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The revive compiler documentation (#424)

Browse Source 
This PR adds comprehensive project documentation in the form of an
mdBook.

---------

Signed-off-by: xermicus <cyrill@parity.io>
Signed-off-by: Cyrill Leutwiler <bigcyrill@hotmail.com>
Co-authored-by: LJ <81748770+elle-j@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: PG Herveou <pgherveou@gmail.com>
This commit is contained in:
xermicus
2025-12-01 14:58:02 +01:00
committed by GitHub
parent 94b14b079b
commit e7e40a0ded
87 changed files with 14012 additions and 43 deletions
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.github/workflows/book.yml
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name: Check docs up-to-date
on:
push:
branches: ["main"]
paths:
- 'book/**'
- 'docs/**'
- '.gitignore'
- 'Makefile'
- '.github/workflows/book.yml'
pull_request:
branches: ["main"]
types: [opened, synchronize]
paths:
- 'book/**'
- 'docs/**'
- '.gitignore'
- 'Makefile'
- '.github/workflows/book.yml'
jobs:
check-docs:
runs-on: ubuntu-latest
steps:
- uses: actions/checkout@v4
with: { fetch-depth: 0 }
- name: Install mdBook
run: make test-book
- name: Build book to tmp
run: mdbook build book -d docs-tmp
- name: Compare with committed docs
run: |
if ! diff -r docs-tmp docs 2>/dev/null; then
echo "docs/ is not up-to-date. Run make test-book and commit the docs/ directory"
exit 1
fi
.gitignore
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playwright-report
.cache
emsdk
docs-tmp
.ignore
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# This is no longer in .gitignore; we add it here (honored by tools like rg and fd).
llvm/
docs/
CHANGELOG.md
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Supported `polkadot-sdk` rev: `2509.0.0`
### Added
- The comprehensive revive compiler book documentation page: https://paritytech.github.io/revive/
### Changed
- Instruct the LLVM backend and linker to `--relax` (may lead to smaller contract code size).
- Standard JSON mode: Don't forward EVM bytecode related output selections to solc.
Makefile
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format \
clippy \
doc \
book \
machete \
test \
test-integration \
@@ -18,6 +19,7 @@
test-workspace \
test-wasm \
test-llvm-builder \
test-book \
bench \
bench-pvm \
bench-evm \
@@ -59,11 +61,14 @@ clippy:
doc:
cargo doc --all-features --workspace --document-private-items --no-deps
book: test-book
mdbook serve book --open
machete:
cargo install cargo-machete
cargo machete
test: format clippy machete test-workspace install-revive-runner install-revive-explorer doc
test: format clippy machete test-workspace install-revive-runner install-revive-explorer doc test-book
test-integration: install-bin
cargo test --package revive-integration
@@ -84,6 +89,11 @@ test-llvm-builder:
@echo "warning: the llvm-builder tests will take many hours"
cargo test --package revive-llvm-builder -- --test-threads=1
test-book:
cargo install mdbook --version 0.5.1 --locked
mdbook test book
mdbook build book
bench: install-bin
cargo criterion --all --all-features --message-format=json \
| criterion-table > crates/benchmarks/BENCHMARKS.md
@@ -113,3 +123,4 @@ clean:
rm -rf crates/resolc/src/tests/cli/artifacts ; \
cargo uninstall resolc ; \
cargo uninstall revive-llvm-builder ;
mdbook clean book
README.md
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![CI](https://github.com/paritytech/revive/actions/workflows/test.yml/badge.svg)
[![Docs](https://img.shields.io/badge/Docs-contracts.polkadot.io-brightgreen.svg)](https://contracts.polkadot.io/revive_compiler/)
[![Docs](https://img.shields.io/badge/paritytech.github.io/revive-brightgreen.svg)](https://paritytech.github.io/revive/)
# revive
YUL recompiler to LLVM, targetting RISC-V on [PolkaVM](https://github.com/koute/polkavm).
Yul recompiler to LLVM, targetting RISC-V on [PolkaVM](https://github.com/koute/polkavm).
Visit [contracts.polkadot.io](https://contracts.polkadot.io) to learn more about contracts on Polkadot!
Check the [docs](https://paritytech.github.io/revive/) or visit [contracts.polkadot.io](https://docs.polkadot.com/develop/smart-contracts/) to learn more about `revive` and contracts on Polkadot!
## Status
@@ -14,11 +14,13 @@ This is experimental software in active development and not ready just yet for p
Discussion around the development is hosted on the [Polkadot Forum](https://forum.polkadot.network/t/contracts-update-solidity-on-polkavm/6949#a-new-solidity-compiler-1).
## Installation
Building Solidity contracts for PolkaVM requires installing the following two compilers:
- `resolc`: The revive Solidity compiler YUL frontend and PolkaVM code generator (provided by this repository).
- `resolc`: The revive Solidity compiler Yul frontend and PolkaVM code generator (provided by this repository).
- `solc`: The [Ethereum Solidity reference compiler](https://github.com/ethereum/solidity/) implemenation.`resolc` uses `solc` during the compilation process, please refer to the [Ethereum Solidity documentation](https://docs.soliditylang.org/en/latest/installing-solidity.html) for installation instructions.
### `resolc` binary releases
`resolc` is distributed as a standalone binary (with `solc` as the only external dependency). Please download one of our [binary releases](https://github.com/paritytech/revive/releases) for your target platform and mind the platform specific instructions below.
<details>
@@ -44,6 +46,7 @@ Building Solidity contracts for PolkaVM requires installing the following two co
### `resolc` NPM package
We distribute the revive compiler as [node.js module](https://www.npmjs.com/package/@parity/resolc) and [hardhat plugin](https://www.npmjs.com/package/@parity/hardhat-polkadot-resolc).
Note: The `solc` dependency is bundled via NPM packaging and defaults to the latest supported version.
@@ -96,47 +99,10 @@ make install-bin
resolc --version
```
### Cross-compilation to Wasm
Cross-compile the `resolc.js` frontend executable to Wasm for running it in a Node.js or browser environment. The `REVIVE_LLVM_TARGET_PREFIX` environment variable is used to control the target environment LLVM dependency.
<details>
<summary>Instructions for cross-compilation to wasm32-unknown-emscripten</summary>
```sh
# Build the host LLVM dependency with PolkaVM target support
make install-llvm
export LLVM_SYS_181_PREFIX=${PWD}/target-llvm/gnu/target-final
# Build the target LLVM dependency with PolkaVM target support
revive-llvm --target-env emscripten clone
source emsdk/emsdk_env.sh
revive-llvm --target-env emscripten build --llvm-projects lld
export REVIVE_LLVM_TARGET_PREFIX=${PWD}/target-llvm/emscripten/target-final
# Build the resolc frontend executable
make install-wasm
make test-wasm
```
</details>
## Development
Please consult the [Makefile](Makefile) targets to learn how to run tests and benchmarks.
Ensure that your branch passes `make test` locally when submitting a pull request.
Please consult the [Developer Guide](https://paritytech.github.io/revive/developer_guide/contributing.html) to learn more about how contribute to the project.
### Design overview
See the [relevant section in our documentation](https://contracts.polkadot.io/revive_compiler/architecture) to learn more about how the compiler works.
### Tests
Before running the tests, ensure that Geth (Go Ethereum) is installed on your system. Follow the installation guide here: [Installing Geth](https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/getting-started/installing-geth).
Once Geth is installed, you can run the tests using the following command:
```sh
make test
```
# Acknowledgements
The revive compiler project, after some early experiments with EVM bytecode translations, decided to fork the `era-compiler` framework.
book/.gitignore
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book
book/book.toml
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[book]
title = "revive compiler book"
authors = ["xermicus"]
language = "en"
[build]
build-dir = "../docs"
book/src/SUMMARY.md
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# Summary
- [Welcome](./welcome.md)
- [`resolc` user guide](./user_guide.md)
- [Installation](./user_guide/installation.md)
- [Command Line Interface](./user_guide/cli.md)
- [JS NPM package](./user_guide/js.md)
- [Tooling integration](./user_guide/tooling.md)
- [Standard JSON interface](./user_guide/std_json.md)
- [Differences to EVM](./user_guide/differences.md)
- [Rust contract libraries](./user_guide/rust_libraries.md)
- [`revive-runner` sandbox](./revive_runner.md)
- [Developer Guide](./developer_guide.md)
- [Contributor guide](./developer_guide/contributing.md)
- [Compiler architecture](./developer_guide/architecture.md)
- [PVM and the pallet-revive runtime target](./developer_guide/target.md)
- [Testing strategy](./developer_guide/testing.md)
- [Cross compilation](./developer_guide/cross_compilation.md)
- [FAQ](./faq.md)
- [Roadmap and Vision](./roadmap.md)
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# Developer guide
This chapter covers internal aspects of the compiler and helps contributors getting started with the `revive` codebase.
book/src/developer_guide/architecture.md
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# Compiler architecture and internals
`revive` relies on `solc`, the [Ethereum Solidity compiler](https://github.com/argotorg/solidity), as the Solidity frontend to process smart contracts written in Solidity. [LLVM](https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project), a popular and powerful compiler framework, is used as the compiler backend and does the heavy lifting in terms of optimizitations and RISC-V code generation.
`revive` mainly takes care of lowering the Yul intermediate representation (IR) produced by `solc` to LLVM IR. This approach provides a good balance between maintaining a high level of Ethereum compatibility, good contract performance and feasible engineering efforts.
## `resolc`
`resolc` is the overarching compiler driver library and binary.
When compiling a Solidity source file with `resolc`, the following steps happen under the hood:
1. `solc` is used to lower the Solidity source code into [YUL intermediate representation](https://docs.soliditylang.org/en/latest/yul.html).
2. `revive` lowers the YUL IR into LLVM IR.
3. LLVM optimizes the code and emits a RISC-V ELF shared object (through LLD).
4. The [PolkaVM](https://github.com/paritytech/polkavm) linker finally links the ELF shared object into a PolkaVM blob.
This compilation process can be visualized as follows:
![Architecture Overview](images/resolc.svg)
## Reproducible contract builds
Because on-chain contract code is identified via its code blob hash, it is crucial to maintain reproducible contract builds. A given compiler version must reproduce the contract build _exactly_ on every target platform `resolc` supports via the official binary releases.
To ensure this, we employ the following measures:
- The code generation must be fully deterministic. For example iterating over standard `HashMap` invalidates this due to its internal state, making it an invalid operation in `revive`. To circumvent that, a `BTreeMap` can be used instead.
- We release fully statically linked `resolc` binaries. This prevents dynamic linking of potentially differentiating libraries.
- The only non-bundled dependency is the `solc` compiler. This is considered fine because the same properties apply to `solc`.
## The `revive` compiler libraries
The main compiler logic is implemented in the `revive-yul` and `revive-llvm-context` crates.
The Yul library implements a lexer and parser and lowers the resulting tree into LLVM IR. It does so by emitting LL using the LLVM builder and our own `revive-llvm-context` compiler context crate. The revive LLVM context crate encapsulates code generation logic (decoupled from the parser).
The Yul library also implements a simple [visitor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visitor_pattern) interface (see [visitor.rs](https://github.com/paritytech/revive/blob/main/crates/yul/src/visitor.rs)). If you want to work with the AST, it is strongly recommended to implement visitors. The LLVM code generation is implemented using a dedicated trait for historical reasons only.
## EVM heap memory
PVM doesn't offer a similar API. Hence the emitted contract code emulates the linear EVM heap memory using a static byte buffer. Data inside this byte buffer is kept big endian for EVM compatibility reasons (unaligned access is allowed and makes optimizing this non-trivial).
Unlike with the EVM, where heap memory usage is gas metered, our heap size is static (the size is user controllable via a setting flag). The compiler emits bound checks to prevent overflows.
## The LLVM dependency
LLVM is a special non Rust dependency. We interface its builder interface via the [inkwell](https://crates.io/crates/inkwell) wrapper crate.
We use upstream LLVM, but release and use our custom builds. We require the compiler builtins specifically built for the PVM rv64e target and always leave assertions on. Furthermore, we need cross builds because `resolc` itself targets emscripten and musl. The [revive-llvm-builer](https://crates.io/crates/revive-llvm-builder) functions as a cross-platform build script and is used to build and release the LLVM dependency.
We also maintain the [lld-sys crate](https://crates.io/crates/lld-sys) for interfacing with `LLD`. The LLVM linker is used during the compilation process, but we don't want to distribute another binary.
## Custom optimizations
At the moment, no significant custom optimizations are implemented. Thus, we are missing some optimization opportunities that neither `solc` nor LLVM can realize (due to their lack of domain specific knowledge about the semantics of our target environment). Furthermore, `solc` optimizes for EVM gas and a target machine orthogonal to our target (BE 256-bit stack machine EVM vs. 64-bit LE RISC architecture PVM). We have started working on an additional IR layer between Yul and LLVM to capture missed optimization opportunities, though.
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# Contributor guide
The `revive` compiler is an open source software project and we gladly accept quality contributions from anyone!
## Getting started
A quick reference on how to build the Solidity compiler is maintained in the project's [README.md](https://github.com/paritytech/revive?tab=readme-ov-file#building-from-source).
### Using the `Makefile`
The [Makefile](https://github.com/paritytech/revive/blob/main/Makefile) comprehensively encapsulates all development aspects of this codebase. It is kept concise and readable. Please read and use it! You'll learn for example:
- How to build and install a `resolc` development version.
- How to run tests and benchmarks.
- How to cross-compile `resolc`.
As a general rule-of-thumb: If `make test` runs fine locally, chances for green CI pipelines are good.
### Codebase organization
For the most parts, `revive` is a rather standard Rust workspace codebase. There are some non-Rust dependencies, which sometimes complicates things a little bit.
#### The `crates/` dir
All Rust crates live under the `crates/` directory. The workspace automatically considers any crate found therein. If you need to add a new create, please implement it there.
Compiler library crates should be named with the `revive-` prefix. The crate location doesn't need the prefix.
#### Dependencies
Dependencies should be added as workspace dependencies. Try to avoid pinning dependencies whenever possible. If possible, add dev dependencies as `dev-dependencies` only.
Please do always include the `Cargo.lock` dependency lock file with your PR. Please don't run `cargo update` together with other changes (it is preferred to update the lock file in a dedicated dependency update PR).
## Contribution rules
1. Changes must be submitted via a pull request (PR) to the github upstream repository.
2. Ensure that your branch passes `make test` locally when submitting a pull request.
3. A PR must not be merged until CI fully passes. Exceptions can be made (for example to fix CI issues itself).
4. No force pushes to the `main` branch and open PR branches.
5. Maintainers can request changes or deny contributions at their own discretion.
## Style guide
We require the official Rust formatter and clippy linter. In addition to that, please also consider the following best-effort aspects:
- Avoid [magic numbers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_number_(programming)) and strings. Instead, add them as module constants.
- Avoid abbreviated variable and function names. Always provide meaningful and readable symbols.
- Don't write macros and don't use third party macros for things that can easily be expressed in few lines of code or outlined into functions.
- Avoid import aliasing. Please use the parent or fully qualified path for conflicting symbols.
- Any inline comments must provide additional semantic meaning, explain counter-intuitive behavior or highlight non-obvious design decisions. In other words, try to make the code expressive enough to a degree it doesn't need comments expressing the same thing again in the English language. Delete such comments if your AI assistant generated them.
- Public items must have a meaningful doc comment.
- Provide meaningful panic messages to `.expect()` or just use `.unwrap()`.
## AI policy
Contributors may use whatever AI assistance tools they wish to whatever degree they wish in the process of creating their contribution, __given they acknowledge the following__:
_Project maintainers may reject any contribution (or portions of it) if the contribution shows signs of problematic involvement of generative AI_.
Judgement of "problematic involvement" lies at the sole discretion of project maintainers. No proof (whether a contribution was in fact AI generated or not) is required. Rationale:
- No one enjoys reading soulless and uncanny LLM slop. Please review and fix any AI slop yourself prior to submitting a PR.
- A Solidity compiler is security sensitive software. Even miniscule mistakes can ultimately lead to loss of funds. AI models are inherently stochastic. They regurarly fail to capture important nuances or produce straight hallucinations. Code that was "blindly" generated has no home here.
- `revive` is a large codebase. Generative AI assistants may not have enough "context window" to sufficiently capture correctness, consistency and style aspects of the codebase. We'd like to keep this codebase maintainable _by humans_ for the forseeable future.
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# Cross compilation
We cross-compile the `resolc.js` frontend executable to Wasm for running it in a Node.js or browser environment.
The [musl](https://www.musl-libc.org/) target is used to obtain statically linked ELF binaries for Linux.
## Wasm via emscripten
The `REVIVE_LLVM_TARGET_PREFIX` environment variable is used to control the target environment LLVM dependency. This requires a compatible LLVM build, obtainable via the `revive-llvm` build script. Example:
```sh
# Build the host LLVM dependency with PolkaVM target support
make install-llvm
export LLVM_SYS_181_PREFIX=${PWD}/target-llvm/gnu/target-final
# Build the target LLVM dependency with PolkaVM target support
revive-llvm emsdk
source emsdk/emsdk_env.sh
revive-llvm --target-env emscripten build --llvm-projects lld
export REVIVE_LLVM_TARGET_PREFIX=${PWD}/target-llvm/emscripten/target-final
# Build the resolc frontend executable
make install-wasm
make test-wasm
```
## musl libc
[rust-musl-cross](https://github.com/rust-cross/rust-musl-cross) is a straightforward way to cross compile Rust to musl. The [Dockerfile](https://github.com/paritytech/revive/blob/main/Dockerfile) is an executable example of how to do that.
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# PVM and the pallet-revive runtime target
The `revive` compiler targets [PolkaVM (PVM)](https://github.com/paritytech/polkavm) via [pallet-revive](https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk/tree/master/substrate/frame/revive) on Polkadot.
## Target CPU configuration
The exact target CPU configuration can be found [here](https://github.com/paritytech/revive/blob/8cd10a613625428956eb33c39c9022a91bfbf103/crates/llvm-context/src/target_machine/mod.rs#L22-L32).
> [!NOTE]
>
> The PVM linker requires fully relocatable ELF objects.
## Why PVM
PVM is a RISC-V based VM designed to overcome the flaws of [WebAssebmly (Wasm)](https://webassembly.org/). Wasm was believed to be a more efficient successor to the rather slow EVM. However, Wasm is far from an ideal target for smart contracts as some of its design decisions are unfavorable for short-lived workloads. The main problem is on-chain Wasm bytecode compilation or interpretation overhead. Prior benchmarks consistently ignoring this overhead seeded the blockchain industry with flawed assumptions: _Only when ignoring the startup overhead_ Wasm is much faster than the slow computing EVM. In practice however, gains are nullified entirely and Wasm loses completely even against very slow VMs like the EVM. Executing Wasm contracts is in fact so inefficient that typical contract workloads are _orders of magnitude_ more expensive than the equivalent EVM variant.
On the other hand, since RISC-V is similar to CPUs found in validator hardware (x86 and ARM), bytecode translation mostly boils down to a linear mapping from one instruction to another. The _embedded_ ISA specification reduces the number of general purpose registers, in turn removing the need for expensive register allocation. This guarantees single-pass `O(n)` JIT compilation of contract bytecode. The close proximity of PVM bytecode with actual validator CPU bytecode effectively allows to move all expensive compilation workload off-chain. Benchmarks ([1](https://hackmd.io/@XXX9CM1uSSCWVNFRYaSB5g/HJarTUhJA#Results-execute), [2](https://github.com/paritytech/polkavm/blob/master/BENCHMARKS.md)) show that with the PVM JIT, sandboxed PVM code executes at around half the speed of native code, which falls into the same ballpark of the state-of-the-art `wasmtime` Wasm implementation (while EVM sits somewhere around 1/10 to less than 1/100 of native speed). However, the PVM JIT compiler only uses a fraction of the time `wasmtime` requires to compile the code.
> [!NOTE]
>
> The PVM JIT isn't available yet in `pallet-revive`. At the time of writing, the contract code is interpreted, which is orders of magnitude slower than the JIT.
## Host environment: `pallet-revive`
The `revive` compiler targets the [`pallet-revive` runtime environment](https://docs.rs/pallet-revive/).
`pallet-revive` exposes a [syscall like interface](https://docs.rs/pallet-revive/latest/pallet_revive/trait.SyscallDoc.html) for contract interactions with the host environment. This is provided by the [revive-runtime-api](https://crates.io/crates/revive-runtime-api) library.
After the initial launch on the Polkadot Asset Hub blockchain, the runtime API is considered stable and backwards compatible indefinitively.
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# Testing strategy
Contributors are encouraged to implement some appropriate unit and integration tests together with any bug fixes or new feature implementations. However, when it comes to testing the code generation logic, our testing strategy goes way beyond simple unit and integration tests. This chapter explains how the `revive` compiler implementation is tested for correctness and how we define correctness.
> [!TIP]
>
> Running the integration tests require the `evm` tool from `go-ethereum` in your `$PATH`.
>
> Either install it using your package manager or to build it from source:
> ```bash
> git clone https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/
> cd go-ethereum
> make all
> export PATH=/path/to/go-ethereum/build/bin/:$PATH
> ```
## Bug compatibility with Ethereum Solidity
As a Solidity compiler, we aim to preserve contract code semantics as close as possible to Solidity compiled to EVM with the `solc` reference implementation. As highlighted in the user guide, due to the underlying target difference, this isn't always possible. However, wherever it is possible, we follow the philosophy of [**bug compatibility**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bug_compatibility) with the Ethereum contracts stack.
## Differential integration tests
A high level of bug compatibility with Ethereum is ensured through [**differential testing**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_testing) with the Ethereum `solc` and EVM contracts stack. The [revive-integration](https://crates.io/crates/revive-integration) library is the central integration test utility, providing a set of Solidity integration test cases. Further, it implements differential tests against the reference implementation by combining the [revive-runner](https://crates.io/crates/revive-runner) sandbox, the [go-ethereum EVM tool](https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/tree/master/cmd/evm) and the [revive-differential](https://crates.io/crates/revive-differential).
The `revive-runner` library provides a [**declarative**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declarative_programming) test [specification format](https://github.com/paritytech/revive/blob/main/crates/runner/src/specs.rs). This vastly simplifies writing differential test cases and removes a lot of room for errors in test logic. Example:
```json
{
"differential": true,
"actions": [
{
"Instantiate": {
"code": {
"Solidity": {
"contract": "Bitwise"
}
}
}
},
{
"Call": {
"dest": {
"Instantiated": 0
},
"data": "3fa4f245"
}
}
]
}
```
Above example instantiates the `Bitwise` contract and calls it with some defined calldata. The `revive-runner` library implements a helper wrapper to execute test specs on the go-ethereum standalone `evm` tool. This allows the `revive-runner` to execute specs against the EVM and the `pallet-revive` runtime. Key to differential testing is setting `"differential": true`, resulting in the following:
1. The `Bitwise` contract is compiled to EVM and PVM code.
2. The runner executes the defined `actions` on the EVM and collects all state changes (storage, balance) and execution results.
3. The runner executes each action on the PVM. Observed state changes _after each step_ as well as the final execution result is asserted to match the EVM counterparts __exactly__.
__Note how we never defined any expected outcome manually.__ Instead, we simply observe and collect the data defining the "correct" outcome.
Differential testing in combination with declarative test specifications proved to be simple, yet very effective, in ensuring expected Ethereum Solidity semantics on `pallet-revive`.
## The differential testing utility
A lot of nuanced bugs caused by tiny implementation details inside the `revive` compiler _and_ the `pallet-revive` runtime could be identified and eliminated early on thanks to the differential testing strategy. Thus, we decided to take this approach further and created a comprehensive test runner and a large suite of more complex test cases.
The [Revive Differential Tests](https://github.com/paritytech/revive-differential-tests/) follow the exact same strategy but implement a much more powerful test spec format, spec runner and reports. This allows differentially testing much more complex test cases (for example testing Uniswap pair creations and swaps), executed via transactions sent to actual blockchain nodes.
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# FAQ
## What EVM version do you support?
We neither do nor don't support any EVM version. We support Solidity versions, starting from `solc` version 0.8.0 onwards.
## Is inline assembly supported
Yes, almost all inline assembly features are supported ([see the differences in Yul translation chapter](user_guide/differences.md)).
## Do you support opcode `XY`?
See above, the same applies.
## In what Solidity version should I write my dApp?
We generally recommend to always use the latest supported version to profit from latest bugfixes, features and performance improvements.
Find out about the latest supported version by running `resolc --supported-solc-versions` or checking [here](https://github.com/paritytech/resolc-bin).
## Tool `XY` says the contract size is larger than 24kb and will fail to deploy?
The 24kb code size restriction only exist for the EVM. Our limit is currently around 1mb and may increase further in the future.
## Is `resolc` a drop-in replacement for `solc`?
No. `resolc` aims to work similarly to `solc`, but it's not considered a drop-in replacement.
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# `revive-runner` sandbox
Running contract code usually requires a blockchain node. While local dev nodes can be used, sometimes it's just not desirable to do so. Instead, it can be much more convenient to run and debug contract code with a stripped down environment.
This is where the `revive-runner` comes in handy. In a nutshell, it is a single-binary no-blockchain `pallet-revive` runtime.
## Installation and usage
Inside the root `revive` repository directory, install it from source (requires Rust installed):
```bash
make install-revive-runner
```
After installing, see `revive-runner --help` for usage help.
## Trace logs
The standard `RUST_LOG` environment variable controls the log output from the contract execution. This includes `revive` runtime logs and PVM execution trace logs. Sometimes it's convenient to have more fine granular insight. Some useful filters:
- `RUST_LOG=runtime=trace`: The `pallet-revive` runtime trace logs.
- `RUST_LOG=polkavm=trace`: Low level PolkaVM instruction tracing.
## Automatic contract instantiation
To avoid running the constract in an unitialized state, `revive-runner` automatically instantiates the contract before calling it (constructor arguments can be provided).
## Example
Suppose we want to trace the syscalls of the execution of a compiled contract file `Flipper.pvm`:
```bash
RUST_LOG=runtime=trace revive-runner -f Flipper.pvm
[DEBUG runtime::revive] Contract memory usage: purgable=6144/3145728 KB baseline=103063/1572864
[TRACE runtime::revive::strace] call_data_size() = Ok(0) gas_consumed: Weight { ref_time: 985209, proof_size: 0 }
[TRACE runtime::revive::strace] value_transferred(out_ptr: 4294836096) = Ok(()) gas_consumed: Weight { ref_time: 2937634, proof_size: 0 }
[TRACE runtime::revive::strace] call_data_copy(out_ptr: 131216, out_len: 0, offset: 0) = Ok(()) gas_consumed: Weight { ref_time: 4084483, proof_size: 0 }
[TRACE runtime::revive::strace] seal_return(flags: 0, data_ptr: 131216, data_len: 0) = Err(TrapReason::Return(ReturnData { flags: 0, data: [] })) gas_consumed: Weight { ref_time: 5510615, proof_size: 0 }
[TRACE runtime::revive] frame finished with: Ok(ExecReturnValue { flags: (empty), data: [] })
[TRACE runtime::revive::strace] call_data_size() = Ok(0) gas_consumed: Weight { ref_time: 985209, proof_size: 0 }
[TRACE runtime::revive::strace] seal_return(flags: 1, data_ptr: 131088, data_len: 0) = Err(TrapReason::Return(ReturnData { flags: 1, data: [] })) gas_consumed: Weight { ref_time: 2456669, proof_size: 0 }
[TRACE runtime::revive] frame finished with: Ok(ExecReturnValue { flags: REVERT, data: [] })
```
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# Roadmap and Vision
The `revive` compiler speeds up Solidity contracts by orders of magnitude. `revive` provides a decisive edge over other contract platforms. Notably, the compiler eliminates the need of rewriting Solidity dApps as single dApp parachains for scaling reasons. Retaining as high compatibility with Ethereum Solidity as possible keeps entry barriers low.
We believe in Dr. Gavin Wood's [ĐApps: What Web 3.0 Looks Like](https://gavwood.com/dappsweb3.html) manifesto and the ecosystem of the Solidity programming language. Our motivation lies in the realization that for a _true_ web3 revolution, significant scaling efforts, like the ones provided by the PVM and this project, are necessary to unfold.
## Roadmap
The first major release, `resolc` v1.0.0, emits functional PVM code from given Solidity sources. It relies on `solc` and LLVM for optimizations. The main priority of this release was delivering a mostly feature complete and safe Solidity v0.8.0 compiler.
Focus for the second major release is on the custom optimization pipeline, which aims to significantly improve emitted code blob sizes.
The below roadmap gives a rough overview of the project's development timeline.
![Roadmap](images/roadmap.svg)
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# `resolc` user guide
`resolc` is a Solidity `v0.8` compiler for [Polkadot `native` smart contracts](https://docs.polkadot.com/develop/smart-contracts/overview/#native-smart-contracts). Solidity compiled with `resolc` executes orders of magnitude faster than the EVM. `resolc` also supports almost all Solidity `v0.8` features including inline assembly, offering a high level of comptability with the Ethereum Solidity reference implementation.
## `revive` vs. `resolc` nomenclature
`revive` is the name of the overarching "Solidity to PolkaVM" compiler project, which contains multiple components (for example the Yul parser, the code generation library, the `resolc` executable itself, and many more things).
`resolc` is the name of the compiler driver executable, combining many `revive` components in a single and easy to use binary application.
In other words, `revive` is the whole compiler infrastructure (more like `LLVM`) and `resolc` is a user-facing single-entrypoint compiler frontend (more like `clang`).
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# CLI usage
We aim to keep the `resolc` CLI usage close to `solc`. There are a few things and options worthwhile to know about in `resolc` which do not exist in the Ethereum world. This chapter explains those in more detail than the CLI help message.
> [!TIP]
>
> For the complete help about CLI options, please see `resolc --help`.
### LLVM optimization levels
```bash
-O, --optimization <OPTIMIZATION>
```
`resolc` exposes the optimization level setting for the LLVM backend. The performance and size of compiled contracts varies wiedly between different optimization levels.
Valid levels are the following:
- `0`: No optimizations are applied.
- `1`: Basic optimizations for execution time.
- `2`: Advanced optimizations for execution time.
- `3`: Aggressive optimizations for execution time.
- `s`: Optimize for code size.
- `z`: Aggressively optimize for code size.
By default, `-O3` is applied.
### Stack size
```bash
--stack-size <STACK_SIZE>
```
PVM is a register machine with a traditional stack memory space for local variables. This controls the total amount of stack space the contract can use.
You are incentivized to keep this value as small as possible:
1. Increasing the stack size will increase startup costs.
2. The stack size contributes to the total memory size a contract can use, which includes the contract's code size.
Default value: 32768
> [!WARNING]
>
> If the contract uses more stack memory than configured, it will compile fine but eventually revert execution at runtime!
### Heap size
```bash
--heap-size <HEAP_SIZE>
```
Unlike the EVM, due to the lack of dynamic memory metering, PVM contracts emulate the EVM heap memory with a static buffer. Consequentially, instead of infinite memory with exponentially growing gas costs, PVM contracts have a finite amount of memory with constant gas costs available.
You are incentivized to keep this value as small as possible:
1.Increasing the heap size will increase startup costs.
2.The heap size contributes to the total memory size a contract can use, which includes the contract's code size
Default value: 65536
> [!WARNING]
>
> If the contract uses more heap memory than configured, it will compile fine but eventually revert execution at runtime!
### solc
```bash
--solc <SOLC>
```
Specify the path to the `solc` executable. By default, the one in `${PATH}` is used.
### Debug artifacts
```bash
--debug-output-dir <DEBUG_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY>
```
Dump all intermediary compiler artifacts to files in the specified directory. This includes the YUL IR, optimized and unoptimized LLVM IR, the ELF object and the PVM assembly. Useful for debugging and development purposes.
### Debug info
```bash
-g
```
Generate source based debug information in the output code file. Useful for debugging and development purposes and disabled by default.
### Deploy time linking
```bash
--link [--libraries <LIBRARIES>] <INPUT_FILES>
```
In Solidity, 3 things can happen with libraries:
1. They are not `extern`ally callable and thus can be inlined.
1. The solc Solidity optimizer inlines those (usually the case). Note: `resolc` always activates the solc Solidity optimizer.
2. If the solc Solidity optimizer is disabled or for some reason fails to inline them (both rare), they are not inlined and require linking.
2. They are `extern`ally callable but still linked at compile time. This is the case if at compile time the library address is known (i.e. `--libraries` supplied in CLI or the corresponding setting in STD JSON input).
3. They are linked at deploy time. This happens when the compiler does not know the library address (i.e. `--libraries` flag is missing or the provided libraries are incomplete, same for STD JSON input). This case is rare because it's discourage and should never be used by production dApps.
In cases `1.2` and `3`:
- Some of the produced code blobs will be in the "unlinked" raw `ELF` object format and not yet deployable.
- To make them deployable, they need to be "linked" (done using the `resolc --link` linker mode explained below).
- The compiler emitted `DELEGATECALL` instructions to call non-inlined (unlinked) libraries. The contract deployer must make sure to deploy any libraries prior to contract deployment.
> [!WARNING]
>
> Using deploy time linking is officially **discouraged**. Mainly due to bytecode hashes changing after the fact. We decided to support it in `resolc` regardless, due to popular request.
Similar to how it works in `solc`, `--libraries` may be used to provide libraries during linking mode.
Unlike with `solc`, where linking implies a simple string substitution mechanism, `resolc` needs to resolve actual missing `ELF` symbols. This is due to how factory dependencies work in PVM. As a consequence, it isn't sufficient to just provide the unlinked blobs to the linker. Instead, they must be provided in the exact same directory structure the Solidity source code was found during compile time.
Example:
- The contract `src/foo/bar.sol:Bar` is involved in deploy time linking. It may be a factory dependency.
- The contract blob needs to be provided inside a relative `src/foo/` directory to `--link`. Otherwise symbol resolution may fail.
> [!NOTE]
>
> Tooling is supposed to take care of this. In the future, we may append explicit linkage data to simplify the deploy time linking feature.
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# Differences to EVM
This section highlights some potentially observable differences in the [YUL EVM dialect](https://docs.soliditylang.org/en/latest/yul.html#evm-dialect) translation compared to Ethereum Solidity.
Solidity developers deploying dApps to [`pallet-revive`](https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk/tree/master/substrate/frame/revive) ought to read and understand this section well.
## Deploy code vs. runtime code
Our contract runtime does not differentiate between runtime code and deploy (constructor) code.
Instead, both are emitted into a single PVM contract code blob and live on-chain.
Therefore, in EVM terminology, the deploy code equals the runtime code.
> [!TIP]
>
> In constructor code, the `codesize` instruction will return the call data size instead of the actual code blob size.
## Solidity
We are aware of the following differences in the translation of Solidity code.
### `address.creationCode`
This returns the bytecode keccak256 hash instead.
## YUL functions
The below list contains noteworthy differences in the translation of YUL functions.
> [!NOTE]
>
> Many functions receive memory buffer offset pointer or size arguments. Since the PVM pointer size is 32 bit, supplying memory offset or buffer size values above `2^32-1` will trap the contract immediately.
The `solc` compiler ought to always emit valid memory references, so Solidity dApp authors don't need to worry about this unless they deal with low level `assembly` code.
### `mload`, `mstore`, `msize`, `mcopy` (memory related functions)
In general, revive preserves the memory layout, meaning low level memory operations are supported. However, a few caveats apply:
- The EVM linear heap memory is emulated using a fixed byte buffer of 64kb. This implies that the maximum memory a contract can use is limited to 64kbit (on Ethereum, contract memory is capped by gas and therefore varies).
- Thus, accessing memory offsets larger than the fixed buffer size will trap the contract at runtime with an `OutOfBound` error.
- The compiler might detect and optimize unused memory reads and writes, leading to a different `msize` compared to what the EVM would see.
### `calldataload`, `calldatacopy`
In the constructor code, the offset is ignored and this always returns `0`.
### `codecopy`
Only supported in constructor code.
### `invalid`
Traps the contract but does not consume the remaining gas.
### `create`, `create2`
Deployments on revive work different than on EVM. In a nutshell: Instead of supplying the deploy code concatenated with the constructor arguments (the EVM deploy model), the [revive runtime expects two pointers](https://docs.rs/pallet-revive/latest/pallet_revive/trait.SyscallDoc.html#tymethod.instantiate):
1. A buffer containing the code hash to deploy.
2. The constructor arguments buffer.
To make contract instantiation using the `new` keyword in Solidity work seamlessly,
`revive` translates the `dataoffset` and `datasize` instructions so that they assume the contract hash instead of the contract code.
The hash is always of constant size.
Thus, `revive` is able to supply the expected code hash and constructor arguments pointer to the runtime.
> [!WARNING]
>
> This might fall apart in code creating contracts inside `assembly` blocks. **We strongly discourage using the `create` family opcodes to manually craft deployments in `assembly` blocks!** Usually, the reason for using `assembly` blocks is to save gas, which is futile on revive anyways due to lower transaction costs.
### `dataoffset`
Returns the contract hash.
### `datasize`
Returns the contract hash size (constant value of `32`).
### `prevrandao`, `difficulty`
Translates to a constant value of `2500000000000000`.
### `pc`, `extcodecopy`
Only valid to use in EVM (they also have no use case in PVM) and produce a compile time error.
### `blobhash`, `blobbasefee`
Related to the Ethereum rollup model and produce a compile time error. Polkadot offers a superior rollup model, removing the use case for blob data related opcodes.
## Difference regarding the `solc` `via-ir` mode
There are two different compilation pipelines available in `solc` and [there are small differences between them](https://docs.soliditylang.org/en/latest/ir-breaking-changes.html).
Since `resolc` processes the YUL IR, always assume the `solc` IR based codegen behavior for contracts compiled with the `revive` compiler.
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# Installation
Building Solidity contracts for PolkaVM requires installing the following two compilers:
- `solc`: The [Ethereum Solidity reference compiler](https://github.com/argotorg/solidity) implementation.
- `resolc`: The revive Solidity compiler YUL frontend and PolkaVM code generator.
## `resolc` binary releases
`resolc` is supported an all major operating systems and installation is straightforward.
Please find our [binary releases](https://github.com/paritytech/revive/releases) for the following platforms:
- Linux (MUSL)
- MacOS (universal)
- Windows
- Wasm via emscripten
## Installing the `solc` dependency
`resolc` uses `solc` during the compilation process, please refer to the [Ethereum Solidity documentation](https://docs.soliditylang.org/en/latest/installing-solidity.html) for installation instructions.
## `revive` NPM package
We distribute the revive compiler as [node.js module](https://github.com/paritytech/revive/tree/main/js/resolc).
## Buidling `resolc` from source
Please follow the build [instructions in the revive `README.md`](https://github.com/paritytech/revive?tab=readme-ov-file#building-from-source).
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# JS NPM package
The `resolc` compiler driver is published as an NPM package under [@parity/resolc](https://www.npmjs.com/package/@parity/resolc).
It's usable from `Node.js` code or directly from the command line:
```shell
npx @parity/resolc@latest --bin crates/integration/contracts/flipper.sol -o /tmp/out
```
> [!NOTE]
>
> While the npm package makes a nice portable option, it doesn't expose all options.
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# Rust contract libraries
> [!NOTE]
>
> This is not yet implemented but something for consideration on the roadmap.
Solidity - tightly coupled to the EVM - introduces some inherent inefficiencies that are by design and either needs to be followed or can't be easily worked around, even with efforts like better optimized compiler and VM implementations. This represents a technical dead end. So far the EVM sees no adoption beyond the blockchain industry. Chances are that [the EVM end up deprecated](https://ethereum-magicians.org/t/long-term-l1-execution-layer-proposal-replace-the-evm-with-risc-v) for technical reasons (or maybe not and the RISC-V idea gets abandoned, who knows).
PVM, however, is a general purpose VM. It supports LLVM based mainstream programming languages like Rust. It's a common software engineering practice to compose applications from pieces written in multiple languages, using each to their own strength. For example, AI solutions traditionally use the python scripting language for convenient developer experience, while the underlying AI models get implemented in a lower level language such as C++.
The same pattern can of course be applied to dApps, where we'd expect application specific languages like Solidity mixed with libraries implementing computationally complex algorithms in a lower level language. Business logic and user interfaces are naturally implemented as regular Solidity dApps which can include (link against) Rust libraries. Rust is a fast, safe low level language and the Polkadot SDK is written in Rust itself, making it an excellent choice.
For example, [ZK proof verifiers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-knowledge_proof) or expensive [DeFi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decentralized_finance) primitives would benefit greatly from Rust implementations.
`revive` provides tooling support and a small Rust contracts SDK for seamless integration with Rust libraries.
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# Standard JSON interface
The `revive` compiler is mostly compatible with the `solc` standard JSON interface. There are a few additional (PVM related) __input__ configurations:
## The `settings.polkavm` object
Used to configure PVM specific compiler settings.
### `settings.polkavm.debugInformation`
A boolean value allowing to enable debug information. Corresponds to `resolc -g`.
### The `settings.polkavm.memoryConfig` object
Used to apply PVM specific memory configuration settings.
#### `settings.polkavm.heapSize`
A numerical value allowing to configure the contract heap size. Corresponds to `resolc --heap-size`.
#### `settings.polkavm.stackSize`
A numerical value allowing to configure the contract stack size. Corresponds to `resolc --stack-size`.
## The `settings.optimizer` object
The `settings.optimizer` object is augmented with support for PVM specific optimization settings.
### `settings.optimizer.mode`
A single char value to configure the LLVM optimizer settings. Corresponds to `resolc -O`.
## `settings.llvmArguments`
Allows to specify arbitrary command line arguments to LLVM initialization. Used mainly for development and debugging purposes.
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# Tooling integration
`resolc` achieved successful integration with a variety of third party developer tools.
## Solidity toolkits
Support for `resolc` is available in forks of the [hardhat](https://hardhat.org) and [foundry](https://getfoundry.sh) Solidity toolkits:
- [The Parity Hardhat fork](https://github.com/paritytech/hardhat-polkadot)
- [The Parity Foundry fork](https://github.com/paritytech/foundry-polkadot?tab=readme-ov-file#2-resolc-compiler-integration)
## Compiler explorer
`resolc` is available on [godbolt.org](https://godbolt.org/z/6GM6n4Ka3) for the Solidity and Yul input languages. See also the announcement post on the [forum](https://forum.polkadot.network/t/resolc-is-live-on-compiler-explorer).
## Remix IDE
There is remix IDE fork with `resolc` support at [remix.polkadot.io](https://remix.polkadot.io). Unfortunately this is no longer actively maintained (there might be bugs and outdated `resolc` versions).
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# Welcome
Hello and a warm welcome to the `revive` Solidity compiler book!
## Target audience
- **Solidity dApp developers** should read the [user guide](./user_guide.md). Solidity on PolkaVM introduces important differences to EVM which should be well understood.
- **Contributors** will find the [developer guide](./developer_guide.md) helpful for getting up to speed.
## Other Polkadot contracts resources
Head to [contracts.polkadot.io](https://docs.polkadot.com/develop/smart-contracts/) for more general information about contracts on Polkadot.
## About
This [mdBook](https://github.com/rust-lang/mdBook) documents the revive Solidity compiler project. The content is found under `book/`. Run `make book` to observe changes.
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docs/book-a0b12cfe.js
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'use strict';
/* global default_theme, default_dark_theme, default_light_theme, hljs, ClipboardJS */
// Fix back button cache problem
window.onunload = function() { };
// Global variable, shared between modules
function playground_text(playground, hidden = true) {
const code_block = playground.querySelector('code');
if (window.ace && code_block.classList.contains('editable')) {
const editor = window.ace.edit(code_block);
return editor.getValue();
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}
function handle_crate_list_update(playground_block, playground_crates) {
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update_play_button(playground_block, playground_crates);
});
// add Ctrl-Enter command to execute rust code
editor.commands.addCommand({
name: 'run',
bindKey: {
win: 'Ctrl-Enter',
mac: 'Ctrl-Enter',
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}
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// used crates vs ones available on https://play.rust-lang.org
function update_play_button(pre_block, playground_crates) {
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return;
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const txt = playground_text(pre_block);
const re = /extern\s+crate\s+([a-zA-Z_0-9]+)\s*;/g;
const snippet_crates = [];
let item;
while (item = re.exec(txt)) {
snippet_crates.push(item[1]);
}
// check if all used crates are available on play.rust-lang.org
const all_available = snippet_crates.every(function(elem) {
return playground_crates.indexOf(elem) > -1;
});
if (all_available) {
play_button.classList.remove('hidden');
play_button.hidden = false;
} else {
play_button.classList.add('hidden');
}
}
function run_rust_code(code_block) {
let result_block = code_block.querySelector('.result');
if (!result_block) {
result_block = document.createElement('code');
result_block.className = 'result hljs language-bash';
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}
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let edition = '2015';
classes.forEach(className => {
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const params = {
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code: text,
edition: edition,
};
if (text.indexOf('#![feature') !== -1) {
params.version = 'nightly';
}
result_block.innerText = 'Running...';
fetch_with_timeout('https://play.rust-lang.org/evaluate.json', {
headers: {
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},
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body: JSON.stringify(params),
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}
})
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}
// Syntax highlighting Configuration
hljs.configure({
tabReplace: ' ', // 4 spaces
languages: [], // Languages used for auto-detection
});
const code_nodes = Array
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});
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clipButton.className = 'clip-button';
clipButton.title = 'Copy to clipboard';
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buttons = document.createElement('div');
buttons.className = 'buttons';
pre_block.insertBefore(buttons, pre_block.firstChild);
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runCodeButton.className = 'play-button';
runCodeButton.hidden = true;
runCodeButton.title = 'Run this code';
runCodeButton.setAttribute('aria-label', runCodeButton.title);
runCodeButton.innerHTML = document.getElementById('fa-play').innerHTML;
buttons.insertBefore(runCodeButton, buttons.firstChild);
runCodeButton.addEventListener('click', () => {
run_rust_code(pre_block);
});
if (window.playground_copyable) {
const copyCodeClipboardButton = document.createElement('button');
copyCodeClipboardButton.className = 'clip-button';
copyCodeClipboardButton.innerHTML = '<i class="tooltiptext"></i>';
copyCodeClipboardButton.title = 'Copy to clipboard';
copyCodeClipboardButton.setAttribute('aria-label', copyCodeClipboardButton.title);
buttons.insertBefore(copyCodeClipboardButton, buttons.firstChild);
}
const code_block = pre_block.querySelector('code');
if (window.ace && code_block.classList.contains('editable')) {
const undoChangesButton = document.createElement('button');
undoChangesButton.className = 'reset-button';
undoChangesButton.title = 'Undo changes';
undoChangesButton.setAttribute('aria-label', undoChangesButton.title);
undoChangesButton.innerHTML +=
document.getElementById('fa-clock-rotate-left').innerHTML;
buttons.insertBefore(undoChangesButton, buttons.firstChild);
undoChangesButton.addEventListener('click', function() {
const editor = window.ace.edit(code_block);
editor.setValue(editor.originalCode);
editor.clearSelection();
});
}
});
})();
(function themes() {
const html = document.querySelector('html');
const themeToggleButton = document.getElementById('mdbook-theme-toggle');
const themePopup = document.getElementById('mdbook-theme-list');
const themeColorMetaTag = document.querySelector('meta[name="theme-color"]');
const themeIds = [];
themePopup.querySelectorAll('button.theme').forEach(function(el) {
themeIds.push(el.id);
});
const stylesheets = {
ayuHighlight: document.querySelector('#mdbook-ayu-highlight-css'),
tomorrowNight: document.querySelector('#mdbook-tomorrow-night-css'),
highlight: document.querySelector('#mdbook-highlight-css'),
};
function showThemes() {
themePopup.style.display = 'block';
themeToggleButton.setAttribute('aria-expanded', true);
themePopup.querySelector('button#mdbook-theme-' + get_theme()).focus();
}
function updateThemeSelected() {
themePopup.querySelectorAll('.theme-selected').forEach(function(el) {
el.classList.remove('theme-selected');
});
const selected = get_saved_theme() ?? 'default_theme';
let element = themePopup.querySelector('button#mdbook-theme-' + selected);
if (element === null) {
// Fall back in case there is no "Default" item.
element = themePopup.querySelector('button#mdbook-theme-' + get_theme());
}
element.classList.add('theme-selected');
}
function hideThemes() {
themePopup.style.display = 'none';
themeToggleButton.setAttribute('aria-expanded', false);
themeToggleButton.focus();
}
function get_saved_theme() {
let theme = null;
try {
theme = localStorage.getItem('mdbook-theme');
} catch {
// ignore error.
}
return theme;
}
function delete_saved_theme() {
localStorage.removeItem('mdbook-theme');
}
function get_theme() {
const theme = get_saved_theme();
if (theme === null || theme === undefined || !themeIds.includes('mdbook-theme-' + theme)) {
if (typeof default_dark_theme === 'undefined') {
// A customized index.hbs might not define this, so fall back to
// old behavior of determining the default on page load.
return default_theme;
}
return window.matchMedia('(prefers-color-scheme: dark)').matches
? default_dark_theme
: default_light_theme;
} else {
return theme;
}
}
let previousTheme = default_theme;
function set_theme(theme, store = true) {
let ace_theme;
if (theme === 'coal' || theme === 'navy') {
stylesheets.ayuHighlight.disabled = true;
stylesheets.tomorrowNight.disabled = false;
stylesheets.highlight.disabled = true;
ace_theme = 'ace/theme/tomorrow_night';
} else if (theme === 'ayu') {
stylesheets.ayuHighlight.disabled = false;
stylesheets.tomorrowNight.disabled = true;
stylesheets.highlight.disabled = true;
ace_theme = 'ace/theme/tomorrow_night';
} else {
stylesheets.ayuHighlight.disabled = true;
stylesheets.tomorrowNight.disabled = true;
stylesheets.highlight.disabled = false;
ace_theme = 'ace/theme/dawn';
}
setTimeout(function() {
themeColorMetaTag.content = getComputedStyle(document.documentElement).backgroundColor;
}, 1);
if (window.ace && window.editors) {
window.editors.forEach(function(editor) {
editor.setTheme(ace_theme);
});
}
if (store) {
try {
localStorage.setItem('mdbook-theme', theme);
} catch {
// ignore error.
}
}
html.classList.remove(previousTheme);
html.classList.add(theme);
previousTheme = theme;
updateThemeSelected();
}
const query = window.matchMedia('(prefers-color-scheme: dark)');
query.onchange = function() {
set_theme(get_theme(), false);
};
// Set theme.
set_theme(get_theme(), false);
themeToggleButton.addEventListener('click', function() {
if (themePopup.style.display === 'block') {
hideThemes();
} else {
showThemes();
}
});
themePopup.addEventListener('click', function(e) {
let theme;
if (e.target.className === 'theme') {
theme = e.target.id;
} else if (e.target.parentElement.className === 'theme') {
theme = e.target.parentElement.id;
} else {
return;
}
theme = theme.replace(/^mdbook-theme-/, '');
if (theme === 'default_theme' || theme === null) {
delete_saved_theme();
set_theme(get_theme(), false);
} else {
set_theme(theme);
}
});
themePopup.addEventListener('focusout', function(e) {
// e.relatedTarget is null in Safari and Firefox on macOS (see workaround below)
if (!!e.relatedTarget &&
!themeToggleButton.contains(e.relatedTarget) &&
!themePopup.contains(e.relatedTarget)
) {
hideThemes();
}
});
// Should not be needed, but it works around an issue on macOS & iOS:
// https://github.com/rust-lang/mdBook/issues/628
document.addEventListener('click', function(e) {
if (themePopup.style.display === 'block' &&
!themeToggleButton.contains(e.target) &&
!themePopup.contains(e.target)
) {
hideThemes();
}
});
document.addEventListener('keydown', function(e) {
if (e.altKey || e.ctrlKey || e.metaKey || e.shiftKey) {
return;
}
if (!themePopup.contains(e.target)) {
return;
}
let li;
switch (e.key) {
case 'Escape':
e.preventDefault();
hideThemes();
break;
case 'ArrowUp':
e.preventDefault();
li = document.activeElement.parentElement;
if (li && li.previousElementSibling) {
li.previousElementSibling.querySelector('button').focus();
}
break;
case 'ArrowDown':
e.preventDefault();
li = document.activeElement.parentElement;
if (li && li.nextElementSibling) {
li.nextElementSibling.querySelector('button').focus();
}
break;
case 'Home':
e.preventDefault();
themePopup.querySelector('li:first-child button').focus();
break;
case 'End':
e.preventDefault();
themePopup.querySelector('li:last-child button').focus();
break;
}
});
})();
(function sidebar() {
const sidebar = document.getElementById('mdbook-sidebar');
const sidebarLinks = document.querySelectorAll('#mdbook-sidebar a');
const sidebarToggleButton = document.getElementById('mdbook-sidebar-toggle');
const sidebarResizeHandle = document.getElementById('mdbook-sidebar-resize-handle');
const sidebarCheckbox = document.getElementById('mdbook-sidebar-toggle-anchor');
let firstContact = null;
/* Because we cannot change the `display` using only CSS after/before the transition, we
need JS to do it. We change the display to prevent the browsers search to find text inside
the collapsed sidebar. */
if (!document.documentElement.classList.contains('sidebar-visible')) {
sidebar.style.display = 'none';
}
sidebar.addEventListener('transitionend', () => {
/* We only change the display to "none" if we're collapsing the sidebar. */
if (!sidebarCheckbox.checked) {
sidebar.style.display = 'none';
}
});
sidebarToggleButton.addEventListener('click', () => {
/* To allow the sidebar expansion animation, we first need to put back the display. */
if (!sidebarCheckbox.checked) {
sidebar.style.display = '';
// Workaround for Safari skipping the animation when changing
// `display` and a transform in the same event loop. This forces a
// reflow after updating the display.
sidebar.offsetHeight;
}
});
function showSidebar() {
document.documentElement.classList.add('sidebar-visible');
Array.from(sidebarLinks).forEach(function(link) {
link.setAttribute('tabIndex', 0);
});
sidebarToggleButton.setAttribute('aria-expanded', true);
sidebar.setAttribute('aria-hidden', false);
try {
localStorage.setItem('mdbook-sidebar', 'visible');
} catch {
// Ignore error.
}
}
function hideSidebar() {
document.documentElement.classList.remove('sidebar-visible');
Array.from(sidebarLinks).forEach(function(link) {
link.setAttribute('tabIndex', -1);
});
sidebarToggleButton.setAttribute('aria-expanded', false);
sidebar.setAttribute('aria-hidden', true);
try {
localStorage.setItem('mdbook-sidebar', 'hidden');
} catch {
// Ignore error.
}
}
// Toggle sidebar
sidebarCheckbox.addEventListener('change', function sidebarToggle() {
if (sidebarCheckbox.checked) {
const current_width = parseInt(
document.documentElement.style.getPropertyValue('--sidebar-target-width'), 10);
if (current_width < 150) {
document.documentElement.style.setProperty('--sidebar-target-width', '150px');
}
showSidebar();
} else {
hideSidebar();
}
});
sidebarResizeHandle.addEventListener('mousedown', initResize, false);
function initResize() {
window.addEventListener('mousemove', resize, false);
window.addEventListener('mouseup', stopResize, false);
document.documentElement.classList.add('sidebar-resizing');
}
function resize(e) {
let pos = e.clientX - sidebar.offsetLeft;
if (pos < 20) {
hideSidebar();
} else {
if (!document.documentElement.classList.contains('sidebar-visible')) {
showSidebar();
}
pos = Math.min(pos, window.innerWidth - 100);
document.documentElement.style.setProperty('--sidebar-target-width', pos + 'px');
}
}
//on mouseup remove windows functions mousemove & mouseup
function stopResize() {
document.documentElement.classList.remove('sidebar-resizing');
window.removeEventListener('mousemove', resize, false);
window.removeEventListener('mouseup', stopResize, false);
}
document.addEventListener('touchstart', function(e) {
firstContact = {
x: e.touches[0].clientX,
time: Date.now(),
};
}, { passive: true });
document.addEventListener('touchmove', function(e) {
if (!firstContact) {
return;
}
const curX = e.touches[0].clientX;
const xDiff = curX - firstContact.x,
tDiff = Date.now() - firstContact.time;
if (tDiff < 250 && Math.abs(xDiff) >= 150) {
if (xDiff >= 0 && firstContact.x < Math.min(document.body.clientWidth * 0.25, 300)) {
showSidebar();
} else if (xDiff < 0 && curX < 300) {
hideSidebar();
}
firstContact = null;
}
}, { passive: true });
})();
(function chapterNavigation() {
document.addEventListener('keydown', function(e) {
if (e.altKey || e.ctrlKey || e.metaKey) {
return;
}
if (window.search && window.search.hasFocus()) {
return;
}
const html = document.querySelector('html');
function next() {
const nextButton = document.querySelector('.nav-chapters.next');
if (nextButton) {
window.location.href = nextButton.href;
}
}
function prev() {
const previousButton = document.querySelector('.nav-chapters.previous');
if (previousButton) {
window.location.href = previousButton.href;
}
}
function showHelp() {
const container = document.getElementById('mdbook-help-container');
const overlay = document.getElementById('mdbook-help-popup');
container.style.display = 'flex';
// Clicking outside the popup will dismiss it.
const mouseHandler = event => {
if (overlay.contains(event.target)) {
return;
}
if (event.button !== 0) {
return;
}
event.preventDefault();
event.stopPropagation();
document.removeEventListener('mousedown', mouseHandler);
hideHelp();
};
// Pressing esc will dismiss the popup.
const escapeKeyHandler = event => {
if (event.key === 'Escape') {
event.preventDefault();
event.stopPropagation();
document.removeEventListener('keydown', escapeKeyHandler, true);
hideHelp();
}
};
document.addEventListener('keydown', escapeKeyHandler, true);
document.getElementById('mdbook-help-container')
.addEventListener('mousedown', mouseHandler);
}
function hideHelp() {
document.getElementById('mdbook-help-container').style.display = 'none';
}
// Usually needs the Shift key to be pressed
switch (e.key) {
case '?':
e.preventDefault();
showHelp();
break;
}
// Rest of the keys are only active when the Shift key is not pressed
if (e.shiftKey) {
return;
}
switch (e.key) {
case 'ArrowRight':
e.preventDefault();
if (html.dir === 'rtl') {
prev();
} else {
next();
}
break;
case 'ArrowLeft':
e.preventDefault();
if (html.dir === 'rtl') {
next();
} else {
prev();
}
break;
}
});
})();
(function clipboard() {
const clipButtons = document.querySelectorAll('.clip-button');
function hideTooltip(elem) {
elem.firstChild.innerText = '';
elem.className = 'clip-button';
}
function showTooltip(elem, msg) {
elem.firstChild.innerText = msg;
elem.className = 'clip-button tooltipped';
}
const clipboardSnippets = new ClipboardJS('.clip-button', {
text: function(trigger) {
hideTooltip(trigger);
const playground = trigger.closest('pre');
return playground_text(playground, false);
},
});
Array.from(clipButtons).forEach(function(clipButton) {
clipButton.addEventListener('mouseout', function(e) {
hideTooltip(e.currentTarget);
});
});
clipboardSnippets.on('success', function(e) {
e.clearSelection();
showTooltip(e.trigger, 'Copied!');
});
clipboardSnippets.on('error', function(e) {
showTooltip(e.trigger, 'Clipboard error!');
});
})();
(function scrollToTop() {
const menuTitle = document.querySelector('.menu-title');
menuTitle.addEventListener('click', function() {
document.scrollingElement.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' });
});
})();
(function controllMenu() {
const menu = document.getElementById('mdbook-menu-bar');
(function controllPosition() {
let scrollTop = document.scrollingElement.scrollTop;
let prevScrollTop = scrollTop;
const minMenuY = -menu.clientHeight - 50;
// When the script loads, the page can be at any scroll (e.g. if you refresh it).
menu.style.top = scrollTop + 'px';
// Same as parseInt(menu.style.top.slice(0, -2), but faster
let topCache = menu.style.top.slice(0, -2);
menu.classList.remove('sticky');
let stickyCache = false; // Same as menu.classList.contains('sticky'), but faster
document.addEventListener('scroll', function() {
scrollTop = Math.max(document.scrollingElement.scrollTop, 0);
// `null` means that it doesn't need to be updated
let nextSticky = null;
let nextTop = null;
const scrollDown = scrollTop > prevScrollTop;
const menuPosAbsoluteY = topCache - scrollTop;
if (scrollDown) {
nextSticky = false;
if (menuPosAbsoluteY > 0) {
nextTop = prevScrollTop;
}
} else {
if (menuPosAbsoluteY > 0) {
nextSticky = true;
} else if (menuPosAbsoluteY < minMenuY) {
nextTop = prevScrollTop + minMenuY;
}
}
if (nextSticky === true && stickyCache === false) {
menu.classList.add('sticky');
stickyCache = true;
} else if (nextSticky === false && stickyCache === true) {
menu.classList.remove('sticky');
stickyCache = false;
}
if (nextTop !== null) {
menu.style.top = nextTop + 'px';
topCache = nextTop;
}
prevScrollTop = scrollTop;
}, { passive: true });
})();
(function controllBorder() {
function updateBorder() {
if (menu.offsetTop === 0) {
menu.classList.remove('bordered');
} else {
menu.classList.add('bordered');
}
}
updateBorder();
document.addEventListener('scroll', updateBorder, { passive: true });
})();
})();
docs/clipboard-1626706a.min.js
Vendored
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docs/css/chrome-ae938929.css
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/* CSS for UI elements (a.k.a. chrome) */
html {
scrollbar-color: var(--scrollbar) transparent;
}
#mdbook-searchresults a,
.content a:link,
a:visited,
a > .hljs {
color: var(--links);
}
/*
mdbook-body-container is necessary because mobile browsers don't seem to like
overflow-x on the body tag when there is a <meta name="viewport"> tag.
*/
#mdbook-body-container {
/*
This is used when the sidebar pushes the body content off the side of
the screen on small screens. Without it, dragging on mobile Safari
will want to reposition the viewport in a weird way.
*/
overflow-x: clip;
}
/* Menu Bar */
#mdbook-menu-bar,
#mdbook-menu-bar-hover-placeholder {
z-index: 101;
margin: auto calc(0px - var(--page-padding));
}
#mdbook-menu-bar {
position: relative;
display: flex;
flex-wrap: wrap;
background-color: var(--bg);
border-block-end-color: var(--bg);
border-block-end-width: 1px;
border-block-end-style: solid;
}
#mdbook-menu-bar.sticky,
#mdbook-menu-bar-hover-placeholder:hover + #mdbook-menu-bar,
#mdbook-menu-bar:hover,
html.sidebar-visible #mdbook-menu-bar {
position: -webkit-sticky;
position: sticky;
top: 0 !important;
}
#mdbook-menu-bar-hover-placeholder {
position: sticky;
position: -webkit-sticky;
top: 0;
height: var(--menu-bar-height);
}
#mdbook-menu-bar.bordered {
border-block-end-color: var(--table-border-color);
}
#mdbook-menu-bar .fa-svg, #mdbook-menu-bar .icon-button {
position: relative;
padding: 0 8px;
z-index: 10;
line-height: var(--menu-bar-height);
cursor: pointer;
transition: color 0.5s;
}
@media only screen and (max-width: 420px) {
#mdbook-menu-bar .fa-svg, #mdbook-menu-bar .icon-button {
padding: 0 5px;
}
}
.icon-button {
border: none;
background: none;
padding: 0;
color: inherit;
}
.icon-button .fa-svg {
margin: 0;
}
.right-buttons {
margin: 0 15px;
}
.right-buttons a {
text-decoration: none;
}
.left-buttons {
display: flex;
margin: 0 5px;
}
html:not(.js) .left-buttons button {
display: none;
}
.menu-title {
display: inline-block;
font-weight: 200;
font-size: 2.4rem;
line-height: var(--menu-bar-height);
text-align: center;
margin: 0;
flex: 1;
white-space: nowrap;
overflow: hidden;
text-overflow: ellipsis;
}
.menu-title {
cursor: pointer;
}
.menu-bar,
.menu-bar:visited,
.nav-chapters,
.nav-chapters:visited,
.mobile-nav-chapters,
.mobile-nav-chapters:visited,
.menu-bar .icon-button,
.menu-bar a .fa-svg {
color: var(--icons);
}
.menu-bar .fa-svg:hover,
.menu-bar .icon-button:hover,
.nav-chapters:hover,
.mobile-nav-chapters .fa-svg:hover {
color: var(--icons-hover);
}
/* Nav Icons */
.nav-chapters {
font-size: 2.5em;
text-align: center;
text-decoration: none;
position: fixed;
top: 0;
bottom: 0;
margin: 0;
max-width: 150px;
min-width: 90px;
display: flex;
justify-content: center;
align-content: center;
flex-direction: column;
transition: color 0.5s, background-color 0.5s;
}
.nav-chapters:hover {
text-decoration: none;
background-color: var(--theme-hover);
transition: background-color 0.15s, color 0.15s;
}
.nav-wrapper {
margin-block-start: 50px;
display: none;
}
.mobile-nav-chapters {
font-size: 2.5em;
text-align: center;
text-decoration: none;
width: 90px;
border-radius: 5px;
background-color: var(--sidebar-bg);
}
/* Only Firefox supports flow-relative values */
.previous { float: left; }
[dir=rtl] .previous { float: right; }
/* Only Firefox supports flow-relative values */
.next {
float: right;
right: var(--page-padding);
}
[dir=rtl] .next {
float: left;
right: unset;
left: var(--page-padding);
}
@media only screen and (max-width: 1080px) {
.nav-wide-wrapper { display: none; }
.nav-wrapper { display: block; }
}
/* sidebar-visible */
@media only screen and (max-width: 1380px) {
#mdbook-sidebar-toggle-anchor:checked ~ .page-wrapper .nav-wide-wrapper { display: none; }
#mdbook-sidebar-toggle-anchor:checked ~ .page-wrapper .nav-wrapper { display: block; }
}
/* Inline code */
:not(pre) > .hljs {
display: inline;
padding: 0.1em 0.3em;
border-radius: 3px;
}
:not(pre):not(a) > .hljs {
color: var(--inline-code-color);
overflow-x: initial;
}
a:hover > .hljs {
text-decoration: underline;
}
pre {
position: relative;
}
pre > .buttons {
position: absolute;
z-index: 100;
right: 0px;
top: 2px;
margin: 0px;
padding: 2px 0px;
color: var(--sidebar-fg);
cursor: pointer;
visibility: hidden;
opacity: 0;
transition: visibility 0.1s linear, opacity 0.1s linear;
}
pre:hover > .buttons {
visibility: visible;
opacity: 1
}
pre > .buttons :hover {
color: var(--sidebar-active);
border-color: var(--icons-hover);
background-color: var(--theme-hover);
}
pre > .buttons button {
cursor: inherit;
margin: 0px 5px;
padding: 2px 3px 0px 4px;
font-size: 23px;
border-style: solid;
border-width: 1px;
border-radius: 4px;
border-color: var(--icons);
background-color: var(--theme-popup-bg);
transition: 100ms;
transition-property: color,border-color,background-color;
color: var(--icons);
}
pre > .buttons button.clip-button {
padding: 2px 4px 0px 6px;
}
pre > .buttons button.clip-button::before {
/* clipboard image from octicons (https://github.com/primer/octicons/tree/v2.0.0) MIT license
*/
content: url('data:image/svg+xml,<svg width="21" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 25" \
xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-label="Copy to clipboard">\
<path d="M18 20h2v3c0 1-1 2-2 2H2c-.998 0-2-1-2-2V5c0-.911.755-1.667 1.667-1.667h5A3.323 3.323 0 \
0110 0a3.323 3.323 0 013.333 3.333h5C19.245 3.333 20 4.09 20 5v8.333h-2V9H2v14h16v-3zM3 \
7h14c0-.911-.793-1.667-1.75-1.667H13.5c-.957 0-1.75-.755-1.75-1.666C11.75 2.755 10.957 2 10 \
2s-1.75.755-1.75 1.667c0 .911-.793 1.666-1.75 1.666H4.75C3.793 5.333 3 6.09 3 7z"/>\
<path d="M4 19h6v2H4zM12 11H4v2h8zM4 17h4v-2H4zM15 15v-3l-4.5 4.5L15 21v-3l8.027-.032L23 15z"/>\
</svg>');
filter: var(--copy-button-filter);
}
pre > .buttons button.clip-button:hover::before {
filter: var(--copy-button-filter-hover);
}
@media (pointer: coarse) {
pre > .buttons button {
/* On mobile, make it easier to tap buttons. */
padding: 0.3rem 1rem;
}
.sidebar-resize-indicator {
/* Hide resize indicator on devices with limited accuracy */
display: none;
}
}
pre > code {
display: block;
padding: 1rem;
}
/* FIXME: ACE editors overlap their buttons because ACE does absolute
positioning within the code block which breaks padding. The only solution I
can think of is to move the padding to the outer pre tag (or insert a div
wrapper), but that would require fixing a whole bunch of CSS rules.
*/
.hljs.ace_editor {
padding: 0rem 0rem;
}
pre > .result {
margin-block-start: 10px;
}
/* Search */
#mdbook-searchresults a {
text-decoration: none;
}
mark {
border-radius: 2px;
padding-block-start: 0;
padding-block-end: 1px;
padding-inline-start: 3px;
padding-inline-end: 3px;
margin-block-start: 0;
margin-block-end: -1px;
margin-inline-start: -3px;
margin-inline-end: -3px;
background-color: var(--search-mark-bg);
transition: background-color 300ms linear;
cursor: pointer;
}
mark.fade-out {
background-color: rgba(0,0,0,0) !important;
cursor: auto;
}
.searchbar-outer {
margin-inline-start: auto;
margin-inline-end: auto;
max-width: var(--content-max-width);
}
#mdbook-searchbar-outer.searching #mdbook-searchbar {
padding-right: 30px;
}
#mdbook-searchbar-outer .spinner-wrapper {
display: none;
}
#mdbook-searchbar-outer.searching .spinner-wrapper {
display: block;
}
.search-wrapper {
position: relative;
}
.spinner-wrapper {
--spinner-margin: 2px;
position: absolute;
margin-block-start: calc(var(--searchbar-margin-block-start) + var(--spinner-margin));
right: var(--spinner-margin);
top: 0;
bottom: var(--spinner-margin);
padding: 6px;
background-color: var(--bg);
}
#fa-spin {
animation: rotating 2s linear infinite;
display: inline-block;
}
@keyframes rotating {
from {
transform: rotate(0deg);
}
to {
transform: rotate(360deg);
}
}
#mdbook-searchbar {
width: 100%;
margin-block-start: var(--searchbar-margin-block-start);
margin-block-end: 0;
margin-inline-start: auto;
margin-inline-end: auto;
padding: 10px 16px;
transition: box-shadow 300ms ease-in-out;
border: 1px solid var(--searchbar-border-color);
border-radius: 3px;
background-color: var(--searchbar-bg);
color: var(--searchbar-fg);
}
#mdbook-searchbar:focus,
#mdbook-searchbar.active {
box-shadow: 0 0 3px var(--searchbar-shadow-color);
}
.searchresults-header {
font-weight: bold;
font-size: 1em;
padding-block-start: 18px;
padding-block-end: 0;
padding-inline-start: 5px;
padding-inline-end: 0;
color: var(--searchresults-header-fg);
}
.searchresults-outer {
margin-inline-start: auto;
margin-inline-end: auto;
max-width: var(--content-max-width);
border-block-end: 1px dashed var(--searchresults-border-color);
}
ul#mdbook-searchresults {
list-style: none;
padding-inline-start: 20px;
}
ul#mdbook-searchresults li {
margin: 10px 0px;
padding: 2px;
border-radius: 2px;
}
ul#mdbook-searchresults li.focus {
background-color: var(--searchresults-li-bg);
}
ul#mdbook-searchresults span.teaser {
display: block;
clear: both;
margin-block-start: 5px;
margin-block-end: 0;
margin-inline-start: 20px;
margin-inline-end: 0;
font-size: 0.8em;
}
ul#mdbook-searchresults span.teaser em {
font-weight: bold;
font-style: normal;
}
/* Sidebar */
.sidebar {
position: fixed;
left: 0;
top: 0;
bottom: 0;
width: var(--sidebar-width);
font-size: 0.875em;
box-sizing: border-box;
-webkit-overflow-scrolling: touch;
overscroll-behavior-y: contain;
background-color: var(--sidebar-bg);
color: var(--sidebar-fg);
}
.sidebar-iframe-inner {
--padding: 10px;
background-color: var(--sidebar-bg);
padding: var(--padding);
margin: 0;
font-size: 1.4rem;
color: var(--sidebar-fg);
min-height: calc(100vh - var(--padding) * 2);
}
.sidebar-iframe-outer {
border: none;
height: 100%;
position: absolute;
top: 0;
bottom: 0;
left: 0;
right: 0;
}
[dir=rtl] .sidebar { left: unset; right: 0; }
.sidebar-resizing {
-moz-user-select: none;
-webkit-user-select: none;
-ms-user-select: none;
user-select: none;
}
html:not(.sidebar-resizing) .sidebar {
transition: transform 0.3s; /* Animation: slide away */
}
.sidebar code {
line-height: 2em;
}
.sidebar .sidebar-scrollbox {
overflow-y: auto;
position: absolute;
top: 0;
bottom: 0;
left: 0;
right: 0;
padding: 10px 10px;
}
.sidebar .sidebar-resize-handle {
position: absolute;
cursor: col-resize;
width: 0;
right: calc(var(--sidebar-resize-indicator-width) * -1);
top: 0;
bottom: 0;
display: flex;
align-items: center;
}
.sidebar-resize-handle .sidebar-resize-indicator {
width: 100%;
height: 16px;
color: var(--icons);
margin-inline-start: var(--sidebar-resize-indicator-space);
display: flex;
align-items: center;
justify-content: flex-start;
}
.sidebar-resize-handle .sidebar-resize-indicator::before {
content: "";
width: 2px;
height: 12px;
border-left: dotted 2px currentColor;
}
.sidebar-resize-handle .sidebar-resize-indicator::after {
content: "";
width: 2px;
height: 16px;
border-left: dotted 2px currentColor;
}
[dir=rtl] .sidebar .sidebar-resize-handle {
left: calc(var(--sidebar-resize-indicator-width) * -1);
right: unset;
}
.js .sidebar .sidebar-resize-handle {
cursor: col-resize;
width: calc(var(--sidebar-resize-indicator-width) - var(--sidebar-resize-indicator-space));
}
html:not(.js) .sidebar-resize-handle {
display: none;
}
/* sidebar-hidden */
#mdbook-sidebar-toggle-anchor:not(:checked) ~ .sidebar {
transform: translateX(calc(0px - var(--sidebar-width) - var(--sidebar-resize-indicator-width)));
}
[dir=rtl] #mdbook-sidebar-toggle-anchor:not(:checked) ~ .sidebar {
transform: translateX(calc(var(--sidebar-width) + var(--sidebar-resize-indicator-width)));
}
.sidebar::-webkit-scrollbar {
background: var(--sidebar-bg);
}
.sidebar::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb {
background: var(--scrollbar);
}
/* sidebar-visible */
#mdbook-sidebar-toggle-anchor:checked ~ .page-wrapper {
transform: translateX(calc(var(--sidebar-width) + var(--sidebar-resize-indicator-width)));
}
[dir=rtl] #mdbook-sidebar-toggle-anchor:checked ~ .page-wrapper {
transform: translateX(calc(0px - var(--sidebar-width) - var(--sidebar-resize-indicator-width)));
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 620px) {
#mdbook-sidebar-toggle-anchor:checked ~ .page-wrapper {
transform: none;
margin-inline-start: calc(var(--sidebar-width) + var(--sidebar-resize-indicator-width));
}
[dir=rtl] #mdbook-sidebar-toggle-anchor:checked ~ .page-wrapper {
transform: none;
}
}
.chapter {
list-style: none outside none;
padding-inline-start: 0;
line-height: 2.2em;
}
.chapter li {
color: var(--sidebar-non-existant);
}
/* This is a span wrapping the chapter link and the fold chevron. */
.chapter-link-wrapper {
/* Used to position the chevron to the right, allowing the text to wrap before it. */
display: flex;
}
.chapter li a {
/* Remove underlines. */
text-decoration: none;
color: var(--sidebar-fg);
}
.chapter li a:hover {
color: var(--sidebar-active);
}
.chapter li a.active {
color: var(--sidebar-active);
}
/* This is the toggle chevron. */
.chapter-fold-toggle {
cursor: pointer;
/* Positions the chevron to the side. */
margin-inline-start: auto;
padding: 0 10px;
user-select: none;
opacity: 0.68;
}
.chapter-fold-toggle div {
transition: transform 0.5s;
}
/* collapse the section */
.chapter li:not(.expanded) > ol {
display: none;
}
.chapter li.chapter-item {
line-height: 1.5em;
margin-block-start: 0.6em;
}
/* When expanded, rotate the chevron to point down. */
.chapter li.expanded > span > .chapter-fold-toggle div {
transform: rotate(90deg);
}
.chapter a.current-header {
color: var(--sidebar-active);
}
.on-this-page {
margin-left: 22px;
border-inline-start: 4px solid var(--sidebar-header-border-color);
padding-left: 8px;
}
.on-this-page > ol {
padding-left: 0;
}
/* Horizontal line in chapter list. */
.spacer {
width: 100%;
height: 3px;
margin: 5px 0px;
}
.chapter .spacer {
background-color: var(--sidebar-spacer);
}
/* On touch devices, add more vertical spacing to make it easier to tap links. */
@media (-moz-touch-enabled: 1), (pointer: coarse) {
.chapter li a { padding: 5px 0; }
.spacer { margin: 10px 0; }
}
.section {
list-style: none outside none;
padding-inline-start: 20px;
line-height: 1.9em;
}
/* Theme Menu Popup */
.theme-popup {
position: absolute;
left: 10px;
top: var(--menu-bar-height);
z-index: 1000;
border-radius: 4px;
font-size: 0.7em;
color: var(--fg);
background: var(--theme-popup-bg);
border: 1px solid var(--theme-popup-border);
margin: 0;
padding: 0;
list-style: none;
display: none;
/* Don't let the children's background extend past the rounded corners. */
overflow: hidden;
}
[dir=rtl] .theme-popup { left: unset; right: 10px; }
.theme-popup .default {
color: var(--icons);
}
.theme-popup .theme {
width: 100%;
border: 0;
margin: 0;
padding: 2px 20px;
line-height: 25px;
white-space: nowrap;
text-align: start;
cursor: pointer;
color: inherit;
background: inherit;
font-size: inherit;
}
.theme-popup .theme:hover {
background-color: var(--theme-hover);
}
.theme-selected::before {
display: inline-block;
content: "✓";
margin-inline-start: -14px;
width: 14px;
}
/* The container for the help popup that covers the whole window. */
#mdbook-help-container {
/* Position and size for the whole window. */
position: fixed;
top: 0;
left: 0;
right: 0;
bottom: 0;
/* This uses flex layout (which is set in book.js), and centers the popup
in the window.*/
display: none;
align-items: center;
justify-content: center;
z-index: 1000;
/* Dim out the book while the popup is visible. */
background: var(--overlay-bg);
}
/* The popup help box. */
#mdbook-help-popup {
box-shadow: 0 4px 24px rgba(0,0,0,0.15);
min-width: 300px;
max-width: 500px;
width: 100%;
box-sizing: border-box;
display: flex;
flex-direction: column;
align-items: center;
background-color: var(--bg);
color: var(--fg);
border-width: 1px;
border-color: var(--theme-popup-border);
border-style: solid;
border-radius: 8px;
padding: 10px;
}
.mdbook-help-title {
text-align: center;
/* mdbook's margin for h2 is way too large. */
margin: 10px;
}
docs/css/general-2459343d.css
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/* Base styles and content styles */
:root {
/* Browser default font-size is 16px, this way 1 rem = 10px */
font-size: 62.5%;
color-scheme: var(--color-scheme);
}
html {
font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif;
color: var(--fg);
background-color: var(--bg);
text-size-adjust: none;
-webkit-text-size-adjust: none;
}
body {
margin: 0;
font-size: 1.6rem;
overflow-x: hidden;
}
code {
font-family: var(--mono-font) !important;
font-size: var(--code-font-size);
direction: ltr !important;
}
/* make long words/inline code not x overflow */
main {
overflow-wrap: break-word;
}
/* make wide tables scroll if they overflow */
.table-wrapper {
overflow-x: auto;
}
/* Don't change font size in headers. */
h1 code, h2 code, h3 code, h4 code, h5 code, h6 code {
font-size: unset;
}
.left { float: left; }
.right { float: right; }
.boring { opacity: 0.6; }
.hide-boring .boring { display: none; }
.hidden { display: none !important; }
h2, h3 { margin-block-start: 2.5em; }
h4, h5 { margin-block-start: 2em; }
.header + .header h3,
.header + .header h4,
.header + .header h5 {
margin-block-start: 1em;
}
h1:target::before,
h2:target::before,
h3:target::before,
h4:target::before,
h5:target::before,
h6:target::before,
dt:target::before {
display: inline-block;
content: "»";
margin-inline-start: -30px;
width: 30px;
}
/* This is broken on Safari as of version 14, but is fixed
in Safari Technology Preview 117 which I think will be Safari 14.2.
https://bugs.webkit.org/show_bug.cgi?id=218076
*/
:target {
/* Safari does not support logical properties */
scroll-margin-top: calc(var(--menu-bar-height) + 0.5em);
}
.page {
outline: 0;
padding: 0 var(--page-padding);
margin-block-start: calc(0px - var(--menu-bar-height)); /* Compensate for the #mdbook-menu-bar-hover-placeholder */
}
.page-wrapper {
box-sizing: border-box;
background-color: var(--bg);
}
html:not(.js) .page-wrapper,
.js:not(.sidebar-resizing) .page-wrapper {
transition: margin-left 0.3s ease, transform 0.3s ease; /* Animation: slide away */
}
[dir=rtl]:not(.js) .page-wrapper,
[dir=rtl].js:not(.sidebar-resizing) .page-wrapper {
transition: margin-right 0.3s ease, transform 0.3s ease; /* Animation: slide away */
}
.content {
overflow-y: auto;
padding: 0 5px 50px 5px;
}
.content main {
margin-inline-start: auto;
margin-inline-end: auto;
max-width: var(--content-max-width);
}
.content p { line-height: 1.45em; }
.content ol { line-height: 1.45em; }
.content ul { line-height: 1.45em; }
.content a { text-decoration: none; }
.content a:hover { text-decoration: underline; }
.content img, .content video { max-width: 100%; }
.content .header:link,
.content .header:visited {
color: var(--fg);
}
.content .header:link,
.content .header:visited:hover {
text-decoration: none;
}
table {
margin: 0 auto;
border-collapse: collapse;
}
table td {
padding: 3px 20px;
border: 1px var(--table-border-color) solid;
}
table thead {
background: var(--table-header-bg);
}
table thead td {
font-weight: 700;
border: none;
}
table thead th {
padding: 3px 20px;
}
table thead tr {
border: 1px var(--table-header-bg) solid;
}
/* Alternate background colors for rows */
table tbody tr:nth-child(2n) {
background: var(--table-alternate-bg);
}
blockquote {
margin: 20px 0;
padding: 0 20px;
color: var(--fg);
background-color: var(--quote-bg);
border-block-start: .1em solid var(--quote-border);
border-block-end: .1em solid var(--quote-border);
}
/* TODO: Remove .warning in a future version of mdbook, it is replaced by
blockquote tags. */
.warning {
margin: 20px;
padding: 0 20px;
border-inline-start: 2px solid var(--warning-border);
}
.warning:before {
position: absolute;
width: 3rem;
height: 3rem;
margin-inline-start: calc(-1.5rem - 21px);
content: "ⓘ";
text-align: center;
background-color: var(--bg);
color: var(--warning-border);
font-weight: bold;
font-size: 2rem;
}
blockquote .warning:before {
background-color: var(--quote-bg);
}
kbd {
background-color: var(--table-border-color);
border-radius: 4px;
border: solid 1px var(--theme-popup-border);
box-shadow: inset 0 -1px 0 var(--theme-hover);
display: inline-block;
font-size: var(--code-font-size);
font-family: var(--mono-font);
line-height: 10px;
padding: 4px 5px;
vertical-align: middle;
}
sup {
/* Set the line-height for superscript and footnote references so that there
isn't an awkward space appearing above lines that contain the footnote.
See https://github.com/rust-lang/mdBook/pull/2443#discussion_r1813773583
for an explanation.
*/
line-height: 0;
}
.footnote-definition {
font-size: 0.9em;
}
/* The default spacing for a list is a little too large. */
.footnote-definition ul,
.footnote-definition ol {
padding-left: 20px;
}
.footnote-definition > li {
/* Required to position the ::before target */
position: relative;
}
.footnote-definition > li:target {
scroll-margin-top: 50vh;
}
.footnote-reference:target {
scroll-margin-top: 50vh;
}
/* Draws a border around the footnote (including the marker) when it is selected.
TODO: If there are multiple linkbacks, highlight which one you just came
from so you know which one to click.
*/
.footnote-definition > li:target::before {
border: 2px solid var(--footnote-highlight);
border-radius: 6px;
position: absolute;
top: -8px;
right: -8px;
bottom: -8px;
left: -32px;
pointer-events: none;
content: "";
}
/* Pulses the footnote reference so you can quickly see where you left off reading.
This could use some improvement.
*/
@media not (prefers-reduced-motion) {
.footnote-reference:target {
animation: fn-highlight 0.8s;
border-radius: 2px;
}
@keyframes fn-highlight {
from {
background-color: var(--footnote-highlight);
}
}
}
.tooltiptext {
position: absolute;
visibility: hidden;
color: #fff;
background-color: #333;
transform: translateX(-50%); /* Center by moving tooltip 50% of its width left */
left: -8px; /* Half of the width of the icon */
top: -35px;
font-size: 0.8em;
text-align: center;
border-radius: 6px;
padding: 5px 8px;
margin: 5px;
z-index: 1000;
}
.tooltipped .tooltiptext {
visibility: visible;
}
.chapter li.part-title {
color: var(--sidebar-fg);
margin: 5px 0px;
font-weight: bold;
}
.result-no-output {
font-style: italic;
}
.fa-svg svg {
width: 1em;
height: 1em;
fill: currentColor;
margin-bottom: -0.1em;
}
dt {
font-weight: bold;
margin-top: 0.5em;
margin-bottom: 0.1em;
}
/* This uses a CSS counter to add numbers to definitions, but only if there is
more than one definition. */
dl, dt {
counter-reset: dd-counter;
}
/* When there is more than one definition, increment the counter. The first
selector selects the first definition, and the second one selects definitions
2 and beyond.*/
dd:has(+ dd), dd + dd {
counter-increment: dd-counter;
/* Use flex display to help with positioning the numbers when there is a p
tag inside the definition. */
display: flex;
align-items: flex-start;
}
/* Shows the counter for definitions. The first selector selects the first
definition, and the second one selections definitions 2 and beyond.*/
dd:has(+ dd)::before, dd + dd::before {
content: counter(dd-counter) ". ";
font-weight: 600;
display: inline-block;
margin-right: 0.5em;
}
dd > p {
/* For loose definitions that have a p tag inside, don't add a bunch of
space before the definition. */
margin-top: 0;
}
/* Remove some excess space from the bottom. */
.blockquote-tag p:last-child {
margin-bottom: 2px;
}
.blockquote-tag {
/* Add some padding to make the vertical bar a little taller than the text.*/
padding: 2px 0px 2px 20px;
/* Add a solid color bar on the left side. */
border-inline-start-style: solid;
border-inline-start-width: 4px;
/* Disable the background color from normal blockquotes . */
background-color: inherit;
/* Disable border blocks from blockquotes. */
border-block-start: none;
border-block-end: none;
}
.blockquote-tag-title svg {
fill: currentColor;
/* Add space between the icon and the title. */
margin-right: 8px;
}
.blockquote-tag-note {
border-inline-start-color: var(--blockquote-note-color);
}
.blockquote-tag-tip {
border-inline-start-color: var(--blockquote-tip-color);
}
.blockquote-tag-important {
border-inline-start-color: var(--blockquote-important-color);
}
.blockquote-tag-warning {
border-inline-start-color: var(--blockquote-warning-color);
}
.blockquote-tag-caution {
border-inline-start-color: var(--blockquote-caution-color);
}
.blockquote-tag-note .blockquote-tag-title {
color: var(--blockquote-note-color);
}
.blockquote-tag-tip .blockquote-tag-title {
color: var(--blockquote-tip-color);
}
.blockquote-tag-important .blockquote-tag-title {
color: var(--blockquote-important-color);
}
.blockquote-tag-warning .blockquote-tag-title {
color: var(--blockquote-warning-color);
}
.blockquote-tag-caution .blockquote-tag-title {
color: var(--blockquote-caution-color);
}
.blockquote-tag-title {
/* Slightly increase the weight for more emphasis. */
font-weight: 600;
/* Vertically center the icon with the text. */
display: flex;
align-items: center;
/* Remove default large margins for a more compact display. */
margin: 2px 0 8px 0;
}
.blockquote-tag-title .fa-svg {
fill: currentColor;
/* Add some space between the icon and the text. */
margin-right: 8px;
}
docs/css/print-9e4910d8.css
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#mdbook-sidebar,
#mdbook-menu-bar,
.nav-chapters,
.mobile-nav-chapters {
display: none;
}
#mdbook-page-wrapper.page-wrapper {
transform: none !important;
margin-inline-start: 0px;
overflow-y: initial;
}
#mdbook-content {
max-width: none;
margin: 0;
padding: 0;
}
.page {
overflow-y: initial;
}
code {
direction: ltr !important;
}
pre > .buttons {
z-index: 2;
}
a, a:visited, a:active, a:hover {
color: #4183c4;
text-decoration: none;
}
h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 {
page-break-inside: avoid;
page-break-after: avoid;
}
pre, code {
page-break-inside: avoid;
white-space: pre-wrap;
}
.fa {
display: none !important;
}
docs/css/variables-8adf115d.css
+383
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/* Globals */
:root {
--sidebar-target-width: 300px;
--sidebar-width: min(var(--sidebar-target-width), 80vw);
--sidebar-resize-indicator-width: 8px;
--sidebar-resize-indicator-space: 2px;
--page-padding: 15px;
--content-max-width: 750px;
--menu-bar-height: 50px;
--mono-font: "Source Code Pro", Consolas, "Ubuntu Mono", Menlo, "DejaVu Sans Mono", monospace, monospace;
--code-font-size: 0.875em; /* please adjust the ace font size accordingly in editor.js */
--searchbar-margin-block-start: 5px;
}
/* Themes */
.ayu {
--bg: hsl(210, 25%, 8%);
--fg: #c5c5c5;
--sidebar-bg: #14191f;
--sidebar-fg: #c8c9db;
--sidebar-non-existant: #5c6773;
--sidebar-active: #ffb454;
--sidebar-spacer: #2d334f;
--scrollbar: var(--sidebar-fg);
--icons: #737480;
--icons-hover: #b7b9cc;
--links: #0096cf;
--inline-code-color: #ffb454;
--theme-popup-bg: #14191f;
--theme-popup-border: #5c6773;
--theme-hover: #191f26;
--quote-bg: hsl(226, 15%, 17%);
--quote-border: hsl(226, 15%, 22%);
--warning-border: #ff8e00;
--table-border-color: hsl(210, 25%, 13%);
--table-header-bg: hsl(210, 25%, 28%);
--table-alternate-bg: hsl(210, 25%, 11%);
--searchbar-border-color: #848484;
--searchbar-bg: #424242;
--searchbar-fg: #fff;
--searchbar-shadow-color: #d4c89f;
--searchresults-header-fg: #666;
--searchresults-border-color: #888;
--searchresults-li-bg: #252932;
--search-mark-bg: #e3b171;
--color-scheme: dark;
/* Same as `--icons` */
--copy-button-filter: invert(45%) sepia(6%) saturate(621%) hue-rotate(198deg) brightness(99%) contrast(85%);
/* Same as `--sidebar-active` */
--copy-button-filter-hover: invert(68%) sepia(55%) saturate(531%) hue-rotate(341deg) brightness(104%) contrast(101%);
--footnote-highlight: #2668a6;
--overlay-bg: rgba(33, 40, 48, 0.4);
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<h1 id="compiler-architecture-and-internals"><a class="header" href="#compiler-architecture-and-internals">Compiler architecture and internals</a></h1>
<p><code>revive</code> relies on <code>solc</code>, the <a href="https://github.com/argotorg/solidity">Ethereum Solidity compiler</a>, as the Solidity frontend to process smart contracts written in Solidity. <a href="https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project">LLVM</a>, a popular and powerful compiler framework, is used as the compiler backend and does the heavy lifting in terms of optimizitations and RISC-V code generation.</p>
<p><code>revive</code> mainly takes care of lowering the Yul intermediate representation (IR) produced by <code>solc</code> to LLVM IR. This approach provides a good balance between maintaining a high level of Ethereum compatibility, good contract performance and feasible engineering efforts.</p>
<h2 id="resolc"><a class="header" href="#resolc"><code>resolc</code></a></h2>
<p><code>resolc</code> is the overarching compiler driver library and binary.</p>
<p>When compiling a Solidity source file with <code>resolc</code>, the following steps happen under the hood:</p>
<ol>
<li><code>solc</code> is used to lower the Solidity source code into <a href="https://docs.soliditylang.org/en/latest/yul.html">YUL intermediate representation</a>.</li>
<li><code>revive</code> lowers the YUL IR into LLVM IR.</li>
<li>LLVM optimizes the code and emits a RISC-V ELF shared object (through LLD).</li>
<li>The <a href="https://github.com/paritytech/polkavm">PolkaVM</a> linker finally links the ELF shared object into a PolkaVM blob.</li>
</ol>
<p>This compilation process can be visualized as follows:</p>
<p><img src="images/resolc.svg" alt="Architecture Overview"></p>
<h2 id="reproducible-contract-builds"><a class="header" href="#reproducible-contract-builds">Reproducible contract builds</a></h2>
<p>Because on-chain contract code is identified via its code blob hash, it is crucial to maintain reproducible contract builds. A given compiler version must reproduce the contract build <em>exactly</em> on every target platform <code>resolc</code> supports via the official binary releases.</p>
<p>To ensure this, we employ the following measures:</p>
<ul>
<li>The code generation must be fully deterministic. For example iterating over standard <code>HashMap</code> invalidates this due to its internal state, making it an invalid operation in <code>revive</code>. To circumvent that, a <code>BTreeMap</code> can be used instead.</li>
<li>We release fully statically linked <code>resolc</code> binaries. This prevents dynamic linking of potentially differentiating libraries.</li>
<li>The only non-bundled dependency is the <code>solc</code> compiler. This is considered fine because the same properties apply to <code>solc</code>.</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="the-revive-compiler-libraries"><a class="header" href="#the-revive-compiler-libraries">The <code>revive</code> compiler libraries</a></h2>
<p>The main compiler logic is implemented in the <code>revive-yul</code> and <code>revive-llvm-context</code> crates.</p>
<p>The Yul library implements a lexer and parser and lowers the resulting tree into LLVM IR. It does so by emitting LL using the LLVM builder and our own <code>revive-llvm-context</code> compiler context crate. The revive LLVM context crate encapsulates code generation logic (decoupled from the parser).</p>
<p>The Yul library also implements a simple <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visitor_pattern">visitor</a> interface (see <a href="https://github.com/paritytech/revive/blob/main/crates/yul/src/visitor.rs">visitor.rs</a>). If you want to work with the AST, it is strongly recommended to implement visitors. The LLVM code generation is implemented using a dedicated trait for historical reasons only.</p>
<h2 id="evm-heap-memory"><a class="header" href="#evm-heap-memory">EVM heap memory</a></h2>
<p>PVM doesn’t offer a similar API. Hence the emitted contract code emulates the linear EVM heap memory using a static byte buffer. Data inside this byte buffer is kept big endian for EVM compatibility reasons (unaligned access is allowed and makes optimizing this non-trivial).</p>
<p>Unlike with the EVM, where heap memory usage is gas metered, our heap size is static (the size is user controllable via a setting flag). The compiler emits bound checks to prevent overflows.</p>
<h2 id="the-llvm-dependency"><a class="header" href="#the-llvm-dependency">The LLVM dependency</a></h2>
<p>LLVM is a special non Rust dependency. We interface its builder interface via the <a href="https://crates.io/crates/inkwell">inkwell</a> wrapper crate.</p>
<p>We use upstream LLVM, but release and use our custom builds. We require the compiler builtins specifically built for the PVM rv64e target and always leave assertions on. Furthermore, we need cross builds because <code>resolc</code> itself targets emscripten and musl. The <a href="https://crates.io/crates/revive-llvm-builder">revive-llvm-builer</a> functions as a cross-platform build script and is used to build and release the LLVM dependency.</p>
<p>We also maintain the <a href="https://crates.io/crates/lld-sys">lld-sys crate</a> for interfacing with <code>LLD</code>. The LLVM linker is used during the compilation process, but we don’t want to distribute another binary.</p>
<h2 id="custom-optimizations"><a class="header" href="#custom-optimizations">Custom optimizations</a></h2>
<p>At the moment, no significant custom optimizations are implemented. Thus, we are missing some optimization opportunities that neither <code>solc</code> nor LLVM can realize (due to their lack of domain specific knowledge about the semantics of our target environment). Furthermore, <code>solc</code> optimizes for EVM gas and a target machine orthogonal to our target (BE 256-bit stack machine EVM vs. 64-bit LE RISC architecture PVM). We have started working on an additional IR layer between Yul and LLVM to capture missed optimization opportunities, though.</p>
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<main>
<h1 id="contributor-guide"><a class="header" href="#contributor-guide">Contributor guide</a></h1>
<p>The <code>revive</code> compiler is an open source software project and we gladly accept quality contributions from anyone!</p>
<h2 id="getting-started"><a class="header" href="#getting-started">Getting started</a></h2>
<p>A quick reference on how to build the Solidity compiler is maintained in the project’s <a href="https://github.com/paritytech/revive?tab=readme-ov-file#building-from-source">README.md</a>.</p>
<h3 id="using-the-makefile"><a class="header" href="#using-the-makefile">Using the <code>Makefile</code></a></h3>
<p>The <a href="https://github.com/paritytech/revive/blob/main/Makefile">Makefile</a> comprehensively encapsulates all development aspects of this codebase. It is kept concise and readable. Please read and use it! You’ll learn for example:</p>
<ul>
<li>How to build and install a <code>resolc</code> development version.</li>
<li>How to run tests and benchmarks.</li>
<li>How to cross-compile <code>resolc</code>.</li>
</ul>
<p>As a general rule-of-thumb: If <code>make test</code> runs fine locally, chances for green CI pipelines are good.</p>
<h3 id="codebase-organization"><a class="header" href="#codebase-organization">Codebase organization</a></h3>
<p>For the most parts, <code>revive</code> is a rather standard Rust workspace codebase. There are some non-Rust dependencies, which sometimes complicates things a little bit.</p>
<h4 id="the-crates-dir"><a class="header" href="#the-crates-dir">The <code>crates/</code> dir</a></h4>
<p>All Rust crates live under the <code>crates/</code> directory. The workspace automatically considers any crate found therein. If you need to add a new create, please implement it there.</p>
<p>Compiler library crates should be named with the <code>revive-</code> prefix. The crate location doesn’t need the prefix.</p>
<h4 id="dependencies"><a class="header" href="#dependencies">Dependencies</a></h4>
<p>Dependencies should be added as workspace dependencies. Try to avoid pinning dependencies whenever possible. If possible, add dev dependencies as <code>dev-dependencies</code> only.</p>
<p>Please do always include the <code>Cargo.lock</code> dependency lock file with your PR. Please don’t run <code>cargo update</code> together with other changes (it is preferred to update the lock file in a dedicated dependency update PR).</p>
<h2 id="contribution-rules"><a class="header" href="#contribution-rules">Contribution rules</a></h2>
<ol>
<li>Changes must be submitted via a pull request (PR) to the github upstream repository.</li>
<li>Ensure that your branch passes <code>make test</code> locally when submitting a pull request.</li>
<li>A PR must not be merged until CI fully passes. Exceptions can be made (for example to fix CI issues itself).</li>
<li>No force pushes to the <code>main</code> branch and open PR branches.</li>
<li>Maintainers can request changes or deny contributions at their own discretion.</li>
</ol>
<h2 id="style-guide"><a class="header" href="#style-guide">Style guide</a></h2>
<p>We require the official Rust formatter and clippy linter. In addition to that, please also consider the following best-effort aspects:</p>
<ul>
<li>Avoid <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_number_(programming)">magic numbers</a> and strings. Instead, add them as module constants.</li>
<li>Avoid abbreviated variable and function names. Always provide meaningful and readable symbols.</li>
<li>Don’t write macros and don’t use third party macros for things that can easily be expressed in few lines of code or outlined into functions.</li>
<li>Avoid import aliasing. Please use the parent or fully qualified path for conflicting symbols.</li>
<li>Any inline comments must provide additional semantic meaning, explain counter-intuitive behavior or highlight non-obvious design decisions. In other words, try to make the code expressive enough to a degree it doesn’t need comments expressing the same thing again in the English language. Delete such comments if your AI assistant generated them.</li>
<li>Public items must have a meaningful doc comment.</li>
<li>Provide meaningful panic messages to <code>.expect()</code> or just use <code>.unwrap()</code>.</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="ai-policy"><a class="header" href="#ai-policy">AI policy</a></h2>
<p>Contributors may use whatever AI assistance tools they wish to whatever degree they wish in the process of creating their contribution, <strong>given they acknowledge the following</strong>:</p>
<p><em>Project maintainers may reject any contribution (or portions of it) if the contribution shows signs of problematic involvement of generative AI</em>.</p>
<p>Judgement of “problematic involvement” lies at the sole discretion of project maintainers. No proof (whether a contribution was in fact AI generated or not) is required. Rationale:</p>
<ul>
<li>No one enjoys reading soulless and uncanny LLM slop. Please review and fix any AI slop yourself prior to submitting a PR.</li>
<li>A Solidity compiler is security sensitive software. Even miniscule mistakes can ultimately lead to loss of funds. AI models are inherently stochastic. They regurarly fail to capture important nuances or produce straight hallucinations. Code that was “blindly” generated has no home here.</li>
<li><code>revive</code> is a large codebase. Generative AI assistants may not have enough “context window” to sufficiently capture correctness, consistency and style aspects of the codebase. We’d like to keep this codebase maintainable <em>by humans</em> for the forseeable future.</li>
</ul>
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<h1 id="cross-compilation"><a class="header" href="#cross-compilation">Cross compilation</a></h1>
<p>We cross-compile the <code>resolc.js</code> frontend executable to Wasm for running it in a Node.js or browser environment.</p>
<p>The <a href="https://www.musl-libc.org/">musl</a> target is used to obtain statically linked ELF binaries for Linux.</p>
<h2 id="wasm-via-emscripten"><a class="header" href="#wasm-via-emscripten">Wasm via emscripten</a></h2>
<p>The <code>REVIVE_LLVM_TARGET_PREFIX</code> environment variable is used to control the target environment LLVM dependency. This requires a compatible LLVM build, obtainable via the <code>revive-llvm</code> build script. Example:</p>
<pre><code class="language-sh"># Build the host LLVM dependency with PolkaVM target support
make install-llvm
export LLVM_SYS_181_PREFIX=${PWD}/target-llvm/gnu/target-final
# Build the target LLVM dependency with PolkaVM target support
revive-llvm emsdk
source emsdk/emsdk_env.sh
revive-llvm --target-env emscripten build --llvm-projects lld
export REVIVE_LLVM_TARGET_PREFIX=${PWD}/target-llvm/emscripten/target-final
# Build the resolc frontend executable
make install-wasm
make test-wasm
</code></pre>
<h2 id="musl-libc"><a class="header" href="#musl-libc">musl libc</a></h2>
<p><a href="https://github.com/rust-cross/rust-musl-cross">rust-musl-cross</a> is a straightforward way to cross compile Rust to musl. The <a href="https://github.com/paritytech/revive/blob/main/Dockerfile">Dockerfile</a> is an executable example of how to do that.</p>
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<h1 class="menu-title">revive compiler book</h1>
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<h1 id="pvm-and-the-pallet-revive-runtime-target"><a class="header" href="#pvm-and-the-pallet-revive-runtime-target">PVM and the pallet-revive runtime target</a></h1>
<p>The <code>revive</code> compiler targets <a href="https://github.com/paritytech/polkavm">PolkaVM (PVM)</a> via <a href="https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk/tree/master/substrate/frame/revive">pallet-revive</a> on Polkadot.</p>
<h2 id="target-cpu-configuration"><a class="header" href="#target-cpu-configuration">Target CPU configuration</a></h2>
<p>The exact target CPU configuration can be found <a href="https://github.com/paritytech/revive/blob/8cd10a613625428956eb33c39c9022a91bfbf103/crates/llvm-context/src/target_machine/mod.rs#L22-L32">here</a>.</p>
<blockquote class="blockquote-tag blockquote-tag-note">
<p class="blockquote-tag-title"><svg viewbox="0 0 16 16" width="18" height="18"><path d="M0 8a8 8 0 1 1 16 0A8 8 0 0 1 0 8Zm8-6.5a6.5 6.5 0 1 0 0 13 6.5 6.5 0 0 0 0-13ZM6.5 7.75A.75.75 0 0 1 7.25 7h1a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v2.75h.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-2a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h.25v-2h-.25a.75.75 0 0 1-.75-.75ZM8 6a1 1 0 1 1 0-2 1 1 0 0 1 0 2Z"></path></svg>Note</p>
<p>The PVM linker requires fully relocatable ELF objects.</p>
</blockquote>
<h2 id="why-pvm"><a class="header" href="#why-pvm">Why PVM</a></h2>
<p>PVM is a RISC-V based VM designed to overcome the flaws of <a href="https://webassembly.org/">WebAssebmly (Wasm)</a>. Wasm was believed to be a more efficient successor to the rather slow EVM. However, Wasm is far from an ideal target for smart contracts as some of its design decisions are unfavorable for short-lived workloads. The main problem is on-chain Wasm bytecode compilation or interpretation overhead. Prior benchmarks consistently ignoring this overhead seeded the blockchain industry with flawed assumptions: <em>Only when ignoring the startup overhead</em> Wasm is much faster than the slow computing EVM. In practice however, gains are nullified entirely and Wasm loses completely even against very slow VMs like the EVM. Executing Wasm contracts is in fact so inefficient that typical contract workloads are <em>orders of magnitude</em> more expensive than the equivalent EVM variant.</p>
<p>On the other hand, since RISC-V is similar to CPUs found in validator hardware (x86 and ARM), bytecode translation mostly boils down to a linear mapping from one instruction to another. The <em>embedded</em> ISA specification reduces the number of general purpose registers, in turn removing the need for expensive register allocation. This guarantees single-pass <code>O(n)</code> JIT compilation of contract bytecode. The close proximity of PVM bytecode with actual validator CPU bytecode effectively allows to move all expensive compilation workload off-chain. Benchmarks (<a href="https://hackmd.io/@XXX9CM1uSSCWVNFRYaSB5g/HJarTUhJA#Results-execute">1</a>, <a href="https://github.com/paritytech/polkavm/blob/master/BENCHMARKS.md">2</a>) show that with the PVM JIT, sandboxed PVM code executes at around half the speed of native code, which falls into the same ballpark of the state-of-the-art <code>wasmtime</code> Wasm implementation (while EVM sits somewhere around 1/10 to less than 1/100 of native speed). However, the PVM JIT compiler only uses a fraction of the time <code>wasmtime</code> requires to compile the code.</p>
<blockquote class="blockquote-tag blockquote-tag-note">
<p class="blockquote-tag-title"><svg viewbox="0 0 16 16" width="18" height="18"><path d="M0 8a8 8 0 1 1 16 0A8 8 0 0 1 0 8Zm8-6.5a6.5 6.5 0 1 0 0 13 6.5 6.5 0 0 0 0-13ZM6.5 7.75A.75.75 0 0 1 7.25 7h1a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v2.75h.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-2a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h.25v-2h-.25a.75.75 0 0 1-.75-.75ZM8 6a1 1 0 1 1 0-2 1 1 0 0 1 0 2Z"></path></svg>Note</p>
<p>The PVM JIT isn’t available yet in <code>pallet-revive</code>. At the time of writing, the contract code is interpreted, which is orders of magnitude slower than the JIT.</p>
</blockquote>
<h2 id="host-environment-pallet-revive"><a class="header" href="#host-environment-pallet-revive">Host environment: <code>pallet-revive</code></a></h2>
<p>The <code>revive</code> compiler targets the <a href="https://docs.rs/pallet-revive/"><code>pallet-revive</code> runtime environment</a>.</p>
<p><code>pallet-revive</code> exposes a <a href="https://docs.rs/pallet-revive/latest/pallet_revive/trait.SyscallDoc.html">syscall like interface</a> for contract interactions with the host environment. This is provided by the <a href="https://crates.io/crates/revive-runtime-api">revive-runtime-api</a> library.</p>
<p>After the initial launch on the Polkadot Asset Hub blockchain, the runtime API is considered stable and backwards compatible indefinitively.</p>
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<h1 class="menu-title">revive compiler book</h1>
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<h1 id="testing-strategy"><a class="header" href="#testing-strategy">Testing strategy</a></h1>
<p>Contributors are encouraged to implement some appropriate unit and integration tests together with any bug fixes or new feature implementations. However, when it comes to testing the code generation logic, our testing strategy goes way beyond simple unit and integration tests. This chapter explains how the <code>revive</code> compiler implementation is tested for correctness and how we define correctness.</p>
<blockquote class="blockquote-tag blockquote-tag-tip">
<p class="blockquote-tag-title"><svg viewbox="0 0 16 16" width="18" height="18"><path d="M8 1.5c-2.363 0-4 1.69-4 3.75 0 .984.424 1.625.984 2.304l.214.253c.223.264.47.556.673.848.284.411.537.896.621 1.49a.75.75 0 0 1-1.484.211c-.04-.282-.163-.547-.37-.847a8.456 8.456 0 0 0-.542-.68c-.084-.1-.173-.205-.268-.32C3.201 7.75 2.5 6.766 2.5 5.25 2.5 2.31 4.863 0 8 0s5.5 2.31 5.5 5.25c0 1.516-.701 2.5-1.328 3.259-.095.115-.184.22-.268.319-.207.245-.383.453-.541.681-.208.3-.33.565-.37.847a.751.751 0 0 1-1.485-.212c.084-.593.337-1.078.621-1.489.203-.292.45-.584.673-.848.075-.088.147-.173.213-.253.561-.679.985-1.32.985-2.304 0-2.06-1.637-3.75-4-3.75ZM5.75 12h4.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-4.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5ZM6 15.25a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75h2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75-.75Z"></path></svg>Tip</p>
<p>Running the integration tests require the <code>evm</code> tool from <code>go-ethereum</code> in your <code>$PATH</code>.</p>
<p>Either install it using your package manager or to build it from source:</p>
<pre><code class="language-bash">git clone https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/
cd go-ethereum
make all
export PATH=/path/to/go-ethereum/build/bin/:$PATH
</code></pre>
</blockquote>
<h2 id="bug-compatibility-with-ethereum-solidity"><a class="header" href="#bug-compatibility-with-ethereum-solidity">Bug compatibility with Ethereum Solidity</a></h2>
<p>As a Solidity compiler, we aim to preserve contract code semantics as close as possible to Solidity compiled to EVM with the <code>solc</code> reference implementation. As highlighted in the user guide, due to the underlying target difference, this isn’t always possible. However, wherever it is possible, we follow the philosophy of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bug_compatibility"><strong>bug compatibility</strong></a> with the Ethereum contracts stack.</p>
<h2 id="differential-integration-tests"><a class="header" href="#differential-integration-tests">Differential integration tests</a></h2>
<p>A high level of bug compatibility with Ethereum is ensured through <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_testing"><strong>differential testing</strong></a> with the Ethereum <code>solc</code> and EVM contracts stack. The <a href="https://crates.io/crates/revive-integration">revive-integration</a> library is the central integration test utility, providing a set of Solidity integration test cases. Further, it implements differential tests against the reference implementation by combining the <a href="https://crates.io/crates/revive-runner">revive-runner</a> sandbox, the <a href="https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/tree/master/cmd/evm">go-ethereum EVM tool</a> and the <a href="https://crates.io/crates/revive-differential">revive-differential</a>.</p>
<p>The <code>revive-runner</code> library provides a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declarative_programming"><strong>declarative</strong></a> test <a href="https://github.com/paritytech/revive/blob/main/crates/runner/src/specs.rs">specification format</a>. This vastly simplifies writing differential test cases and removes a lot of room for errors in test logic. Example:</p>
<pre><code class="language-json">{
"differential": true,
"actions": [
{
"Instantiate": {
"code": {
"Solidity": {
"contract": "Bitwise"
}
}
}
},
{
"Call": {
"dest": {
"Instantiated": 0
},
"data": "3fa4f245"
}
}
]
}
</code></pre>
<p>Above example instantiates the <code>Bitwise</code> contract and calls it with some defined calldata. The <code>revive-runner</code> library implements a helper wrapper to execute test specs on the go-ethereum standalone <code>evm</code> tool. This allows the <code>revive-runner</code> to execute specs against the EVM and the <code>pallet-revive</code> runtime. Key to differential testing is setting <code>"differential": true</code>, resulting in the following:</p>
<ol>
<li>The <code>Bitwise</code> contract is compiled to EVM and PVM code.</li>
<li>The runner executes the defined <code>actions</code> on the EVM and collects all state changes (storage, balance) and execution results.</li>
<li>The runner executes each action on the PVM. Observed state changes <em>after each step</em> as well as the final execution result is asserted to match the EVM counterparts <strong>exactly</strong>.</li>
</ol>
<p><strong>Note how we never defined any expected outcome manually.</strong> Instead, we simply observe and collect the data defining the “correct” outcome.</p>
<p>Differential testing in combination with declarative test specifications proved to be simple, yet very effective, in ensuring expected Ethereum Solidity semantics on <code>pallet-revive</code>.</p>
<h2 id="the-differential-testing-utility"><a class="header" href="#the-differential-testing-utility">The differential testing utility</a></h2>
<p>A lot of nuanced bugs caused by tiny implementation details inside the <code>revive</code> compiler <em>and</em> the <code>pallet-revive</code> runtime could be identified and eliminated early on thanks to the differential testing strategy. Thus, we decided to take this approach further and created a comprehensive test runner and a large suite of more complex test cases.</p>
<p>The <a href="https://github.com/paritytech/revive-differential-tests/">Revive Differential Tests</a> follow the exact same strategy but implement a much more powerful test spec format, spec runner and reports. This allows differentially testing much more complex test cases (for example testing Uniswap pair creations and swaps), executed via transactions sent to actual blockchain nodes.</p>
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<h1 id="faq"><a class="header" href="#faq">FAQ</a></h1>
<h2 id="what-evm-version-do-you-support"><a class="header" href="#what-evm-version-do-you-support">What EVM version do you support?</a></h2>
<p>We neither do nor don’t support any EVM version. We support Solidity versions, starting from <code>solc</code> version 0.8.0 onwards.</p>
<h2 id="is-inline-assembly-supported"><a class="header" href="#is-inline-assembly-supported">Is inline assembly supported</a></h2>
<p>Yes, almost all inline assembly features are supported (<a href="user_guide/differences.html">see the differences in Yul translation chapter</a>).</p>
<h2 id="do-you-support-opcode-xy"><a class="header" href="#do-you-support-opcode-xy">Do you support opcode <code>XY</code>?</a></h2>
<p>See above, the same applies.</p>
<h2 id="in-what-solidity-version-should-i-write-my-dapp"><a class="header" href="#in-what-solidity-version-should-i-write-my-dapp">In what Solidity version should I write my dApp?</a></h2>
<p>We generally recommend to always use the latest supported version to profit from latest bugfixes, features and performance improvements.</p>
<p>Find out about the latest supported version by running <code>resolc --supported-solc-versions</code> or checking <a href="https://github.com/paritytech/resolc-bin">here</a>.</p>
<h2 id="tool-xy-says-the-contract-size-is-larger-than-24kb-and-will-fail-to-deploy"><a class="header" href="#tool-xy-says-the-contract-size-is-larger-than-24kb-and-will-fail-to-deploy">Tool <code>XY</code> says the contract size is larger than 24kb and will fail to deploy?</a></h2>
<p>The 24kb code size restriction only exist for the EVM. Our limit is currently around 1mb and may increase further in the future.</p>
<h2 id="is-resolc-a-drop-in-replacement-for-solc"><a class="header" href="#is-resolc-a-drop-in-replacement-for-solc">Is <code>resolc</code> a drop-in replacement for <code>solc</code>?</a></h2>
<p>No. <code>resolc</code> aims to work similarly to <code>solc</code>, but it’s not considered a drop-in replacement.</p>
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Copyright 2010, 2012 Adobe Systems Incorporated (http://www.adobe.com/), with Reserved Font Name 'Source'. All Rights Reserved. Source is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated in the United States and/or other countries.
This Font Software is licensed under the SIL Open Font License, Version 1.1.
This license is copied below, and is also available with a FAQ at:
http://scripts.sil.org/OFL
-----------------------------------------------------------
SIL OPEN FONT LICENSE Version 1.1 - 26 February 2007
-----------------------------------------------------------
PREAMBLE
The goals of the Open Font License (OFL) are to stimulate worldwide
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The OFL allows the licensed fonts to be used, studied, modified and
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DEFINITIONS
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"Author" refers to any designer, engineer, programmer, technical
writer or other person who contributed to the Font Software.
PERMISSION & CONDITIONS
Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
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redistribute, and sell modified and unmodified copies of the Font
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1) Neither the Font Software nor any of its individual components,
in Original or Modified Versions, may be sold by itself.
2) Original or Modified Versions of the Font Software may be bundled,
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contains the above copyright notice and this license. These can be
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in the appropriate machine-readable metadata fields within text or
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TERMINATION
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<h1 id="welcome"><a class="header" href="#welcome">Welcome</a></h1>
<p>Hello and a warm welcome to the <code>revive</code> Solidity compiler book!</p>
<h2 id="target-audience"><a class="header" href="#target-audience">Target audience</a></h2>
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<li><strong>Solidity dApp developers</strong> should read the <a href="./user_guide.html">user guide</a>. Solidity on PolkaVM introduces important differences to EVM which should be well understood.</li>
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<h2 id="other-polkadot-contracts-resources"><a class="header" href="#other-polkadot-contracts-resources">Other Polkadot contracts resources</a></h2>
<p>Head to <a href="https://docs.polkadot.com/develop/smart-contracts/">contracts.polkadot.io</a> for more general information about contracts on Polkadot.</p>
<h2 id="about"><a class="header" href="#about">About</a></h2>
<p>This <a href="https://github.com/rust-lang/mdBook">mdBook</a> documents the revive Solidity compiler project. The content is found under <code>book/</code>. Run <code>make book</code> to observe changes.</p>
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<h1 id="welcome"><a class="header" href="#welcome">Welcome</a></h1>
<p>Hello and a warm welcome to the <code>revive</code> Solidity compiler book!</p>
<h2 id="target-audience"><a class="header" href="#target-audience">Target audience</a></h2>
<ul>
<li><strong>Solidity dApp developers</strong> should read the <a href="#resolc-user-guide">user guide</a>. Solidity on PolkaVM introduces important differences to EVM which should be well understood.</li>
<li><strong>Contributors</strong> will find the <a href="#developer-guide">developer guide</a> helpful for getting up to speed.</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="other-polkadot-contracts-resources"><a class="header" href="#other-polkadot-contracts-resources">Other Polkadot contracts resources</a></h2>
<p>Head to <a href="https://docs.polkadot.com/develop/smart-contracts/">contracts.polkadot.io</a> for more general information about contracts on Polkadot.</p>
<h2 id="about"><a class="header" href="#about">About</a></h2>
<p>This <a href="https://github.com/rust-lang/mdBook">mdBook</a> documents the revive Solidity compiler project. The content is found under <code>book/</code>. Run <code>make book</code> to observe changes.</p>
<div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div>
<h1 id="resolc-user-guide"><a class="header" href="#resolc-user-guide"><code>resolc</code> user guide</a></h1>
<p><code>resolc</code> is a Solidity <code>v0.8</code> compiler for <a href="https://docs.polkadot.com/develop/smart-contracts/overview/#native-smart-contracts">Polkadot <code>native</code> smart contracts</a>. Solidity compiled with <code>resolc</code> executes orders of magnitude faster than the EVM. <code>resolc</code> also supports almost all Solidity <code>v0.8</code> features including inline assembly, offering a high level of comptability with the Ethereum Solidity reference implementation.</p>
<h2 id="revive-vs-resolc-nomenclature"><a class="header" href="#revive-vs-resolc-nomenclature"><code>revive</code> vs. <code>resolc</code> nomenclature</a></h2>
<p><code>revive</code> is the name of the overarching “Solidity to PolkaVM” compiler project, which contains multiple components (for example the Yul parser, the code generation library, the <code>resolc</code> executable itself, and many more things).</p>
<p><code>resolc</code> is the name of the compiler driver executable, combining many <code>revive</code> components in a single and easy to use binary application.</p>
<p>In other words, <code>revive</code> is the whole compiler infrastructure (more like <code>LLVM</code>) and <code>resolc</code> is a user-facing single-entrypoint compiler frontend (more like <code>clang</code>).</p>
<div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div>
<h1 id="installation"><a class="header" href="#installation">Installation</a></h1>
<p>Building Solidity contracts for PolkaVM requires installing the following two compilers:</p>
<ul>
<li><code>solc</code>: The <a href="https://github.com/argotorg/solidity">Ethereum Solidity reference compiler</a> implementation.</li>
<li><code>resolc</code>: The revive Solidity compiler YUL frontend and PolkaVM code generator.</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="resolc-binary-releases"><a class="header" href="#resolc-binary-releases"><code>resolc</code> binary releases</a></h2>
<p><code>resolc</code> is supported an all major operating systems and installation is straightforward.
Please find our <a href="https://github.com/paritytech/revive/releases">binary releases</a> for the following platforms:</p>
<ul>
<li>Linux (MUSL)</li>
<li>MacOS (universal)</li>
<li>Windows</li>
<li>Wasm via emscripten</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="installing-the-solc-dependency"><a class="header" href="#installing-the-solc-dependency">Installing the <code>solc</code> dependency</a></h2>
<p><code>resolc</code> uses <code>solc</code> during the compilation process, please refer to the <a href="https://docs.soliditylang.org/en/latest/installing-solidity.html">Ethereum Solidity documentation</a> for installation instructions.</p>
<h2 id="revive-npm-package"><a class="header" href="#revive-npm-package"><code>revive</code> NPM package</a></h2>
<p>We distribute the revive compiler as <a href="https://github.com/paritytech/revive/tree/main/js/resolc">node.js module</a>.</p>
<h2 id="buidling-resolc-from-source"><a class="header" href="#buidling-resolc-from-source">Buidling <code>resolc</code> from source</a></h2>
<p>Please follow the build <a href="https://github.com/paritytech/revive?tab=readme-ov-file#building-from-source">instructions in the revive <code>README.md</code></a>.</p>
<div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div>
<h1 id="cli-usage"><a class="header" href="#cli-usage">CLI usage</a></h1>
<p>We aim to keep the <code>resolc</code> CLI usage close to <code>solc</code>. There are a few things and options worthwhile to know about in <code>resolc</code> which do not exist in the Ethereum world. This chapter explains those in more detail than the CLI help message.</p>
<blockquote class="blockquote-tag blockquote-tag-tip">
<p class="blockquote-tag-title"><svg viewbox="0 0 16 16" width="18" height="18"><path d="M8 1.5c-2.363 0-4 1.69-4 3.75 0 .984.424 1.625.984 2.304l.214.253c.223.264.47.556.673.848.284.411.537.896.621 1.49a.75.75 0 0 1-1.484.211c-.04-.282-.163-.547-.37-.847a8.456 8.456 0 0 0-.542-.68c-.084-.1-.173-.205-.268-.32C3.201 7.75 2.5 6.766 2.5 5.25 2.5 2.31 4.863 0 8 0s5.5 2.31 5.5 5.25c0 1.516-.701 2.5-1.328 3.259-.095.115-.184.22-.268.319-.207.245-.383.453-.541.681-.208.3-.33.565-.37.847a.751.751 0 0 1-1.485-.212c.084-.593.337-1.078.621-1.489.203-.292.45-.584.673-.848.075-.088.147-.173.213-.253.561-.679.985-1.32.985-2.304 0-2.06-1.637-3.75-4-3.75ZM5.75 12h4.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-4.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5ZM6 15.25a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75h2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75-.75Z"></path></svg>Tip</p>
<p>For the complete help about CLI options, please see <code>resolc --help</code>.</p>
</blockquote>
<h3 id="llvm-optimization-levels"><a class="header" href="#llvm-optimization-levels">LLVM optimization levels</a></h3>
<pre><code class="language-bash">-O, --optimization &lt;OPTIMIZATION&gt;
</code></pre>
<p><code>resolc</code> exposes the optimization level setting for the LLVM backend. The performance and size of compiled contracts varies wiedly between different optimization levels.</p>
<p>Valid levels are the following:</p>
<ul>
<li><code>0</code>: No optimizations are applied.</li>
<li><code>1</code>: Basic optimizations for execution time.</li>
<li><code>2</code>: Advanced optimizations for execution time.</li>
<li><code>3</code>: Aggressive optimizations for execution time.</li>
<li><code>s</code>: Optimize for code size.</li>
<li><code>z</code>: Aggressively optimize for code size.</li>
</ul>
<p>By default, <code>-O3</code> is applied.</p>
<h3 id="stack-size"><a class="header" href="#stack-size">Stack size</a></h3>
<pre><code class="language-bash">--stack-size &lt;STACK_SIZE&gt;
</code></pre>
<p>PVM is a register machine with a traditional stack memory space for local variables. This controls the total amount of stack space the contract can use.</p>
<p>You are incentivized to keep this value as small as possible:</p>
<ol>
<li>Increasing the stack size will increase startup costs.</li>
<li>The stack size contributes to the total memory size a contract can use, which includes the contract’s code size.</li>
</ol>
<p>Default value: 32768</p>
<blockquote class="blockquote-tag blockquote-tag-warning">
<p class="blockquote-tag-title"><svg viewbox="0 0 16 16" width="18" height="18"><path d="M6.457 1.047c.659-1.234 2.427-1.234 3.086 0l6.082 11.378A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.082 15H1.918a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.543-2.575Zm1.763.707a.25.25 0 0 0-.44 0L1.698 13.132a.25.25 0 0 0 .22.368h12.164a.25.25 0 0 0 .22-.368Zm.53 3.996v2.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0ZM9 11a1 1 0 1 1-2 0 1 1 0 0 1 2 0Z"></path></svg>Warning</p>
<p>If the contract uses more stack memory than configured, it will compile fine but eventually revert execution at runtime!</p>
</blockquote>
<h3 id="heap-size"><a class="header" href="#heap-size">Heap size</a></h3>
<pre><code class="language-bash">--heap-size &lt;HEAP_SIZE&gt;
</code></pre>
<p>Unlike the EVM, due to the lack of dynamic memory metering, PVM contracts emulate the EVM heap memory with a static buffer. Consequentially, instead of infinite memory with exponentially growing gas costs, PVM contracts have a finite amount of memory with constant gas costs available.</p>
<p>You are incentivized to keep this value as small as possible:
1.Increasing the heap size will increase startup costs.
2.The heap size contributes to the total memory size a contract can use, which includes the contract’s code size</p>
<p>Default value: 65536</p>
<blockquote class="blockquote-tag blockquote-tag-warning">
<p class="blockquote-tag-title"><svg viewbox="0 0 16 16" width="18" height="18"><path d="M6.457 1.047c.659-1.234 2.427-1.234 3.086 0l6.082 11.378A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.082 15H1.918a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.543-2.575Zm1.763.707a.25.25 0 0 0-.44 0L1.698 13.132a.25.25 0 0 0 .22.368h12.164a.25.25 0 0 0 .22-.368Zm.53 3.996v2.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0ZM9 11a1 1 0 1 1-2 0 1 1 0 0 1 2 0Z"></path></svg>Warning</p>
<p>If the contract uses more heap memory than configured, it will compile fine but eventually revert execution at runtime!</p>
</blockquote>
<h3 id="solc"><a class="header" href="#solc">solc</a></h3>
<pre><code class="language-bash">--solc &lt;SOLC&gt;
</code></pre>
<p>Specify the path to the <code>solc</code> executable. By default, the one in <code>${PATH}</code> is used.</p>
<h3 id="debug-artifacts"><a class="header" href="#debug-artifacts">Debug artifacts</a></h3>
<pre><code class="language-bash">--debug-output-dir &lt;DEBUG_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY&gt;
</code></pre>
<p>Dump all intermediary compiler artifacts to files in the specified directory. This includes the YUL IR, optimized and unoptimized LLVM IR, the ELF object and the PVM assembly. Useful for debugging and development purposes.</p>
<h3 id="debug-info"><a class="header" href="#debug-info">Debug info</a></h3>
<pre><code class="language-bash">-g
</code></pre>
<p>Generate source based debug information in the output code file. Useful for debugging and development purposes and disabled by default.</p>
<h3 id="deploy-time-linking"><a class="header" href="#deploy-time-linking">Deploy time linking</a></h3>
<pre><code class="language-bash">--link [--libraries &lt;LIBRARIES&gt;] &lt;INPUT_FILES&gt;
</code></pre>
<p>In Solidity, 3 things can happen with libraries:</p>
<ol>
<li>They are not <code>extern</code>ally callable and thus can be inlined.
<ol>
<li>The solc Solidity optimizer inlines those (usually the case). Note: <code>resolc</code> always activates the solc Solidity optimizer.</li>
<li>If the solc Solidity optimizer is disabled or for some reason fails to inline them (both rare), they are not inlined and require linking.</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>They are <code>extern</code>ally callable but still linked at compile time. This is the case if at compile time the library address is known (i.e. <code>--libraries</code> supplied in CLI or the corresponding setting in STD JSON input).</li>
<li>They are linked at deploy time. This happens when the compiler does not know the library address (i.e. <code>--libraries</code> flag is missing or the provided libraries are incomplete, same for STD JSON input). This case is rare because it’s discourage and should never be used by production dApps.</li>
</ol>
<p>In cases <code>1.2</code> and <code>3</code>:</p>
<ul>
<li>Some of the produced code blobs will be in the “unlinked” raw <code>ELF</code> object format and not yet deployable.</li>
<li>To make them deployable, they need to be “linked” (done using the <code>resolc --link</code> linker mode explained below).</li>
<li>The compiler emitted <code>DELEGATECALL</code> instructions to call non-inlined (unlinked) libraries. The contract deployer must make sure to deploy any libraries prior to contract deployment.</li>
</ul>
<blockquote class="blockquote-tag blockquote-tag-warning">
<p class="blockquote-tag-title"><svg viewbox="0 0 16 16" width="18" height="18"><path d="M6.457 1.047c.659-1.234 2.427-1.234 3.086 0l6.082 11.378A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.082 15H1.918a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.543-2.575Zm1.763.707a.25.25 0 0 0-.44 0L1.698 13.132a.25.25 0 0 0 .22.368h12.164a.25.25 0 0 0 .22-.368Zm.53 3.996v2.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0ZM9 11a1 1 0 1 1-2 0 1 1 0 0 1 2 0Z"></path></svg>Warning</p>
<p>Using deploy time linking is officially <strong>discouraged</strong>. Mainly due to bytecode hashes changing after the fact. We decided to support it in <code>resolc</code> regardless, due to popular request.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>Similar to how it works in <code>solc</code>, <code>--libraries</code> may be used to provide libraries during linking mode.</p>
<p>Unlike with <code>solc</code>, where linking implies a simple string substitution mechanism, <code>resolc</code> needs to resolve actual missing <code>ELF</code> symbols. This is due to how factory dependencies work in PVM. As a consequence, it isn’t sufficient to just provide the unlinked blobs to the linker. Instead, they must be provided in the exact same directory structure the Solidity source code was found during compile time.</p>
<p>Example:</p>
<ul>
<li>The contract <code>src/foo/bar.sol:Bar</code> is involved in deploy time linking. It may be a factory dependency.</li>
<li>The contract blob needs to be provided inside a relative <code>src/foo/</code> directory to <code>--link</code>. Otherwise symbol resolution may fail.</li>
</ul>
<blockquote class="blockquote-tag blockquote-tag-note">
<p class="blockquote-tag-title"><svg viewbox="0 0 16 16" width="18" height="18"><path d="M0 8a8 8 0 1 1 16 0A8 8 0 0 1 0 8Zm8-6.5a6.5 6.5 0 1 0 0 13 6.5 6.5 0 0 0 0-13ZM6.5 7.75A.75.75 0 0 1 7.25 7h1a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v2.75h.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-2a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h.25v-2h-.25a.75.75 0 0 1-.75-.75ZM8 6a1 1 0 1 1 0-2 1 1 0 0 1 0 2Z"></path></svg>Note</p>
<p>Tooling is supposed to take care of this. In the future, we may append explicit linkage data to simplify the deploy time linking feature.</p>
</blockquote>
<div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div>
<h1 id="js-npm-package"><a class="header" href="#js-npm-package">JS NPM package</a></h1>
<p>The <code>resolc</code> compiler driver is published as an NPM package under <a href="https://www.npmjs.com/package/@parity/resolc">@parity/resolc</a>.</p>
<p>It’s usable from <code>Node.js</code> code or directly from the command line:</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell">npx @parity/resolc@latest --bin crates/integration/contracts/flipper.sol -o /tmp/out
</code></pre>
<blockquote class="blockquote-tag blockquote-tag-note">
<p class="blockquote-tag-title"><svg viewbox="0 0 16 16" width="18" height="18"><path d="M0 8a8 8 0 1 1 16 0A8 8 0 0 1 0 8Zm8-6.5a6.5 6.5 0 1 0 0 13 6.5 6.5 0 0 0 0-13ZM6.5 7.75A.75.75 0 0 1 7.25 7h1a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v2.75h.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-2a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h.25v-2h-.25a.75.75 0 0 1-.75-.75ZM8 6a1 1 0 1 1 0-2 1 1 0 0 1 0 2Z"></path></svg>Note</p>
<p>While the npm package makes a nice portable option, it doesn’t expose all options.</p>
</blockquote>
<div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div>
<h1 id="tooling-integration"><a class="header" href="#tooling-integration">Tooling integration</a></h1>
<p><code>resolc</code> achieved successful integration with a variety of third party developer tools.</p>
<h2 id="solidity-toolkits"><a class="header" href="#solidity-toolkits">Solidity toolkits</a></h2>
<p>Support for <code>resolc</code> is available in forks of the <a href="https://hardhat.org">hardhat</a> and <a href="https://getfoundry.sh">foundry</a> Solidity toolkits:</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://github.com/paritytech/hardhat-polkadot">The Parity Hardhat fork</a></li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/paritytech/foundry-polkadot?tab=readme-ov-file#2-resolc-compiler-integration">The Parity Foundry fork</a></li>
</ul>
<h2 id="compiler-explorer"><a class="header" href="#compiler-explorer">Compiler explorer</a></h2>
<p><code>resolc</code> is available on <a href="https://godbolt.org/z/6GM6n4Ka3">godbolt.org</a> for the Solidity and Yul input languages. See also the announcement post on the <a href="https://forum.polkadot.network/t/resolc-is-live-on-compiler-explorer">forum</a>.</p>
<h2 id="remix-ide"><a class="header" href="#remix-ide">Remix IDE</a></h2>
<p>There is remix IDE fork with <code>resolc</code> support at <a href="https://remix.polkadot.io">remix.polkadot.io</a>. Unfortunately this is no longer actively maintained (there might be bugs and outdated <code>resolc</code> versions).</p>
<div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div>
<h1 id="standard-json-interface"><a class="header" href="#standard-json-interface">Standard JSON interface</a></h1>
<p>The <code>revive</code> compiler is mostly compatible with the <code>solc</code> standard JSON interface. There are a few additional (PVM related) <strong>input</strong> configurations:</p>
<h2 id="the-settingspolkavm-object"><a class="header" href="#the-settingspolkavm-object">The <code>settings.polkavm</code> object</a></h2>
<p>Used to configure PVM specific compiler settings.</p>
<h3 id="settingspolkavmdebuginformation"><a class="header" href="#settingspolkavmdebuginformation"><code>settings.polkavm.debugInformation</code></a></h3>
<p>A boolean value allowing to enable debug information. Corresponds to <code>resolc -g</code>.</p>
<h3 id="the-settingspolkavmmemoryconfig-object"><a class="header" href="#the-settingspolkavmmemoryconfig-object">The <code>settings.polkavm.memoryConfig</code> object</a></h3>
<p>Used to apply PVM specific memory configuration settings.</p>
<h4 id="settingspolkavmheapsize"><a class="header" href="#settingspolkavmheapsize"><code>settings.polkavm.heapSize</code></a></h4>
<p>A numerical value allowing to configure the contract heap size. Corresponds to <code>resolc --heap-size</code>.</p>
<h4 id="settingspolkavmstacksize"><a class="header" href="#settingspolkavmstacksize"><code>settings.polkavm.stackSize</code></a></h4>
<p>A numerical value allowing to configure the contract stack size. Corresponds to <code>resolc --stack-size</code>.</p>
<h2 id="the-settingsoptimizer-object"><a class="header" href="#the-settingsoptimizer-object">The <code>settings.optimizer</code> object</a></h2>
<p>The <code>settings.optimizer</code> object is augmented with support for PVM specific optimization settings.</p>
<h3 id="settingsoptimizermode"><a class="header" href="#settingsoptimizermode"><code>settings.optimizer.mode</code></a></h3>
<p>A single char value to configure the LLVM optimizer settings. Corresponds to <code>resolc -O</code>.</p>
<h2 id="settingsllvmarguments"><a class="header" href="#settingsllvmarguments"><code>settings.llvmArguments</code></a></h2>
<p>Allows to specify arbitrary command line arguments to LLVM initialization. Used mainly for development and debugging purposes.</p>
<div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div>
<h1 id="differences-to-evm"><a class="header" href="#differences-to-evm">Differences to EVM</a></h1>
<p>This section highlights some potentially observable differences in the <a href="https://docs.soliditylang.org/en/latest/yul.html#evm-dialect">YUL EVM dialect</a> translation compared to Ethereum Solidity.</p>
<p>Solidity developers deploying dApps to <a href="https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk/tree/master/substrate/frame/revive"><code>pallet-revive</code></a> ought to read and understand this section well.</p>
<h2 id="deploy-code-vs-runtime-code"><a class="header" href="#deploy-code-vs-runtime-code">Deploy code vs. runtime code</a></h2>
<p>Our contract runtime does not differentiate between runtime code and deploy (constructor) code.
Instead, both are emitted into a single PVM contract code blob and live on-chain.
Therefore, in EVM terminology, the deploy code equals the runtime code.</p>
<blockquote class="blockquote-tag blockquote-tag-tip">
<p class="blockquote-tag-title"><svg viewbox="0 0 16 16" width="18" height="18"><path d="M8 1.5c-2.363 0-4 1.69-4 3.75 0 .984.424 1.625.984 2.304l.214.253c.223.264.47.556.673.848.284.411.537.896.621 1.49a.75.75 0 0 1-1.484.211c-.04-.282-.163-.547-.37-.847a8.456 8.456 0 0 0-.542-.68c-.084-.1-.173-.205-.268-.32C3.201 7.75 2.5 6.766 2.5 5.25 2.5 2.31 4.863 0 8 0s5.5 2.31 5.5 5.25c0 1.516-.701 2.5-1.328 3.259-.095.115-.184.22-.268.319-.207.245-.383.453-.541.681-.208.3-.33.565-.37.847a.751.751 0 0 1-1.485-.212c.084-.593.337-1.078.621-1.489.203-.292.45-.584.673-.848.075-.088.147-.173.213-.253.561-.679.985-1.32.985-2.304 0-2.06-1.637-3.75-4-3.75ZM5.75 12h4.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-4.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5ZM6 15.25a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75h2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75-.75Z"></path></svg>Tip</p>
<p>In constructor code, the <code>codesize</code> instruction will return the call data size instead of the actual code blob size.</p>
</blockquote>
<h2 id="solidity"><a class="header" href="#solidity">Solidity</a></h2>
<p>We are aware of the following differences in the translation of Solidity code.</p>
<h3 id="addresscreationcode"><a class="header" href="#addresscreationcode"><code>address.creationCode</code></a></h3>
<p>This returns the bytecode keccak256 hash instead.</p>
<h2 id="yul-functions"><a class="header" href="#yul-functions">YUL functions</a></h2>
<p>The below list contains noteworthy differences in the translation of YUL functions.</p>
<blockquote class="blockquote-tag blockquote-tag-note">
<p class="blockquote-tag-title"><svg viewbox="0 0 16 16" width="18" height="18"><path d="M0 8a8 8 0 1 1 16 0A8 8 0 0 1 0 8Zm8-6.5a6.5 6.5 0 1 0 0 13 6.5 6.5 0 0 0 0-13ZM6.5 7.75A.75.75 0 0 1 7.25 7h1a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v2.75h.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-2a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h.25v-2h-.25a.75.75 0 0 1-.75-.75ZM8 6a1 1 0 1 1 0-2 1 1 0 0 1 0 2Z"></path></svg>Note</p>
<p>Many functions receive memory buffer offset pointer or size arguments. Since the PVM pointer size is 32 bit, supplying memory offset or buffer size values above <code>2^32-1</code> will trap the contract immediately.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>The <code>solc</code> compiler ought to always emit valid memory references, so Solidity dApp authors don’t need to worry about this unless they deal with low level <code>assembly</code> code.</p>
<h3 id="mload-mstore-msize-mcopy-memory-related-functions"><a class="header" href="#mload-mstore-msize-mcopy-memory-related-functions"><code>mload</code>, <code>mstore</code>, <code>msize</code>, <code>mcopy</code> (memory related functions)</a></h3>
<p>In general, revive preserves the memory layout, meaning low level memory operations are supported. However, a few caveats apply:</p>
<ul>
<li>The EVM linear heap memory is emulated using a fixed byte buffer of 64kb. This implies that the maximum memory a contract can use is limited to 64kbit (on Ethereum, contract memory is capped by gas and therefore varies).</li>
<li>Thus, accessing memory offsets larger than the fixed buffer size will trap the contract at runtime with an <code>OutOfBound</code> error.</li>
<li>The compiler might detect and optimize unused memory reads and writes, leading to a different <code>msize</code> compared to what the EVM would see.</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="calldataload-calldatacopy"><a class="header" href="#calldataload-calldatacopy"><code>calldataload</code>, <code>calldatacopy</code></a></h3>
<p>In the constructor code, the offset is ignored and this always returns <code>0</code>.</p>
<h3 id="codecopy"><a class="header" href="#codecopy"><code>codecopy</code></a></h3>
<p>Only supported in constructor code.</p>
<h3 id="invalid"><a class="header" href="#invalid"><code>invalid</code></a></h3>
<p>Traps the contract but does not consume the remaining gas.</p>
<h3 id="create-create2"><a class="header" href="#create-create2"><code>create</code>, <code>create2</code></a></h3>
<p>Deployments on revive work different than on EVM. In a nutshell: Instead of supplying the deploy code concatenated with the constructor arguments (the EVM deploy model), the <a href="https://docs.rs/pallet-revive/latest/pallet_revive/trait.SyscallDoc.html#tymethod.instantiate">revive runtime expects two pointers</a>:</p>
<ol>
<li>A buffer containing the code hash to deploy.</li>
<li>The constructor arguments buffer.</li>
</ol>
<p>To make contract instantiation using the <code>new</code> keyword in Solidity work seamlessly,
<code>revive</code> translates the <code>dataoffset</code> and <code>datasize</code> instructions so that they assume the contract hash instead of the contract code.
The hash is always of constant size.
Thus, <code>revive</code> is able to supply the expected code hash and constructor arguments pointer to the runtime.</p>
<blockquote class="blockquote-tag blockquote-tag-warning">
<p class="blockquote-tag-title"><svg viewbox="0 0 16 16" width="18" height="18"><path d="M6.457 1.047c.659-1.234 2.427-1.234 3.086 0l6.082 11.378A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.082 15H1.918a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.543-2.575Zm1.763.707a.25.25 0 0 0-.44 0L1.698 13.132a.25.25 0 0 0 .22.368h12.164a.25.25 0 0 0 .22-.368Zm.53 3.996v2.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0ZM9 11a1 1 0 1 1-2 0 1 1 0 0 1 2 0Z"></path></svg>Warning</p>
<p>This might fall apart in code creating contracts inside <code>assembly</code> blocks. <strong>We strongly discourage using the <code>create</code> family opcodes to manually craft deployments in <code>assembly</code> blocks!</strong> Usually, the reason for using <code>assembly</code> blocks is to save gas, which is futile on revive anyways due to lower transaction costs.</p>
</blockquote>
<h3 id="dataoffset"><a class="header" href="#dataoffset"><code>dataoffset</code></a></h3>
<p>Returns the contract hash.</p>
<h3 id="datasize"><a class="header" href="#datasize"><code>datasize</code></a></h3>
<p>Returns the contract hash size (constant value of <code>32</code>).</p>
<h3 id="prevrandao-difficulty"><a class="header" href="#prevrandao-difficulty"><code>prevrandao</code>, <code>difficulty</code></a></h3>
<p>Translates to a constant value of <code>2500000000000000</code>.</p>
<h3 id="pc-extcodecopy"><a class="header" href="#pc-extcodecopy"><code>pc</code>, <code>extcodecopy</code></a></h3>
<p>Only valid to use in EVM (they also have no use case in PVM) and produce a compile time error.</p>
<h3 id="blobhash-blobbasefee"><a class="header" href="#blobhash-blobbasefee"><code>blobhash</code>, <code>blobbasefee</code></a></h3>
<p>Related to the Ethereum rollup model and produce a compile time error. Polkadot offers a superior rollup model, removing the use case for blob data related opcodes.</p>
<h2 id="difference-regarding-the-solc-via-ir-mode"><a class="header" href="#difference-regarding-the-solc-via-ir-mode">Difference regarding the <code>solc</code> <code>via-ir</code> mode</a></h2>
<p>There are two different compilation pipelines available in <code>solc</code> and <a href="https://docs.soliditylang.org/en/latest/ir-breaking-changes.html">there are small differences between them</a>.</p>
<p>Since <code>resolc</code> processes the YUL IR, always assume the <code>solc</code> IR based codegen behavior for contracts compiled with the <code>revive</code> compiler.</p>
<div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div>
<h1 id="rust-contract-libraries"><a class="header" href="#rust-contract-libraries">Rust contract libraries</a></h1>
<blockquote class="blockquote-tag blockquote-tag-note">
<p class="blockquote-tag-title"><svg viewbox="0 0 16 16" width="18" height="18"><path d="M0 8a8 8 0 1 1 16 0A8 8 0 0 1 0 8Zm8-6.5a6.5 6.5 0 1 0 0 13 6.5 6.5 0 0 0 0-13ZM6.5 7.75A.75.75 0 0 1 7.25 7h1a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v2.75h.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-2a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h.25v-2h-.25a.75.75 0 0 1-.75-.75ZM8 6a1 1 0 1 1 0-2 1 1 0 0 1 0 2Z"></path></svg>Note</p>
<p>This is not yet implemented but something for consideration on the roadmap.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>Solidity - tightly coupled to the EVM - introduces some inherent inefficiencies that are by design and either needs to be followed or can’t be easily worked around, even with efforts like better optimized compiler and VM implementations. This represents a technical dead end. So far the EVM sees no adoption beyond the blockchain industry. Chances are that <a href="https://ethereum-magicians.org/t/long-term-l1-execution-layer-proposal-replace-the-evm-with-risc-v">the EVM end up deprecated</a> for technical reasons (or maybe not and the RISC-V idea gets abandoned, who knows).</p>
<p>PVM, however, is a general purpose VM. It supports LLVM based mainstream programming languages like Rust. It’s a common software engineering practice to compose applications from pieces written in multiple languages, using each to their own strength. For example, AI solutions traditionally use the python scripting language for convenient developer experience, while the underlying AI models get implemented in a lower level language such as C++.</p>
<p>The same pattern can of course be applied to dApps, where we’d expect application specific languages like Solidity mixed with libraries implementing computationally complex algorithms in a lower level language. Business logic and user interfaces are naturally implemented as regular Solidity dApps which can include (link against) Rust libraries. Rust is a fast, safe low level language and the Polkadot SDK is written in Rust itself, making it an excellent choice.</p>
<p>For example, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-knowledge_proof">ZK proof verifiers</a> or expensive <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decentralized_finance">DeFi</a> primitives would benefit greatly from Rust implementations.</p>
<p><code>revive</code> provides tooling support and a small Rust contracts SDK for seamless integration with Rust libraries.</p>
<div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div>
<h1 id="revive-runner-sandbox"><a class="header" href="#revive-runner-sandbox"><code>revive-runner</code> sandbox</a></h1>
<p>Running contract code usually requires a blockchain node. While local dev nodes can be used, sometimes it’s just not desirable to do so. Instead, it can be much more convenient to run and debug contract code with a stripped down environment.</p>
<p>This is where the <code>revive-runner</code> comes in handy. In a nutshell, it is a single-binary no-blockchain <code>pallet-revive</code> runtime.</p>
<h2 id="installation-and-usage"><a class="header" href="#installation-and-usage">Installation and usage</a></h2>
<p>Inside the root <code>revive</code> repository directory, install it from source (requires Rust installed):</p>
<pre><code class="language-bash">make install-revive-runner
</code></pre>
<p>After installing, see <code>revive-runner --help</code> for usage help.</p>
<h2 id="trace-logs"><a class="header" href="#trace-logs">Trace logs</a></h2>
<p>The standard <code>RUST_LOG</code> environment variable controls the log output from the contract execution. This includes <code>revive</code> runtime logs and PVM execution trace logs. Sometimes it’s convenient to have more fine granular insight. Some useful filters:</p>
<ul>
<li><code>RUST_LOG=runtime=trace</code>: The <code>pallet-revive</code> runtime trace logs.</li>
<li><code>RUST_LOG=polkavm=trace</code>: Low level PolkaVM instruction tracing.</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="automatic-contract-instantiation"><a class="header" href="#automatic-contract-instantiation">Automatic contract instantiation</a></h2>
<p>To avoid running the constract in an unitialized state, <code>revive-runner</code> automatically instantiates the contract before calling it (constructor arguments can be provided).</p>
<h2 id="example"><a class="header" href="#example">Example</a></h2>
<p>Suppose we want to trace the syscalls of the execution of a compiled contract file <code>Flipper.pvm</code>:</p>
<pre><code class="language-bash">RUST_LOG=runtime=trace revive-runner -f Flipper.pvm
[DEBUG runtime::revive] Contract memory usage: purgable=6144/3145728 KB baseline=103063/1572864
[TRACE runtime::revive::strace] call_data_size() = Ok(0) gas_consumed: Weight { ref_time: 985209, proof_size: 0 }
[TRACE runtime::revive::strace] value_transferred(out_ptr: 4294836096) = Ok(()) gas_consumed: Weight { ref_time: 2937634, proof_size: 0 }
[TRACE runtime::revive::strace] call_data_copy(out_ptr: 131216, out_len: 0, offset: 0) = Ok(()) gas_consumed: Weight { ref_time: 4084483, proof_size: 0 }
[TRACE runtime::revive::strace] seal_return(flags: 0, data_ptr: 131216, data_len: 0) = Err(TrapReason::Return(ReturnData { flags: 0, data: [] })) gas_consumed: Weight { ref_time: 5510615, proof_size: 0 }
[TRACE runtime::revive] frame finished with: Ok(ExecReturnValue { flags: (empty), data: [] })
[TRACE runtime::revive::strace] call_data_size() = Ok(0) gas_consumed: Weight { ref_time: 985209, proof_size: 0 }
[TRACE runtime::revive::strace] seal_return(flags: 1, data_ptr: 131088, data_len: 0) = Err(TrapReason::Return(ReturnData { flags: 1, data: [] })) gas_consumed: Weight { ref_time: 2456669, proof_size: 0 }
[TRACE runtime::revive] frame finished with: Ok(ExecReturnValue { flags: REVERT, data: [] })
</code></pre>
<div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div>
<h1 id="developer-guide"><a class="header" href="#developer-guide">Developer guide</a></h1>
<p>This chapter covers internal aspects of the compiler and helps contributors getting started with the <code>revive</code> codebase.</p>
<div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div>
<h1 id="contributor-guide"><a class="header" href="#contributor-guide">Contributor guide</a></h1>
<p>The <code>revive</code> compiler is an open source software project and we gladly accept quality contributions from anyone!</p>
<h2 id="getting-started"><a class="header" href="#getting-started">Getting started</a></h2>
<p>A quick reference on how to build the Solidity compiler is maintained in the project’s <a href="https://github.com/paritytech/revive?tab=readme-ov-file#building-from-source">README.md</a>.</p>
<h3 id="using-the-makefile"><a class="header" href="#using-the-makefile">Using the <code>Makefile</code></a></h3>
<p>The <a href="https://github.com/paritytech/revive/blob/main/Makefile">Makefile</a> comprehensively encapsulates all development aspects of this codebase. It is kept concise and readable. Please read and use it! You’ll learn for example:</p>
<ul>
<li>How to build and install a <code>resolc</code> development version.</li>
<li>How to run tests and benchmarks.</li>
<li>How to cross-compile <code>resolc</code>.</li>
</ul>
<p>As a general rule-of-thumb: If <code>make test</code> runs fine locally, chances for green CI pipelines are good.</p>
<h3 id="codebase-organization"><a class="header" href="#codebase-organization">Codebase organization</a></h3>
<p>For the most parts, <code>revive</code> is a rather standard Rust workspace codebase. There are some non-Rust dependencies, which sometimes complicates things a little bit.</p>
<h4 id="the-crates-dir"><a class="header" href="#the-crates-dir">The <code>crates/</code> dir</a></h4>
<p>All Rust crates live under the <code>crates/</code> directory. The workspace automatically considers any crate found therein. If you need to add a new create, please implement it there.</p>
<p>Compiler library crates should be named with the <code>revive-</code> prefix. The crate location doesn’t need the prefix.</p>
<h4 id="dependencies"><a class="header" href="#dependencies">Dependencies</a></h4>
<p>Dependencies should be added as workspace dependencies. Try to avoid pinning dependencies whenever possible. If possible, add dev dependencies as <code>dev-dependencies</code> only.</p>
<p>Please do always include the <code>Cargo.lock</code> dependency lock file with your PR. Please don’t run <code>cargo update</code> together with other changes (it is preferred to update the lock file in a dedicated dependency update PR).</p>
<h2 id="contribution-rules"><a class="header" href="#contribution-rules">Contribution rules</a></h2>
<ol>
<li>Changes must be submitted via a pull request (PR) to the github upstream repository.</li>
<li>Ensure that your branch passes <code>make test</code> locally when submitting a pull request.</li>
<li>A PR must not be merged until CI fully passes. Exceptions can be made (for example to fix CI issues itself).</li>
<li>No force pushes to the <code>main</code> branch and open PR branches.</li>
<li>Maintainers can request changes or deny contributions at their own discretion.</li>
</ol>
<h2 id="style-guide"><a class="header" href="#style-guide">Style guide</a></h2>
<p>We require the official Rust formatter and clippy linter. In addition to that, please also consider the following best-effort aspects:</p>
<ul>
<li>Avoid <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_number_(programming)">magic numbers</a> and strings. Instead, add them as module constants.</li>
<li>Avoid abbreviated variable and function names. Always provide meaningful and readable symbols.</li>
<li>Don’t write macros and don’t use third party macros for things that can easily be expressed in few lines of code or outlined into functions.</li>
<li>Avoid import aliasing. Please use the parent or fully qualified path for conflicting symbols.</li>
<li>Any inline comments must provide additional semantic meaning, explain counter-intuitive behavior or highlight non-obvious design decisions. In other words, try to make the code expressive enough to a degree it doesn’t need comments expressing the same thing again in the English language. Delete such comments if your AI assistant generated them.</li>
<li>Public items must have a meaningful doc comment.</li>
<li>Provide meaningful panic messages to <code>.expect()</code> or just use <code>.unwrap()</code>.</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="ai-policy"><a class="header" href="#ai-policy">AI policy</a></h2>
<p>Contributors may use whatever AI assistance tools they wish to whatever degree they wish in the process of creating their contribution, <strong>given they acknowledge the following</strong>:</p>
<p><em>Project maintainers may reject any contribution (or portions of it) if the contribution shows signs of problematic involvement of generative AI</em>.</p>
<p>Judgement of “problematic involvement” lies at the sole discretion of project maintainers. No proof (whether a contribution was in fact AI generated or not) is required. Rationale:</p>
<ul>
<li>No one enjoys reading soulless and uncanny LLM slop. Please review and fix any AI slop yourself prior to submitting a PR.</li>
<li>A Solidity compiler is security sensitive software. Even miniscule mistakes can ultimately lead to loss of funds. AI models are inherently stochastic. They regurarly fail to capture important nuances or produce straight hallucinations. Code that was “blindly” generated has no home here.</li>
<li><code>revive</code> is a large codebase. Generative AI assistants may not have enough “context window” to sufficiently capture correctness, consistency and style aspects of the codebase. We’d like to keep this codebase maintainable <em>by humans</em> for the forseeable future.</li>
</ul>
<div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div>
<h1 id="compiler-architecture-and-internals"><a class="header" href="#compiler-architecture-and-internals">Compiler architecture and internals</a></h1>
<p><code>revive</code> relies on <code>solc</code>, the <a href="https://github.com/argotorg/solidity">Ethereum Solidity compiler</a>, as the Solidity frontend to process smart contracts written in Solidity. <a href="https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project">LLVM</a>, a popular and powerful compiler framework, is used as the compiler backend and does the heavy lifting in terms of optimizitations and RISC-V code generation.</p>
<p><code>revive</code> mainly takes care of lowering the Yul intermediate representation (IR) produced by <code>solc</code> to LLVM IR. This approach provides a good balance between maintaining a high level of Ethereum compatibility, good contract performance and feasible engineering efforts.</p>
<h2 id="resolc"><a class="header" href="#resolc"><code>resolc</code></a></h2>
<p><code>resolc</code> is the overarching compiler driver library and binary.</p>
<p>When compiling a Solidity source file with <code>resolc</code>, the following steps happen under the hood:</p>
<ol>
<li><code>solc</code> is used to lower the Solidity source code into <a href="https://docs.soliditylang.org/en/latest/yul.html">YUL intermediate representation</a>.</li>
<li><code>revive</code> lowers the YUL IR into LLVM IR.</li>
<li>LLVM optimizes the code and emits a RISC-V ELF shared object (through LLD).</li>
<li>The <a href="https://github.com/paritytech/polkavm">PolkaVM</a> linker finally links the ELF shared object into a PolkaVM blob.</li>
</ol>
<p>This compilation process can be visualized as follows:</p>
<p><img src="developer_guide/images/resolc.svg" alt="Architecture Overview"></p>
<h2 id="reproducible-contract-builds"><a class="header" href="#reproducible-contract-builds">Reproducible contract builds</a></h2>
<p>Because on-chain contract code is identified via its code blob hash, it is crucial to maintain reproducible contract builds. A given compiler version must reproduce the contract build <em>exactly</em> on every target platform <code>resolc</code> supports via the official binary releases.</p>
<p>To ensure this, we employ the following measures:</p>
<ul>
<li>The code generation must be fully deterministic. For example iterating over standard <code>HashMap</code> invalidates this due to its internal state, making it an invalid operation in <code>revive</code>. To circumvent that, a <code>BTreeMap</code> can be used instead.</li>
<li>We release fully statically linked <code>resolc</code> binaries. This prevents dynamic linking of potentially differentiating libraries.</li>
<li>The only non-bundled dependency is the <code>solc</code> compiler. This is considered fine because the same properties apply to <code>solc</code>.</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="the-revive-compiler-libraries"><a class="header" href="#the-revive-compiler-libraries">The <code>revive</code> compiler libraries</a></h2>
<p>The main compiler logic is implemented in the <code>revive-yul</code> and <code>revive-llvm-context</code> crates.</p>
<p>The Yul library implements a lexer and parser and lowers the resulting tree into LLVM IR. It does so by emitting LL using the LLVM builder and our own <code>revive-llvm-context</code> compiler context crate. The revive LLVM context crate encapsulates code generation logic (decoupled from the parser).</p>
<p>The Yul library also implements a simple <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visitor_pattern">visitor</a> interface (see <a href="https://github.com/paritytech/revive/blob/main/crates/yul/src/visitor.rs">visitor.rs</a>). If you want to work with the AST, it is strongly recommended to implement visitors. The LLVM code generation is implemented using a dedicated trait for historical reasons only.</p>
<h2 id="evm-heap-memory"><a class="header" href="#evm-heap-memory">EVM heap memory</a></h2>
<p>PVM doesn’t offer a similar API. Hence the emitted contract code emulates the linear EVM heap memory using a static byte buffer. Data inside this byte buffer is kept big endian for EVM compatibility reasons (unaligned access is allowed and makes optimizing this non-trivial).</p>
<p>Unlike with the EVM, where heap memory usage is gas metered, our heap size is static (the size is user controllable via a setting flag). The compiler emits bound checks to prevent overflows.</p>
<h2 id="the-llvm-dependency"><a class="header" href="#the-llvm-dependency">The LLVM dependency</a></h2>
<p>LLVM is a special non Rust dependency. We interface its builder interface via the <a href="https://crates.io/crates/inkwell">inkwell</a> wrapper crate.</p>
<p>We use upstream LLVM, but release and use our custom builds. We require the compiler builtins specifically built for the PVM rv64e target and always leave assertions on. Furthermore, we need cross builds because <code>resolc</code> itself targets emscripten and musl. The <a href="https://crates.io/crates/revive-llvm-builder">revive-llvm-builer</a> functions as a cross-platform build script and is used to build and release the LLVM dependency.</p>
<p>We also maintain the <a href="https://crates.io/crates/lld-sys">lld-sys crate</a> for interfacing with <code>LLD</code>. The LLVM linker is used during the compilation process, but we don’t want to distribute another binary.</p>
<h2 id="custom-optimizations"><a class="header" href="#custom-optimizations">Custom optimizations</a></h2>
<p>At the moment, no significant custom optimizations are implemented. Thus, we are missing some optimization opportunities that neither <code>solc</code> nor LLVM can realize (due to their lack of domain specific knowledge about the semantics of our target environment). Furthermore, <code>solc</code> optimizes for EVM gas and a target machine orthogonal to our target (BE 256-bit stack machine EVM vs. 64-bit LE RISC architecture PVM). We have started working on an additional IR layer between Yul and LLVM to capture missed optimization opportunities, though.</p>
<div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div>
<h1 id="pvm-and-the-pallet-revive-runtime-target"><a class="header" href="#pvm-and-the-pallet-revive-runtime-target">PVM and the pallet-revive runtime target</a></h1>
<p>The <code>revive</code> compiler targets <a href="https://github.com/paritytech/polkavm">PolkaVM (PVM)</a> via <a href="https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk/tree/master/substrate/frame/revive">pallet-revive</a> on Polkadot.</p>
<h2 id="target-cpu-configuration"><a class="header" href="#target-cpu-configuration">Target CPU configuration</a></h2>
<p>The exact target CPU configuration can be found <a href="https://github.com/paritytech/revive/blob/8cd10a613625428956eb33c39c9022a91bfbf103/crates/llvm-context/src/target_machine/mod.rs#L22-L32">here</a>.</p>
<blockquote class="blockquote-tag blockquote-tag-note">
<p class="blockquote-tag-title"><svg viewbox="0 0 16 16" width="18" height="18"><path d="M0 8a8 8 0 1 1 16 0A8 8 0 0 1 0 8Zm8-6.5a6.5 6.5 0 1 0 0 13 6.5 6.5 0 0 0 0-13ZM6.5 7.75A.75.75 0 0 1 7.25 7h1a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v2.75h.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-2a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h.25v-2h-.25a.75.75 0 0 1-.75-.75ZM8 6a1 1 0 1 1 0-2 1 1 0 0 1 0 2Z"></path></svg>Note</p>
<p>The PVM linker requires fully relocatable ELF objects.</p>
</blockquote>
<h2 id="why-pvm"><a class="header" href="#why-pvm">Why PVM</a></h2>
<p>PVM is a RISC-V based VM designed to overcome the flaws of <a href="https://webassembly.org/">WebAssebmly (Wasm)</a>. Wasm was believed to be a more efficient successor to the rather slow EVM. However, Wasm is far from an ideal target for smart contracts as some of its design decisions are unfavorable for short-lived workloads. The main problem is on-chain Wasm bytecode compilation or interpretation overhead. Prior benchmarks consistently ignoring this overhead seeded the blockchain industry with flawed assumptions: <em>Only when ignoring the startup overhead</em> Wasm is much faster than the slow computing EVM. In practice however, gains are nullified entirely and Wasm loses completely even against very slow VMs like the EVM. Executing Wasm contracts is in fact so inefficient that typical contract workloads are <em>orders of magnitude</em> more expensive than the equivalent EVM variant.</p>
<p>On the other hand, since RISC-V is similar to CPUs found in validator hardware (x86 and ARM), bytecode translation mostly boils down to a linear mapping from one instruction to another. The <em>embedded</em> ISA specification reduces the number of general purpose registers, in turn removing the need for expensive register allocation. This guarantees single-pass <code>O(n)</code> JIT compilation of contract bytecode. The close proximity of PVM bytecode with actual validator CPU bytecode effectively allows to move all expensive compilation workload off-chain. Benchmarks (<a href="https://hackmd.io/@XXX9CM1uSSCWVNFRYaSB5g/HJarTUhJA#Results-execute">1</a>, <a href="https://github.com/paritytech/polkavm/blob/master/BENCHMARKS.md">2</a>) show that with the PVM JIT, sandboxed PVM code executes at around half the speed of native code, which falls into the same ballpark of the state-of-the-art <code>wasmtime</code> Wasm implementation (while EVM sits somewhere around 1/10 to less than 1/100 of native speed). However, the PVM JIT compiler only uses a fraction of the time <code>wasmtime</code> requires to compile the code.</p>
<blockquote class="blockquote-tag blockquote-tag-note">
<p class="blockquote-tag-title"><svg viewbox="0 0 16 16" width="18" height="18"><path d="M0 8a8 8 0 1 1 16 0A8 8 0 0 1 0 8Zm8-6.5a6.5 6.5 0 1 0 0 13 6.5 6.5 0 0 0 0-13ZM6.5 7.75A.75.75 0 0 1 7.25 7h1a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v2.75h.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-2a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h.25v-2h-.25a.75.75 0 0 1-.75-.75ZM8 6a1 1 0 1 1 0-2 1 1 0 0 1 0 2Z"></path></svg>Note</p>
<p>The PVM JIT isn’t available yet in <code>pallet-revive</code>. At the time of writing, the contract code is interpreted, which is orders of magnitude slower than the JIT.</p>
</blockquote>
<h2 id="host-environment-pallet-revive"><a class="header" href="#host-environment-pallet-revive">Host environment: <code>pallet-revive</code></a></h2>
<p>The <code>revive</code> compiler targets the <a href="https://docs.rs/pallet-revive/"><code>pallet-revive</code> runtime environment</a>.</p>
<p><code>pallet-revive</code> exposes a <a href="https://docs.rs/pallet-revive/latest/pallet_revive/trait.SyscallDoc.html">syscall like interface</a> for contract interactions with the host environment. This is provided by the <a href="https://crates.io/crates/revive-runtime-api">revive-runtime-api</a> library.</p>
<p>After the initial launch on the Polkadot Asset Hub blockchain, the runtime API is considered stable and backwards compatible indefinitively.</p>
<div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div>
<h1 id="testing-strategy"><a class="header" href="#testing-strategy">Testing strategy</a></h1>
<p>Contributors are encouraged to implement some appropriate unit and integration tests together with any bug fixes or new feature implementations. However, when it comes to testing the code generation logic, our testing strategy goes way beyond simple unit and integration tests. This chapter explains how the <code>revive</code> compiler implementation is tested for correctness and how we define correctness.</p>
<blockquote class="blockquote-tag blockquote-tag-tip">
<p class="blockquote-tag-title"><svg viewbox="0 0 16 16" width="18" height="18"><path d="M8 1.5c-2.363 0-4 1.69-4 3.75 0 .984.424 1.625.984 2.304l.214.253c.223.264.47.556.673.848.284.411.537.896.621 1.49a.75.75 0 0 1-1.484.211c-.04-.282-.163-.547-.37-.847a8.456 8.456 0 0 0-.542-.68c-.084-.1-.173-.205-.268-.32C3.201 7.75 2.5 6.766 2.5 5.25 2.5 2.31 4.863 0 8 0s5.5 2.31 5.5 5.25c0 1.516-.701 2.5-1.328 3.259-.095.115-.184.22-.268.319-.207.245-.383.453-.541.681-.208.3-.33.565-.37.847a.751.751 0 0 1-1.485-.212c.084-.593.337-1.078.621-1.489.203-.292.45-.584.673-.848.075-.088.147-.173.213-.253.561-.679.985-1.32.985-2.304 0-2.06-1.637-3.75-4-3.75ZM5.75 12h4.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-4.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5ZM6 15.25a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75h2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75-.75Z"></path></svg>Tip</p>
<p>Running the integration tests require the <code>evm</code> tool from <code>go-ethereum</code> in your <code>$PATH</code>.</p>
<p>Either install it using your package manager or to build it from source:</p>
<pre><code class="language-bash">git clone https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/
cd go-ethereum
make all
export PATH=/path/to/go-ethereum/build/bin/:$PATH
</code></pre>
</blockquote>
<h2 id="bug-compatibility-with-ethereum-solidity"><a class="header" href="#bug-compatibility-with-ethereum-solidity">Bug compatibility with Ethereum Solidity</a></h2>
<p>As a Solidity compiler, we aim to preserve contract code semantics as close as possible to Solidity compiled to EVM with the <code>solc</code> reference implementation. As highlighted in the user guide, due to the underlying target difference, this isn’t always possible. However, wherever it is possible, we follow the philosophy of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bug_compatibility"><strong>bug compatibility</strong></a> with the Ethereum contracts stack.</p>
<h2 id="differential-integration-tests"><a class="header" href="#differential-integration-tests">Differential integration tests</a></h2>
<p>A high level of bug compatibility with Ethereum is ensured through <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_testing"><strong>differential testing</strong></a> with the Ethereum <code>solc</code> and EVM contracts stack. The <a href="https://crates.io/crates/revive-integration">revive-integration</a> library is the central integration test utility, providing a set of Solidity integration test cases. Further, it implements differential tests against the reference implementation by combining the <a href="https://crates.io/crates/revive-runner">revive-runner</a> sandbox, the <a href="https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/tree/master/cmd/evm">go-ethereum EVM tool</a> and the <a href="https://crates.io/crates/revive-differential">revive-differential</a>.</p>
<p>The <code>revive-runner</code> library provides a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declarative_programming"><strong>declarative</strong></a> test <a href="https://github.com/paritytech/revive/blob/main/crates/runner/src/specs.rs">specification format</a>. This vastly simplifies writing differential test cases and removes a lot of room for errors in test logic. Example:</p>
<pre><code class="language-json">{
"differential": true,
"actions": [
{
"Instantiate": {
"code": {
"Solidity": {
"contract": "Bitwise"
}
}
}
},
{
"Call": {
"dest": {
"Instantiated": 0
},
"data": "3fa4f245"
}
}
]
}
</code></pre>
<p>Above example instantiates the <code>Bitwise</code> contract and calls it with some defined calldata. The <code>revive-runner</code> library implements a helper wrapper to execute test specs on the go-ethereum standalone <code>evm</code> tool. This allows the <code>revive-runner</code> to execute specs against the EVM and the <code>pallet-revive</code> runtime. Key to differential testing is setting <code>"differential": true</code>, resulting in the following:</p>
<ol>
<li>The <code>Bitwise</code> contract is compiled to EVM and PVM code.</li>
<li>The runner executes the defined <code>actions</code> on the EVM and collects all state changes (storage, balance) and execution results.</li>
<li>The runner executes each action on the PVM. Observed state changes <em>after each step</em> as well as the final execution result is asserted to match the EVM counterparts <strong>exactly</strong>.</li>
</ol>
<p><strong>Note how we never defined any expected outcome manually.</strong> Instead, we simply observe and collect the data defining the “correct” outcome.</p>
<p>Differential testing in combination with declarative test specifications proved to be simple, yet very effective, in ensuring expected Ethereum Solidity semantics on <code>pallet-revive</code>.</p>
<h2 id="the-differential-testing-utility"><a class="header" href="#the-differential-testing-utility">The differential testing utility</a></h2>
<p>A lot of nuanced bugs caused by tiny implementation details inside the <code>revive</code> compiler <em>and</em> the <code>pallet-revive</code> runtime could be identified and eliminated early on thanks to the differential testing strategy. Thus, we decided to take this approach further and created a comprehensive test runner and a large suite of more complex test cases.</p>
<p>The <a href="https://github.com/paritytech/revive-differential-tests/">Revive Differential Tests</a> follow the exact same strategy but implement a much more powerful test spec format, spec runner and reports. This allows differentially testing much more complex test cases (for example testing Uniswap pair creations and swaps), executed via transactions sent to actual blockchain nodes.</p>
<div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div>
<h1 id="cross-compilation"><a class="header" href="#cross-compilation">Cross compilation</a></h1>
<p>We cross-compile the <code>resolc.js</code> frontend executable to Wasm for running it in a Node.js or browser environment.</p>
<p>The <a href="https://www.musl-libc.org/">musl</a> target is used to obtain statically linked ELF binaries for Linux.</p>
<h2 id="wasm-via-emscripten"><a class="header" href="#wasm-via-emscripten">Wasm via emscripten</a></h2>
<p>The <code>REVIVE_LLVM_TARGET_PREFIX</code> environment variable is used to control the target environment LLVM dependency. This requires a compatible LLVM build, obtainable via the <code>revive-llvm</code> build script. Example:</p>
<pre><code class="language-sh"># Build the host LLVM dependency with PolkaVM target support
make install-llvm
export LLVM_SYS_181_PREFIX=${PWD}/target-llvm/gnu/target-final
# Build the target LLVM dependency with PolkaVM target support
revive-llvm emsdk
source emsdk/emsdk_env.sh
revive-llvm --target-env emscripten build --llvm-projects lld
export REVIVE_LLVM_TARGET_PREFIX=${PWD}/target-llvm/emscripten/target-final
# Build the resolc frontend executable
make install-wasm
make test-wasm
</code></pre>
<h2 id="musl-libc"><a class="header" href="#musl-libc">musl libc</a></h2>
<p><a href="https://github.com/rust-cross/rust-musl-cross">rust-musl-cross</a> is a straightforward way to cross compile Rust to musl. The <a href="https://github.com/paritytech/revive/blob/main/Dockerfile">Dockerfile</a> is an executable example of how to do that.</p>
<div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div>
<h1 id="faq"><a class="header" href="#faq">FAQ</a></h1>
<h2 id="what-evm-version-do-you-support"><a class="header" href="#what-evm-version-do-you-support">What EVM version do you support?</a></h2>
<p>We neither do nor don’t support any EVM version. We support Solidity versions, starting from <code>solc</code> version 0.8.0 onwards.</p>
<h2 id="is-inline-assembly-supported"><a class="header" href="#is-inline-assembly-supported">Is inline assembly supported</a></h2>
<p>Yes, almost all inline assembly features are supported (<a href="#differences-to-evm">see the differences in Yul translation chapter</a>).</p>
<h2 id="do-you-support-opcode-xy"><a class="header" href="#do-you-support-opcode-xy">Do you support opcode <code>XY</code>?</a></h2>
<p>See above, the same applies.</p>
<h2 id="in-what-solidity-version-should-i-write-my-dapp"><a class="header" href="#in-what-solidity-version-should-i-write-my-dapp">In what Solidity version should I write my dApp?</a></h2>
<p>We generally recommend to always use the latest supported version to profit from latest bugfixes, features and performance improvements.</p>
<p>Find out about the latest supported version by running <code>resolc --supported-solc-versions</code> or checking <a href="https://github.com/paritytech/resolc-bin">here</a>.</p>
<h2 id="tool-xy-says-the-contract-size-is-larger-than-24kb-and-will-fail-to-deploy"><a class="header" href="#tool-xy-says-the-contract-size-is-larger-than-24kb-and-will-fail-to-deploy">Tool <code>XY</code> says the contract size is larger than 24kb and will fail to deploy?</a></h2>
<p>The 24kb code size restriction only exist for the EVM. Our limit is currently around 1mb and may increase further in the future.</p>
<h2 id="is-resolc-a-drop-in-replacement-for-solc"><a class="header" href="#is-resolc-a-drop-in-replacement-for-solc">Is <code>resolc</code> a drop-in replacement for <code>solc</code>?</a></h2>
<p>No. <code>resolc</code> aims to work similarly to <code>solc</code>, but it’s not considered a drop-in replacement.</p>
<div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div>
<h1 id="roadmap-and-vision"><a class="header" href="#roadmap-and-vision">Roadmap and Vision</a></h1>
<p>The <code>revive</code> compiler speeds up Solidity contracts by orders of magnitude. <code>revive</code> provides a decisive edge over other contract platforms. Notably, the compiler eliminates the need of rewriting Solidity dApps as single dApp parachains for scaling reasons. Retaining as high compatibility with Ethereum Solidity as possible keeps entry barriers low.</p>
<p>We believe in Dr. Gavin Wood’s <a href="https://gavwood.com/dappsweb3.html">ĐApps: What Web 3.0 Looks Like</a> manifesto and the ecosystem of the Solidity programming language. Our motivation lies in the realization that for a <em>true</em> web3 revolution, significant scaling efforts, like the ones provided by the PVM and this project, are necessary to unfold.</p>
<h2 id="roadmap"><a class="header" href="#roadmap">Roadmap</a></h2>
<p>The first major release, <code>resolc</code> v1.0.0, emits functional PVM code from given Solidity sources. It relies on <code>solc</code> and LLVM for optimizations. The main priority of this release was delivering a mostly feature complete and safe Solidity v0.8.0 compiler.</p>
<p>Focus for the second major release is on the custom optimization pipeline, which aims to significantly improve emitted code blob sizes.</p>
<p>The below roadmap gives a rough overview of the project’s development timeline.</p>
<p><img src="images/roadmap.svg" alt="Roadmap"></p>
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<h1 id="revive-runner-sandbox"><a class="header" href="#revive-runner-sandbox"><code>revive-runner</code> sandbox</a></h1>
<p>Running contract code usually requires a blockchain node. While local dev nodes can be used, sometimes it’s just not desirable to do so. Instead, it can be much more convenient to run and debug contract code with a stripped down environment.</p>
<p>This is where the <code>revive-runner</code> comes in handy. In a nutshell, it is a single-binary no-blockchain <code>pallet-revive</code> runtime.</p>
<h2 id="installation-and-usage"><a class="header" href="#installation-and-usage">Installation and usage</a></h2>
<p>Inside the root <code>revive</code> repository directory, install it from source (requires Rust installed):</p>
<pre><code class="language-bash">make install-revive-runner
</code></pre>
<p>After installing, see <code>revive-runner --help</code> for usage help.</p>
<h2 id="trace-logs"><a class="header" href="#trace-logs">Trace logs</a></h2>
<p>The standard <code>RUST_LOG</code> environment variable controls the log output from the contract execution. This includes <code>revive</code> runtime logs and PVM execution trace logs. Sometimes it’s convenient to have more fine granular insight. Some useful filters:</p>
<ul>
<li><code>RUST_LOG=runtime=trace</code>: The <code>pallet-revive</code> runtime trace logs.</li>
<li><code>RUST_LOG=polkavm=trace</code>: Low level PolkaVM instruction tracing.</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="automatic-contract-instantiation"><a class="header" href="#automatic-contract-instantiation">Automatic contract instantiation</a></h2>
<p>To avoid running the constract in an unitialized state, <code>revive-runner</code> automatically instantiates the contract before calling it (constructor arguments can be provided).</p>
<h2 id="example"><a class="header" href="#example">Example</a></h2>
<p>Suppose we want to trace the syscalls of the execution of a compiled contract file <code>Flipper.pvm</code>:</p>
<pre><code class="language-bash">RUST_LOG=runtime=trace revive-runner -f Flipper.pvm
[DEBUG runtime::revive] Contract memory usage: purgable=6144/3145728 KB baseline=103063/1572864
[TRACE runtime::revive::strace] call_data_size() = Ok(0) gas_consumed: Weight { ref_time: 985209, proof_size: 0 }
[TRACE runtime::revive::strace] value_transferred(out_ptr: 4294836096) = Ok(()) gas_consumed: Weight { ref_time: 2937634, proof_size: 0 }
[TRACE runtime::revive::strace] call_data_copy(out_ptr: 131216, out_len: 0, offset: 0) = Ok(()) gas_consumed: Weight { ref_time: 4084483, proof_size: 0 }
[TRACE runtime::revive::strace] seal_return(flags: 0, data_ptr: 131216, data_len: 0) = Err(TrapReason::Return(ReturnData { flags: 0, data: [] })) gas_consumed: Weight { ref_time: 5510615, proof_size: 0 }
[TRACE runtime::revive] frame finished with: Ok(ExecReturnValue { flags: (empty), data: [] })
[TRACE runtime::revive::strace] call_data_size() = Ok(0) gas_consumed: Weight { ref_time: 985209, proof_size: 0 }
[TRACE runtime::revive::strace] seal_return(flags: 1, data_ptr: 131088, data_len: 0) = Err(TrapReason::Return(ReturnData { flags: 1, data: [] })) gas_consumed: Weight { ref_time: 2456669, proof_size: 0 }
[TRACE runtime::revive] frame finished with: Ok(ExecReturnValue { flags: REVERT, data: [] })
</code></pre>
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<h1 class="menu-title">revive compiler book</h1>
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<main>
<h1 id="roadmap-and-vision"><a class="header" href="#roadmap-and-vision">Roadmap and Vision</a></h1>
<p>The <code>revive</code> compiler speeds up Solidity contracts by orders of magnitude. <code>revive</code> provides a decisive edge over other contract platforms. Notably, the compiler eliminates the need of rewriting Solidity dApps as single dApp parachains for scaling reasons. Retaining as high compatibility with Ethereum Solidity as possible keeps entry barriers low.</p>
<p>We believe in Dr. Gavin Wood’s <a href="https://gavwood.com/dappsweb3.html">ĐApps: What Web 3.0 Looks Like</a> manifesto and the ecosystem of the Solidity programming language. Our motivation lies in the realization that for a <em>true</em> web3 revolution, significant scaling efforts, like the ones provided by the PVM and this project, are necessary to unfold.</p>
<h2 id="roadmap"><a class="header" href="#roadmap">Roadmap</a></h2>
<p>The first major release, <code>resolc</code> v1.0.0, emits functional PVM code from given Solidity sources. It relies on <code>solc</code> and LLVM for optimizations. The main priority of this release was delivering a mostly feature complete and safe Solidity v0.8.0 compiler.</p>
<p>Focus for the second major release is on the custom optimization pipeline, which aims to significantly improve emitted code blob sizes.</p>
<p>The below roadmap gives a rough overview of the project’s development timeline.</p>
<p><img src="images/roadmap.svg" alt="Roadmap"></p>
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docs/searcher-c2a407aa.js
+555
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'use strict';
/* global Mark, elasticlunr, path_to_root */
window.search = window.search || {};
(function search() {
// Search functionality
//
// You can use !hasFocus() to prevent keyhandling in your key
// event handlers while the user is typing their search.
if (!Mark || !elasticlunr) {
return;
}
// eslint-disable-next-line max-len
// IE 11 Compatibility from https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/String/startsWith
if (!String.prototype.startsWith) {
String.prototype.startsWith = function(search, pos) {
return this.substr(!pos || pos < 0 ? 0 : +pos, search.length) === search;
};
}
const search_wrap = document.getElementById('mdbook-search-wrapper'),
searchbar_outer = document.getElementById('mdbook-searchbar-outer'),
searchbar = document.getElementById('mdbook-searchbar'),
searchresults = document.getElementById('mdbook-searchresults'),
searchresults_outer = document.getElementById('mdbook-searchresults-outer'),
searchresults_header = document.getElementById('mdbook-searchresults-header'),
searchicon = document.getElementById('mdbook-search-toggle'),
content = document.getElementById('mdbook-content'),
// SVG text elements don't render if inside a <mark> tag.
mark_exclude = ['text'],
marker = new Mark(content),
URL_SEARCH_PARAM = 'search',
URL_MARK_PARAM = 'highlight';
let current_searchterm = '',
doc_urls = [],
search_options = {
bool: 'AND',
expand: true,
fields: {
title: {boost: 1},
body: {boost: 1},
breadcrumbs: {boost: 0},
},
},
searchindex = null,
results_options = {
teaser_word_count: 30,
limit_results: 30,
},
teaser_count = 0;
function hasFocus() {
return searchbar === document.activeElement;
}
function removeChildren(elem) {
while (elem.firstChild) {
elem.removeChild(elem.firstChild);
}
}
// Helper to parse a url into its building blocks.
function parseURL(url) {
const a = document.createElement('a');
a.href = url;
return {
source: url,
protocol: a.protocol.replace(':', ''),
host: a.hostname,
port: a.port,
params: (function() {
const ret = {};
const seg = a.search.replace(/^\?/, '').split('&');
for (const part of seg) {
if (!part) {
continue;
}
const s = part.split('=');
ret[s[0]] = s[1];
}
return ret;
})(),
file: (a.pathname.match(/\/([^/?#]+)$/i) || ['', ''])[1],
hash: a.hash.replace('#', ''),
path: a.pathname.replace(/^([^/])/, '/$1'),
};
}
// Helper to recreate a url string from its building blocks.
function renderURL(urlobject) {
let url = urlobject.protocol + '://' + urlobject.host;
if (urlobject.port !== '') {
url += ':' + urlobject.port;
}
url += urlobject.path;
let joiner = '?';
for (const prop in urlobject.params) {
if (Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(urlobject.params, prop)) {
url += joiner + prop + '=' + urlobject.params[prop];
joiner = '&';
}
}
if (urlobject.hash !== '') {
url += '#' + urlobject.hash;
}
return url;
}
// Helper to escape html special chars for displaying the teasers
const escapeHTML = (function() {
const MAP = {
'&': '&amp;',
'<': '&lt;',
'>': '&gt;',
'"': '&#34;',
'\'': '&#39;',
};
const repl = function(c) {
return MAP[c];
};
return function(s) {
return s.replace(/[&<>'"]/g, repl);
};
})();
function formatSearchMetric(count, searchterm) {
if (count === 1) {
return count + ' search result for \'' + searchterm + '\':';
} else if (count === 0) {
return 'No search results for \'' + searchterm + '\'.';
} else {
return count + ' search results for \'' + searchterm + '\':';
}
}
function formatSearchResult(result, searchterms) {
const teaser = makeTeaser(escapeHTML(result.doc.body), searchterms);
teaser_count++;
// The ?URL_MARK_PARAM= parameter belongs inbetween the page and the #heading-anchor
const url = doc_urls[result.ref].split('#');
if (url.length === 1) { // no anchor found
url.push('');
}
// encodeURIComponent escapes all chars that could allow an XSS except
// for '. Due to that we also manually replace ' with its url-encoded
// representation (%27).
const encoded_search = encodeURIComponent(searchterms.join(' ')).replace(/'/g, '%27');
return '<a href="' + path_to_root + url[0] + '?' + URL_MARK_PARAM + '=' + encoded_search
+ '#' + url[1] + '" aria-details="mdbook-teaser_' + teaser_count + '">'
+ result.doc.breadcrumbs + '</a>'
+ '<span class="teaser" id="mdbook-teaser_' + teaser_count
+ '" aria-label="Search Result Teaser">' + teaser + '</span>';
}
function makeTeaser(body, searchterms) {
// The strategy is as follows:
// First, assign a value to each word in the document:
// Words that correspond to search terms (stemmer aware): 40
// Normal words: 2
// First word in a sentence: 8
// Then use a sliding window with a constant number of words and count the
// sum of the values of the words within the window. Then use the window that got the
// maximum sum. If there are multiple maximas, then get the last one.
// Enclose the terms in <em>.
const stemmed_searchterms = searchterms.map(function(w) {
return elasticlunr.stemmer(w.toLowerCase());
});
const searchterm_weight = 40;
const weighted = []; // contains elements of ["word", weight, index_in_document]
// split in sentences, then words
const sentences = body.toLowerCase().split('. ');
let index = 0;
let value = 0;
let searchterm_found = false;
for (const sentenceindex in sentences) {
const words = sentences[sentenceindex].split(' ');
value = 8;
for (const wordindex in words) {
const word = words[wordindex];
if (word.length > 0) {
for (const searchtermindex in stemmed_searchterms) {
if (elasticlunr.stemmer(word).startsWith(
stemmed_searchterms[searchtermindex])
) {
value = searchterm_weight;
searchterm_found = true;
}
}
weighted.push([word, value, index]);
value = 2;
}
index += word.length;
index += 1; // ' ' or '.' if last word in sentence
}
index += 1; // because we split at a two-char boundary '. '
}
if (weighted.length === 0) {
return body;
}
const window_weight = [];
const window_size = Math.min(weighted.length, results_options.teaser_word_count);
let cur_sum = 0;
for (let wordindex = 0; wordindex < window_size; wordindex++) {
cur_sum += weighted[wordindex][1];
}
window_weight.push(cur_sum);
for (let wordindex = 0; wordindex < weighted.length - window_size; wordindex++) {
cur_sum -= weighted[wordindex][1];
cur_sum += weighted[wordindex + window_size][1];
window_weight.push(cur_sum);
}
let max_sum_window_index = 0;
if (searchterm_found) {
let max_sum = 0;
// backwards
for (let i = window_weight.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
if (window_weight[i] > max_sum) {
max_sum = window_weight[i];
max_sum_window_index = i;
}
}
} else {
max_sum_window_index = 0;
}
// add <em/> around searchterms
const teaser_split = [];
index = weighted[max_sum_window_index][2];
for (let i = max_sum_window_index; i < max_sum_window_index + window_size; i++) {
const word = weighted[i];
if (index < word[2]) {
// missing text from index to start of `word`
teaser_split.push(body.substring(index, word[2]));
index = word[2];
}
if (word[1] === searchterm_weight) {
teaser_split.push('<em>');
}
index = word[2] + word[0].length;
teaser_split.push(body.substring(word[2], index));
if (word[1] === searchterm_weight) {
teaser_split.push('</em>');
}
}
return teaser_split.join('');
}
function init(config) {
results_options = config.results_options;
search_options = config.search_options;
doc_urls = config.doc_urls;
searchindex = elasticlunr.Index.load(config.index);
searchbar_outer.classList.remove('searching');
searchbar.focus();
const searchterm = searchbar.value.trim();
if (searchterm !== '') {
searchbar.classList.add('active');
doSearch(searchterm);
}
}
function initSearchInteractions(config) {
// Set up events
searchicon.addEventListener('click', () => {
searchIconClickHandler();
}, false);
searchbar.addEventListener('keyup', () => {
searchbarKeyUpHandler();
}, false);
document.addEventListener('keydown', e => {
globalKeyHandler(e);
}, false);
// If the user uses the browser buttons, do the same as if a reload happened
window.onpopstate = () => {
doSearchOrMarkFromUrl();
};
// Suppress "submit" events so the page doesn't reload when the user presses Enter
document.addEventListener('submit', e => {
e.preventDefault();
}, false);
// If reloaded, do the search or mark again, depending on the current url parameters
doSearchOrMarkFromUrl();
// Exported functions
config.hasFocus = hasFocus;
}
initSearchInteractions(window.search);
function unfocusSearchbar() {
// hacky, but just focusing a div only works once
const tmp = document.createElement('input');
tmp.setAttribute('style', 'position: absolute; opacity: 0;');
searchicon.appendChild(tmp);
tmp.focus();
tmp.remove();
}
// On reload or browser history backwards/forwards events, parse the url and do search or mark
function doSearchOrMarkFromUrl() {
// Check current URL for search request
const url = parseURL(window.location.href);
if (Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(url.params, URL_SEARCH_PARAM)
&& url.params[URL_SEARCH_PARAM] !== '') {
showSearch(true);
searchbar.value = decodeURIComponent(
(url.params[URL_SEARCH_PARAM] + '').replace(/\+/g, '%20'));
searchbarKeyUpHandler(); // -> doSearch()
} else {
showSearch(false);
}
if (Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(url.params, URL_MARK_PARAM)) {
const words = decodeURIComponent(url.params[URL_MARK_PARAM]).split(' ');
marker.mark(words, {
exclude: mark_exclude,
});
const markers = document.querySelectorAll('mark');
const hide = () => {
for (let i = 0; i < markers.length; i++) {
markers[i].classList.add('fade-out');
window.setTimeout(() => {
marker.unmark();
}, 300);
}
};
for (let i = 0; i < markers.length; i++) {
markers[i].addEventListener('click', hide);
}
}
}
// Eventhandler for keyevents on `document`
function globalKeyHandler(e) {
if (e.altKey ||
e.ctrlKey ||
e.metaKey ||
e.shiftKey ||
e.target.type === 'textarea' ||
e.target.type === 'text' ||
!hasFocus() && /^(?:input|select|textarea)$/i.test(e.target.nodeName)
) {
return;
}
if (e.key === 'Escape') {
e.preventDefault();
searchbar.classList.remove('active');
setSearchUrlParameters('',
searchbar.value.trim() !== '' ? 'push' : 'replace');
if (hasFocus()) {
unfocusSearchbar();
}
showSearch(false);
marker.unmark();
} else if (!hasFocus() && (e.key === 's' || e.key === '/')) {
e.preventDefault();
showSearch(true);
window.scrollTo(0, 0);
searchbar.select();
} else if (hasFocus() && (e.key === 'ArrowDown'
|| e.key === 'Enter')) {
e.preventDefault();
const first = searchresults.firstElementChild;
if (first !== null) {
unfocusSearchbar();
first.classList.add('focus');
if (e.key === 'Enter') {
window.location.assign(first.querySelector('a'));
}
}
} else if (!hasFocus() && (e.key === 'ArrowDown'
|| e.key === 'ArrowUp'
|| e.key === 'Enter')) {
// not `:focus` because browser does annoying scrolling
const focused = searchresults.querySelector('li.focus');
if (!focused) {
return;
}
e.preventDefault();
if (e.key === 'ArrowDown') {
const next = focused.nextElementSibling;
if (next) {
focused.classList.remove('focus');
next.classList.add('focus');
}
} else if (e.key === 'ArrowUp') {
focused.classList.remove('focus');
const prev = focused.previousElementSibling;
if (prev) {
prev.classList.add('focus');
} else {
searchbar.select();
}
} else { // Enter
window.location.assign(focused.querySelector('a'));
}
}
}
function loadSearchScript(url, id) {
if (document.getElementById(id)) {
return;
}
searchbar_outer.classList.add('searching');
const script = document.createElement('script');
script.src = url;
script.id = id;
script.onload = () => init(window.search);
script.onerror = error => {
console.error(`Failed to load \`${url}\`: ${error}`);
};
document.head.append(script);
}
function showSearch(yes) {
if (yes) {
loadSearchScript(
window.path_to_searchindex_js ||
path_to_root + 'searchindex-756a6899.js',
'mdbook-search-index');
search_wrap.classList.remove('hidden');
searchicon.setAttribute('aria-expanded', 'true');
} else {
search_wrap.classList.add('hidden');
searchicon.setAttribute('aria-expanded', 'false');
const results = searchresults.children;
for (let i = 0; i < results.length; i++) {
results[i].classList.remove('focus');
}
}
}
function showResults(yes) {
if (yes) {
searchresults_outer.classList.remove('hidden');
} else {
searchresults_outer.classList.add('hidden');
}
}
// Eventhandler for search icon
function searchIconClickHandler() {
if (search_wrap.classList.contains('hidden')) {
showSearch(true);
window.scrollTo(0, 0);
searchbar.select();
} else {
showSearch(false);
}
}
// Eventhandler for keyevents while the searchbar is focused
function searchbarKeyUpHandler() {
const searchterm = searchbar.value.trim();
if (searchterm !== '') {
searchbar.classList.add('active');
doSearch(searchterm);
} else {
searchbar.classList.remove('active');
showResults(false);
removeChildren(searchresults);
}
setSearchUrlParameters(searchterm, 'push_if_new_search_else_replace');
// Remove marks
marker.unmark();
}
// Update current url with ?URL_SEARCH_PARAM= parameter, remove ?URL_MARK_PARAM and
// `#heading-anchor`. `action` can be one of "push", "replace",
// "push_if_new_search_else_replace" and replaces or pushes a new browser history item.
// "push_if_new_search_else_replace" pushes if there is no `?URL_SEARCH_PARAM=abc` yet.
function setSearchUrlParameters(searchterm, action) {
const url = parseURL(window.location.href);
const first_search = !Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(url.params, URL_SEARCH_PARAM);
if (searchterm !== '' || action === 'push_if_new_search_else_replace') {
url.params[URL_SEARCH_PARAM] = searchterm;
delete url.params[URL_MARK_PARAM];
url.hash = '';
} else {
delete url.params[URL_MARK_PARAM];
delete url.params[URL_SEARCH_PARAM];
}
// A new search will also add a new history item, so the user can go back
// to the page prior to searching. A updated search term will only replace
// the url.
if (action === 'push' || action === 'push_if_new_search_else_replace' && first_search ) {
history.pushState({}, document.title, renderURL(url));
} else if (action === 'replace' ||
action === 'push_if_new_search_else_replace' &&
!first_search
) {
history.replaceState({}, document.title, renderURL(url));
}
}
function doSearch(searchterm) {
// Don't search the same twice
if (current_searchterm === searchterm) {
return;
}
searchbar_outer.classList.add('searching');
if (searchindex === null) {
return;
}
current_searchterm = searchterm;
// Do the actual search
const results = searchindex.search(searchterm, search_options);
const resultcount = Math.min(results.length, results_options.limit_results);
// Display search metrics
searchresults_header.innerText = formatSearchMetric(resultcount, searchterm);
// Clear and insert results
const searchterms = searchterm.split(' ');
removeChildren(searchresults);
for (let i = 0; i < resultcount ; i++) {
const resultElem = document.createElement('li');
resultElem.innerHTML = formatSearchResult(results[i], searchterms);
searchresults.appendChild(resultElem);
}
// Display results
showResults(true);
searchbar_outer.classList.remove('searching');
}
// Exported functions
search.hasFocus = hasFocus;
})(window.search);
docs/searchindex-756a6899.js
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// Populate the sidebar
//
// This is a script, and not included directly in the page, to control the total size of the book.
// The TOC contains an entry for each page, so if each page includes a copy of the TOC,
// the total size of the page becomes O(n**2).
class MDBookSidebarScrollbox extends HTMLElement {
constructor() {
super();
}
connectedCallback() {
this.innerHTML = '<ol class="chapter"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><span class="chapter-link-wrapper"><a href="welcome.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> Welcome</a></span></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><span class="chapter-link-wrapper"><a href="user_guide.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> resolc user guide</a></span><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><span class="chapter-link-wrapper"><a href="user_guide/installation.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> Installation</a></span></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><span class="chapter-link-wrapper"><a href="user_guide/cli.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> Command Line Interface</a></span></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><span class="chapter-link-wrapper"><a href="user_guide/js.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> JS NPM package</a></span></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><span class="chapter-link-wrapper"><a href="user_guide/tooling.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> Tooling integration</a></span></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><span class="chapter-link-wrapper"><a href="user_guide/std_json.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.5.</strong> Standard JSON interface</a></span></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><span class="chapter-link-wrapper"><a href="user_guide/differences.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.6.</strong> Differences to EVM</a></span></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><span class="chapter-link-wrapper"><a href="user_guide/rust_libraries.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.7.</strong> Rust contract libraries</a></span></li></ol><li class="chapter-item expanded "><span class="chapter-link-wrapper"><a href="revive_runner.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> revive-runner sandbox</a></span></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><span class="chapter-link-wrapper"><a href="developer_guide.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Developer Guide</a></span><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><span class="chapter-link-wrapper"><a href="developer_guide/contributing.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> Contributor guide</a></span></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><span class="chapter-link-wrapper"><a href="developer_guide/architecture.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> Compiler architecture</a></span></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><span class="chapter-link-wrapper"><a href="developer_guide/target.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.3.</strong> PVM and the pallet-revive runtime target</a></span></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><span class="chapter-link-wrapper"><a href="developer_guide/testing.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.4.</strong> Testing strategy</a></span></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><span class="chapter-link-wrapper"><a href="developer_guide/cross_compilation.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.5.</strong> Cross compilation</a></span></li></ol><li class="chapter-item expanded "><span class="chapter-link-wrapper"><a href="faq.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> FAQ</a></span></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><span class="chapter-link-wrapper"><a href="roadmap.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> Roadmap and Vision</a></span></li></ol>';
// Set the current, active page, and reveal it if it's hidden
let current_page = document.location.href.toString().split('#')[0].split('?')[0];
if (current_page.endsWith('/')) {
current_page += 'index.html';
}
const links = Array.prototype.slice.call(this.querySelectorAll('a'));
const l = links.length;
for (let i = 0; i < l; ++i) {
const link = links[i];
const href = link.getAttribute('href');
if (href && !href.startsWith('#') && !/^(?:[a-z+]+:)?\/\//.test(href)) {
link.href = path_to_root + href;
}
// The 'index' page is supposed to alias the first chapter in the book.
if (link.href === current_page
|| i === 0
&& path_to_root === ''
&& current_page.endsWith('/index.html')) {
link.classList.add('active');
let parent = link.parentElement;
while (parent) {
if (parent.tagName === 'LI' && parent.classList.contains('chapter-item')) {
parent.classList.add('expanded');
}
parent = parent.parentElement;
}
}
}
// Track and set sidebar scroll position
this.addEventListener('click', e => {
if (e.target.tagName === 'A') {
sessionStorage.setItem('sidebar-scroll', this.scrollTop);
}
}, { passive: true });
const sidebarScrollTop = sessionStorage.getItem('sidebar-scroll');
sessionStorage.removeItem('sidebar-scroll');
if (sidebarScrollTop) {
// preserve sidebar scroll position when navigating via links within sidebar
this.scrollTop = sidebarScrollTop;
} else {
// scroll sidebar to current active section when navigating via
// 'next/previous chapter' buttons
const activeSection = document.querySelector('#mdbook-sidebar .active');
if (activeSection) {
activeSection.scrollIntoView({ block: 'center' });
}
}
// Toggle buttons
const sidebarAnchorToggles = document.querySelectorAll('.chapter-fold-toggle');
function toggleSection(ev) {
ev.currentTarget.parentElement.parentElement.classList.toggle('expanded');
}
Array.from(sidebarAnchorToggles).forEach(el => {
el.addEventListener('click', toggleSection);
});
}
}
window.customElements.define('mdbook-sidebar-scrollbox', MDBookSidebarScrollbox);
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Support for dynamically adding headers to the sidebar.
(function() {
// This is used to detect which direction the page has scrolled since the
// last scroll event.
let lastKnownScrollPosition = 0;
// This is the threshold in px from the top of the screen where it will
// consider a header the "current" header when scrolling down.
const defaultDownThreshold = 150;
// Same as defaultDownThreshold, except when scrolling up.
const defaultUpThreshold = 300;
// The threshold is a virtual horizontal line on the screen where it
// considers the "current" header to be above the line. The threshold is
// modified dynamically to handle headers that are near the bottom of the
// screen, and to slightly offset the behavior when scrolling up vs down.
let threshold = defaultDownThreshold;
// This is used to disable updates while scrolling. This is needed when
// clicking the header in the sidebar, which triggers a scroll event. It
// is somewhat finicky to detect when the scroll has finished, so this
// uses a relatively dumb system of disabling scroll updates for a short
// time after the click.
let disableScroll = false;
// Array of header elements on the page.
let headers;
// Array of li elements that are initially collapsed headers in the sidebar.
// I'm not sure why eslint seems to have a false positive here.
// eslint-disable-next-line prefer-const
let headerToggles = [];
// This is a debugging tool for the threshold which you can enable in the console.
let thresholdDebug = false;
// Updates the threshold based on the scroll position.
function updateThreshold() {
const scrollTop = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
const windowHeight = window.innerHeight;
const documentHeight = document.documentElement.scrollHeight;
// The number of pixels below the viewport, at most documentHeight.
// This is used to push the threshold down to the bottom of the page
// as the user scrolls towards the bottom.
const pixelsBelow = Math.max(0, documentHeight - (scrollTop + windowHeight));
// The number of pixels above the viewport, at least defaultDownThreshold.
// Similar to pixelsBelow, this is used to push the threshold back towards
// the top when reaching the top of the page.
const pixelsAbove = Math.max(0, defaultDownThreshold - scrollTop);
// How much the threshold should be offset once it gets close to the
// bottom of the page.
const bottomAdd = Math.max(0, windowHeight - pixelsBelow - defaultDownThreshold);
let adjustedBottomAdd = bottomAdd;
// Adjusts bottomAdd for a small document. The calculation above
// assumes the document is at least twice the windowheight in size. If
// it is less than that, then bottomAdd needs to be shrunk
// proportional to the difference in size.
if (documentHeight < windowHeight * 2) {
const maxPixelsBelow = documentHeight - windowHeight;
const t = 1 - pixelsBelow / Math.max(1, maxPixelsBelow);
const clamp = Math.max(0, Math.min(1, t));
adjustedBottomAdd *= clamp;
}
let scrollingDown = true;
if (scrollTop < lastKnownScrollPosition) {
scrollingDown = false;
}
if (scrollingDown) {
// When scrolling down, move the threshold up towards the default
// downwards threshold position. If near the bottom of the page,
// adjustedBottomAdd will offset the threshold towards the bottom
// of the page.
const amountScrolledDown = scrollTop - lastKnownScrollPosition;
const adjustedDefault = defaultDownThreshold + adjustedBottomAdd;
threshold = Math.max(adjustedDefault, threshold - amountScrolledDown);
} else {
// When scrolling up, move the threshold down towards the default
// upwards threshold position. If near the bottom of the page,
// quickly transition the threshold back up where it normally
// belongs.
const amountScrolledUp = lastKnownScrollPosition - scrollTop;
const adjustedDefault = defaultUpThreshold - pixelsAbove
+ Math.max(0, adjustedBottomAdd - defaultDownThreshold);
threshold = Math.min(adjustedDefault, threshold + amountScrolledUp);
}
if (documentHeight <= windowHeight) {
threshold = 0;
}
if (thresholdDebug) {
const id = 'mdbook-threshold-debug-data';
let data = document.getElementById(id);
if (data === null) {
data = document.createElement('div');
data.id = id;
data.style.cssText = `
position: fixed;
top: 50px;
right: 10px;
background-color: 0xeeeeee;
z-index: 9999;
pointer-events: none;
`;
document.body.appendChild(data);
}
data.innerHTML = `
<table>
<tr><td>documentHeight</td><td>${documentHeight.toFixed(1)}</td></tr>
<tr><td>windowHeight</td><td>${windowHeight.toFixed(1)}</td></tr>
<tr><td>scrollTop</td><td>${scrollTop.toFixed(1)}</td></tr>
<tr><td>pixelsAbove</td><td>${pixelsAbove.toFixed(1)}</td></tr>
<tr><td>pixelsBelow</td><td>${pixelsBelow.toFixed(1)}</td></tr>
<tr><td>bottomAdd</td><td>${bottomAdd.toFixed(1)}</td></tr>
<tr><td>adjustedBottomAdd</td><td>${adjustedBottomAdd.toFixed(1)}</td></tr>
<tr><td>scrollingDown</td><td>${scrollingDown}</td></tr>
<tr><td>threshold</td><td>${threshold.toFixed(1)}</td></tr>
</table>
`;
drawDebugLine();
}
lastKnownScrollPosition = scrollTop;
}
function drawDebugLine() {
if (!document.body) {
return;
}
const id = 'mdbook-threshold-debug-line';
const existingLine = document.getElementById(id);
if (existingLine) {
existingLine.remove();
}
const line = document.createElement('div');
line.id = id;
line.style.cssText = `
position: fixed;
top: ${threshold}px;
left: 0;
width: 100vw;
height: 2px;
background-color: red;
z-index: 9999;
pointer-events: none;
`;
document.body.appendChild(line);
}
function mdbookEnableThresholdDebug() {
thresholdDebug = true;
updateThreshold();
drawDebugLine();
}
window.mdbookEnableThresholdDebug = mdbookEnableThresholdDebug;
// Updates which headers in the sidebar should be expanded. If the current
// header is inside a collapsed group, then it, and all its parents should
// be expanded.
function updateHeaderExpanded(currentA) {
// Add expanded to all header-item li ancestors.
let current = currentA.parentElement;
while (current) {
if (current.tagName === 'LI' && current.classList.contains('header-item')) {
current.classList.add('expanded');
}
current = current.parentElement;
}
}
// Updates which header is marked as the "current" header in the sidebar.
// This is done with a virtual Y threshold, where headers at or below
// that line will be considered the current one.
function updateCurrentHeader() {
if (!headers || !headers.length) {
return;
}
// Reset the classes, which will be rebuilt below.
const els = document.getElementsByClassName('current-header');
for (const el of els) {
el.classList.remove('current-header');
}
for (const toggle of headerToggles) {
toggle.classList.remove('expanded');
}
// Find the last header that is above the threshold.
let lastHeader = null;
for (const header of headers) {
const rect = header.getBoundingClientRect();
if (rect.top <= threshold) {
lastHeader = header;
} else {
break;
}
}
if (lastHeader === null) {
lastHeader = headers[0];
const rect = lastHeader.getBoundingClientRect();
const windowHeight = window.innerHeight;
if (rect.top >= windowHeight) {
return;
}
}
// Get the anchor in the summary.
const href = '#' + lastHeader.id;
const a = [...document.querySelectorAll('.header-in-summary')]
.find(element => element.getAttribute('href') === href);
if (!a) {
return;
}
a.classList.add('current-header');
updateHeaderExpanded(a);
}
// Updates which header is "current" based on the threshold line.
function reloadCurrentHeader() {
if (disableScroll) {
return;
}
updateThreshold();
updateCurrentHeader();
}
// When clicking on a header in the sidebar, this adjusts the threshold so
// that it is located next to the header. This is so that header becomes
// "current".
function headerThresholdClick(event) {
// See disableScroll description why this is done.
disableScroll = true;
setTimeout(() => {
disableScroll = false;
}, 100);
// requestAnimationFrame is used to delay the update of the "current"
// header until after the scroll is done, and the header is in the new
// position.
requestAnimationFrame(() => {
requestAnimationFrame(() => {
// Closest is needed because if it has child elements like <code>.
const a = event.target.closest('a');
const href = a.getAttribute('href');
const targetId = href.substring(1);
const targetElement = document.getElementById(targetId);
if (targetElement) {
threshold = targetElement.getBoundingClientRect().bottom;
updateCurrentHeader();
}
});
});
}
// Takes the nodes from the given head and copies them over to the
// destination, along with some filtering.
function filterHeader(source, dest) {
const clone = source.cloneNode(true);
clone.querySelectorAll('mark').forEach(mark => {
mark.replaceWith(...mark.childNodes);
});
dest.append(...clone.childNodes);
}
// Scans page for headers and adds them to the sidebar.
document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function() {
const activeSection = document.querySelector('#mdbook-sidebar .active');
if (activeSection === null) {
return;
}
const main = document.getElementsByTagName('main')[0];
headers = Array.from(main.querySelectorAll('h2, h3, h4, h5, h6'))
.filter(h => h.id !== '' && h.children.length && h.children[0].tagName === 'A');
if (headers.length === 0) {
return;
}
// Build a tree of headers in the sidebar.
const stack = [];
const firstLevel = parseInt(headers[0].tagName.charAt(1));
for (let i = 1; i < firstLevel; i++) {
const ol = document.createElement('ol');
ol.classList.add('section');
if (stack.length > 0) {
stack[stack.length - 1].ol.appendChild(ol);
}
stack.push({level: i + 1, ol: ol});
}
// The level where it will start folding deeply nested headers.
const foldLevel = 3;
for (let i = 0; i < headers.length; i++) {
const header = headers[i];
const level = parseInt(header.tagName.charAt(1));
const currentLevel = stack[stack.length - 1].level;
if (level > currentLevel) {
// Begin nesting to this level.
for (let nextLevel = currentLevel + 1; nextLevel <= level; nextLevel++) {
const ol = document.createElement('ol');
ol.classList.add('section');
const last = stack[stack.length - 1];
const lastChild = last.ol.lastChild;
// Handle the case where jumping more than one nesting
// level, which doesn't have a list item to place this new
// list inside of.
if (lastChild) {
lastChild.appendChild(ol);
} else {
last.ol.appendChild(ol);
}
stack.push({level: nextLevel, ol: ol});
}
} else if (level < currentLevel) {
while (stack.length > 1 && stack[stack.length - 1].level > level) {
stack.pop();
}
}
const li = document.createElement('li');
li.classList.add('header-item');
li.classList.add('expanded');
if (level < foldLevel) {
li.classList.add('expanded');
}
const span = document.createElement('span');
span.classList.add('chapter-link-wrapper');
const a = document.createElement('a');
span.appendChild(a);
a.href = '#' + header.id;
a.classList.add('header-in-summary');
filterHeader(header.children[0], a);
a.addEventListener('click', headerThresholdClick);
const nextHeader = headers[i + 1];
if (nextHeader !== undefined) {
const nextLevel = parseInt(nextHeader.tagName.charAt(1));
if (nextLevel > level && level >= foldLevel) {
const toggle = document.createElement('a');
toggle.classList.add('chapter-fold-toggle');
toggle.classList.add('header-toggle');
toggle.addEventListener('click', () => {
li.classList.toggle('expanded');
});
const toggleDiv = document.createElement('div');
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<h1 id="resolc-user-guide"><a class="header" href="#resolc-user-guide"><code>resolc</code> user guide</a></h1>
<p><code>resolc</code> is a Solidity <code>v0.8</code> compiler for <a href="https://docs.polkadot.com/develop/smart-contracts/overview/#native-smart-contracts">Polkadot <code>native</code> smart contracts</a>. Solidity compiled with <code>resolc</code> executes orders of magnitude faster than the EVM. <code>resolc</code> also supports almost all Solidity <code>v0.8</code> features including inline assembly, offering a high level of comptability with the Ethereum Solidity reference implementation.</p>
<h2 id="revive-vs-resolc-nomenclature"><a class="header" href="#revive-vs-resolc-nomenclature"><code>revive</code> vs. <code>resolc</code> nomenclature</a></h2>
<p><code>revive</code> is the name of the overarching “Solidity to PolkaVM” compiler project, which contains multiple components (for example the Yul parser, the code generation library, the <code>resolc</code> executable itself, and many more things).</p>
<p><code>resolc</code> is the name of the compiler driver executable, combining many <code>revive</code> components in a single and easy to use binary application.</p>
<p>In other words, <code>revive</code> is the whole compiler infrastructure (more like <code>LLVM</code>) and <code>resolc</code> is a user-facing single-entrypoint compiler frontend (more like <code>clang</code>).</p>
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<h1 id="cli-usage"><a class="header" href="#cli-usage">CLI usage</a></h1>
<p>We aim to keep the <code>resolc</code> CLI usage close to <code>solc</code>. There are a few things and options worthwhile to know about in <code>resolc</code> which do not exist in the Ethereum world. This chapter explains those in more detail than the CLI help message.</p>
<blockquote class="blockquote-tag blockquote-tag-tip">
<p class="blockquote-tag-title"><svg viewbox="0 0 16 16" width="18" height="18"><path d="M8 1.5c-2.363 0-4 1.69-4 3.75 0 .984.424 1.625.984 2.304l.214.253c.223.264.47.556.673.848.284.411.537.896.621 1.49a.75.75 0 0 1-1.484.211c-.04-.282-.163-.547-.37-.847a8.456 8.456 0 0 0-.542-.68c-.084-.1-.173-.205-.268-.32C3.201 7.75 2.5 6.766 2.5 5.25 2.5 2.31 4.863 0 8 0s5.5 2.31 5.5 5.25c0 1.516-.701 2.5-1.328 3.259-.095.115-.184.22-.268.319-.207.245-.383.453-.541.681-.208.3-.33.565-.37.847a.751.751 0 0 1-1.485-.212c.084-.593.337-1.078.621-1.489.203-.292.45-.584.673-.848.075-.088.147-.173.213-.253.561-.679.985-1.32.985-2.304 0-2.06-1.637-3.75-4-3.75ZM5.75 12h4.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-4.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5ZM6 15.25a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75h2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75-.75Z"></path></svg>Tip</p>
<p>For the complete help about CLI options, please see <code>resolc --help</code>.</p>
</blockquote>
<h3 id="llvm-optimization-levels"><a class="header" href="#llvm-optimization-levels">LLVM optimization levels</a></h3>
<pre><code class="language-bash">-O, --optimization &lt;OPTIMIZATION&gt;
</code></pre>
<p><code>resolc</code> exposes the optimization level setting for the LLVM backend. The performance and size of compiled contracts varies wiedly between different optimization levels.</p>
<p>Valid levels are the following:</p>
<ul>
<li><code>0</code>: No optimizations are applied.</li>
<li><code>1</code>: Basic optimizations for execution time.</li>
<li><code>2</code>: Advanced optimizations for execution time.</li>
<li><code>3</code>: Aggressive optimizations for execution time.</li>
<li><code>s</code>: Optimize for code size.</li>
<li><code>z</code>: Aggressively optimize for code size.</li>
</ul>
<p>By default, <code>-O3</code> is applied.</p>
<h3 id="stack-size"><a class="header" href="#stack-size">Stack size</a></h3>
<pre><code class="language-bash">--stack-size &lt;STACK_SIZE&gt;
</code></pre>
<p>PVM is a register machine with a traditional stack memory space for local variables. This controls the total amount of stack space the contract can use.</p>
<p>You are incentivized to keep this value as small as possible:</p>
<ol>
<li>Increasing the stack size will increase startup costs.</li>
<li>The stack size contributes to the total memory size a contract can use, which includes the contract’s code size.</li>
</ol>
<p>Default value: 32768</p>
<blockquote class="blockquote-tag blockquote-tag-warning">
<p class="blockquote-tag-title"><svg viewbox="0 0 16 16" width="18" height="18"><path d="M6.457 1.047c.659-1.234 2.427-1.234 3.086 0l6.082 11.378A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.082 15H1.918a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.543-2.575Zm1.763.707a.25.25 0 0 0-.44 0L1.698 13.132a.25.25 0 0 0 .22.368h12.164a.25.25 0 0 0 .22-.368Zm.53 3.996v2.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0ZM9 11a1 1 0 1 1-2 0 1 1 0 0 1 2 0Z"></path></svg>Warning</p>
<p>If the contract uses more stack memory than configured, it will compile fine but eventually revert execution at runtime!</p>
</blockquote>
<h3 id="heap-size"><a class="header" href="#heap-size">Heap size</a></h3>
<pre><code class="language-bash">--heap-size &lt;HEAP_SIZE&gt;
</code></pre>
<p>Unlike the EVM, due to the lack of dynamic memory metering, PVM contracts emulate the EVM heap memory with a static buffer. Consequentially, instead of infinite memory with exponentially growing gas costs, PVM contracts have a finite amount of memory with constant gas costs available.</p>
<p>You are incentivized to keep this value as small as possible:
1.Increasing the heap size will increase startup costs.
2.The heap size contributes to the total memory size a contract can use, which includes the contract’s code size</p>
<p>Default value: 65536</p>
<blockquote class="blockquote-tag blockquote-tag-warning">
<p class="blockquote-tag-title"><svg viewbox="0 0 16 16" width="18" height="18"><path d="M6.457 1.047c.659-1.234 2.427-1.234 3.086 0l6.082 11.378A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.082 15H1.918a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.543-2.575Zm1.763.707a.25.25 0 0 0-.44 0L1.698 13.132a.25.25 0 0 0 .22.368h12.164a.25.25 0 0 0 .22-.368Zm.53 3.996v2.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0ZM9 11a1 1 0 1 1-2 0 1 1 0 0 1 2 0Z"></path></svg>Warning</p>
<p>If the contract uses more heap memory than configured, it will compile fine but eventually revert execution at runtime!</p>
</blockquote>
<h3 id="solc"><a class="header" href="#solc">solc</a></h3>
<pre><code class="language-bash">--solc &lt;SOLC&gt;
</code></pre>
<p>Specify the path to the <code>solc</code> executable. By default, the one in <code>${PATH}</code> is used.</p>
<h3 id="debug-artifacts"><a class="header" href="#debug-artifacts">Debug artifacts</a></h3>
<pre><code class="language-bash">--debug-output-dir &lt;DEBUG_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY&gt;
</code></pre>
<p>Dump all intermediary compiler artifacts to files in the specified directory. This includes the YUL IR, optimized and unoptimized LLVM IR, the ELF object and the PVM assembly. Useful for debugging and development purposes.</p>
<h3 id="debug-info"><a class="header" href="#debug-info">Debug info</a></h3>
<pre><code class="language-bash">-g
</code></pre>
<p>Generate source based debug information in the output code file. Useful for debugging and development purposes and disabled by default.</p>
<h3 id="deploy-time-linking"><a class="header" href="#deploy-time-linking">Deploy time linking</a></h3>
<pre><code class="language-bash">--link [--libraries &lt;LIBRARIES&gt;] &lt;INPUT_FILES&gt;
</code></pre>
<p>In Solidity, 3 things can happen with libraries:</p>
<ol>
<li>They are not <code>extern</code>ally callable and thus can be inlined.
<ol>
<li>The solc Solidity optimizer inlines those (usually the case). Note: <code>resolc</code> always activates the solc Solidity optimizer.</li>
<li>If the solc Solidity optimizer is disabled or for some reason fails to inline them (both rare), they are not inlined and require linking.</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>They are <code>extern</code>ally callable but still linked at compile time. This is the case if at compile time the library address is known (i.e. <code>--libraries</code> supplied in CLI or the corresponding setting in STD JSON input).</li>
<li>They are linked at deploy time. This happens when the compiler does not know the library address (i.e. <code>--libraries</code> flag is missing or the provided libraries are incomplete, same for STD JSON input). This case is rare because it’s discourage and should never be used by production dApps.</li>
</ol>
<p>In cases <code>1.2</code> and <code>3</code>:</p>
<ul>
<li>Some of the produced code blobs will be in the “unlinked” raw <code>ELF</code> object format and not yet deployable.</li>
<li>To make them deployable, they need to be “linked” (done using the <code>resolc --link</code> linker mode explained below).</li>
<li>The compiler emitted <code>DELEGATECALL</code> instructions to call non-inlined (unlinked) libraries. The contract deployer must make sure to deploy any libraries prior to contract deployment.</li>
</ul>
<blockquote class="blockquote-tag blockquote-tag-warning">
<p class="blockquote-tag-title"><svg viewbox="0 0 16 16" width="18" height="18"><path d="M6.457 1.047c.659-1.234 2.427-1.234 3.086 0l6.082 11.378A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.082 15H1.918a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.543-2.575Zm1.763.707a.25.25 0 0 0-.44 0L1.698 13.132a.25.25 0 0 0 .22.368h12.164a.25.25 0 0 0 .22-.368Zm.53 3.996v2.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0ZM9 11a1 1 0 1 1-2 0 1 1 0 0 1 2 0Z"></path></svg>Warning</p>
<p>Using deploy time linking is officially <strong>discouraged</strong>. Mainly due to bytecode hashes changing after the fact. We decided to support it in <code>resolc</code> regardless, due to popular request.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>Similar to how it works in <code>solc</code>, <code>--libraries</code> may be used to provide libraries during linking mode.</p>
<p>Unlike with <code>solc</code>, where linking implies a simple string substitution mechanism, <code>resolc</code> needs to resolve actual missing <code>ELF</code> symbols. This is due to how factory dependencies work in PVM. As a consequence, it isn’t sufficient to just provide the unlinked blobs to the linker. Instead, they must be provided in the exact same directory structure the Solidity source code was found during compile time.</p>
<p>Example:</p>
<ul>
<li>The contract <code>src/foo/bar.sol:Bar</code> is involved in deploy time linking. It may be a factory dependency.</li>
<li>The contract blob needs to be provided inside a relative <code>src/foo/</code> directory to <code>--link</code>. Otherwise symbol resolution may fail.</li>
</ul>
<blockquote class="blockquote-tag blockquote-tag-note">
<p class="blockquote-tag-title"><svg viewbox="0 0 16 16" width="18" height="18"><path d="M0 8a8 8 0 1 1 16 0A8 8 0 0 1 0 8Zm8-6.5a6.5 6.5 0 1 0 0 13 6.5 6.5 0 0 0 0-13ZM6.5 7.75A.75.75 0 0 1 7.25 7h1a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v2.75h.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-2a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h.25v-2h-.25a.75.75 0 0 1-.75-.75ZM8 6a1 1 0 1 1 0-2 1 1 0 0 1 0 2Z"></path></svg>Note</p>
<p>Tooling is supposed to take care of this. In the future, we may append explicit linkage data to simplify the deploy time linking feature.</p>
</blockquote>
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<main>
<h1 id="differences-to-evm"><a class="header" href="#differences-to-evm">Differences to EVM</a></h1>
<p>This section highlights some potentially observable differences in the <a href="https://docs.soliditylang.org/en/latest/yul.html#evm-dialect">YUL EVM dialect</a> translation compared to Ethereum Solidity.</p>
<p>Solidity developers deploying dApps to <a href="https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk/tree/master/substrate/frame/revive"><code>pallet-revive</code></a> ought to read and understand this section well.</p>
<h2 id="deploy-code-vs-runtime-code"><a class="header" href="#deploy-code-vs-runtime-code">Deploy code vs. runtime code</a></h2>
<p>Our contract runtime does not differentiate between runtime code and deploy (constructor) code.
Instead, both are emitted into a single PVM contract code blob and live on-chain.
Therefore, in EVM terminology, the deploy code equals the runtime code.</p>
<blockquote class="blockquote-tag blockquote-tag-tip">
<p class="blockquote-tag-title"><svg viewbox="0 0 16 16" width="18" height="18"><path d="M8 1.5c-2.363 0-4 1.69-4 3.75 0 .984.424 1.625.984 2.304l.214.253c.223.264.47.556.673.848.284.411.537.896.621 1.49a.75.75 0 0 1-1.484.211c-.04-.282-.163-.547-.37-.847a8.456 8.456 0 0 0-.542-.68c-.084-.1-.173-.205-.268-.32C3.201 7.75 2.5 6.766 2.5 5.25 2.5 2.31 4.863 0 8 0s5.5 2.31 5.5 5.25c0 1.516-.701 2.5-1.328 3.259-.095.115-.184.22-.268.319-.207.245-.383.453-.541.681-.208.3-.33.565-.37.847a.751.751 0 0 1-1.485-.212c.084-.593.337-1.078.621-1.489.203-.292.45-.584.673-.848.075-.088.147-.173.213-.253.561-.679.985-1.32.985-2.304 0-2.06-1.637-3.75-4-3.75ZM5.75 12h4.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-4.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5ZM6 15.25a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75h2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75-.75Z"></path></svg>Tip</p>
<p>In constructor code, the <code>codesize</code> instruction will return the call data size instead of the actual code blob size.</p>
</blockquote>
<h2 id="solidity"><a class="header" href="#solidity">Solidity</a></h2>
<p>We are aware of the following differences in the translation of Solidity code.</p>
<h3 id="addresscreationcode"><a class="header" href="#addresscreationcode"><code>address.creationCode</code></a></h3>
<p>This returns the bytecode keccak256 hash instead.</p>
<h2 id="yul-functions"><a class="header" href="#yul-functions">YUL functions</a></h2>
<p>The below list contains noteworthy differences in the translation of YUL functions.</p>
<blockquote class="blockquote-tag blockquote-tag-note">
<p class="blockquote-tag-title"><svg viewbox="0 0 16 16" width="18" height="18"><path d="M0 8a8 8 0 1 1 16 0A8 8 0 0 1 0 8Zm8-6.5a6.5 6.5 0 1 0 0 13 6.5 6.5 0 0 0 0-13ZM6.5 7.75A.75.75 0 0 1 7.25 7h1a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v2.75h.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-2a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h.25v-2h-.25a.75.75 0 0 1-.75-.75ZM8 6a1 1 0 1 1 0-2 1 1 0 0 1 0 2Z"></path></svg>Note</p>
<p>Many functions receive memory buffer offset pointer or size arguments. Since the PVM pointer size is 32 bit, supplying memory offset or buffer size values above <code>2^32-1</code> will trap the contract immediately.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>The <code>solc</code> compiler ought to always emit valid memory references, so Solidity dApp authors don’t need to worry about this unless they deal with low level <code>assembly</code> code.</p>
<h3 id="mload-mstore-msize-mcopy-memory-related-functions"><a class="header" href="#mload-mstore-msize-mcopy-memory-related-functions"><code>mload</code>, <code>mstore</code>, <code>msize</code>, <code>mcopy</code> (memory related functions)</a></h3>
<p>In general, revive preserves the memory layout, meaning low level memory operations are supported. However, a few caveats apply:</p>
<ul>
<li>The EVM linear heap memory is emulated using a fixed byte buffer of 64kb. This implies that the maximum memory a contract can use is limited to 64kbit (on Ethereum, contract memory is capped by gas and therefore varies).</li>
<li>Thus, accessing memory offsets larger than the fixed buffer size will trap the contract at runtime with an <code>OutOfBound</code> error.</li>
<li>The compiler might detect and optimize unused memory reads and writes, leading to a different <code>msize</code> compared to what the EVM would see.</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="calldataload-calldatacopy"><a class="header" href="#calldataload-calldatacopy"><code>calldataload</code>, <code>calldatacopy</code></a></h3>
<p>In the constructor code, the offset is ignored and this always returns <code>0</code>.</p>
<h3 id="codecopy"><a class="header" href="#codecopy"><code>codecopy</code></a></h3>
<p>Only supported in constructor code.</p>
<h3 id="invalid"><a class="header" href="#invalid"><code>invalid</code></a></h3>
<p>Traps the contract but does not consume the remaining gas.</p>
<h3 id="create-create2"><a class="header" href="#create-create2"><code>create</code>, <code>create2</code></a></h3>
<p>Deployments on revive work different than on EVM. In a nutshell: Instead of supplying the deploy code concatenated with the constructor arguments (the EVM deploy model), the <a href="https://docs.rs/pallet-revive/latest/pallet_revive/trait.SyscallDoc.html#tymethod.instantiate">revive runtime expects two pointers</a>:</p>
<ol>
<li>A buffer containing the code hash to deploy.</li>
<li>The constructor arguments buffer.</li>
</ol>
<p>To make contract instantiation using the <code>new</code> keyword in Solidity work seamlessly,
<code>revive</code> translates the <code>dataoffset</code> and <code>datasize</code> instructions so that they assume the contract hash instead of the contract code.
The hash is always of constant size.
Thus, <code>revive</code> is able to supply the expected code hash and constructor arguments pointer to the runtime.</p>
<blockquote class="blockquote-tag blockquote-tag-warning">
<p class="blockquote-tag-title"><svg viewbox="0 0 16 16" width="18" height="18"><path d="M6.457 1.047c.659-1.234 2.427-1.234 3.086 0l6.082 11.378A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.082 15H1.918a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.543-2.575Zm1.763.707a.25.25 0 0 0-.44 0L1.698 13.132a.25.25 0 0 0 .22.368h12.164a.25.25 0 0 0 .22-.368Zm.53 3.996v2.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0ZM9 11a1 1 0 1 1-2 0 1 1 0 0 1 2 0Z"></path></svg>Warning</p>
<p>This might fall apart in code creating contracts inside <code>assembly</code> blocks. <strong>We strongly discourage using the <code>create</code> family opcodes to manually craft deployments in <code>assembly</code> blocks!</strong> Usually, the reason for using <code>assembly</code> blocks is to save gas, which is futile on revive anyways due to lower transaction costs.</p>
</blockquote>
<h3 id="dataoffset"><a class="header" href="#dataoffset"><code>dataoffset</code></a></h3>
<p>Returns the contract hash.</p>
<h3 id="datasize"><a class="header" href="#datasize"><code>datasize</code></a></h3>
<p>Returns the contract hash size (constant value of <code>32</code>).</p>
<h3 id="prevrandao-difficulty"><a class="header" href="#prevrandao-difficulty"><code>prevrandao</code>, <code>difficulty</code></a></h3>
<p>Translates to a constant value of <code>2500000000000000</code>.</p>
<h3 id="pc-extcodecopy"><a class="header" href="#pc-extcodecopy"><code>pc</code>, <code>extcodecopy</code></a></h3>
<p>Only valid to use in EVM (they also have no use case in PVM) and produce a compile time error.</p>
<h3 id="blobhash-blobbasefee"><a class="header" href="#blobhash-blobbasefee"><code>blobhash</code>, <code>blobbasefee</code></a></h3>
<p>Related to the Ethereum rollup model and produce a compile time error. Polkadot offers a superior rollup model, removing the use case for blob data related opcodes.</p>
<h2 id="difference-regarding-the-solc-via-ir-mode"><a class="header" href="#difference-regarding-the-solc-via-ir-mode">Difference regarding the <code>solc</code> <code>via-ir</code> mode</a></h2>
<p>There are two different compilation pipelines available in <code>solc</code> and <a href="https://docs.soliditylang.org/en/latest/ir-breaking-changes.html">there are small differences between them</a>.</p>
<p>Since <code>resolc</code> processes the YUL IR, always assume the <code>solc</code> IR based codegen behavior for contracts compiled with the <code>revive</code> compiler.</p>
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<h1 class="menu-title">revive compiler book</h1>
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<h1 id="installation"><a class="header" href="#installation">Installation</a></h1>
<p>Building Solidity contracts for PolkaVM requires installing the following two compilers:</p>
<ul>
<li><code>solc</code>: The <a href="https://github.com/argotorg/solidity">Ethereum Solidity reference compiler</a> implementation.</li>
<li><code>resolc</code>: The revive Solidity compiler YUL frontend and PolkaVM code generator.</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="resolc-binary-releases"><a class="header" href="#resolc-binary-releases"><code>resolc</code> binary releases</a></h2>
<p><code>resolc</code> is supported an all major operating systems and installation is straightforward.
Please find our <a href="https://github.com/paritytech/revive/releases">binary releases</a> for the following platforms:</p>
<ul>
<li>Linux (MUSL)</li>
<li>MacOS (universal)</li>
<li>Windows</li>
<li>Wasm via emscripten</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="installing-the-solc-dependency"><a class="header" href="#installing-the-solc-dependency">Installing the <code>solc</code> dependency</a></h2>
<p><code>resolc</code> uses <code>solc</code> during the compilation process, please refer to the <a href="https://docs.soliditylang.org/en/latest/installing-solidity.html">Ethereum Solidity documentation</a> for installation instructions.</p>
<h2 id="revive-npm-package"><a class="header" href="#revive-npm-package"><code>revive</code> NPM package</a></h2>
<p>We distribute the revive compiler as <a href="https://github.com/paritytech/revive/tree/main/js/resolc">node.js module</a>.</p>
<h2 id="buidling-resolc-from-source"><a class="header" href="#buidling-resolc-from-source">Buidling <code>resolc</code> from source</a></h2>
<p>Please follow the build <a href="https://github.com/paritytech/revive?tab=readme-ov-file#building-from-source">instructions in the revive <code>README.md</code></a>.</p>
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<h1 id="js-npm-package"><a class="header" href="#js-npm-package">JS NPM package</a></h1>
<p>The <code>resolc</code> compiler driver is published as an NPM package under <a href="https://www.npmjs.com/package/@parity/resolc">@parity/resolc</a>.</p>
<p>It’s usable from <code>Node.js</code> code or directly from the command line:</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell">npx @parity/resolc@latest --bin crates/integration/contracts/flipper.sol -o /tmp/out
</code></pre>
<blockquote class="blockquote-tag blockquote-tag-note">
<p class="blockquote-tag-title"><svg viewbox="0 0 16 16" width="18" height="18"><path d="M0 8a8 8 0 1 1 16 0A8 8 0 0 1 0 8Zm8-6.5a6.5 6.5 0 1 0 0 13 6.5 6.5 0 0 0 0-13ZM6.5 7.75A.75.75 0 0 1 7.25 7h1a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v2.75h.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-2a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h.25v-2h-.25a.75.75 0 0 1-.75-.75ZM8 6a1 1 0 1 1 0-2 1 1 0 0 1 0 2Z"></path></svg>Note</p>
<p>While the npm package makes a nice portable option, it doesn’t expose all options.</p>
</blockquote>
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<h1 id="rust-contract-libraries"><a class="header" href="#rust-contract-libraries">Rust contract libraries</a></h1>
<blockquote class="blockquote-tag blockquote-tag-note">
<p class="blockquote-tag-title"><svg viewbox="0 0 16 16" width="18" height="18"><path d="M0 8a8 8 0 1 1 16 0A8 8 0 0 1 0 8Zm8-6.5a6.5 6.5 0 1 0 0 13 6.5 6.5 0 0 0 0-13ZM6.5 7.75A.75.75 0 0 1 7.25 7h1a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v2.75h.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-2a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h.25v-2h-.25a.75.75 0 0 1-.75-.75ZM8 6a1 1 0 1 1 0-2 1 1 0 0 1 0 2Z"></path></svg>Note</p>
<p>This is not yet implemented but something for consideration on the roadmap.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>Solidity - tightly coupled to the EVM - introduces some inherent inefficiencies that are by design and either needs to be followed or can’t be easily worked around, even with efforts like better optimized compiler and VM implementations. This represents a technical dead end. So far the EVM sees no adoption beyond the blockchain industry. Chances are that <a href="https://ethereum-magicians.org/t/long-term-l1-execution-layer-proposal-replace-the-evm-with-risc-v">the EVM end up deprecated</a> for technical reasons (or maybe not and the RISC-V idea gets abandoned, who knows).</p>
<p>PVM, however, is a general purpose VM. It supports LLVM based mainstream programming languages like Rust. It’s a common software engineering practice to compose applications from pieces written in multiple languages, using each to their own strength. For example, AI solutions traditionally use the python scripting language for convenient developer experience, while the underlying AI models get implemented in a lower level language such as C++.</p>
<p>The same pattern can of course be applied to dApps, where we’d expect application specific languages like Solidity mixed with libraries implementing computationally complex algorithms in a lower level language. Business logic and user interfaces are naturally implemented as regular Solidity dApps which can include (link against) Rust libraries. Rust is a fast, safe low level language and the Polkadot SDK is written in Rust itself, making it an excellent choice.</p>
<p>For example, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-knowledge_proof">ZK proof verifiers</a> or expensive <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decentralized_finance">DeFi</a> primitives would benefit greatly from Rust implementations.</p>
<p><code>revive</code> provides tooling support and a small Rust contracts SDK for seamless integration with Rust libraries.</p>
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<h1 id="standard-json-interface"><a class="header" href="#standard-json-interface">Standard JSON interface</a></h1>
<p>The <code>revive</code> compiler is mostly compatible with the <code>solc</code> standard JSON interface. There are a few additional (PVM related) <strong>input</strong> configurations:</p>
<h2 id="the-settingspolkavm-object"><a class="header" href="#the-settingspolkavm-object">The <code>settings.polkavm</code> object</a></h2>
<p>Used to configure PVM specific compiler settings.</p>
<h3 id="settingspolkavmdebuginformation"><a class="header" href="#settingspolkavmdebuginformation"><code>settings.polkavm.debugInformation</code></a></h3>
<p>A boolean value allowing to enable debug information. Corresponds to <code>resolc -g</code>.</p>
<h3 id="the-settingspolkavmmemoryconfig-object"><a class="header" href="#the-settingspolkavmmemoryconfig-object">The <code>settings.polkavm.memoryConfig</code> object</a></h3>
<p>Used to apply PVM specific memory configuration settings.</p>
<h4 id="settingspolkavmheapsize"><a class="header" href="#settingspolkavmheapsize"><code>settings.polkavm.heapSize</code></a></h4>
<p>A numerical value allowing to configure the contract heap size. Corresponds to <code>resolc --heap-size</code>.</p>
<h4 id="settingspolkavmstacksize"><a class="header" href="#settingspolkavmstacksize"><code>settings.polkavm.stackSize</code></a></h4>
<p>A numerical value allowing to configure the contract stack size. Corresponds to <code>resolc --stack-size</code>.</p>
<h2 id="the-settingsoptimizer-object"><a class="header" href="#the-settingsoptimizer-object">The <code>settings.optimizer</code> object</a></h2>
<p>The <code>settings.optimizer</code> object is augmented with support for PVM specific optimization settings.</p>
<h3 id="settingsoptimizermode"><a class="header" href="#settingsoptimizermode"><code>settings.optimizer.mode</code></a></h3>
<p>A single char value to configure the LLVM optimizer settings. Corresponds to <code>resolc -O</code>.</p>
<h2 id="settingsllvmarguments"><a class="header" href="#settingsllvmarguments"><code>settings.llvmArguments</code></a></h2>
<p>Allows to specify arbitrary command line arguments to LLVM initialization. Used mainly for development and debugging purposes.</p>
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<h1 id="tooling-integration"><a class="header" href="#tooling-integration">Tooling integration</a></h1>
<p><code>resolc</code> achieved successful integration with a variety of third party developer tools.</p>
<h2 id="solidity-toolkits"><a class="header" href="#solidity-toolkits">Solidity toolkits</a></h2>
<p>Support for <code>resolc</code> is available in forks of the <a href="https://hardhat.org">hardhat</a> and <a href="https://getfoundry.sh">foundry</a> Solidity toolkits:</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://github.com/paritytech/hardhat-polkadot">The Parity Hardhat fork</a></li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/paritytech/foundry-polkadot?tab=readme-ov-file#2-resolc-compiler-integration">The Parity Foundry fork</a></li>
</ul>
<h2 id="compiler-explorer"><a class="header" href="#compiler-explorer">Compiler explorer</a></h2>
<p><code>resolc</code> is available on <a href="https://godbolt.org/z/6GM6n4Ka3">godbolt.org</a> for the Solidity and Yul input languages. See also the announcement post on the <a href="https://forum.polkadot.network/t/resolc-is-live-on-compiler-explorer">forum</a>.</p>
<h2 id="remix-ide"><a class="header" href="#remix-ide">Remix IDE</a></h2>
<p>There is remix IDE fork with <code>resolc</code> support at <a href="https://remix.polkadot.io">remix.polkadot.io</a>. Unfortunately this is no longer actively maintained (there might be bugs and outdated <code>resolc</code> versions).</p>
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<h1 id="welcome"><a class="header" href="#welcome">Welcome</a></h1>
<p>Hello and a warm welcome to the <code>revive</code> Solidity compiler book!</p>
<h2 id="target-audience"><a class="header" href="#target-audience">Target audience</a></h2>
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<li><strong>Solidity dApp developers</strong> should read the <a href="./user_guide.html">user guide</a>. Solidity on PolkaVM introduces important differences to EVM which should be well understood.</li>
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<h2 id="other-polkadot-contracts-resources"><a class="header" href="#other-polkadot-contracts-resources">Other Polkadot contracts resources</a></h2>
<p>Head to <a href="https://docs.polkadot.com/develop/smart-contracts/">contracts.polkadot.io</a> for more general information about contracts on Polkadot.</p>
<h2 id="about"><a class="header" href="#about">About</a></h2>
<p>This <a href="https://github.com/rust-lang/mdBook">mdBook</a> documents the revive Solidity compiler project. The content is found under <code>book/</code>. Run <code>make book</code> to observe changes.</p>
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