice(
-                DummyEthereumNode
+                MockResolver
                     .block_coinbase(Default::default())
                     .unwrap()
                     .as_ref()
@@ -652,15 +861,13 @@ mod tests {
         let input = "$DIFFICULTY";
 
         // Act
-        let resolved = resolve_argument(input, &Default::default(), &DummyEthereumNode);
+        let resolved = resolve_calldata_item(input, &Default::default(), &MockResolver);
 
         // Assert
         let resolved = resolved.expect("Failed to resolve argument");
         assert_eq!(
             resolved,
-            DummyEthereumNode
-                .block_difficulty(Default::default())
-                .unwrap()
+            MockResolver.block_difficulty(Default::default()).unwrap()
         )
     }
 
@@ -670,13 +877,13 @@ mod tests {
         let input = "$BLOCK_HASH";
 
         // Act
-        let resolved = resolve_argument(input, &Default::default(), &DummyEthereumNode);
+        let resolved = resolve_calldata_item(input, &Default::default(), &MockResolver);
 
         // Assert
         let resolved = resolved.expect("Failed to resolve argument");
         assert_eq!(
             resolved,
-            U256::from_be_bytes(DummyEthereumNode.block_hash(Default::default()).unwrap().0)
+            U256::from_be_bytes(MockResolver.block_hash(Default::default()).unwrap().0)
         )
     }
 
@@ -686,13 +893,13 @@ mod tests {
         let input = "$BLOCK_NUMBER";
 
         // Act
-        let resolved = resolve_argument(input, &Default::default(), &DummyEthereumNode);
+        let resolved = resolve_calldata_item(input, &Default::default(), &MockResolver);
 
         // Assert
         let resolved = resolved.expect("Failed to resolve argument");
         assert_eq!(
             resolved,
-            U256::from(DummyEthereumNode.last_block_number().unwrap())
+            U256::from(MockResolver.last_block_number().unwrap())
         )
     }
 
@@ -702,17 +909,105 @@ mod tests {
         let input = "$BLOCK_TIMESTAMP";
 
         // Act
-        let resolved = resolve_argument(input, &Default::default(), &DummyEthereumNode);
+        let resolved = resolve_calldata_item(input, &Default::default(), &MockResolver);
 
         // Assert
         let resolved = resolved.expect("Failed to resolve argument");
         assert_eq!(
             resolved,
-            U256::from(
-                DummyEthereumNode
-                    .block_timestamp(Default::default())
-                    .unwrap()
-            )
+            U256::from(MockResolver.block_timestamp(Default::default()).unwrap())
         )
     }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn simple_addition_can_be_resolved() {
+        // Arrange
+        let input = "2 4 +";
+
+        // Act
+        let resolved = resolve_calldata_item(input, &Default::default(), &MockResolver);
+
+        // Assert
+        let resolved = resolved.expect("Failed to resolve argument");
+        assert_eq!(resolved, U256::from(6));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn simple_subtraction_can_be_resolved() {
+        // Arrange
+        let input = "4 2 -";
+
+        // Act
+        let resolved = resolve_calldata_item(input, &Default::default(), &MockResolver);
+
+        // Assert
+        let resolved = resolved.expect("Failed to resolve argument");
+        assert_eq!(resolved, U256::from(2));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn simple_multiplication_can_be_resolved() {
+        // Arrange
+        let input = "4 2 *";
+
+        // Act
+        let resolved = resolve_calldata_item(input, &Default::default(), &MockResolver);
+
+        // Assert
+        let resolved = resolved.expect("Failed to resolve argument");
+        assert_eq!(resolved, U256::from(8));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn simple_division_can_be_resolved() {
+        // Arrange
+        let input = "4 2 /";
+
+        // Act
+        let resolved = resolve_calldata_item(input, &Default::default(), &MockResolver);
+
+        // Assert
+        let resolved = resolved.expect("Failed to resolve argument");
+        assert_eq!(resolved, U256::from(2));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn arithmetic_errors_are_not_panics() {
+        // Arrange
+        let input = "4 0 /";
+
+        // Act
+        let resolved = resolve_calldata_item(input, &Default::default(), &MockResolver);
+
+        // Assert
+        assert!(resolved.is_err())
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn arithmetic_with_resolution_works() {
+        // Arrange
+        let input = "$BLOCK_NUMBER 10 +";
+
+        // Act
+        let resolved = resolve_calldata_item(input, &Default::default(), &MockResolver);
+
+        // Assert
+        let resolved = resolved.expect("Failed to resolve argument");
+        assert_eq!(
+            resolved,
+            U256::from(MockResolver.last_block_number().unwrap() + 10)
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn incorrect_number_of_arguments_errors() {
+        // Arrange
+        let input = "$BLOCK_NUMBER 10 + +";
+
+        // Act
+        let resolved = resolve_calldata_item(input, &Default::default(), &MockResolver);
+
+        // Assert
+        assert!(resolved.is_err())
+    }
 }

crates/format/src/lib.rs

@@ -3,6 +3,6 @@
 pub mod case;
 pub mod corpus;
 pub mod input;
-pub mod macros;
 pub mod metadata;
 pub mod mode;
+pub mod traits;

crates/format/src/metadata.rs

@@ -9,9 +9,10 @@ use std::{
 
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 
+use revive_dt_common::macros::define_wrapper_type;
+
 use crate::{
     case::Case,
-    define_wrapper_type,
     mode::{Mode, SolcMode},
 };
 
@@ -192,10 +193,10 @@ impl Metadata {
                 metadata.file_path = Some(path.to_path_buf());
                 metadata.contracts = Some(
                     [(
-                        ContractInstance::new_from("test"),
+                        ContractInstance::new("test"),
                         ContractPathAndIdentifier {
                             contract_source_path: path.to_path_buf(),
-                            contract_ident: ContractIdent::new_from("Test"),
+                            contract_ident: ContractIdent::new("Test"),
                         },
                     )]
                     .into(),
@@ -217,18 +218,22 @@ define_wrapper_type!(
     /// Represents a contract instance found a metadata file.
     ///
     /// Typically, this is used as the key to the "contracts" field of metadata files.
-    #[derive(Clone, Debug, Default, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, Hash, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+    #[derive(
+        Clone, Debug, Default, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, Hash, Serialize, Deserialize,
+    )]
     #[serde(transparent)]
-    ContractInstance(String);
+    pub struct ContractInstance(String);
 );
 
 define_wrapper_type!(
     /// Represents a contract identifier found a metadata file.
     ///
     /// A contract identifier is the name of the contract in the source code.
-    #[derive(Clone, Debug, Default, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, Hash, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+    #[derive(
+        Clone, Debug, Default, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, Hash, Serialize, Deserialize,
+    )]
     #[serde(transparent)]
-    ContractIdent(String);
+    pub struct ContractIdent(String);
 );
 
 /// Represents an identifier used for contracts.

crates/format/src/traits.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+use alloy::eips::BlockNumberOrTag;
+use alloy::primitives::{Address, BlockHash, BlockNumber, BlockTimestamp, ChainId, U256};
+use anyhow::Result;
+
+/// A trait of the interface are required to implement to be used by the resolution logic that this
+/// crate implements to go from string calldata and into the bytes calldata.
+pub trait ResolverApi {
+    /// Returns the ID of the chain that the node is on.
+    fn chain_id(&self) -> Result<ChainId>;
+
+    // TODO: This is currently a u128 due to Kitchensink needing more than 64 bits for its gas limit
+    // when we implement the changes to the gas we need to adjust this to be a u64.
+    /// Returns the gas limit of the specified block.
+    fn block_gas_limit(&self, number: BlockNumberOrTag) -> Result<u128>;
+
+    /// Returns the coinbase of the specified block.
+    fn block_coinbase(&self, number: BlockNumberOrTag) -> Result<Address>;
+
+    /// Returns the difficulty of the specified block.
+    fn block_difficulty(&self, number: BlockNumberOrTag) -> Result<U256>;
+
+    /// Returns the hash of the specified block.
+    fn block_hash(&self, number: BlockNumberOrTag) -> Result<BlockHash>;
+
+    /// Returns the timestamp of the specified block,
+    fn block_timestamp(&self, number: BlockNumberOrTag) -> Result<BlockTimestamp>;
+
+    /// Returns the number of the last block.
+    fn last_block_number(&self) -> Result<BlockNumber>;
+}

crates/node-interaction/Cargo.toml

@@ -11,7 +11,3 @@ rust-version.workspace = true
 [dependencies]
 alloy = { workspace = true }
 anyhow = { workspace = true }
-futures = { workspace = true }
-tracing = { workspace = true }
-once_cell = { workspace = true }
-tokio = { workspace = true }

crates/node-interaction/src/lib.rs

@@ -1,14 +1,9 @@
 //! This crate implements all node interactions.
 
-use alloy::eips::BlockNumberOrTag;
-use alloy::primitives::{Address, BlockHash, BlockNumber, BlockTimestamp, ChainId, U256};
 use alloy::rpc::types::trace::geth::{DiffMode, GethDebugTracingOptions, GethTrace};
 use alloy::rpc::types::{TransactionReceipt, TransactionRequest};
 use anyhow::Result;
 
-mod blocking_executor;
-pub use blocking_executor::*;
-
 /// An interface for all interactions with Ethereum compatible nodes.
 pub trait EthereumNode {
     /// Execute the [TransactionRequest] and return a [TransactionReceipt].
@@ -23,27 +18,4 @@ pub trait EthereumNode {
 
     /// Returns the state diff of the transaction hash in the [TransactionReceipt].
     fn state_diff(&self, receipt: &TransactionReceipt) -> Result<DiffMode>;
-
-    /// Returns the ID of the chain that the node is on.
-    fn chain_id(&self) -> Result<ChainId>;
-
-    // TODO: This is currently a u128 due to Kitchensink needing more than 64 bits for its gas limit
-    // when we implement the changes to the gas we need to adjust this to be a u64.
-    /// Returns the gas limit of the specified block.
-    fn block_gas_limit(&self, number: BlockNumberOrTag) -> Result<u128>;
-
-    /// Returns the coinbase of the specified block.
-    fn block_coinbase(&self, number: BlockNumberOrTag) -> Result<Address>;
-
-    /// Returns the difficulty of the specified block.
-    fn block_difficulty(&self, number: BlockNumberOrTag) -> Result<U256>;
-
-    /// Returns the hash of the specified block.
-    fn block_hash(&self, number: BlockNumberOrTag) -> Result<BlockHash>;
-
-    /// Returns the timestamp of the specified block,
-    fn block_timestamp(&self, number: BlockNumberOrTag) -> Result<BlockTimestamp>;
-
-    /// Returns the number of the last block.
-    fn last_block_number(&self) -> Result<BlockNumber>;
 }

crates/node/Cargo.toml

@@ -14,8 +14,10 @@ alloy = { workspace = true }
 tracing = { workspace = true }
 tokio = { workspace = true }
 
-revive-dt-node-interaction = { workspace = true }
+revive-dt-common = { workspace = true }
 revive-dt-config = { workspace = true }
+revive-dt-format = { workspace = true }
+revive-dt-node-interaction = { workspace = true }
 
 serde = { workspace = true }
 serde_json = { workspace = true }

crates/node/src/constants.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+/// This constant defines how much Wei accounts are pre-seeded with in genesis.
+///
+/// Note: After changing this number, check that the tests for kitchensink work as we encountered
+/// some issues with different values of the initial balance on Kitchensink.
+pub const INITIAL_BALANCE: u128 = 10u128.pow(37);

crates/node/src/geth.rs

@@ -25,11 +25,13 @@ use alloy::{
     },
     signers::local::PrivateKeySigner,
 };
+use revive_dt_common::concepts::BlockingExecutor;
 use revive_dt_config::Arguments;
-use revive_dt_node_interaction::{BlockingExecutor, EthereumNode};
+use revive_dt_format::traits::ResolverApi;
+use revive_dt_node_interaction::EthereumNode;
 use tracing::Level;
 
-use crate::{Node, common::FallbackGasFiller};
+use crate::{Node, common::FallbackGasFiller, constants::INITIAL_BALANCE};
 
 static NODE_COUNT: AtomicU32 = AtomicU32::new(0);
 
@@ -74,6 +76,8 @@ impl Instance {
     const GETH_STDOUT_LOG_FILE_NAME: &str = "node_stdout.log";
     const GETH_STDERR_LOG_FILE_NAME: &str = "node_stderr.log";
 
+    const TRANSACTION_INDEXING_ERROR: &str = "transaction indexing is in progress";
+
     /// Create the node directory and call `geth init` to configure the genesis.
     #[tracing::instrument(skip_all, fields(geth_node_id = self.id))]
     fn init(&mut self, genesis: String) -> anyhow::Result<&mut Self> {
@@ -84,10 +88,12 @@ impl Instance {
         for signer_address in
             <EthereumWallet as NetworkWallet<Ethereum>>::signer_addresses(&self.wallet)
         {
-            genesis.alloc.entry(signer_address).or_insert(
-                GenesisAccount::default()
-                    .with_balance(10000000000000000000000u128.try_into().unwrap()),
-            );
+            // Note, the use of the entry API here means that we only modify the entries for any
+            // account that is not in the `alloc` field of the genesis state.
+            genesis
+                .alloc
+                .entry(signer_address)
+                .or_insert(GenesisAccount::default().with_balance(U256::from(INITIAL_BALANCE)));
         }
         let genesis_path = self.base_directory.join(Self::GENESIS_JSON_FILE);
         serde_json::to_writer(File::create(&genesis_path)?, &genesis)?;
@@ -265,57 +271,45 @@ impl EthereumNode for Instance {
             // it eventually works, but we only do that if the error we get back is the "transaction
             // indexing is in progress" error or if the receipt is None.
             //
-            // At the moment we do not allow for the 60 seconds to be modified and we take it as
-            // being an implementation detail that's invisible to anything outside of this module.
-            //
-            // We allow a total of 60 retries for getting the receipt with one second between each
-            // retry and the next which means that we allow for a total of 60 seconds of waiting
-            // before we consider that we're unable to get the transaction receipt.
+            // Getting the transaction indexed and taking a receipt can take a long time especially
+            // when a lot of transactions are being submitted to the node. Thus, while initially we
+            // only allowed for 60 seconds of waiting with a 1 second delay in polling, we need to
+            // allow for a larger wait time. Therefore, in here we allow for 5 minutes of waiting
+            // with exponential backoff each time we attempt to get the receipt and find that it's
+            // not available.
             let mut retries = 0;
+            let mut total_wait_duration = Duration::from_secs(0);
+            let max_allowed_wait_duration = Duration::from_secs(5 * 60);
             loop {
+                if total_wait_duration >= max_allowed_wait_duration {
+                    tracing::error!(
+                        ?total_wait_duration,
+                        ?max_allowed_wait_duration,
+                        retry_count = retries,
+                        "Failed to get receipt after polling for it"
+                    );
+                    anyhow::bail!(
+                        "Polled for receipt for {total_wait_duration:?} but failed to get it"
+                    );
+                }
+
                 match provider.get_transaction_receipt(*transaction_hash).await {
-                    Ok(Some(receipt)) => {
-                        tracing::info!("Obtained the transaction receipt");
-                        break Ok(receipt);
-                    }
-                    Ok(None) => {
-                        if retries == 60 {
-                            tracing::error!(
-                                "Polled for transaction receipt for 60 seconds but failed to get it"
-                            );
-                            break Err(anyhow::anyhow!("Failed to get the transaction receipt"));
-                        } else {
-                            tracing::trace!(
-                                retries,
-                                "Sleeping for 1 second and trying to get the receipt again"
-                            );
-                            retries += 1;
-                            tokio::time::sleep(std::time::Duration::from_secs(1)).await;
-                            continue;
-                        }
-                    }
+                    Ok(Some(receipt)) => break Ok(receipt),
+                    Ok(None) => {}
                     Err(error) => {
                         let error_string = error.to_string();
-                        if error_string.contains("transaction indexing is in progress") {
-                            if retries == 60 {
-                                tracing::error!(
-                                    "Polled for transaction receipt for 60 seconds but failed to get it"
-                                );
-                                break Err(error.into());
-                            } else {
-                                tracing::trace!(
-                                    retries,
-                                    "Sleeping for 1 second and trying to get the receipt again"
-                                );
-                                retries += 1;
-                                tokio::time::sleep(std::time::Duration::from_secs(1)).await;
-                                continue;
-                            }
-                        } else {
+                        if !error_string.contains(Self::TRANSACTION_INDEXING_ERROR) {
                             break Err(error.into());
                         }
                     }
-                }
+                };
+
+                let next_wait_duration = Duration::from_secs(2u64.pow(retries))
+                    .min(max_allowed_wait_duration - total_wait_duration);
+                total_wait_duration += next_wait_duration;
+                retries += 1;
+
+                tokio::time::sleep(next_wait_duration).await;
             }
         })?
     }
@@ -351,7 +345,9 @@ impl EthereumNode for Instance {
             _ => anyhow::bail!("expected a diff mode trace"),
         }
     }
+}
 
+impl ResolverApi for Instance {
     #[tracing::instrument(skip_all, fields(geth_node_id = self.id))]
     fn chain_id(&self) -> anyhow::Result<alloy::primitives::ChainId> {
         let provider = self.provider();

crates/node/src/kitchensink.rs

@@ -30,16 +30,18 @@ use alloy::{
     },
     signers::local::PrivateKeySigner,
 };
+use revive_dt_format::traits::ResolverApi;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use serde_json::{Value as JsonValue, json};
 use sp_core::crypto::Ss58Codec;
 use sp_runtime::AccountId32;
 use tracing::Level;
 
+use revive_dt_common::concepts::BlockingExecutor;
 use revive_dt_config::Arguments;
-use revive_dt_node_interaction::{BlockingExecutor, EthereumNode};
+use revive_dt_node_interaction::EthereumNode;
 
-use crate::{Node, common::FallbackGasFiller};
+use crate::{Node, common::FallbackGasFiller, constants::INITIAL_BALANCE};
 
 static NODE_COUNT: AtomicU32 = AtomicU32::new(0);
 
@@ -131,10 +133,12 @@ impl KitchensinkNode {
             for signer_address in
                 <EthereumWallet as NetworkWallet<Ethereum>>::signer_addresses(&self.wallet)
             {
-                genesis.alloc.entry(signer_address).or_insert(
-                    GenesisAccount::default()
-                        .with_balance(10000000000000000000000u128.try_into().unwrap()),
-                );
+                // Note, the use of the entry API here means that we only modify the entries for any
+                // account that is not in the `alloc` field of the genesis state.
+                genesis
+                    .alloc
+                    .entry(signer_address)
+                    .or_insert(GenesisAccount::default().with_balance(U256::from(INITIAL_BALANCE)));
             }
             self.extract_balance_from_genesis_file(&genesis)?
         };
@@ -422,7 +426,9 @@ impl EthereumNode for KitchensinkNode {
             _ => anyhow::bail!("expected a diff mode trace"),
         }
     }
+}
 
+impl ResolverApi for KitchensinkNode {
     #[tracing::instrument(skip_all, fields(geth_node_id = self.id))]
     fn chain_id(&self) -> anyhow::Result<alloy::primitives::ChainId> {
         let provider = self.provider();

crates/node/src/lib.rs

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ use revive_dt_config::Arguments;
 use revive_dt_node_interaction::EthereumNode;
 
 pub mod common;
+pub mod constants;
 pub mod geth;
 pub mod kitchensink;
 pub mod pool;

genesis.json

@@ -33,9 +33,5 @@
     "mixhash": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
     "parentHash": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
     "timestamp": "0x00",
-    "alloc": {
-        "90F8bf6A479f320ead074411a4B0e7944Ea8c9C1": {
-            "balance": "10000000000000000000000"
-        }
-    }
+    "alloc": {}
 }