Improve performance of stack height injection

Specifically,

- avoid using `import_count` and `function_space` since those are slow.
- Avoid using the `builder` module since it requires recreation of the module essentially and is not efficient.
- That also allows us to avoid creation of redundant signatures for thunks.

CHANGELOG.md

@@ -16,7 +16,17 @@ The interface provided to smart contracts will adhere to semver with one excepti
 major version bumps will be backwards compatible with regard to already deployed contracts.
 In other words: Upgrading this pallet will not break pre-existing contracts.
 
+## [v0.3.0]
+
+### Changed
+
+- Use 64bit arithmetic for per-block gas counter
+[#30](https://github.com/paritytech/wasm-instrument/pull/30)
+
 ## [v0.2.0] 2022-06-06
+
+### Changed
+
 - Adjust debug information (if already parsed) when injecting gas metering
 [#16](https://github.com/paritytech/wasm-instrument/pull/16)
 

Cargo.toml

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "wasm-instrument"
-version = "0.2.0"
+version = "0.3.0"
 edition = "2021"
 rust-version = "1.56.1"
 authors = ["Parity Technologies <admin@parity.io>"]
@@ -25,11 +25,12 @@ parity-wasm = { version = "0.45", default-features = false }
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 binaryen = "0.12"
-criterion = "0.3"
+criterion = "0.4"
 diff = "0.1"
+pretty_assertions = "1"
 rand = "0.8"
 wat = "1"
-wasmparser = "0.88"
+wasmparser = "0.92"
 wasmprinter = "0.2"
 
 [features]

src/gas_metering/mod.rs

@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ impl Rules for ConstantCostRules {
 /// imported gas metering function.
 ///
 /// The output module imports a function "gas" from the specified module with type signature
-/// [i32] -> []. The argument is the amount of gas required to continue execution. The external
+/// [i64] -> []. The argument is the amount of gas required to continue execution. The external
 /// function is meant to keep track of the total amount of gas used and trap or otherwise halt
 /// execution of the runtime if the gas usage exceeds some allowed limit.
 ///
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ pub fn inject<R: Rules>(
 	// Injecting gas counting external
 	let mut mbuilder = builder::from_module(module);
 	let import_sig =
-		mbuilder.push_signature(builder::signature().with_param(ValueType::I32).build_sig());
+		mbuilder.push_signature(builder::signature().with_param(ValueType::I64).build_sig());
 
 	mbuilder.push_import(
 		builder::import()
@@ -284,7 +284,7 @@ struct MeteredBlock {
 	/// Index of the first instruction (aka `Opcode`) in the block.
 	start_pos: usize,
 	/// Sum of costs of all instructions until end of the block.
-	cost: u32,
+	cost: u64,
 }
 
 /// Counter is used to manage state during the gas metering algorithm implemented by
@@ -375,7 +375,8 @@ impl Counter {
 				.expect("last_index is greater than 0; last_index is stack size - 1; qed");
 			let prev_metered_block = &mut prev_control_block.active_metered_block;
 			if closing_metered_block.start_pos == prev_metered_block.start_pos {
-				prev_metered_block.cost += closing_metered_block.cost;
+				prev_metered_block.cost =
+					prev_metered_block.cost.checked_add(closing_metered_block.cost).ok_or(())?;
 				return Ok(())
 			}
 		}
@@ -425,7 +426,7 @@ impl Counter {
 	/// Increment the cost of the current block by the specified value.
 	fn increment(&mut self, val: u32) -> Result<(), ()> {
 		let top_block = self.active_metered_block()?;
-		top_block.cost = top_block.cost.checked_add(val).ok_or(())?;
+		top_block.cost = top_block.cost.checked_add(val.into()).ok_or(())?;
 		Ok(())
 	}
 }
@@ -465,8 +466,9 @@ fn add_grow_counter<R: Rules>(
 			.with_instructions(elements::Instructions::new(vec![
 				GetLocal(0),
 				GetLocal(0),
-				I32Const(cost as i32),
-				I32Mul,
+				I64ExtendUI32,
+				I64Const(i64::from(cost)),
+				I64Mul,
 				// todo: there should be strong guarantee that it does not return anything on
 				// stack?
 				Call(gas_func),
@@ -583,7 +585,7 @@ fn insert_metering_calls(
 		// If there the next block starts at this position, inject metering instructions.
 		let used_block = if let Some(block) = block_iter.peek() {
 			if block.start_pos == original_pos {
-				new_instrs.push(I32Const(block.cost as i32));
+				new_instrs.push(I64Const(block.cost as i64));
 				new_instrs.push(Call(gas_func));
 				true
 			} else {
@@ -612,6 +614,7 @@ fn insert_metering_calls(
 mod tests {
 	use super::*;
 	use parity_wasm::{builder, elements, elements::Instruction::*, serialize};
+	use pretty_assertions::assert_eq;
 
 	fn get_function_body(
 		module: &elements::Module,
@@ -639,12 +642,20 @@ mod tests {
 
 		assert_eq!(
 			get_function_body(&injected_module, 0).unwrap(),
-			&vec![I32Const(2), Call(0), GetGlobal(0), Call(2), End][..]
+			&vec![I64Const(2), Call(0), GetGlobal(0), Call(2), End][..]
 		);
 		assert_eq!(
 			get_function_body(&injected_module, 1).unwrap(),
-			&vec![GetLocal(0), GetLocal(0), I32Const(10000), I32Mul, Call(0), GrowMemory(0), End,]
-				[..]
+			&vec![
+				GetLocal(0),
+				GetLocal(0),
+				I64ExtendUI32,
+				I64Const(10000),
+				I64Mul,
+				Call(0),
+				GrowMemory(0),
+				End,
+			][..]
 		);
 
 		let binary = serialize(injected_module).expect("serialization failed");
@@ -667,7 +678,7 @@ mod tests {
 
 		assert_eq!(
 			get_function_body(&injected_module, 0).unwrap(),
-			&vec![I32Const(2), Call(0), GetGlobal(0), GrowMemory(0), End][..]
+			&vec![I64Const(2), Call(0), GetGlobal(0), GrowMemory(0), End][..]
 		);
 
 		assert_eq!(injected_module.functions_space(), 2);
@@ -719,17 +730,17 @@ mod tests {
 		assert_eq!(
 			get_function_body(&injected_module, 1).unwrap(),
 			&vec![
-				I32Const(3),
+				I64Const(3),
 				Call(0),
 				Call(1),
 				If(elements::BlockType::NoResult),
-				I32Const(3),
+				I64Const(3),
 				Call(0),
 				Call(1),
 				Call(1),
 				Call(1),
 				Else,
-				I32Const(2),
+				I64Const(2),
 				Call(0),
 				Call(1),
 				Call(1),
@@ -775,7 +786,7 @@ mod tests {
 		expected = r#"
 		(module
 			(func (result i32)
-				(call 0 (i32.const 1))
+				(call 0 (i64.const 1))
 				(get_global 0)))
 		"#
 	}
@@ -795,7 +806,7 @@ mod tests {
 		expected = r#"
 		(module
 			(func (result i32)
-				(call 0 (i32.const 6))
+				(call 0 (i64.const 6))
 				(get_global 0)
 				(block
 					(get_global 0)
@@ -824,16 +835,16 @@ mod tests {
 		expected = r#"
 		(module
 			(func (result i32)
-				(call 0 (i32.const 3))
+				(call 0 (i64.const 3))
 				(get_global 0)
 				(if
 					(then
-						(call 0 (i32.const 3))
+						(call 0 (i64.const 3))
 						(get_global 0)
 						(get_global 0)
 						(get_global 0))
 					(else
-						(call 0 (i32.const 2))
+						(call 0 (i64.const 2))
 						(get_global 0)
 						(get_global 0)))
 				(get_global 0)))
@@ -857,13 +868,13 @@ mod tests {
 		expected = r#"
 		(module
 			(func (result i32)
-				(call 0 (i32.const 6))
+				(call 0 (i64.const 6))
 				(get_global 0)
 				(block
 					(get_global 0)
 					(drop)
 					(br 0)
-					(call 0 (i32.const 2))
+					(call 0 (i64.const 2))
 					(get_global 0)
 					(drop))
 				(get_global 0)))
@@ -891,18 +902,18 @@ mod tests {
 		expected = r#"
 		(module
 			(func (result i32)
-				(call 0 (i32.const 5))
+				(call 0 (i64.const 5))
 				(get_global 0)
 				(block
 					(get_global 0)
 					(if
 						(then
-							(call 0 (i32.const 4))
+							(call 0 (i64.const 4))
 							(get_global 0)
 							(get_global 0)
 							(drop)
 							(br_if 1)))
-					(call 0 (i32.const 2))
+					(call 0 (i64.const 2))
 					(get_global 0)
 					(drop))
 				(get_global 0)))
@@ -933,18 +944,18 @@ mod tests {
 		expected = r#"
 		(module
 			(func (result i32)
-				(call 0 (i32.const 3))
+				(call 0 (i64.const 3))
 				(get_global 0)
 				(loop
-					(call 0 (i32.const 4))
+					(call 0 (i64.const 4))
 					(get_global 0)
 					(if
 						(then
-							(call 0 (i32.const 2))
+							(call 0 (i64.const 2))
 							(get_global 0)
 							(br_if 0))
 						(else
-							(call 0 (i32.const 4))
+							(call 0 (i64.const 4))
 							(get_global 0)
 							(get_global 0)
 							(drop)
@@ -969,13 +980,13 @@ mod tests {
 		expected = r#"
 		(module
 			(func (result i32)
-				(call 0 (i32.const 2))
+				(call 0 (i64.const 2))
 				(get_global 0)
 				(if
 					(then
-						(call 0 (i32.const 1))
+						(call 0 (i64.const 1))
 						(return)))
-				(call 0 (i32.const 1))
+				(call 0 (i64.const 1))
 				(get_global 0)))
 		"#
 	}
@@ -998,18 +1009,18 @@ mod tests {
 		expected = r#"
 		(module
 			(func (result i32)
-				(call 0 (i32.const 5))
+				(call 0 (i64.const 5))
 				(get_global 0)
 				(block
 					(get_global 0)
 					(if
 						(then
-							(call 0 (i32.const 1))
+							(call 0 (i64.const 1))
 							(br 1))
 						(else
-							(call 0 (i32.const 1))
+							(call 0 (i64.const 1))
 							(br 0)))
-					(call 0 (i32.const 2))
+					(call 0 (i64.const 2))
 					(get_global 0)
 					(drop))
 				(get_global 0)))
@@ -1031,9 +1042,9 @@ mod tests {
 		expected = r#"
 		(module
 			(func
-				(call 0 (i32.const 2))
+				(call 0 (i64.const 2))
 				(loop
-					(call 0 (i32.const 1))
+					(call 0 (i64.const 1))
 					(br 0)
 				)
 				unreachable

src/gas_metering/validation.rs

@@ -23,10 +23,10 @@ struct ControlFlowNode {
 	first_instr_pos: Option<usize>,
 
 	/// The actual gas cost of executing all instructions in the basic block.
-	actual_cost: u32,
+	actual_cost: u64,
 
 	/// The amount of gas charged by the injected metering instructions within this basic block.
-	charged_cost: u32,
+	charged_cost: u64,
 
 	/// Whether there are any other nodes in the graph that loop back to this one. Every cycle in
 	/// the control flow graph contains at least one node with this flag set.
@@ -68,10 +68,10 @@ impl ControlFlowGraph {
 	}
 
 	fn increment_actual_cost(&mut self, node_id: NodeId, cost: u32) {
-		self.get_node_mut(node_id).actual_cost += cost;
+		self.get_node_mut(node_id).actual_cost += u64::from(cost);
 	}
 
-	fn increment_charged_cost(&mut self, node_id: NodeId, cost: u32) {
+	fn increment_charged_cost(&mut self, node_id: NodeId, cost: u64) {
 		self.get_node_mut(node_id).charged_cost += cost;
 	}
 
@@ -267,9 +267,9 @@ fn validate_graph_gas_costs(graph: &ControlFlowGraph) -> bool {
 	fn visit(
 		graph: &ControlFlowGraph,
 		node_id: NodeId,
-		mut total_actual: u32,
-		mut total_charged: u32,
-		loop_costs: &mut Map<NodeId, (u32, u32)>,
+		mut total_actual: u64,
+		mut total_charged: u64,
+		loop_costs: &mut Map<NodeId, (u64, u64)>,
 	) -> bool {
 		let node = graph.get_node(node_id);
 

src/stack_limiter/max_height.rs

@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
-use super::resolve_func_type;
 use alloc::vec::Vec;
 use parity_wasm::elements::{self, BlockType, Type};
 
 #[cfg(feature = "sign_ext")]
 use parity_wasm::elements::SignExtInstruction;
 
+use super::Context;
+
 // The cost in stack items that should be charged per call of a function. This is
 // is a static cost that is added to each function call. This makes sense because even
 // if a function does not use any parameters or locals some stack space on the host
@@ -122,7 +123,11 @@ impl Stack {
 }
 
 /// This function expects the function to be validated.
-pub fn compute(func_idx: u32, module: &elements::Module) -> Result<u32, &'static str> {
+pub fn compute(
+	func_idx: u32,
+	ctx: &Context,
+	module: &elements::Module,
+) -> Result<u32, &'static str> {
 	use parity_wasm::elements::Instruction::*;
 
 	let func_section = module.function_section().ok_or("No function section")?;
@@ -246,8 +251,10 @@ pub fn compute(func_idx: u32, module: &elements::Module) -> Result<u32, &'static
 				stack.pop_values(func_arity)?;
 				stack.mark_unreachable()?;
 			},
-			Call(idx) => {
-				let ty = resolve_func_type(*idx, module)?;
+			Call(fn_idx) => {
+				let ty_idx = ctx.func_type(*fn_idx).ok_or("function idx is not found in the func types list")?;
+				let Type::Function(ty) =
+					type_section.types().get(ty_idx as usize).ok_or("Type not found")?;
 
 				// Pop values for arguments of the function.
 				stack.pop_values(ty.params().len() as u32)?;
@@ -411,7 +418,8 @@ pub fn compute(func_idx: u32, module: &elements::Module) -> Result<u32, &'static
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
-	use super::*;
+	use super::ACTIVATION_FRAME_COST;
+	use crate::stack_limiter::prepare_context;
 	use parity_wasm::elements;
 
 	fn parse_wat(source: &str) -> elements::Module {
@@ -419,10 +427,15 @@ mod tests {
 			.expect("Failed to deserialize the module")
 	}
 
+	fn test_compute(func_idx: u32, source: &str) -> u32 {
+		let module = parse_wat(source);
+		let ctx = prepare_context(&module, 0).unwrap();
+		ctx.stack_cost(func_idx).unwrap()
+	}
+
 	#[test]
 	fn simple_test() {
-		let module = parse_wat(
-			r#"
+		let module = r#"
 (module
 	(func
 		i32.const 1
@@ -433,34 +446,30 @@ mod tests {
 		drop
 	)
 )
-"#,
-		);
+"#;
 
-		let height = compute(0, &module).unwrap();
+		let height = test_compute(0, module);
 		assert_eq!(height, 3 + ACTIVATION_FRAME_COST);
 	}
 
 	#[test]
 	fn implicit_and_explicit_return() {
-		let module = parse_wat(
-			r#"
+		let module = r#"
 (module
 	(func (result i32)
 		i32.const 0
 		return
 	)
 )
-"#,
-		);
+"#;
 
-		let height = compute(0, &module).unwrap();
+		let height = test_compute(0, module);
 		assert_eq!(height, 1 + ACTIVATION_FRAME_COST);
 	}
 
 	#[test]
 	fn dont_count_in_unreachable() {
-		let module = parse_wat(
-			r#"
+		let module = r#"
 (module
   (memory 0)
   (func (result i32)
@@ -468,17 +477,15 @@ mod tests {
 	grow_memory
   )
 )
-"#,
-		);
+"#;
 
-		let height = compute(0, &module).unwrap();
+		let height = test_compute(0, module);
 		assert_eq!(height, ACTIVATION_FRAME_COST);
 	}
 
 	#[test]
 	fn yet_another_test() {
-		let module = parse_wat(
-			r#"
+		let module = r#"
 (module
   (memory 0)
   (func
@@ -497,17 +504,15 @@ mod tests {
 	i32.const 2
   )
 )
-"#,
-		);
+"#;
 
-		let height = compute(0, &module).unwrap();
+		let height = test_compute(0, module);
 		assert_eq!(height, 2 + ACTIVATION_FRAME_COST);
 	}
 
 	#[test]
 	fn call_indirect() {
-		let module = parse_wat(
-			r#"
+		let module = r#"
 (module
 	(table $ptr 1 1 funcref)
 	(elem $ptr (i32.const 0) func 1)
@@ -521,17 +526,15 @@ mod tests {
 		drop
 	)
 )
-"#,
-		);
+"#;
 
-		let height = compute(0, &module).unwrap();
+		let height = test_compute(0, module);
 		assert_eq!(height, 1 + ACTIVATION_FRAME_COST);
 	}
 
 	#[test]
 	fn breaks() {
-		let module = parse_wat(
-			r#"
+		let module = r#"
 (module
 	(func $main
 		block (result i32)
@@ -543,17 +546,15 @@ mod tests {
 		drop
 	)
 )
-"#,
-		);
+"#;
 
-		let height = compute(0, &module).unwrap();
+		let height = test_compute(0, module);
 		assert_eq!(height, 1 + ACTIVATION_FRAME_COST);
 	}
 
 	#[test]
 	fn if_else_works() {
-		let module = parse_wat(
-			r#"
+		let module = r#"
 (module
 	(func $main
 		i32.const 7
@@ -569,10 +570,9 @@ mod tests {
 		drop
 	)
 )
-"#,
-		);
+"#;
 
-		let height = compute(0, &module).unwrap();
+		let height = test_compute(0, module);
 		assert_eq!(height, 3 + ACTIVATION_FRAME_COST);
 	}
 }

src/stack_limiter/mod.rs

@@ -39,7 +39,15 @@ mod max_height;
 mod thunk;
 
 pub struct Context {
+	/// Number of functions that the module imports. Required to convert defined functions indicies
+	/// into the global function index space.
+	func_imports: u32,
+	/// For each function in the function space this vector stores the respective type index.
+	func_types: Vec<u32>,
+	/// The index of the global variable that contains the current stack height.
 	stack_height_global_idx: u32,
+	/// Logical stack costs for each function in the function space. Imported functions have cost
+	/// of 0.
 	func_stack_costs: Vec<u32>,
 	stack_limit: u32,
 }
@@ -55,6 +63,11 @@ impl Context {
 		self.func_stack_costs.get(func_idx as usize).cloned()
 	}
 
+	/// Returns a reference to the function type index given by the index into the function space.
+	fn func_type(&self, func_idx: u32) -> Option<u32> {
+		self.func_types.get(func_idx as usize).copied()
+	}
+
 	/// Returns stack limit specified by the rules.
 	fn stack_limit(&self) -> u32 {
 		self.stack_limit
@@ -115,20 +128,106 @@ pub fn inject(
 	mut module: elements::Module,
 	stack_limit: u32,
 ) -> Result<elements::Module, &'static str> {
-	let mut ctx = Context {
-		stack_height_global_idx: generate_stack_height_global(&mut module),
-		func_stack_costs: compute_stack_costs(&module)?,
-		stack_limit,
-	};
+	let mut ctx = prepare_context(&module, stack_limit)?;
 
-	instrument_functions(&mut ctx, &mut module)?;
+	generate_stack_height_global(&mut ctx.stack_height_global_idx, &mut module)?;
+	instrument_functions(&ctx, &mut module)?;
 	let module = thunk::generate_thunks(&mut ctx, module)?;
 
 	Ok(module)
 }
 
+fn prepare_context(module: &elements::Module, stack_limit: u32) -> Result<Context, &'static str> {
+	let mut ctx = Context {
+		func_imports: module.import_count(elements::ImportCountType::Function) as u32,
+		func_types: Vec::new(),
+		stack_height_global_idx: 0,
+		func_stack_costs: Vec::new(),
+		stack_limit,
+	};
+	collect_func_types(&mut ctx, &module)?;
+	compute_stack_costs(&mut ctx, &module)?;
+	Ok(ctx)
+}
+
+fn collect_func_types(ctx: &mut Context, module: &elements::Module) -> Result<(), &'static str> {
+	let types = module.type_section().map(|ts| ts.types()).unwrap_or(&[]);
+	let functions = module.function_section().map(|fs| fs.entries()).unwrap_or(&[]);
+	let imports = module.import_section().map(|is| is.entries()).unwrap_or(&[]);
+
+	let ensure_ty = |sig_idx: u32| -> Result<(), &'static str> {
+		let Type::Function(_) = types
+			.get(sig_idx as usize)
+			.ok_or("The signature as specified by a function isn't defined")?;
+		Ok(())
+	};
+
+	for import in imports {
+		if let elements::External::Function(sig_idx) = import.external() {
+			ensure_ty(*sig_idx)?;
+			ctx.func_types.push(*sig_idx);
+		}
+	}
+	for def_func_idx in functions {
+		ensure_ty(def_func_idx.type_ref())?;
+		ctx.func_types.push(def_func_idx.type_ref());
+	}
+
+	Ok(())
+}
+
+/// Calculate stack costs for all functions in the function space.
+///
+/// The function space consists of the imported functions followed by defined functions.
+/// All imported functions assumed to have the cost of 0.
+fn compute_stack_costs(ctx: &mut Context, module: &elements::Module) -> Result<(), &'static str> {
+	for _ in 0..ctx.func_imports {
+		ctx.func_stack_costs.push(0);
+	}
+	let def_func_n = module.function_section().map(|fs| fs.entries().len()).unwrap_or(0) as u32;
+	for def_func_idx in 0..def_func_n {
+		let cost = compute_stack_cost(def_func_idx, ctx, module)?;
+		ctx.func_stack_costs.push(cost);
+	}
+	Ok(())
+}
+
+/// Computes the stack cost of a given function. The function is specified by its index in the
+/// declared function space.
+///
+/// Stack cost of a given function is the sum of it's locals count (that is,
+/// number of arguments plus number of local variables) and the maximal stack
+/// height.
+fn compute_stack_cost(
+	def_func_idx: u32,
+	ctx: &Context,
+	module: &elements::Module,
+) -> Result<u32, &'static str> {
+	let code_section =
+		module.code_section().ok_or("Due to validation code section should exists")?;
+	let body = &code_section
+		.bodies()
+		.get(def_func_idx as usize)
+		.ok_or("Function body is out of bounds")?;
+
+	let mut locals_count: u32 = 0;
+	for local_group in body.locals() {
+		locals_count =
+			locals_count.checked_add(local_group.count()).ok_or("Overflow in local count")?;
+	}
+
+	let max_stack_height = max_height::compute(def_func_idx, ctx, module)?;
+
+	locals_count
+		.checked_add(max_stack_height)
+		.ok_or("Overflow in adding locals_count and max_stack_height")
+}
+
 /// Generate a new global that will be used for tracking current stack height.
-fn generate_stack_height_global(module: &mut elements::Module) -> u32 {
+fn generate_stack_height_global(
+	stack_height_global_idx: &mut u32,
+	module: &mut elements::Module,
+) -> Result<(), &'static str> {
 	let global_entry = builder::global()
 		.value_type()
 		.i32()
@@ -140,71 +239,41 @@ fn generate_stack_height_global(module: &mut elements::Module) -> u32 {
 	for section in module.sections_mut() {
 		if let elements::Section::Global(gs) = section {
 			gs.entries_mut().push(global_entry);
-			return (gs.entries().len() as u32) - 1
+			*stack_height_global_idx = (gs.entries().len() as u32) - 1;
+			return Ok(());
 		}
 	}
 
 	// Existing section not found, create one!
-	module
-		.sections_mut()
-		.push(elements::Section::Global(elements::GlobalSection::with_entries(vec![global_entry])));
-	0
-}
-
-/// Calculate stack costs for all functions.
-///
-/// Returns a vector with a stack cost for each function, including imports.
-fn compute_stack_costs(module: &elements::Module) -> Result<Vec<u32>, &'static str> {
-	let func_imports = module.import_count(elements::ImportCountType::Function);
-
-	// TODO: optimize!
-	(0..module.functions_space())
-		.map(|func_idx| {
-			if func_idx < func_imports {
-				// We can't calculate stack_cost of the import functions.
-				Ok(0)
-			} else {
-				compute_stack_cost(func_idx as u32, module)
+	//
+	// It's a bit tricky since the sections have a strict prescribed order.
+	let global_section = elements::GlobalSection::with_entries(vec![global_entry]);
+	let prec_index = module
+		.sections()
+		.iter()
+		.rposition(|section| {
+			use elements::Section::*;
+			match section {
+				Type(_) | Import(_) | Function(_) | Table(_) | Memory(_) => true,
+				_ => false,
 			}
 		})
-		.collect()
+		.ok_or("generate stack height global hasn't found any preceding sections")?;
+	// now `prec_index` points to the last section preceding the `global_section`. It's guaranteed that at least
+	// one of those functions is present. Therefore, the candidate position for the global section is the following
+	// one. However, technically, custom sections could occupy any place between the well-known sections.
+	//
+	// Now, regarding `+1` here. `insert` panics iff `index > len`. `prec_index + 1` can only be equal to `len`.
+	module
+		.sections_mut()
+		.insert(prec_index + 1, elements::Section::Global(global_section));
+	// First entry in the brand new globals section.
+	*stack_height_global_idx = 0;
+
+	Ok(())
 }
 
-/// Stack cost of the given *defined* function is the sum of it's locals count (that is,
-/// number of arguments plus number of local variables) and the maximal stack
-/// height.
-fn compute_stack_cost(func_idx: u32, module: &elements::Module) -> Result<u32, &'static str> {
-	// To calculate the cost of a function we need to convert index from
-	// function index space to defined function spaces.
-	let func_imports = module.import_count(elements::ImportCountType::Function) as u32;
-	let defined_func_idx = func_idx
-		.checked_sub(func_imports)
-		.ok_or("This should be a index of a defined function")?;
-
-	let code_section =
-		module.code_section().ok_or("Due to validation code section should exists")?;
-	let body = &code_section
-		.bodies()
-		.get(defined_func_idx as usize)
-		.ok_or("Function body is out of bounds")?;
-
-	let mut locals_count: u32 = 0;
-	for local_group in body.locals() {
-		locals_count =
-			locals_count.checked_add(local_group.count()).ok_or("Overflow in local count")?;
-	}
-
-	let max_stack_height = max_height::compute(defined_func_idx, module)?;
-
-	locals_count
-		.checked_add(max_stack_height)
-		.ok_or("Overflow in adding locals_count and max_stack_height")
-}
-
-fn instrument_functions(
-	ctx: &mut Context,
-	module: &mut elements::Module,
-) -> Result<(), &'static str> {
+fn instrument_functions(ctx: &Context, module: &mut elements::Module) -> Result<(), &'static str> {
 	for section in module.sections_mut() {
 		if let elements::Section::Code(code_section) = section {
 			for func_body in code_section.bodies_mut() {
@@ -242,7 +311,7 @@ fn instrument_functions(
 ///
 /// drop
 /// ```
-fn instrument_function(ctx: &mut Context, func: &mut Instructions) -> Result<(), &'static str> {
+fn instrument_function(ctx: &Context, func: &mut Instructions) -> Result<(), &'static str> {
 	use Instruction::*;
 
 	struct InstrumentCall {
@@ -309,42 +378,6 @@ fn instrument_function(ctx: &mut Context, func: &mut Instructions) -> Result<(),
 	Ok(())
 }
 
-fn resolve_func_type(
-	func_idx: u32,
-	module: &elements::Module,
-) -> Result<&elements::FunctionType, &'static str> {
-	let types = module.type_section().map(|ts| ts.types()).unwrap_or(&[]);
-	let functions = module.function_section().map(|fs| fs.entries()).unwrap_or(&[]);
-
-	let func_imports = module.import_count(elements::ImportCountType::Function);
-	let sig_idx = if func_idx < func_imports as u32 {
-		module
-			.import_section()
-			.expect("function import count is not zero; import section must exists; qed")
-			.entries()
-			.iter()
-			.filter_map(|entry| match entry.external() {
-				elements::External::Function(idx) => Some(*idx),
-				_ => None,
-			})
-			.nth(func_idx as usize)
-			.expect(
-				"func_idx is less than function imports count;
-				nth function import must be `Some`;
-				qed",
-			)
-	} else {
-		functions
-			.get(func_idx as usize - func_imports)
-			.ok_or("Function at the specified index is not defined")?
-			.type_ref()
-	};
-	let Type::Function(ty) = types
-		.get(sig_idx as usize)
-		.ok_or("The signature as specified by a function isn't defined")?;
-	Ok(ty)
-}
-
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
 	use super::*;

src/stack_limiter/thunk.rs

@@ -1,17 +1,17 @@
 #[cfg(not(features = "std"))]
 use alloc::collections::BTreeMap as Map;
 use alloc::vec::Vec;
-use parity_wasm::{
-	builder,
-	elements::{self, FunctionType, Internal},
-};
+use parity_wasm::elements::{self, Internal};
 #[cfg(features = "std")]
 use std::collections::HashMap as Map;
 
-use super::{resolve_func_type, Context};
+use super::Context;
 
 struct Thunk {
-	signature: FunctionType,
+	/// The index of the signature in the type section.
+	type_idx: u32,
+	/// The number of parameters the function has.
+	param_num: u32,
 	// Index in function space of this thunk.
 	idx: Option<u32>,
 	callee_stack_cost: u32,
@@ -19,10 +19,11 @@ struct Thunk {
 
 pub fn generate_thunks(
 	ctx: &mut Context,
-	module: elements::Module,
+	mut module: elements::Module,
 ) -> Result<elements::Module, &'static str> {
 	// First, we need to collect all function indices that should be replaced by thunks
 	let mut replacement_map: Map<u32, Thunk> = {
+		let types = module.type_section().map(|ts| ts.types()).unwrap_or(&[]);
 		let exports = module.export_section().map(|es| es.entries()).unwrap_or(&[]);
 		let elem_segments = module.elements_section().map(|es| es.entries()).unwrap_or(&[]);
 		let start_func_idx = module.start_section();
@@ -45,14 +46,12 @@ pub fn generate_thunks(
 
 			// Don't generate a thunk if stack_cost of a callee is zero.
 			if callee_stack_cost != 0 {
-				replacement_map.insert(
-					func_idx,
-					Thunk {
-						signature: resolve_func_type(func_idx, &module)?.clone(),
-						idx: None,
-						callee_stack_cost,
-					},
-				);
+				let type_idx = ctx.func_type(func_idx).ok_or("type idx for thunk not found")?;
+				let elements::Type::Function(func_ty) =
+					types.get(type_idx as usize).ok_or("sig for thunk is not found")?;
+				let param_num = func_ty.params().len() as u32;
+				replacement_map
+					.insert(func_idx, Thunk { type_idx, param_num, idx: None, callee_stack_cost });
 			}
 		}
 
@@ -61,10 +60,6 @@ pub fn generate_thunks(
 
 	// Then, we generate a thunk for each original function.
 
-	// Save current func_idx
-	let mut next_func_idx = module.functions_space() as u32;
-
-	let mut mbuilder = builder::from_module(module);
 	for (func_idx, thunk) in replacement_map.iter_mut() {
 		let instrumented_call = instrument_call!(
 			*func_idx,
@@ -77,32 +72,23 @@ pub fn generate_thunks(
 		//  - instrumented call
 		//  - end
 		let mut thunk_body: Vec<elements::Instruction> =
-			Vec::with_capacity(thunk.signature.params().len() + instrumented_call.len() + 1);
+			Vec::with_capacity(thunk.param_num as usize + instrumented_call.len() + 1);
 
-		for (arg_idx, _) in thunk.signature.params().iter().enumerate() {
-			thunk_body.push(elements::Instruction::GetLocal(arg_idx as u32));
+		for arg_idx in 0..thunk.param_num {
+			thunk_body.push(elements::Instruction::GetLocal(arg_idx));
 		}
 		thunk_body.extend_from_slice(&instrumented_call);
 		thunk_body.push(elements::Instruction::End);
 
-		// TODO: Don't generate a signature, but find an existing one.
-
-		mbuilder = mbuilder
-			.function()
-			// Signature of the thunk should match the original function signature.
-			.signature()
-			.with_params(thunk.signature.params().to_vec())
-			.with_results(thunk.signature.results().to_vec())
-			.build()
-			.body()
-			.with_instructions(elements::Instructions::new(thunk_body))
-			.build()
-			.build();
-
-		thunk.idx = Some(next_func_idx);
-		next_func_idx += 1;
+		let func_idx = insert_function(
+			ctx,
+			&mut module,
+			thunk.type_idx,
+			Vec::new(), // No declared local variables.
+			elements::Instructions::new(thunk_body),
+		)?;
+		thunk.idx = Some(func_idx);
 	}
-	let mut module = mbuilder.build();
 
 	// And finally, fixup thunks in export and table sections.
 
@@ -118,18 +104,20 @@ pub fn generate_thunks(
 
 	for section in module.sections_mut() {
 		match section {
-			elements::Section::Export(export_section) =>
+			elements::Section::Export(export_section) => {
 				for entry in export_section.entries_mut() {
 					if let Internal::Function(function_idx) = entry.internal_mut() {
 						fixup(function_idx)
 					}
-				},
-			elements::Section::Element(elem_section) =>
+				}
+			},
+			elements::Section::Element(elem_section) => {
 				for segment in elem_section.entries_mut() {
 					for function_idx in segment.members_mut() {
 						fixup(function_idx)
 					}
-				},
+				}
+			},
 			elements::Section::Start(start_idx) => fixup(start_idx),
 			_ => {},
 		}
@@ -137,3 +125,30 @@ pub fn generate_thunks(
 
 	Ok(module)
 }
+
+/// Inserts a new function into the module and returns it's index in the function space.
+///
+/// Specifically, inserts entires into the function section and the code section.
+fn insert_function(
+	ctx: &Context,
+	module: &mut elements::Module,
+	type_idx: u32,
+	locals: Vec<elements::Local>,
+	insns: elements::Instructions,
+) -> Result<u32, &'static str> {
+	let funcs = module
+		.function_section_mut()
+		.ok_or("insert function no function section")?
+		.entries_mut();
+	let new_func_idx = ctx
+		.func_imports
+		.checked_add(funcs.len() as u32)
+		.ok_or("insert function func idx overflow")?;
+	funcs.push(elements::Func::new(type_idx));
+
+	let func_bodies =
+		module.code_section_mut().ok_or("insert function no code section")?.bodies_mut();
+	func_bodies.push(elements::FuncBody::new(locals, insns));
+
+	Ok(new_func_idx)
+}

tests/expectations/gas/branch.wat

@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 (module
   (type (;0;) (func (result i32)))
-  (type (;1;) (func (param i32)))
+  (type (;1;) (func (param i64)))
   (import "env" "gas" (func (;0;) (type 1)))
   (func $fibonacci_with_break (;1;) (type 0) (result i32)
     (local i32 i32)
-    i32.const 13
+    i64.const 13
     call 0
     block  ;; label = @1
       i32.const 0
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
       local.set 1
       i32.const 1
       br_if 0 (;@1;)
-      i32.const 5
+      i64.const 5
       call 0
       local.get 0
       local.get 1

tests/expectations/gas/call.wat

@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 (module
   (type (;0;) (func (param i32 i32) (result i32)))
-  (type (;1;) (func (param i32)))
+  (type (;1;) (func (param i64)))
   (import "env" "gas" (func (;0;) (type 1)))
   (func $add_locals (;1;) (type 0) (param $x i32) (param $y i32) (result i32)
     (local i32)
-    i32.const 5
+    i64.const 5
     call 0
     local.get $x
     local.get $y
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
     local.get 2
   )
   (func $add (;2;) (type 0) (param i32 i32) (result i32)
-    i32.const 3
+    i64.const 3
     call 0
     local.get 0
     local.get 1

tests/expectations/gas/ifs.wat

@@ -1,19 +1,19 @@
 (module
   (type (;0;) (func (param i32) (result i32)))
-  (type (;1;) (func (param i32)))
+  (type (;1;) (func (param i64)))
   (import "env" "gas" (func (;0;) (type 1)))
   (func (;1;) (type 0) (param i32) (result i32)
-    i32.const 2
+    i64.const 2
     call 0
     i32.const 1
     if (result i32)  ;; label = @1
-      i32.const 3
+      i64.const 3
       call 0
       local.get 0
       i32.const 1
       i32.add
     else
-      i32.const 2
+      i64.const 2
       call 0
       local.get 0
       i32.popcnt

tests/expectations/gas/simple.wat

@@ -1,16 +1,16 @@
 (module
   (type (;0;) (func))
-  (type (;1;) (func (param i32)))
+  (type (;1;) (func (param i64)))
   (import "env" "gas" (func (;0;) (type 1)))
   (func (;1;) (type 0)
-    i32.const 2
+    i64.const 2
     call 0
     i32.const 1
     if  ;; label = @1
-      i32.const 1
+      i64.const 1
       call 0
       loop  ;; label = @2
-        i32.const 2
+        i64.const 2
         call 0
         i32.const 123
         drop
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
     end
   )
   (func (;2;) (type 0)
-    i32.const 1
+    i64.const 1
     call 0
     block  ;; label = @1
     end

tests/expectations/gas/start.wat

@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 (module
   (type (;0;) (func (param i32 i32)))
   (type (;1;) (func))
-  (type (;2;) (func (param i32)))
+  (type (;2;) (func (param i64)))
   (import "env" "ext_return" (func $ext_return (;0;) (type 0)))
   (import "env" "memory" (memory (;0;) 1 1))
   (import "env" "gas" (func (;1;) (type 2)))
   (func $start (;2;) (type 1)
-    i32.const 4
+    i64.const 4
     call 1
     i32.const 8
     i32.const 4