experimentally switch to rv64

Signed-off-by: xermicus <cyrill@parity.io>

.gitignore

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+/target
+*.dot
+.vscode/
+.DS_Store
+/*.sol
+/*.yul
+/*.ll
+/*.s
+/llvm-project
+/llvm18.0
+node_modules
+artifacts
+tmp
+package-lock.json

Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+[workspace]
+resolver = "2"
+members = ["crates/*"]
+
+[workspace.dependencies]
+hex = "0.4"
+petgraph = "0.6"
+cc = "1.0"
+libc = "0.2"
+tempfile = "3.8"
+anyhow = "1.0"
+semver = { version = "1.0", features = [ "serde" ] }
+itertools = "0.12"
+serde = { version = "1.0", features = [ "derive" ] }
+serde_json = { version = "1.0", features = [ "arbitrary_precision" ] }
+regex = "1.10"
+once_cell = "1.19"
+num = "0.4"
+sha1 = "0.10"
+sha2 = "0.10"
+sha3 = "0.10"
+md5 = "0.7"
+colored = "2.1"
+thiserror = "1.0"
+which = "5.0"
+path-slash = "0.2"
+rayon = "1.8"
+structopt = { version = "0.3", default-features = false }
+rand = "0.8"
+polkavm-common = { branch = "master_byteswap", git = "https://github.com/xermicus/polkavm.git" } 
+polkavm-linker = { branch = "master_byteswap", git = "https://github.com/xermicus/polkavm.git" } 
+polkavm = { branch = "master_byteswap", git = "https://github.com/xermicus/polkavm.git" } 
+alloy-primitives = "0.6"
+alloy-sol-types = "0.6"
+env_logger = { version = "0.10.0", default-features = false }
+serde_stacker = "0.1"
+criterion = { version = "0.5", features = ["html_reports"] }
+
+# Benchmarking against EVM
+primitive-types = { version = "0.12", features = ["codec"] }
+evm-interpreter = { git = "https://github.com/xermicus/evm.git", branch = "separate-compilation" }
+
+[workspace.dependencies.inkwell]
+git = "https://github.com/TheDan64/inkwell.git"
+commit = "d916c66"
+default-features = false
+features = ["serde", "llvm18-0", "no-libffi-linking", "target-riscv"]
+
+[profile.benchmark]
+inherits = "release"
+lto = true

LICENSE-APACHE

@@ -0,0 +1,191 @@
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+      whether in tort (including negligence), contract, or otherwise,
+      unless required by applicable law (such as deliberate and grossly
+      negligent acts) or agreed to in writing, shall any Contributor be
+      liable to You for damages, including any direct, indirect, special,
+      incidental, or consequential damages of any character arising as a
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+      Work (including but not limited to damages for loss of goodwill,
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+   9. Accepting Warranty or Additional Liability. While redistributing
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+   END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
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+   Copyright (c) 2019 Matter Labs
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LICENSE-MIT

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+MIT License
+
+Copyright (c) 2019 Matter Labs
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+SOFTWARE.

Makefile

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+.PHONY: install test test-solidity test-cli test-integration clean
+
+install: install-bin install-npm
+
+install-bin:
+	cargo install --path crates/solidity
+
+install-npm:
+	npm install && npm fund
+
+test: install test-integration test-cli test-solidity
+
+test-integration: install-bin
+	cargo test --package revive-integration
+
+test-solidity: install
+	cargo test --package revive-solidity
+
+test-cli: install
+	npm run test:cli
+
+bench-prepare: install-bin
+	cargo criterion --bench prepare --features bench-evm,bench-pvm --message-format=json \
+	| criterion-table > crates/benchmarks/PREPARE.md
+
+bench-execute: install-bin
+	cargo criterion --bench execute --features bench-evm,bench-pvm --message-format=json \
+	| criterion-table > crates/benchmarks/EXECUTE.md
+
+bench-extensive: install-bin
+	cargo criterion --all --all-features --message-format=json \
+	| criterion-table > crates/benchmarks/BENCHMARKS.md
+
+bench-quick: install-bin
+	cargo criterion --all --features bench-evm
+
+bench: install-bin
+	cargo criterion --all --features bench-evm,bench-pvm --message-format=json \
+	| criterion-table > crates/benchmarks/BENCHMARKS.md
+
+clippy:
+	cargo clippy --all-features --workspace --tests --benches
+
+clean:
+	cargo clean ; \
+	rm -rf node_modules ; \
+	rm -rf crates/solidity/src/tests/cli-tests/artifacts ; \
+	cargo uninstall revive-solidity ; \
+	rm -f package-lock.json

README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+# revive
+
+YUL and EVM bytecode recompiler to LLVM, targetting RISC-V on PolkaVM.
+
+Code bases of [frontend](https://github.com/matter-labs/era-compiler-solidity) and [code generator](https://github.com/matter-labs/era-compiler-llvm-context) are forked and adapted from ZKSync `zksolc`.
+
+# Status
+
+Currently, primary goal of this codebase is to allow for benchmarks comparing performance against ink! and solang artifacts as well as EVM interpreters.
+
+# TODO
+
+The project is in a very early PoC phase. Don't yet expect the produced code to be working nor to be correct for anything more than a basic flipper contract at the current stage.
+
+- [ ] Efficient implementations of byte swaps, memset, memmove, mulmod and the like
+- [ ] Use `drink` for integration tests once we have 64bit support in PolkaVM
+- [x] Use PolkaVM allocator for heap space
+- [ ] Exercice `schlau` and possibly `smart-bench` benchmark cases
+- [x] Tests currently rely on the binary being in $PATH, which is very annoying and requires `cargo install` all the times
+- [ ] Define how to do deployments
+- [ ] Calling conventions for calling other contracts
+- [ ] Runtime environment isn't fully figured out; implement all EVM builtins
+- [ ] Iron out many leftovers from the ZKVM target
+    - [ ] Use of exceptions
+    - [ ] Change long calls (contract calls)
+    - [ ] Check all alignments, attributes etc. if they still make sense with our target
+    - [x] Custom extensions related to zk VM
+    - [ ] `Active Pointer`: Redundant to calldata forwarding in pallet contracts. [Mainly used here](https://github.com/matter-labs/era-contracts/blob/4aa7006153ad571643342dff22c16eaf4a70fdc1/system-contracts/contracts/libraries/EfficientCall.sol) however we could offer a similar optimization.
+    - []
+- [ ] Add a lot more test cases
+- [ ] Debug information
+- [ ] Look for and implement further optimizations
+- [ ] Differential testing against EVM
+- [x] Switch to LLVM 18 which has `RV{32,64}E` targets upstream
+- [ ] Minimize scope of "stdlib"
+- [ ] Document differences from EVM
+- [ ] Audit for bugs and correctness
+- [ ] Rebranding

build-llvm.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+
+set -euo pipefail
+
+INSTALL_DIR="${PWD}/llvm18.0"
+mkdir -p $INSTALL_DIR
+
+
+# Clone LLVM 18 (any revision after commit bd32aaa is supposed to work)
+if [ ! -d "llvm-project" ]; then
+  git clone --depth 1 --branch release/18.x https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project.git
+fi
+
+
+# Build LLVM, clang
+cd llvm-project
+
+mkdir -p build
+cd build
+cmake -G Ninja -DLLVM_ENABLE_ASSERTIONS=On \
+  -DLLVM_ENABLE_TERMINFO=Off \
+  -DLLVM_ENABLE_LIBXML2=Off \
+  -DLLVM_ENABLE_ZLIB=Off \
+  -DLLVM_ENABLE_PROJECTS='clang;lld' \
+  -DLLVM_TARGETS_TO_BUILD='RISCV' \
+  -DLLVM_ENABLE_ZSTD=Off \
+  -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=MinSizeRel \
+  -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=$INSTALL_DIR \
+	../llvm
+
+ninja
+ninja install
+
+
+# Build compiler builtins
+cd ../compiler-rt
+mkdir -p build
+cd build
+
+CFLAGS="--target=riscv64 -march=rv64em -mabi=lp64e -nostdlib -nodefaultlibs -mcpu=generic-rv64"
+cmake -G Ninja -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=$INSTALL_DIR \
+  -DCOMPILER_RT_BUILD_BUILTINS=ON \
+  -DCOMPILER_RT_BUILD_LIBFUZZER=OFF \
+  -DCOMPILER_RT_BUILD_MEMPROF=OFF \
+  -DCOMPILER_RT_BUILD_PROFILE=OFF \
+  -DCOMPILER_RT_BUILD_SANITIZERS=OFF \
+  -DCOMPILER_RT_BUILD_XRAY=OFF \
+  -DCMAKE_C_COMPILER=$INSTALL_DIR/bin/clang \
+  -DCMAKE_C_COMPILER_TARGET="riscv64" \
+  -DCMAKE_ASM_COMPILER_TARGET="riscv64" \
+  -DCMAKE_AR=$INSTALL_DIR/bin/llvm-ar \
+  -DCMAKE_NM=$INSTALL_DIR/bin/llvm-nm \
+  -DCMAKE_RANLIB=$INSTALL_DIR/bin/llvm-ranlib \
+  -DCOMPILER_RT_BAREMETAL_BUILD=ON \
+  -DLLVM_CONFIG_PATH=$INSTALL_DIR/bin/llvm-config \
+  -DCMAKE_C_FLAGS="$CFLAGS" \
+  -DCMAKE_ASM_FLAGS="$CFLAGS" \
+  -DCOMPILER_RT_TEST_COMPILER=$INSTALL_DIR/bin/clang \
+  -DCMAKE_CXX_FLAGS="$CFLAGS" \
+  -DCOMPILER_RT_DEFAULT_TARGET_ONLY=ON \
+  -DCMAKE_SYSTEM_NAME=Linux \
+  ..
+
+ninja
+ninja install
+
+
+echo ""
+echo "success"
+echo "add this directory to your PATH: ${INSTALL_DIR}/bin/"

crates/benchmarks/BENCHMARKS.md

@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+# Benchmarks
+
+## Table of Contents
+
+- [Benchmark Results](#benchmark-results)
+    - [Baseline](#baseline)
+    - [OddProduct](#oddproduct)
+    - [TriangleNumber](#trianglenumber)
+    - [FibonacciRecursive](#fibonaccirecursive)
+    - [FibonacciIterative](#fibonacciiterative)
+    - [FibonacciBinet](#fibonaccibinet)
+    - [SHA1](#sha1)
+    - [PrepareBaseline](#preparebaseline)
+    - [PrepareOddProduct](#prepareoddproduct)
+    - [PrepareTriangleNumber](#preparetrianglenumber)
+    - [PrepareFibonacciRecursive](#preparefibonaccirecursive)
+    - [PrepareFibonacciIterative](#preparefibonacciiterative)
+    - [PrepareFibonacciBinet](#preparefibonaccibinet)
+    - [PrepareSHA1](#preparesha1)
+
+## Benchmark Results
+
+### Baseline
+
+|         | `EVM`                     | `PVMInterpreter`                 | `PVM`                             |
+|:--------|:--------------------------|:---------------------------------|:--------------------------------- |
+| **`0`** | `855.27 ns` (✅ **1.00x**) | `729.35 ns` (✅ **1.17x faster**) | `23.19 us` (❌ *27.12x slower*)    |
+
+### OddProduct
+
+|                 | `EVM`                   | `PVMInterpreter`               | `PVM`                             |
+|:----------------|:------------------------|:-------------------------------|:--------------------------------- |
+| **`2000000`**   | `1.51 s` (✅ **1.00x**)  | `1.11 s` (✅ **1.35x faster**)  | `16.91 ms` (🚀 **89.26x faster**)  |
+| **`4000000`**   | `3.12 s` (✅ **1.00x**)  | `2.09 s` (✅ **1.49x faster**)  | `32.48 ms` (🚀 **96.10x faster**)  |
+| **`8000000`**   | `6.22 s` (✅ **1.00x**)  | `4.26 s` (✅ **1.46x faster**)  | `65.36 ms` (🚀 **95.23x faster**)  |
+| **`120000000`** | `90.60 s` (✅ **1.00x**) | `59.54 s` (✅ **1.52x faster**) | `1.02 s` (🚀 **89.00x faster**)    |
+
+### TriangleNumber
+
+|                 | `EVM`                   | `PVMInterpreter`               | `PVM`                             |
+|:----------------|:------------------------|:-------------------------------|:--------------------------------- |
+| **`3000000`**   | `1.45 s` (✅ **1.00x**)  | `1.01 s` (✅ **1.43x faster**)  | `20.83 ms` (🚀 **69.67x faster**)  |
+| **`6000000`**   | `2.92 s` (✅ **1.00x**)  | `2.08 s` (✅ **1.41x faster**)  | `41.97 ms` (🚀 **69.61x faster**)  |
+| **`12000000`**  | `5.88 s` (✅ **1.00x**)  | `4.05 s` (✅ **1.45x faster**)  | `83.03 ms` (🚀 **70.82x faster**)  |
+| **`180000000`** | `89.53 s` (✅ **1.00x**) | `59.08 s` (✅ **1.52x faster**) | `1.24 s` (🚀 **72.49x faster**)    |
+
+### FibonacciRecursive
+
+|          | `EVM`                     | `PVMInterpreter`                 | `PVM`                              |
+|:---------|:--------------------------|:---------------------------------|:---------------------------------- |
+| **`26`** | `200.07 ms` (✅ **1.00x**) | `478.04 ms` (❌ *2.39x slower*)   | `6.93 ms` (🚀 **28.88x faster**)    |
+| **`30`** | `1.37 s` (✅ **1.00x**)    | `3.36 s` (❌ *2.45x slower*)      | `45.17 ms` (🚀 **30.30x faster**)   |
+| **`34`** | `9.83 s` (✅ **1.00x**)    | `22.55 s` (❌ *2.29x slower*)     | `306.43 ms` (🚀 **32.08x faster**)  |
+| **`38`** | `66.98 s` (✅ **1.00x**)   | `150.55 s` (❌ *2.25x slower*)    | `2.22 s` (🚀 **30.21x faster**)     |
+
+### FibonacciIterative
+
+|                 | `EVM`                     | `PVMInterpreter`                 | `PVM`                             |
+|:----------------|:--------------------------|:---------------------------------|:--------------------------------- |
+| **`256`**       | `88.32 us` (✅ **1.00x**)  | `294.08 us` (❌ *3.33x slower*)   | `42.46 us` (🚀 **2.08x faster**)   |
+| **`100000`**    | `32.88 ms` (✅ **1.00x**)  | `121.70 ms` (❌ *3.70x slower*)   | `1.73 ms` (🚀 **18.97x faster**)   |
+| **`1000000`**   | `320.59 ms` (✅ **1.00x**) | `1.25 s` (❌ *3.89x slower*)      | `15.60 ms` (🚀 **20.55x faster**)  |
+| **`100000000`** | `33.09 s` (✅ **1.00x**)   | `125.08 s` (❌ *3.78x slower*)    | `1.49 s` (🚀 **22.18x faster**)    |
+
+### FibonacciBinet
+
+|           | `EVM`                    | `PVMInterpreter`                 | `PVM`                            |
+|:----------|:-------------------------|:---------------------------------|:-------------------------------- |
+| **`64`**  | `20.15 us` (✅ **1.00x**) | `129.45 us` (❌ *6.42x slower*)   | `39.56 us` (❌ *1.96x slower*)    |
+| **`128`** | `22.97 us` (✅ **1.00x**) | `150.62 us` (❌ *6.56x slower*)   | `40.13 us` (❌ *1.75x slower*)    |
+| **`256`** | `26.20 us` (✅ **1.00x**) | `165.38 us` (❌ *6.31x slower*)   | `39.70 us` (❌ *1.52x slower*)    |
+
+### SHA1
+
+|           | `EVM`                     | `PVMInterpreter`                 | `PVM`                             |
+|:----------|:--------------------------|:---------------------------------|:--------------------------------- |
+| **`1`**   | `216.56 us` (✅ **1.00x**) | `328.90 us` (❌ *1.52x slower*)   | `43.54 us` (🚀 **4.97x faster**)   |
+| **`64`**  | `442.13 us` (✅ **1.00x**) | `553.22 us` (❌ *1.25x slower*)   | `45.73 us` (🚀 **9.67x faster**)   |
+| **`512`** | `1.90 ms` (✅ **1.00x**)   | `2.27 ms` (❌ *1.19x slower*)     | `78.40 us` (🚀 **24.21x faster**)  |
+
+### PrepareBaseline
+
+|         | `Evm`                     | `PVMInterpreterCompile`          | `PVMInterpreterInstantiate`          | `PVMCompile`                      | `PVMInstantiate`                   |
+|:--------|:--------------------------|:---------------------------------|:-------------------------------------|:----------------------------------|:---------------------------------- |
+| **`0`** | `177.34 ns` (✅ **1.00x**) | `10.83 us` (❌ *61.07x slower*)   | `1.33 us` (❌ *7.49x slower*)         | `33.43 us` (❌ *188.48x slower*)   | `69.26 us` (❌ *390.56x slower*)    |
+
+### PrepareOddProduct
+
+|         | `Evm`                     | `PVMInterpreterCompile`          | `PVMInterpreterInstantiate`          | `PVMCompile`                     | `PVMInstantiate`                   |
+|:--------|:--------------------------|:---------------------------------|:-------------------------------------|:---------------------------------|:---------------------------------- |
+| **`0`** | `486.78 ns` (✅ **1.00x**) | `11.43 us` (❌ *23.49x slower*)   | `1.35 us` (❌ *2.78x slower*)         | `33.95 us` (❌ *69.75x slower*)   | `68.19 us` (❌ *140.07x slower*)    |
+
+### PrepareTriangleNumber
+
+|         | `Evm`                     | `PVMInterpreterCompile`          | `PVMInterpreterInstantiate`          | `PVMCompile`                      | `PVMInstantiate`                   |
+|:--------|:--------------------------|:---------------------------------|:-------------------------------------|:----------------------------------|:---------------------------------- |
+| **`0`** | `489.04 ns` (✅ **1.00x**) | `23.99 us` (❌ *49.06x slower*)   | `1.33 us` (❌ *2.72x slower*)         | `61.40 us` (❌ *125.56x slower*)   | `73.01 us` (❌ *149.29x slower*)    |
+
+### PrepareFibonacciRecursive
+
+|         | `Evm`                     | `PVMInterpreterCompile`          | `PVMInterpreterInstantiate`          | `PVMCompile`                      | `PVMInstantiate`                   |
+|:--------|:--------------------------|:---------------------------------|:-------------------------------------|:----------------------------------|:---------------------------------- |
+| **`0`** | `411.19 ns` (✅ **1.00x**) | `22.32 us` (❌ *54.27x slower*)   | `1.43 us` (❌ *3.49x slower*)         | `54.52 us` (❌ *132.59x slower*)   | `68.99 us` (❌ *167.77x slower*)    |
+
+### PrepareFibonacciIterative
+
+|         | `Evm`                     | `PVMInterpreterCompile`          | `PVMInterpreterInstantiate`          | `PVMCompile`                      | `PVMInstantiate`                   |
+|:--------|:--------------------------|:---------------------------------|:-------------------------------------|:----------------------------------|:---------------------------------- |
+| **`0`** | `313.74 ns` (✅ **1.00x**) | `19.15 us` (❌ *61.04x slower*)   | `1.39 us` (❌ *4.44x slower*)         | `48.30 us` (❌ *153.95x slower*)   | `69.20 us` (❌ *220.57x slower*)    |
+
+### PrepareFibonacciBinet
+
+|         | `Evm`                     | `PVMInterpreterCompile`          | `PVMInterpreterInstantiate`          | `PVMCompile`                      | `PVMInstantiate`                  |
+|:--------|:--------------------------|:---------------------------------|:-------------------------------------|:----------------------------------|:--------------------------------- |
+| **`0`** | `700.40 ns` (✅ **1.00x**) | `41.78 us` (❌ *59.65x slower*)   | `1.40 us` (❌ *2.00x slower*)         | `92.23 us` (❌ *131.69x slower*)   | `68.52 us` (❌ *97.83x slower*)    |
+
+### PrepareSHA1
+
+|         | `Evm`                   | `PVMInterpreterCompile`           | `PVMInterpreterInstantiate`          | `PVMCompile`                       | `PVMInstantiate`                  |
+|:--------|:------------------------|:----------------------------------|:-------------------------------------|:-----------------------------------|:--------------------------------- |
+| **`0`** | `1.77 us` (✅ **1.00x**) | `124.24 us` (❌ *70.39x slower*)   | `1.33 us` (✅ **1.33x faster**)       | `242.14 us` (❌ *137.19x slower*)   | `69.28 us` (❌ *39.25x slower*)    |
+
+---
+Made with [criterion-table](https://github.com/nu11ptr/criterion-table)
+

crates/benchmarks/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+[package]
+name = "revive-benchmarks"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2021"
+authors = [
+    "Cyrill Leutwiler <cyrill@parity.io>",
+]
+
+[features]
+default = ["bench-pvm-interpreter"]
+bench-pvm-interpreter = []
+bench-pvm = []
+bench-evm = ["revive-differential"]
+bench-extensive = []
+
+[dependencies]
+hex = { workspace = true }
+polkavm = { workspace = true }
+revive-integration = { path = "../integration" }
+revive-differential = { path = "../differential", optional = true }
+alloy-primitives = { workspace = true }
+
+[dev-dependencies]
+criterion = { workspace = true }
+
+[[bench]]
+name = "execute"
+harness = false
+
+[[bench]]
+name = "prepare"
+harness = false

crates/benchmarks/benches/execute.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,185 @@
+#[cfg(feature = "bench-extensive")]
+use std::time::Duration;
+
+use criterion::{
+    criterion_group, criterion_main, measurement::Measurement, BenchmarkGroup, BenchmarkId,
+    Criterion,
+};
+#[cfg(any(feature = "bench-pvm-interpreter", feature = "bench-pvm"))]
+use polkavm::BackendKind;
+
+use revive_benchmarks::prepare_pvm;
+use revive_integration::cases::Contract;
+
+fn bench<P, L, I, M>(mut group: BenchmarkGroup<'_, M>, parameters: &[P], labels: &[L], contract: I)
+where
+    P: Clone,
+    L: std::fmt::Display,
+    I: Fn(P) -> Contract,
+    M: Measurement,
+{
+    assert_eq!(parameters.len(), labels.len());
+
+    for (p, l) in parameters.iter().zip(labels.iter()) {
+        #[cfg(feature = "bench-evm")]
+        {
+            let contract = contract(p.clone());
+            let vm = revive_differential::prepare(contract.evm_runtime, contract.calldata);
+            group.bench_with_input(BenchmarkId::new("EVM", l), p, move |b, _| {
+                b.iter(|| {
+                    revive_differential::execute(vm.clone());
+                });
+            });
+        }
+
+        #[cfg(feature = "bench-pvm-interpreter")]
+        {
+            let contract = contract(p.clone());
+            let (state, mut instance, export) = prepare_pvm(
+                &contract.pvm_runtime,
+                &contract.calldata,
+                BackendKind::Interpreter,
+            );
+            group.bench_with_input(BenchmarkId::new("PVMInterpreter", l), p, |b, _| {
+                b.iter(|| {
+                    revive_integration::mock_runtime::call(state.clone(), &mut instance, export);
+                });
+            });
+        }
+
+        #[cfg(feature = "bench-pvm")]
+        {
+            let contract = contract(p.clone());
+            let (state, mut instance, export) = prepare_pvm(
+                &contract.pvm_runtime,
+                &contract.calldata,
+                BackendKind::Compiler,
+            );
+            group.bench_with_input(BenchmarkId::new("PVM", l), p, |b, _| {
+                b.iter(|| {
+                    revive_integration::mock_runtime::call(state.clone(), &mut instance, export);
+                });
+            });
+        }
+    }
+
+    group.finish();
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "bench-extensive")]
+fn group_extensive<'error, M>(
+    c: &'error mut Criterion<M>,
+    group_name: &str,
+) -> BenchmarkGroup<'error, M>
+where
+    M: Measurement,
+{
+    let mut group = c.benchmark_group(group_name);
+    group
+        .sample_size(10)
+        .measurement_time(Duration::from_secs(60));
+    group
+}
+
+fn bench_baseline(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    let parameters = &[0u8];
+
+    bench(
+        c.benchmark_group("Baseline"),
+        parameters,
+        parameters,
+        |_| Contract::baseline(),
+    );
+}
+
+fn bench_odd_product(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    #[cfg(feature = "bench-extensive")]
+    let group = group_extensive(c, "OddProduct");
+    #[cfg(not(feature = "bench-extensive"))]
+    let group = c.benchmark_group("OddProduct");
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "bench-extensive")]
+    let parameters = &[2_000_000i32, 4_000_000, 8_000_000, 120_000_000];
+    #[cfg(not(feature = "bench-extensive"))]
+    let parameters = &[10_000, 100_000];
+
+    bench(group, parameters, parameters, Contract::odd_product);
+}
+
+fn bench_triangle_number(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    #[cfg(feature = "bench-extensive")]
+    let group = group_extensive(c, "TriangleNumber");
+    #[cfg(not(feature = "bench-extensive"))]
+    let group = c.benchmark_group("TriangleNumber");
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "bench-extensive")]
+    let parameters = &[3_000_000i64, 6_000_000, 12_000_000, 180_000_000];
+    #[cfg(not(feature = "bench-extensive"))]
+    let parameters = &[10_000, 100_000];
+
+    bench(group, parameters, parameters, Contract::triangle_number);
+}
+
+fn bench_fibonacci_recurisve(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    #[cfg(not(feature = "bench-extensive"))]
+    let group = c.benchmark_group("FibonacciRecursive");
+    #[cfg(feature = "bench-extensive")]
+    let group = group_extensive(c, "FibonacciRecursive");
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "bench-extensive")]
+    let parameters = &[26, 30, 34, 38];
+    #[cfg(not(feature = "bench-extensive"))]
+    let parameters = &[12, 16, 20];
+
+    bench(group, parameters, parameters, Contract::fib_recursive);
+}
+
+fn bench_fibonacci_iterative(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    #[cfg(not(feature = "bench-extensive"))]
+    let group = c.benchmark_group("FibonacciIterative");
+    #[cfg(feature = "bench-extensive")]
+    let group = group_extensive(c, "FibonacciIterative");
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "bench-extensive")]
+    let parameters = &[256, 100000, 1000000, 100000000];
+    #[cfg(not(feature = "bench-extensive"))]
+    let parameters = &[64, 128, 256];
+
+    bench(group, parameters, parameters, Contract::fib_iterative);
+}
+
+fn bench_fibonacci_binet(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    let parameters = &[64, 128, 256];
+
+    bench(
+        c.benchmark_group("FibonacciBinet"),
+        parameters,
+        parameters,
+        Contract::fib_binet,
+    );
+}
+
+fn bench_sha1(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    let parameters = &[vec![0xff], vec![0xff; 64], vec![0xff; 512]];
+    let labels = parameters.iter().map(|p| p.len()).collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+    bench(
+        c.benchmark_group("SHA1"),
+        parameters,
+        &labels,
+        Contract::sha1,
+    );
+}
+
+criterion_group!(
+    name = execute;
+    config = Criterion::default();
+    targets = bench_baseline,
+    bench_odd_product,
+    bench_triangle_number,
+    bench_fibonacci_recurisve,
+    bench_fibonacci_iterative,
+    bench_fibonacci_binet,
+    bench_sha1
+);
+criterion_main!(execute);

crates/benchmarks/benches/prepare.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,172 @@
+use criterion::{criterion_group, criterion_main, BenchmarkId, Criterion};
+use polkavm::BackendKind;
+
+use revive_benchmarks::instantiate_engine;
+use revive_integration::cases::Contract;
+
+fn bench(
+    c: &mut Criterion,
+    group_name: &str,
+    #[cfg(feature = "bench-evm")] evm_runtime: Vec<u8>,
+    #[cfg(any(feature = "bench-pvm-interpreter", feature = "bench-pvm"))] pvm_runtime: Vec<u8>,
+) {
+    let mut group = c.benchmark_group(group_name);
+    let code_size = 0;
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "bench-evm")]
+    group.bench_with_input(
+        BenchmarkId::new("Evm", code_size),
+        &evm_runtime,
+        |b, code| b.iter(|| revive_differential::prepare(code.clone(), Vec::new())),
+    );
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "bench-pvm-interpreter")]
+    {
+        let engine = instantiate_engine(BackendKind::Interpreter);
+        group.bench_with_input(
+            BenchmarkId::new("PVMInterpreterCompile", code_size),
+            &(&pvm_runtime, engine),
+            |b, (code, engine)| {
+                b.iter(|| {
+                    revive_integration::mock_runtime::recompile_code(code, engine);
+                });
+            },
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "bench-pvm-interpreter")]
+    {
+        let engine = instantiate_engine(BackendKind::Interpreter);
+        let module = revive_integration::mock_runtime::recompile_code(&pvm_runtime, &engine);
+        group.bench_with_input(
+            BenchmarkId::new("PVMInterpreterInstantiate", code_size),
+            &(module, engine),
+            |b, (module, engine)| {
+                b.iter(|| {
+                    revive_integration::mock_runtime::instantiate_module(module, engine);
+                });
+            },
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "bench-pvm")]
+    {
+        let engine = instantiate_engine(BackendKind::Compiler);
+        group.bench_with_input(
+            BenchmarkId::new("PVMCompile", code_size),
+            &(&pvm_runtime, engine),
+            |b, (code, engine)| {
+                b.iter(|| {
+                    revive_integration::mock_runtime::recompile_code(code, engine);
+                });
+            },
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "bench-pvm")]
+    {
+        let engine = instantiate_engine(BackendKind::Compiler);
+        let module = revive_integration::mock_runtime::recompile_code(&pvm_runtime, &engine);
+        group.bench_with_input(
+            BenchmarkId::new("PVMInstantiate", code_size),
+            &(module, engine),
+            |b, (module, engine)| {
+                b.iter(|| {
+                    revive_integration::mock_runtime::instantiate_module(module, engine);
+                });
+            },
+        );
+    }
+
+    group.finish();
+}
+
+fn bench_baseline(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    bench(
+        c,
+        "PrepareBaseline",
+        #[cfg(feature = "bench-evm")]
+        Contract::baseline().evm_runtime,
+        #[cfg(any(feature = "bench-pvm-interpreter", feature = "bench-pvm"))]
+        Contract::baseline().pvm_runtime,
+    );
+}
+
+fn bench_odd_product(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    bench(
+        c,
+        "PrepareOddProduct",
+        #[cfg(feature = "bench-evm")]
+        Contract::odd_product(0).evm_runtime,
+        #[cfg(any(feature = "bench-pvm-interpreter", feature = "bench-pvm"))]
+        Contract::baseline().pvm_runtime,
+    );
+}
+
+fn bench_triangle_number(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    bench(
+        c,
+        "PrepareTriangleNumber",
+        #[cfg(feature = "bench-evm")]
+        Contract::triangle_number(0).evm_runtime,
+        #[cfg(any(feature = "bench-pvm-interpreter", feature = "bench-pvm"))]
+        Contract::triangle_number(0).pvm_runtime,
+    );
+}
+
+fn bench_fibonacci_recursive(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    bench(
+        c,
+        "PrepareFibonacciRecursive",
+        #[cfg(feature = "bench-evm")]
+        Contract::fib_recursive(0).evm_runtime,
+        #[cfg(any(feature = "bench-pvm-interpreter", feature = "bench-pvm"))]
+        Contract::fib_recursive(0).pvm_runtime,
+    );
+}
+
+fn bench_fibonacci_iterative(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    bench(
+        c,
+        "PrepareFibonacciIterative",
+        #[cfg(feature = "bench-evm")]
+        Contract::fib_iterative(0).evm_runtime,
+        #[cfg(any(feature = "bench-pvm-interpreter", feature = "bench-pvm"))]
+        Contract::fib_iterative(0).pvm_runtime,
+    );
+}
+
+fn bench_fibonacci_binet(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    bench(
+        c,
+        "PrepareFibonacciBinet",
+        #[cfg(feature = "bench-evm")]
+        Contract::fib_binet(0).evm_runtime,
+        #[cfg(any(feature = "bench-pvm-interpreter", feature = "bench-pvm"))]
+        Contract::fib_binet(0).pvm_runtime,
+    );
+}
+
+fn bench_sha1(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    bench(
+        c,
+        "PrepareSHA1",
+        #[cfg(feature = "bench-evm")]
+        Contract::sha1(Default::default()).evm_runtime,
+        #[cfg(any(feature = "bench-pvm-interpreter", feature = "bench-pvm"))]
+        Contract::sha1(Default::default()).pvm_runtime,
+    );
+}
+
+criterion_group!(
+    name = prepare;
+    config = Criterion::default();
+    targets = bench_baseline,
+    bench_odd_product,
+    bench_triangle_number,
+    bench_fibonacci_recursive,
+    bench_fibonacci_iterative,
+    bench_fibonacci_binet,
+    bench_sha1
+);
+criterion_main!(prepare);

crates/benchmarks/src/lib.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+use polkavm::{BackendKind, Config, Engine, ExportIndex, Instance, SandboxKind};
+use revive_integration::mock_runtime;
+use revive_integration::mock_runtime::State;
+
+pub fn prepare_pvm(
+    code: &[u8],
+    input: &[u8],
+    backend: BackendKind,
+) -> (State, Instance<State>, ExportIndex) {
+    let mut config = Config::new();
+    config.set_backend(Some(backend));
+    config.set_sandbox(Some(SandboxKind::Linux));
+
+    let (instance, export_index) = mock_runtime::prepare(code, Some(config));
+
+    (State::new(input.to_vec()), instance, export_index)
+}
+
+pub fn instantiate_engine(backend: BackendKind) -> Engine {
+    let mut config = Config::new();
+    config.set_backend(Some(backend));
+    config.set_sandbox(Some(SandboxKind::Linux));
+    mock_runtime::setup(Some(config))
+}

crates/builtins/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+[package]
+name = "revive-builtins"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2021"
+build = "build.rs"
+
+# See more keys and their definitions at https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html
+
+[dependencies]

crates/builtins/build.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+use std::{env, fs, io::Read, path::Path, process::Command};
+
+fn main() {
+    let lib = "libclang_rt.builtins-riscv64.a";
+    let mut llvm_lib_dir = String::new();
+
+    Command::new("llvm-config")
+        .args(["--libdir"])
+        .output()
+        .expect("llvm-config should be able to provide LD path")
+        .stdout
+        .as_slice()
+        .read_to_string(&mut llvm_lib_dir)
+        .expect("llvm-config output should be utf8");
+
+    let lib_path = std::path::PathBuf::from(llvm_lib_dir.trim())
+        .join("linux")
+        .join(lib);
+    let archive = fs::read(lib_path).expect("clang builtins for riscv64 not found");
+
+    let out_dir = env::var_os("OUT_DIR").expect("has OUT_DIR");
+    let archive_path = Path::new(&out_dir).join(lib);
+    let len = archive.len();
+    std::fs::write(archive_path, &archive).expect("can write to OUT_DIR");
+
+    let src_path = Path::new(&out_dir).join("compiler_rt.rs");
+    let src = format!("pub static COMPILER_RT: &[u8; {len}] = include_bytes!(\"{lib}\");");
+    fs::write(src_path, src).expect("can write to OUT_DIR");
+
+    println!("cargo:rerun-if-changed=build.rs");
+}

crates/builtins/src/lib.rs

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+include!(concat!(env!("OUT_DIR"), "/compiler_rt.rs"));

crates/common/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.md

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+---
+name: Bug report
+about: Use this template for reporting issues
+title: ''
+labels: bug
+assignees: ''
+---
+
+### 🐛 Bug Report
+
+#### 📝 Description
+
+Provide a clear and concise description of the bug.
+
+#### 🔄 Reproduction Steps
+
+Steps to reproduce the behaviour
+
+#### 🤔 Expected Behavior
+
+Describe what you expected to happen.
+
+#### 😯 Current Behavior
+
+Describe what actually happened.
+
+#### 🖥️ Environment
+
+Any relevant environment details.
+
+#### 📋 Additional Context
+
+Add any other context about the problem here. If applicable, add screenshots to help explain.
+
+#### 📎 Log Output
+
+```
+Paste any relevant log output here.
+```

crates/common/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature_request.md

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+---
+name: Feature request
+about: Use this template for requesting features
+title: ''
+labels: feat
+assignees: ''
+---
+
+### 🌟 Feature Request
+
+#### 📝 Description
+
+Provide a clear and concise description of the feature you'd like to see.
+
+#### 🤔 Rationale
+
+Explain why this feature is important and how it benefits the project.
+
+#### 📋 Additional Context
+
+Add any other context or information about the feature request here.

crates/common/.github/pull_request_template.md

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+# What ❔
+
+<!-- What are the changes this PR brings about? -->
+<!-- Example: This PR adds a PR template to the repo. -->
+<!-- (For bigger PRs adding more context is appreciated) -->
+
+## Why ❔
+
+<!-- Why are these changes done? What goal do they contribute to? What are the principles behind them? -->
+<!-- Example: PR templates ensure PR reviewers, observers, and future iterators are in context about the evolution of repos. -->
+
+## Checklist
+
+<!-- Check your PR fulfills the following items. -->
+<!-- For draft PRs check the boxes as you complete them. -->
+
+- [ ] PR title corresponds to the body of PR.
+- [ ] Tests for the changes have been added / updated.
+- [ ] Documentation comments have been added / updated.
+- [ ] Code has been formatted via `cargo fmt` and checked with `cargo clippy`.

crates/common/.github/workflows/cargo-license.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+name: Cargo license check
+on: pull_request
+
+jobs:
+  cargo-deny:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+    - uses: EmbarkStudios/cargo-deny-action@v1

crates/common/.github/workflows/ci.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+name: "Rust CI"
+on:
+  pull_request:
+
+jobs:
+  build:
+    name: cargo build
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+      - uses: actions-rust-lang/setup-rust-toolchain@v1
+      - run: cargo build --verbose
+
+  formatting:
+    name: cargo fmt
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+      - uses: actions-rust-lang/setup-rust-toolchain@v1
+        with:
+          components: rustfmt
+      - name: Rustfmt Check
+        uses: actions-rust-lang/rustfmt@v1

crates/common/.github/workflows/secrets_scanner.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+name: Leaked Secrets Scan
+on: [pull_request]
+jobs:
+  TruffleHog:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout code
+        uses: actions/checkout@ac593985615ec2ede58e132d2e21d2b1cbd6127c # v3
+        with:
+          fetch-depth: 0
+      - name: TruffleHog OSS
+        uses: trufflesecurity/trufflehog@0c66d30c1f4075cee1aada2e1ab46dabb1b0071a
+        with:
+          path: ./
+          base: ${{ github.event.repository.default_branch }}
+          head: HEAD
+          extra_args: --debug --only-verified

crates/common/.gitignore

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+# Generated by Cargo
+# will have compiled files and executables
+/target/
+
+# Remove Cargo.lock from gitignore if creating an executable, leave it for libraries
+# More information here https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/guide/cargo-toml-vs-cargo-lock.html
+Cargo.lock
+
+# These are backup files generated by rustfmt
+**/*.rs.bk
+
+# IDE
+/.idea/
+/.vscode/

crates/common/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+[package]
+name = "revive-common"
+version = "0.1.0"
+authors = [
+    "Cyrill Leutwiler <cyrill@parity.io>",
+    "Oleksandr Zarudnyi <a.zarudnyy@matterlabs.dev>",
+]
+license = "MIT OR Apache-2.0"
+edition = "2021"
+description = "Shared constants of the revive compiler"
+
+[lib]
+doctest = false
+
+[dependencies]
+anyhow = { workspace = true }
+serde = { workspace = true, features = ["derive"] }
+serde_json = { workspace = true, features = [ "arbitrary_precision", "unbounded_depth" ] }
+serde_stacker = { workspace = true }

crates/common/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+# zkSync Era: Compiler Common
+
+[![Logo](eraLogo.svg)](https://zksync.io/)
+
+zkSync Era is a layer 2 rollup that uses zero-knowledge proofs to scale Ethereum without compromising on security
+or decentralization. As it's EVM-compatible (with Solidity/Vyper), 99% of Ethereum projects can redeploy without
+needing to refactor or re-audit any code. zkSync Era also uses an LLVM-based compiler that will eventually enable
+developers to write smart contracts in popular languages such as C++ and Rust.
+
+This repository contains the common compiler constants.
+
+## License
+
+This library is distributed under the terms of either
+
+- Apache License, Version 2.0, ([LICENSE-APACHE](LICENSE-APACHE) or <http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0>)
+- MIT license ([LICENSE-MIT](LICENSE-MIT) or <http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>)
+
+at your option.
+
+## Official Links
+
+- [Website](https://zksync.io/)
+- [GitHub](https://github.com/matter-labs)
+- [Twitter](https://twitter.com/zksync)
+- [Twitter for Devs](https://twitter.com/zkSyncDevs)
+- [Discord](https://join.zksync.dev/)
+
+## Disclaimer
+
+zkSync Era has been through extensive testing and audits, and although it is live, it is still in alpha state and
+will undergo further audits and bug bounty programs. We would love to hear our community's thoughts and suggestions
+about it!
+It's important to note that forking it now could potentially lead to missing important
+security updates, critical features, and performance improvements.

crates/common/src/base.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+//!
+//! The number base constants.
+//!
+
+/// The binary number base.
+pub const BASE_BINARY: u32 = 2;
+
+/// The octal number base.
+pub const BASE_OCTAL: u32 = 8;
+
+/// The decimal number base.
+pub const BASE_DECIMAL: u32 = 10;
+
+/// The hexadecimal number base.
+pub const BASE_HEXADECIMAL: u32 = 16;

crates/common/src/bit_length.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+//!
+//! The common sizes in bits.
+//!
+
+/// The `bool` type bit-length.
+pub const BIT_LENGTH_BOOLEAN: usize = 1;
+
+/// The `u8` type or byte bit-length.
+pub const BIT_LENGTH_BYTE: usize = 8;
+
+/// The x86 word type (usually `u32`) bit-length.
+pub const BIT_LENGTH_X32: usize = crate::byte_length::BYTE_LENGTH_X32 * BIT_LENGTH_BYTE;
+
+/// The x86_64 word type (usually `u64`) bit-length.
+pub const BIT_LENGTH_X64: usize = crate::byte_length::BYTE_LENGTH_X64 * BIT_LENGTH_BYTE;
+
+/// The ETH address (usually `u160`) bit-length.
+pub const BIT_LENGTH_ETH_ADDRESS: usize =
+    crate::byte_length::BYTE_LENGTH_ETH_ADDRESS * BIT_LENGTH_BYTE;
+
+/// The field (usually `u256` or `i256`) bit-length.
+pub const BIT_LENGTH_FIELD: usize = crate::byte_length::BYTE_LENGTH_FIELD * BIT_LENGTH_BYTE;
+
+/// Bit length of the runtime value type.
+pub const BIT_LENGTH_VALUE: usize = crate::byte_length::BYTE_LENGTH_VALUE * BIT_LENGTH_BYTE;

crates/common/src/byte_length.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+//!
+//! The common sizes in bytes.
+//!
+
+/// The byte-length.
+pub const BYTE_LENGTH_BYTE: usize = 1;
+
+/// The x86 word byte-length.
+pub const BYTE_LENGTH_X32: usize = 4;
+
+/// Native stack alignment size in bytes
+pub const BYTE_LENGTH_STACK_ALIGN: usize = BYTE_LENGTH_X64;
+
+/// The x86_64 word byte-length.
+pub const BYTE_LENGTH_X64: usize = 8;
+
+/// The ETH address byte-length.
+pub const BYTE_LENGTH_ETH_ADDRESS: usize = 20;
+
+/// The field byte-length.
+pub const BYTE_LENGTH_FIELD: usize = 32;
+
+/// Byte length of the runtime value type.
+pub const BYTE_LENGTH_VALUE: usize = 16;

crates/common/src/eravm/address.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+//!
+//! The EraVM address constants.
+//!
+
+/// The corresponding simulation predefined address.
+pub const ERAVM_ADDRESS_TO_L1: u16 = 0xFFFF;
+
+/// The corresponding simulation predefined address.
+pub const ERAVM_ADDRESS_PRECOMPILE: u16 = 0xFFFD;
+
+/// The corresponding simulation predefined address.
+pub const ERAVM_ADDRESS_META: u16 = 0xFFFC;
+
+/// The corresponding simulation predefined address.
+pub const ERAVM_ADDRESS_MIMIC_CALL: u16 = 0xFFFB;
+
+/// The corresponding simulation predefined address.
+pub const ERAVM_ADDRESS_SYSTEM_MIMIC_CALL: u16 = 0xFFFA;
+
+/// The corresponding simulation predefined address.
+pub const ERAVM_ADDRESS_MIMIC_CALL_BYREF: u16 = 0xFFF9;
+
+/// The corresponding simulation predefined address.
+pub const ERAVM_ADDRESS_SYSTEM_MIMIC_CALL_BYREF: u16 = 0xFFF8;
+
+/// The corresponding simulation predefined address.
+pub const ERAVM_ADDRESS_RAW_FAR_CALL: u16 = 0xFFF7;
+
+/// The corresponding simulation predefined address.
+pub const ERAVM_ADDRESS_RAW_FAR_CALL_BYREF: u16 = 0xFFF6;
+
+/// The corresponding simulation predefined address.
+pub const ERAVM_ADDRESS_SYSTEM_CALL: u16 = 0xFFF5;
+
+/// The corresponding simulation predefined address.
+pub const ERAVM_ADDRESS_SYSTEM_CALL_BYREF: u16 = 0xFFF4;
+
+/// The corresponding simulation predefined address.
+pub const ERAVM_ADDRESS_SET_CONTEXT_VALUE_CALL: u16 = 0xFFF3;
+
+/// The corresponding simulation predefined address.
+pub const ERAVM_ADDRESS_SET_PUBDATA_PRICE: u16 = 0xFFF2;
+
+/// The corresponding simulation predefined address.
+pub const ERAVM_ADDRESS_INCREMENT_TX_COUNTER: u16 = 0xFFF1;
+
+/// The corresponding simulation predefined address.
+pub const ERAVM_ADDRESS_GET_GLOBAL_PTR_CALLDATA: u16 = 0xFFF0;
+
+/// The corresponding simulation predefined address.
+pub const ERAVM_ADDRESS_GET_GLOBAL_CALL_FLAGS: u16 = 0xFFEF;
+
+/// The corresponding simulation predefined address.
+pub const ERAVM_ADDRESS_GET_GLOBAL_PTR_RETURN_DATA: u16 = 0xFFEE;
+
+/// The corresponding simulation predefined address.
+pub const ERAVM_ADDRESS_EVENT_INITIALIZE: u16 = 0xFFED;
+
+/// The corresponding simulation predefined address.
+pub const ERAVM_ADDRESS_EVENT_WRITE: u16 = 0xFFEC;
+
+/// The corresponding simulation predefined address.
+pub const ERAVM_ADDRESS_ACTIVE_PTR_LOAD_CALLDATA: u16 = 0xFFEB;
+
+/// The corresponding simulation predefined address.
+pub const ERAVM_ADDRESS_ACTIVE_PTR_LOAD_RETURN_DATA: u16 = 0xFFEA;
+
+/// The corresponding simulation predefined address.
+pub const ERAVM_ADDRESS_ACTIVE_PTR_ADD: u16 = 0xFFE9;
+
+/// The corresponding simulation predefined address.
+pub const ERAVM_ADDRESS_ACTIVE_PTR_SHRINK: u16 = 0xFFE8;
+
+/// The corresponding simulation predefined address.
+pub const ERAVM_ADDRESS_ACTIVE_PTR_PACK: u16 = 0xFFE7;
+
+/// The corresponding simulation predefined address.
+pub const ERAVM_ADDRESS_MULTIPLICATION_HIGH_REGISTER: u16 = 0xFFE6;
+
+/// The corresponding simulation predefined address.
+pub const ERAVM_ADDRESS_GET_GLOBAL_EXTRA_ABI_DATA: u16 = 0xFFE5;
+
+/// The corresponding simulation predefined address.
+pub const ERAVM_ADDRESS_ACTIVE_PTR_DATA_LOAD: u16 = 0xFFE4;
+
+/// The corresponding simulation predefined address.
+pub const ERAVM_ADDRESS_ACTIVE_PTR_DATA_COPY: u16 = 0xFFE3;
+
+/// The corresponding simulation predefined address.
+pub const ERAVM_ADDRESS_ACTIVE_PTR_DATA_SIZE: u16 = 0xFFE2;
+
+/// The corresponding simulation predefined address.
+pub const ERAVM_ADDRESS_CONST_ARRAY_DECLARE: u16 = 0xFFE1;
+
+/// The corresponding simulation predefined address.
+pub const ERAVM_ADDRESS_CONST_ARRAY_SET: u16 = 0xFFE0;
+
+/// The corresponding simulation predefined address.
+pub const ERAVM_ADDRESS_CONST_ARRAY_FINALIZE: u16 = 0xFFDF;
+
+/// The corresponding simulation predefined address.
+pub const ERAVM_ADDRESS_CONST_ARRAY_GET: u16 = 0xFFDE;
+
+/// The corresponding simulation predefined address.
+pub const ERAVM_ADDRESS_DECOMMIT: u16 = 0xFFDD;
+
+/// The corresponding simulation predefined address.
+pub const ERAVM_ADDRESS_ACTIVE_PTR_LOAD_DECOMMIT: u16 = 0xFFDC;
+
+/// The corresponding simulation predefined address.
+pub const ERAVM_ADDRESS_RETURN_FORWARD: u16 = 0xFFDB;
+
+/// The corresponding simulation predefined address.
+pub const ERAVM_ADDRESS_REVERT_FORWARD: u16 = 0xFFDA;
+
+/// The corresponding simulation predefined address.
+pub const ERAVM_ADDRESS_ACTIVE_PTR_SWAP: u16 = 0xFFD9;

crates/common/src/eravm/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+//!
+//! The EraVM constants.
+//!
+
+pub mod address;

crates/common/src/evm_version.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+//!
+//! The EVM version.
+//!
+
+use serde::Deserialize;
+use serde::Serialize;
+
+///
+/// The EVM version.
+///
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, Hash)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub enum EVMVersion {
+    /// The corresponding EVM version.
+    #[serde(rename = "homestead")]
+    Homestead,
+    /// The corresponding EVM version.
+    #[serde(rename = "tangerineWhistle")]
+    TangerineWhistle,
+    /// The corresponding EVM version.
+    #[serde(rename = "spuriousDragon")]
+    SpuriousDragon,
+    /// The corresponding EVM version.
+    #[serde(rename = "byzantium")]
+    Byzantium,
+    /// The corresponding EVM version.
+    #[serde(rename = "constantinople")]
+    Constantinople,
+    /// The corresponding EVM version.
+    #[serde(rename = "petersburg")]
+    Petersburg,
+    /// The corresponding EVM version.
+    #[serde(rename = "istanbul")]
+    Istanbul,
+    /// The corresponding EVM version.
+    #[serde(rename = "berlin")]
+    Berlin,
+    /// The corresponding EVM version.
+    #[serde(rename = "london")]
+    London,
+    /// The corresponding EVM version.
+    #[serde(rename = "paris")]
+    Paris,
+    /// The corresponding EVM version.
+    #[serde(rename = "shanghai")]
+    Shanghai,
+    /// The corresponding EVM version.
+    #[serde(rename = "cancun")]
+    Cancun,
+}
+
+impl TryFrom<&str> for EVMVersion {
+    type Error = anyhow::Error;
+
+    fn try_from(value: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
+        Ok(match value {
+            "homestead" => Self::Homestead,
+            "tangerineWhistle" => Self::TangerineWhistle,
+            "spuriousDragon" => Self::SpuriousDragon,
+            "byzantium" => Self::Byzantium,
+            "constantinople" => Self::Constantinople,
+            "petersburg" => Self::Petersburg,
+            "istanbul" => Self::Istanbul,
+            "berlin" => Self::Berlin,
+            "london" => Self::London,
+            "paris" => Self::Paris,
+            "shanghai" => Self::Shanghai,
+            "cancun" => Self::Cancun,
+            _ => anyhow::bail!("Invalid EVM version: {}", value),
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl std::fmt::Display for EVMVersion {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        match self {
+            Self::Homestead => write!(f, "homestead"),
+            Self::TangerineWhistle => write!(f, "tangerineWhistle"),
+            Self::SpuriousDragon => write!(f, "spuriousDragon"),
+            Self::Byzantium => write!(f, "byzantium"),
+            Self::Constantinople => write!(f, "constantinople"),
+            Self::Petersburg => write!(f, "petersburg"),
+            Self::Istanbul => write!(f, "istanbul"),
+            Self::Berlin => write!(f, "berlin"),
+            Self::London => write!(f, "london"),
+            Self::Paris => write!(f, "paris"),
+            Self::Shanghai => write!(f, "shanghai"),
+            Self::Cancun => write!(f, "cancun"),
+        }
+    }
+}

crates/common/src/exit_code.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+//!
+//! The exit code constants.
+//!
+
+/// The common application success exit code.
+pub const EXIT_CODE_SUCCESS: i32 = 0;
+
+/// The common application failure exit code.
+pub const EXIT_CODE_FAILURE: i32 = 1;

crates/common/src/extension.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+//!
+//! The file extensions.
+//!
+
+/// The manifest file extension.
+pub static EXTENSION_MANIFEST: &str = "toml";
+
+/// The JSON data file extension.
+pub static EXTENSION_JSON: &str = "json";
+
+/// The ABI file extension.
+pub static EXTENSION_ABI: &str = "abi";
+
+/// The Yul IR file extension.
+pub static EXTENSION_YUL: &str = "yul";
+
+/// The EVM legacy assembly IR file extension.
+pub static EXTENSION_EVMLA: &str = "evmla";
+
+/// The Ethereal IR file extension.
+pub static EXTENSION_ETHIR: &str = "ethir";
+
+/// The EVM file extension.
+pub static EXTENSION_EVM: &str = "evm";
+
+/// The EVM bytecode file extension.
+pub static EXTENSION_EVM_BINARY: &str = "bin";
+
+/// The Solidity file extension.
+pub static EXTENSION_SOLIDITY: &str = "sol";
+
+/// The LLL IR file extension.
+pub static EXTENSION_LLL: &str = "lll";
+
+/// The Vyper file extension.
+pub static EXTENSION_VYPER: &str = "vy";
+
+/// The LLVM source code file extension.
+pub static EXTENSION_LLVM_SOURCE: &str = "ll";
+
+/// The LLVM bitcode file extension.
+pub static EXTENSION_LLVM_BINARY: &str = "bc";
+
+/// The EraVM assembly file extension.
+pub static EXTENSION_ERAVM_ASSEMBLY: &str = "zasm";
+
+/// The EraVM bytecode file extension.
+pub static EXTENSION_ERAVM_BINARY: &str = "zbin";

crates/common/src/lib.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+//!
+//! The compiler common library.
+//!
+
+pub(crate) mod base;
+pub(crate) mod bit_length;
+pub(crate) mod byte_length;
+pub(crate) mod eravm;
+pub(crate) mod evm_version;
+pub(crate) mod exit_code;
+pub(crate) mod extension;
+pub(crate) mod utils;
+
+pub use self::base::*;
+pub use self::bit_length::*;
+pub use self::byte_length::*;
+pub use self::eravm::address::*;
+pub use self::evm_version::EVMVersion;
+pub use self::exit_code::*;
+pub use self::extension::*;
+pub use self::utils::*;

crates/common/src/utils.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+//!
+//! The compiler common utils.
+//!
+
+///
+/// Deserializes a `serde_json` object from slice with the recursion limit disabled.
+///
+/// Must be used for all JSON I/O to avoid crashes due to the aforementioned limit.
+///
+pub fn deserialize_from_slice<O>(input: &[u8]) -> anyhow::Result<O>
+where
+    O: serde::de::DeserializeOwned,
+{
+    let mut deserializer = serde_json::Deserializer::from_slice(input);
+    deserializer.disable_recursion_limit();
+    let deserializer = serde_stacker::Deserializer::new(&mut deserializer);
+    let result = O::deserialize(deserializer)?;
+    Ok(result)
+}
+
+///
+/// Deserializes a `serde_json` object from string with the recursion limit disabled.
+///
+/// Must be used for all JSON I/O to avoid crashes due to the aforementioned limit.
+///
+pub fn deserialize_from_str<O>(input: &str) -> anyhow::Result<O>
+where
+    O: serde::de::DeserializeOwned,
+{
+    let mut deserializer = serde_json::Deserializer::from_str(input);
+    deserializer.disable_recursion_limit();
+    let deserializer = serde_stacker::Deserializer::new(&mut deserializer);
+    let result = O::deserialize(deserializer)?;
+    Ok(result)
+}

crates/differential/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+[package]
+name = "revive-differential"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2021"
+
+# See more keys and their definitions at https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html
+
+[dependencies]
+evm-interpreter = { workspace = true }
+primitive-types = { workspace = true }

crates/differential/src/lib.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,154 @@
+use evm_interpreter::{
+    interpreter::{EtableInterpreter, RunInterpreter},
+    trap::CallCreateTrap,
+    Context, Etable, ExitError, Log, Machine, RuntimeBackend, RuntimeBaseBackend,
+    RuntimeEnvironment, RuntimeState, TransactionContext, Valids,
+};
+use primitive_types::{H160, H256, U256};
+
+static RUNTIME_ETABLE: Etable<RuntimeState, UnimplementedHandler, CallCreateTrap> =
+    Etable::runtime();
+
+pub struct UnimplementedHandler;
+
+impl RuntimeEnvironment for UnimplementedHandler {
+    fn block_hash(&self, _number: U256) -> H256 {
+        unimplemented!()
+    }
+    fn block_number(&self) -> U256 {
+        unimplemented!()
+    }
+    fn block_coinbase(&self) -> H160 {
+        unimplemented!()
+    }
+    fn block_timestamp(&self) -> U256 {
+        unimplemented!()
+    }
+    fn block_difficulty(&self) -> U256 {
+        unimplemented!()
+    }
+    fn block_randomness(&self) -> Option<H256> {
+        unimplemented!()
+    }
+    fn block_gas_limit(&self) -> U256 {
+        unimplemented!()
+    }
+    fn block_base_fee_per_gas(&self) -> U256 {
+        unimplemented!()
+    }
+    fn chain_id(&self) -> U256 {
+        unimplemented!()
+    }
+}
+
+impl RuntimeBaseBackend for UnimplementedHandler {
+    fn balance(&self, _address: H160) -> U256 {
+        unimplemented!()
+    }
+    fn code_size(&self, _address: H160) -> U256 {
+        unimplemented!()
+    }
+    fn code_hash(&self, _address: H160) -> H256 {
+        unimplemented!()
+    }
+    fn code(&self, _address: H160) -> Vec<u8> {
+        unimplemented!()
+    }
+    fn storage(&self, _address: H160, _index: H256) -> H256 {
+        unimplemented!()
+    }
+
+    fn exists(&self, _address: H160) -> bool {
+        unimplemented!()
+    }
+
+    fn nonce(&self, _address: H160) -> U256 {
+        unimplemented!()
+    }
+}
+
+impl RuntimeBackend for UnimplementedHandler {
+    fn original_storage(&self, _address: H160, _index: H256) -> H256 {
+        unimplemented!()
+    }
+
+    fn deleted(&self, _address: H160) -> bool {
+        unimplemented!()
+    }
+    fn is_cold(&self, _address: H160, _index: Option<H256>) -> bool {
+        unimplemented!()
+    }
+
+    fn mark_hot(&mut self, _address: H160, _index: Option<H256>) {
+        unimplemented!()
+    }
+
+    fn set_storage(&mut self, _address: H160, _index: H256, _value: H256) -> Result<(), ExitError> {
+        unimplemented!()
+    }
+    fn log(&mut self, _log: Log) -> Result<(), ExitError> {
+        unimplemented!()
+    }
+    fn mark_delete(&mut self, _address: H160) {
+        unimplemented!()
+    }
+
+    fn reset_storage(&mut self, _address: H160) {
+        unimplemented!()
+    }
+
+    fn set_code(&mut self, _address: H160, _code: Vec<u8>) -> Result<(), ExitError> {
+        unimplemented!()
+    }
+    fn reset_balance(&mut self, _address: H160) {
+        unimplemented!()
+    }
+
+    fn deposit(&mut self, _address: H160, _value: U256) {
+        unimplemented!()
+    }
+    fn withdrawal(&mut self, _address: H160, _value: U256) -> Result<(), ExitError> {
+        unimplemented!()
+    }
+
+    fn inc_nonce(&mut self, _address: H160) -> Result<(), ExitError> {
+        unimplemented!()
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct PreparedEvm {
+    pub valids: Valids,
+    pub vm: Machine<RuntimeState>,
+}
+
+pub fn prepare(code: Vec<u8>, data: Vec<u8>) -> PreparedEvm {
+    let state = RuntimeState {
+        context: Context {
+            address: H160::default(),
+            caller: H160::default(),
+            apparent_value: U256::default(),
+        },
+        transaction_context: TransactionContext {
+            gas_price: U256::default(),
+            origin: H160::default(),
+        }
+        .into(),
+        retbuf: Vec::new(),
+    };
+
+    PreparedEvm {
+        valids: Valids::new(&code[..]),
+        vm: evm_interpreter::Machine::new(code.into(), data.to_vec().into(), 1024, 0xFFFF, state),
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn execute(pre: PreparedEvm) -> Vec<u8> {
+    let mut vm = EtableInterpreter::new_valid(pre.vm, &RUNTIME_ETABLE, pre.valids);
+    vm.run(&mut UnimplementedHandler {})
+        .exit()
+        .unwrap()
+        .unwrap();
+
+    vm.retval.clone()
+}

crates/extensions/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+[package]
+name = "revive-extensions"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2021"
+
+# See more keys and their definitions at https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html
+
+[dependencies]
+inkwell = { workspace = true, features = ["target-riscv", "no-libffi-linking", "llvm18-0"] }

crates/extensions/bswap.ll

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+; target datalayout = "e-m:e-p:32:32-i64:64-n32-S128"
+; target triple = "riscv32-unknown-unknown-elf"
+target datalayout = "e-m:e-p:64:64-i64:64-i128:128-n32:64-S128"
+target triple = "riscv64-unknown-unknown-elf"
+
+define dso_local noundef i256 @__bswap(i256 noundef %0) local_unnamed_addr #0 {
+  %2 = tail call i256 @llvm.bswap.i256(i256 %0)
+  ret i256 %2
+}
+
+; Function Attrs: mustprogress nocallback nofree nosync nounwind speculatable willreturn memory(none)
+declare i256 @llvm.bswap.i256(i256) #1
+
+attributes #0 = { alwaysinline mustprogress nofree norecurse nosync nounwind willreturn memory(none) }
+attributes #1 = { mustprogress nocallback nofree nosync nounwind speculatable willreturn memory(none) }

crates/extensions/build.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+use std::{env, fs, path::Path, process::Command};
+
+fn compile(source_path: &str, output_path: &str) {
+    let output = Command::new("llc")
+        .args([
+            "-O3",
+            "-filetype=asm",
+            "-mattr=+zbb,+e",
+            source_path,
+            "-o",
+            output_path,
+        ])
+        .output()
+        .expect("should be able to invoke llc");
+
+    assert!(
+        output.status.success(),
+        "failed to compile {}: {:?}",
+        source_path,
+        output
+    );
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let in_file = "bswap.ll";
+    let out_file = "bswap.s";
+    let out_dir = env::var_os("OUT_DIR").expect("env should have $OUT_DIR");
+    let out_path = Path::new(&out_dir).join(out_file);
+    compile(
+        in_file,
+        out_path.to_str().expect("$OUT_DIR should be UTF-8"),
+    );
+
+    let src_path = Path::new(&out_dir).join("bswap.rs");
+    let src = format!("pub static ASSEMBLY: &str = include_str!(\"{out_file}\");");
+    fs::write(src_path, src).expect("should be able to write in $OUT_DIR");
+
+    println!("cargo:rerun-if-changed=build.rs");
+    println!("cargo:rerun-if-changed=bswap.ll");
+}

crates/extensions/src/lib.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+//! Custom RISC-V extension in PolkaVM that are partially supported.
+//! We use inline assembly to emit partially supported instructions.
+
+use inkwell::{context::Context, module::Module, support::LLVMString};
+
+include!(concat!(env!("OUT_DIR"), "/bswap.rs"));
+
+/// Returns a LLVM module containing a `__bswap` function, which
+/// - Takes a `i256` value argument
+/// - Byte swaps it using `rev8` from the `zbb` extension
+/// - Returns the `i256` value
+///
+/// Returns `Error` if the module fails to validate, which should never happen.
+pub fn module<'context>(
+    context: &'context Context,
+    module_name: &str,
+) -> Result<Module<'context>, LLVMString> {
+    let module = context.create_module(module_name);
+
+    module.set_inline_assembly(ASSEMBLY);
+    module.verify()?;
+
+    Ok(module)
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    #[test]
+    fn assembly_contains_rev8_instruction() {
+        assert!(crate::ASSEMBLY.contains("rev8"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn module_is_valid() {
+        inkwell::targets::Target::initialize_riscv(&Default::default());
+        let context = inkwell::context::Context::create();
+
+        assert!(crate::module(&context, "polkavm_bswap").is_ok());
+    }
+}

crates/integration/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+[package]
+name = "revive-integration"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2021"
+
+# See more keys and their definitions at https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html
+
+[dependencies]
+polkavm = { workspace = true }
+alloy-primitives = { workspace = true }
+alloy-sol-types = { workspace = true }
+hex = { workspace = true }
+env_logger = { workspace = true }
+
+revive-solidity = { path = "../solidity" }
+revive-differential = { path = "../differential" }
+era-compiler-llvm-context = { path = "../llvm-context" }
+
+[dev-dependencies]
+sha1 = { workspace = true }
+serde = { workspace = true }
+serde_json = { workspace = true }

crates/integration/codesize.json

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+{
+  "Flipper": 3958,
+  "Baseline": 3551,
+  "Computation": 5912,
+  "Fibonacci": 4909,
+  "ERC20": 1966
+}

crates/integration/contracts/Baseline.sol

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+pragma solidity ^0.8.24;
+
+contract Baseline {
+    function baseline() public payable {}
+}

crates/integration/contracts/Computation.sol

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+pragma solidity ^0.8.24;
+
+contract Computation {
+    function triangle_number(int64 n) public pure returns (int64 sum) {
+        unchecked {
+            for (int64 x = 1; x <= n; x++) {
+                sum += x;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    function odd_product(int32 n) public pure returns (int64) {
+        unchecked {
+            int64 prod = 1;
+            for (int32 x = 1; x <= n; x++) {
+                prod *= 2 * int64(x) - 1;
+            }
+            return prod;
+        }
+    }
+}

crates/integration/contracts/ERC20.sol

@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+pragma solidity ^0.8.20;
+
+// https://github.com/OpenZeppelin/openzeppelin-contracts/blob/v3.0.0/contracts/token/ERC20/IERC20.sol
+interface IERC20 {
+    function totalSupply() external view returns (uint);
+
+    function balanceOf(address account) external view returns (uint);
+
+    function transfer(address recipient, uint amount) external returns (bool);
+
+    function allowance(
+        address owner,
+        address spender
+    ) external view returns (uint);
+
+    function approve(address spender, uint amount) external returns (bool);
+
+    function transferFrom(
+        address sender,
+        address recipient,
+        uint amount
+    ) external returns (bool);
+
+    event Transfer(address indexed from, address indexed to, uint value);
+    event Approval(address indexed owner, address indexed spender, uint value);
+}
+
+contract ERC20 is IERC20 {
+    uint public totalSupply;
+    mapping(address => uint) public balanceOf;
+    mapping(address => mapping(address => uint)) public allowance;
+    string public name = "Solidity by Example";
+    string public symbol = "SOLBYEX";
+    uint8 public decimals = 18;
+
+    function transfer(address recipient, uint amount) external returns (bool) {
+        balanceOf[msg.sender] -= amount;
+        balanceOf[recipient] += amount;
+        emit Transfer(msg.sender, recipient, amount);
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    function approve(address spender, uint amount) external returns (bool) {
+        allowance[msg.sender][spender] = amount;
+        emit Approval(msg.sender, spender, amount);
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    function transferFrom(
+        address sender,
+        address recipient,
+        uint amount
+    ) external returns (bool) {
+        allowance[sender][msg.sender] -= amount;
+        balanceOf[sender] -= amount;
+        balanceOf[recipient] += amount;
+        emit Transfer(sender, recipient, amount);
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    function mint(uint amount) external {
+        balanceOf[msg.sender] += amount;
+        totalSupply += amount;
+        emit Transfer(address(0), msg.sender, amount);
+    }
+
+    function burn(uint amount) external {
+        balanceOf[msg.sender] -= amount;
+        totalSupply -= amount;
+        emit Transfer(msg.sender, address(0), amount);
+    }
+}

crates/integration/contracts/Fibonacci.sol

@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: UNLICENSED
+
+pragma solidity ^0.8.24;
+
+// https://medium.com/coinmonks/fibonacci-in-solidity-8477d907e22a
+
+contract FibonacciRecursive {
+    function f(uint n) internal pure returns (uint) {
+        if (n <= 1) {
+            return n;
+        } else {
+            return f(n - 1) + f(n - 2);
+        }
+    }
+
+    function fib3(uint n) public pure returns (uint) {
+        return f(n);
+    }
+}
+
+contract FibonacciIterative {
+    function fib3(uint n) external pure returns (uint b) {
+        if (n == 0) {
+            return 0;
+        }
+        uint a = 1;
+        b = 1;
+        for (uint i = 2; i < n; i++) {
+            unchecked {
+                uint c = a + b;
+                a = b;
+                b = c;
+            }
+        }
+        return b;
+    }
+}
+
+contract FibonacciBinet {
+    function fib3(uint n) external pure returns (uint a) {
+        if (n == 0) {
+            return 0;
+        }
+        uint h = n / 2;
+        uint mask = 1;
+        // find highest set bit in n
+        while (mask <= h) {
+            mask <<= 1;
+        }
+        mask >>= 1;
+        a = 1;
+        uint b = 1;
+        uint c;
+        while (mask > 0) {
+            c = a * a + b * b;
+            if (n & mask > 0) {
+                b = b * (b + 2 * a);
+                a = c;
+            } else {
+                a = a * (2 * b - a);
+                b = c;
+            }
+            mask >>= 1;
+        }
+        return a;
+    }
+}

crates/integration/contracts/MSize.sol

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+pragma solidity ^0.8.24;
+
+contract MSize {
+    uint[] public data;
+
+    function mSize() public pure returns (uint size) {
+        assembly {
+            size := msize()
+        }
+    }
+
+    function mStore100() public pure returns (uint size) {
+        assembly {
+            mstore(100, msize())
+            size := msize()
+        }
+    }
+}

crates/integration/contracts/SHA1.sol

@@ -0,0 +1,240 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-2-Clause
+pragma solidity ^0.8.4;
+
+contract SHA1 {
+    function sha1(bytes memory data) public pure returns (bytes20 ret) {
+        assembly {
+            // Get a safe scratch location
+            let scratch := mload(0x40)
+
+            // Get the data length, and point data at the first byte
+            let len := mload(data)
+            data := add(data, 32)
+
+            // Find the length after padding
+            let totallen := add(and(add(len, 1), 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFC0), 64)
+            switch lt(sub(totallen, len), 9)
+            case 1 {
+                totallen := add(totallen, 64)
+            }
+
+            let h := 0x6745230100EFCDAB890098BADCFE001032547600C3D2E1F0
+
+            function readword(ptr, off, count) -> result {
+                result := 0
+                if lt(off, count) {
+                    result := mload(add(ptr, off))
+                    count := sub(count, off)
+                    if lt(count, 32) {
+                        let mask := not(sub(exp(256, sub(32, count)), 1))
+                        result := and(result, mask)
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            for {
+                let i := 0
+            } lt(i, totallen) {
+                i := add(i, 64)
+            } {
+                mstore(scratch, readword(data, i, len))
+                mstore(add(scratch, 32), readword(data, add(i, 32), len))
+
+                // If we loaded the last byte, store the terminator byte
+                switch lt(sub(len, i), 64)
+                case 1 {
+                    mstore8(add(scratch, sub(len, i)), 0x80)
+                }
+
+                // If this is the last block, store the length
+                switch eq(i, sub(totallen, 64))
+                case 1 {
+                    mstore(
+                        add(scratch, 32),
+                        or(mload(add(scratch, 32)), mul(len, 8))
+                    )
+                }
+
+                // Expand the 16 32-bit words into 80
+                for {
+                    let j := 64
+                } lt(j, 128) {
+                    j := add(j, 12)
+                } {
+                    let temp := xor(
+                        xor(
+                            mload(add(scratch, sub(j, 12))),
+                            mload(add(scratch, sub(j, 32)))
+                        ),
+                        xor(
+                            mload(add(scratch, sub(j, 56))),
+                            mload(add(scratch, sub(j, 64)))
+                        )
+                    )
+                    temp := or(
+                        and(
+                            mul(temp, 2),
+                            0xFFFFFFFEFFFFFFFEFFFFFFFEFFFFFFFEFFFFFFFEFFFFFFFEFFFFFFFEFFFFFFFE
+                        ),
+                        and(
+                            div(temp, 0x80000000),
+                            0x0000000100000001000000010000000100000001000000010000000100000001
+                        )
+                    )
+                    mstore(add(scratch, j), temp)
+                }
+                for {
+                    let j := 128
+                } lt(j, 320) {
+                    j := add(j, 24)
+                } {
+                    let temp := xor(
+                        xor(
+                            mload(add(scratch, sub(j, 24))),
+                            mload(add(scratch, sub(j, 64)))
+                        ),
+                        xor(
+                            mload(add(scratch, sub(j, 112))),
+                            mload(add(scratch, sub(j, 128)))
+                        )
+                    )
+                    temp := or(
+                        and(
+                            mul(temp, 4),
+                            0xFFFFFFFCFFFFFFFCFFFFFFFCFFFFFFFCFFFFFFFCFFFFFFFCFFFFFFFCFFFFFFFC
+                        ),
+                        and(
+                            div(temp, 0x40000000),
+                            0x0000000300000003000000030000000300000003000000030000000300000003
+                        )
+                    )
+                    mstore(add(scratch, j), temp)
+                }
+
+                let x := h
+                let f := 0
+                let k := 0
+                for {
+                    let j := 0
+                } lt(j, 80) {
+                    j := add(j, 1)
+                } {
+                    switch div(j, 20)
+                    case 0 {
+                        // f = d xor (b and (c xor d))
+                        f := xor(
+                            div(x, 0x100000000000000000000),
+                            div(x, 0x10000000000)
+                        )
+                        f := and(div(x, 0x1000000000000000000000000000000), f)
+                        f := xor(div(x, 0x10000000000), f)
+                        k := 0x5A827999
+                    }
+                    case 1 {
+                        // f = b xor c xor d
+                        f := xor(
+                            div(x, 0x1000000000000000000000000000000),
+                            div(x, 0x100000000000000000000)
+                        )
+                        f := xor(div(x, 0x10000000000), f)
+                        k := 0x6ED9EBA1
+                    }
+                    case 2 {
+                        // f = (b and c) or (d and (b or c))
+                        f := or(
+                            div(x, 0x1000000000000000000000000000000),
+                            div(x, 0x100000000000000000000)
+                        )
+                        f := and(div(x, 0x10000000000), f)
+                        f := or(
+                            and(
+                                div(x, 0x1000000000000000000000000000000),
+                                div(x, 0x100000000000000000000)
+                            ),
+                            f
+                        )
+                        k := 0x8F1BBCDC
+                    }
+                    case 3 {
+                        // f = b xor c xor d
+                        f := xor(
+                            div(x, 0x1000000000000000000000000000000),
+                            div(x, 0x100000000000000000000)
+                        )
+                        f := xor(div(x, 0x10000000000), f)
+                        k := 0xCA62C1D6
+                    }
+                    // temp = (a leftrotate 5) + f + e + k + w[i]
+                    let temp := and(
+                        div(
+                            x,
+                            0x80000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
+                        ),
+                        0x1F
+                    )
+                    temp := or(
+                        and(
+                            div(x, 0x800000000000000000000000000000000000000),
+                            0xFFFFFFE0
+                        ),
+                        temp
+                    )
+                    temp := add(f, temp)
+                    temp := add(and(x, 0xFFFFFFFF), temp)
+                    temp := add(k, temp)
+                    temp := add(
+                        div(
+                            mload(add(scratch, mul(j, 4))),
+                            0x100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
+                        ),
+                        temp
+                    )
+                    x := or(
+                        div(x, 0x10000000000),
+                        mul(temp, 0x10000000000000000000000000000000000000000)
+                    )
+                    x := or(
+                        and(
+                            x,
+                            0xFFFFFFFF00FFFFFFFF000000000000FFFFFFFF00FFFFFFFF
+                        ),
+                        mul(
+                            or(
+                                and(div(x, 0x4000000000000), 0xC0000000),
+                                and(div(x, 0x400000000000000000000), 0x3FFFFFFF)
+                            ),
+                            0x100000000000000000000
+                        )
+                    )
+                }
+
+                h := and(
+                    add(h, x),
+                    0xFFFFFFFF00FFFFFFFF00FFFFFFFF00FFFFFFFF00FFFFFFFF
+                )
+            }
+            ret := mul(
+                or(
+                    or(
+                        or(
+                            or(
+                                and(
+                                    div(h, 0x100000000),
+                                    0xFFFFFFFF00000000000000000000000000000000
+                                ),
+                                and(
+                                    div(h, 0x1000000),
+                                    0xFFFFFFFF000000000000000000000000
+                                )
+                            ),
+                            and(div(h, 0x10000), 0xFFFFFFFF0000000000000000)
+                        ),
+                        and(div(h, 0x100), 0xFFFFFFFF00000000)
+                    ),
+                    and(h, 0xFFFFFFFF)
+                ),
+                0x1000000000000000000000000
+            )
+        }
+    }
+}

crates/integration/contracts/Value.sol

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+pragma solidity ^0.8.24;
+
+contract Value {
+    function value() public payable returns (uint ret) {
+        ret = msg.value;
+    }
+}

crates/integration/contracts/flipper.sol

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+pragma solidity ^0.8.24;
+
+contract Flipper {
+    bool coin;
+
+    function flip() public {
+        coin = !coin;
+    }
+}

crates/integration/contracts/mStore8.sol

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+pragma solidity ^0.8.24;
+
+contract MStore8 {
+    function mStore8(uint value) public pure returns (uint256 word) {
+        assembly {
+            mstore8(0x80, value)
+            word := mload(0x80)
+        }
+    }
+}

crates/integration/src/cases.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,220 @@
+use alloy_primitives::U256;
+use alloy_sol_types::{sol, SolCall};
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct Contract {
+    pub evm_runtime: Vec<u8>,
+    pub pvm_runtime: Vec<u8>,
+    pub calldata: Vec<u8>,
+}
+
+sol!(contract Baseline { function baseline() public payable; });
+
+sol!(contract Flipper { function flip() public; });
+
+sol!(contract Computation {
+    function odd_product(int32 n) public pure returns (int64);
+    function triangle_number(int64 n) public pure returns (int64 sum);
+});
+
+sol!(
+    contract FibonacciRecursive {
+        function fib3(uint n) public pure returns (uint);
+    }
+);
+
+sol!(
+    contract FibonacciIterative {
+        function fib3(uint n) external pure returns (uint b);
+    }
+);
+
+sol!(
+    contract FibonacciBinet {
+        function fib3(uint n) external pure returns (uint a);
+    }
+);
+
+sol!(
+    contract SHA1 {
+        function sha1(bytes memory data) public pure returns (bytes20 ret);
+    }
+);
+
+sol!(
+    interface IERC20 {
+        function totalSupply() external view returns (uint);
+
+        function balanceOf(address account) external view returns (uint);
+
+        function transfer(address recipient, uint amount) external returns (bool);
+
+        function allowance(
+            address owner,
+            address spender
+        ) external view returns (uint);
+
+        function approve(address spender, uint amount) external returns (bool);
+
+        function transferFrom(
+            address sender,
+            address recipient,
+            uint amount
+        ) external returns (bool);
+
+        event Transfer(address indexed from, address indexed to, uint value);
+        event Approval(address indexed owner, address indexed spender, uint value);
+    }
+);
+
+impl Contract {
+    pub fn baseline() -> Self {
+        let code = include_str!("../contracts/Baseline.sol");
+        let name = "Baseline";
+
+        Self {
+            evm_runtime: crate::compile_evm_bin_runtime(name, code),
+            pvm_runtime: crate::compile_blob(name, code),
+            calldata: Baseline::baselineCall::new(()).abi_encode(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn odd_product(n: i32) -> Self {
+        let code = include_str!("../contracts/Computation.sol");
+        let name = "Computation";
+
+        Self {
+            evm_runtime: crate::compile_evm_bin_runtime(name, code),
+            pvm_runtime: crate::compile_blob(name, code),
+            calldata: Computation::odd_productCall::new((n,)).abi_encode(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn triangle_number(n: i64) -> Self {
+        let code = include_str!("../contracts/Computation.sol");
+        let name = "Computation";
+
+        Self {
+            evm_runtime: crate::compile_evm_bin_runtime(name, code),
+            pvm_runtime: crate::compile_blob(name, code),
+            calldata: Computation::triangle_numberCall::new((n,)).abi_encode(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn fib_recursive(n: u32) -> Self {
+        let code = include_str!("../contracts/Fibonacci.sol");
+        let name = "FibonacciRecursive";
+
+        Self {
+            evm_runtime: crate::compile_evm_bin_runtime(name, code),
+            pvm_runtime: crate::compile_blob(name, code),
+            calldata: FibonacciRecursive::fib3Call::new((U256::from(n),)).abi_encode(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn fib_iterative(n: u32) -> Self {
+        let code = include_str!("../contracts/Fibonacci.sol");
+        let name = "FibonacciIterative";
+
+        Self {
+            evm_runtime: crate::compile_evm_bin_runtime(name, code),
+            pvm_runtime: crate::compile_blob(name, code),
+            calldata: FibonacciIterative::fib3Call::new((U256::from(n),)).abi_encode(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn fib_binet(n: u32) -> Self {
+        let code = include_str!("../contracts/Fibonacci.sol");
+        let name = "FibonacciBinet";
+
+        Self {
+            evm_runtime: crate::compile_evm_bin_runtime(name, code),
+            pvm_runtime: crate::compile_blob(name, code),
+            calldata: FibonacciBinet::fib3Call::new((U256::from(n),)).abi_encode(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn sha1(pre: Vec<u8>) -> Self {
+        let code = include_str!("../contracts/SHA1.sol");
+        let name = "SHA1";
+
+        Self {
+            evm_runtime: crate::compile_evm_bin_runtime(name, code),
+            pvm_runtime: crate::compile_blob(name, code),
+            calldata: SHA1::sha1Call::new((pre,)).abi_encode(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn flipper() -> Self {
+        let code = include_str!("../contracts/flipper.sol");
+        let name = "Flipper";
+
+        Self {
+            evm_runtime: crate::compile_evm_bin_runtime(name, code),
+            pvm_runtime: crate::compile_blob(name, code),
+            calldata: Flipper::flipCall::new(()).abi_encode(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn erc20() -> Self {
+        let code = include_str!("../contracts/ERC20.sol");
+        let name = "ERC20";
+
+        Self {
+            evm_runtime: crate::compile_evm_bin_runtime(name, code),
+            pvm_runtime: crate::compile_blob(name, code),
+            calldata: IERC20::totalSupplyCall::new(()).abi_encode(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use serde::{de::Deserialize, Serialize};
+    use std::{collections::HashMap, fs::File};
+
+    use super::Contract;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn codesize() {
+        let path = "codesize.json";
+
+        let existing = File::open(path)
+            .map(|file| {
+                HashMap::<String, usize>::deserialize(&mut serde_json::Deserializer::from_reader(
+                    file,
+                ))
+                .expect("should be able to deserialze codesize data")
+            })
+            .ok();
+
+        let sizes = HashMap::from([
+            ("Baseline", Contract::baseline().pvm_runtime.len()),
+            ("Flipper", Contract::flipper().pvm_runtime.len()),
+            ("Computation", Contract::odd_product(0).pvm_runtime.len()),
+            ("Fibonacci", Contract::fib_iterative(0).pvm_runtime.len()),
+            ("ERC20", Contract::erc20().pvm_runtime.len()),
+        ]);
+
+        for (name, bytes) in sizes.iter() {
+            let change = existing
+                .as_ref()
+                .and_then(|map| map.get(*name))
+                .map(|old| {
+                    let new = *bytes as f32;
+                    let old = *old as f32;
+                    let p = (new - old) / new * 100.0;
+                    format!("({p}% change from {old} bytes)")
+                })
+                .unwrap_or_default();
+
+            println!("{name}: {bytes} bytes {change}");
+        }
+
+        sizes
+            .serialize(&mut serde_json::Serializer::pretty(
+                File::create(path).unwrap(),
+            ))
+            .unwrap_or_else(|err| panic!("can not write codesize data to '{}': {}", path, err));
+    }
+}

crates/integration/src/lib.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+use cases::Contract;
+use mock_runtime::State;
+
+pub mod cases;
+pub mod mock_runtime;
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests;
+
+/// Compile the blob of `contract_name` found in given `source_code`.
+/// The `solc` optimizer will be enabled
+pub fn compile_blob(contract_name: &str, source_code: &str) -> Vec<u8> {
+    compile_blob_with_options(
+        contract_name,
+        source_code,
+        true,
+        revive_solidity::SolcPipeline::Yul,
+    )
+}
+
+/// Compile the EVM bin-runtime of `contract_name` found in given `source_code`.
+/// The `solc` optimizer will be enabled
+pub fn compile_evm_bin_runtime(contract_name: &str, source_code: &str) -> Vec<u8> {
+    let file_name = "contract.sol";
+
+    let contracts = revive_solidity::test_utils::build_solidity_with_options_evm(
+        [(file_name.into(), source_code.into())].into(),
+        Default::default(),
+        None,
+        revive_solidity::SolcPipeline::Yul,
+        true,
+    )
+    .expect("source should compile");
+    let bin_runtime = &contracts
+        .get(contract_name)
+        .unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("contract '{}' didn't produce bin-runtime", contract_name))
+        .object;
+
+    hex::decode(bin_runtime).expect("bin-runtime shold be hex encoded")
+}
+
+/// Compile the blob of `contract_name` found in given `source_code`.
+pub fn compile_blob_with_options(
+    contract_name: &str,
+    source_code: &str,
+    solc_optimizer_enabled: bool,
+    pipeline: revive_solidity::SolcPipeline,
+) -> Vec<u8> {
+    let file_name = "contract.sol";
+
+    let contracts = revive_solidity::test_utils::build_solidity_with_options(
+        [(file_name.into(), source_code.into())].into(),
+        Default::default(),
+        None,
+        pipeline,
+        era_compiler_llvm_context::OptimizerSettings::cycles(),
+        solc_optimizer_enabled,
+    )
+    .expect("source should compile")
+    .contracts
+    .expect("source should contain at least one contract");
+
+    let bytecode = contracts[file_name][contract_name]
+        .evm
+        .as_ref()
+        .expect("source should produce EVM output")
+        .assembly_text
+        .as_ref()
+        .expect("source should produce assembly text");
+
+    hex::decode(bytecode).expect("hex encoding should always be valid")
+}
+
+pub fn assert_success(contract: Contract, differential: bool) -> State {
+    let (mut instance, export) = mock_runtime::prepare(&contract.pvm_runtime, None);
+    let state = mock_runtime::call(State::new(contract.calldata.clone()), &mut instance, export);
+    assert_eq!(state.output.flags, 0);
+
+    if differential {
+        let evm = revive_differential::prepare(contract.evm_runtime, contract.calldata);
+        assert_eq!(state.output.data.clone(), revive_differential::execute(evm));
+    }
+
+    state
+}

crates/integration/src/mock_runtime.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,256 @@
+//! Mock environment used for integration tests.
+//! TODO: Switch to drink! once RISCV is ready in polkadot-sdk
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+
+use alloy_primitives::{Keccak256, U256};
+use polkavm::{
+    Caller, Config, Engine, ExportIndex, GasMeteringKind, Instance, Linker, Module, ModuleConfig,
+    ProgramBlob, Trap,
+};
+
+#[derive(Default, Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct State {
+    pub input: Vec<u8>,
+    pub output: CallOutput,
+    pub value: u128,
+    pub storage: HashMap<U256, U256>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct CallOutput {
+    pub flags: u32,
+    pub data: Vec<u8>,
+}
+
+impl Default for CallOutput {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            flags: u32::MAX,
+            data: Vec::new(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl State {
+    pub fn new(input: Vec<u8>) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            input,
+            ..Default::default()
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn reset_output(&mut self) {
+        self.output = Default::default();
+    }
+
+    pub fn assert_storage_key(&self, at: U256, expect: U256) {
+        assert_eq!(self.storage[&at], expect);
+    }
+}
+
+fn link_host_functions(engine: &Engine) -> Linker<State> {
+    let mut linker = Linker::new(engine);
+
+    linker
+        .func_wrap(
+            "input",
+            |caller: Caller<State>, out_ptr: u32, out_len_ptr: u32| -> Result<(), Trap> {
+                let (mut caller, state) = caller.split();
+
+                assert!(state.input.len() <= caller.read_u32(out_len_ptr).unwrap() as usize);
+
+                caller.write_memory(out_ptr, &state.input)?;
+                caller.write_memory(out_len_ptr, &(state.input.len() as u32).to_le_bytes())?;
+
+                Ok(())
+            },
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+
+    linker
+        .func_wrap(
+            "seal_return",
+            |caller: Caller<State>, flags: u32, data_ptr: u32, data_len: u32| -> Result<(), Trap> {
+                let (caller, state) = caller.split();
+
+                state.output.flags = flags;
+                state.output.data = caller.read_memory_into_vec(data_ptr, data_len)?;
+
+                Err(Default::default())
+            },
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+
+    linker
+        .func_wrap(
+            "value_transferred",
+            |caller: Caller<State>, out_ptr: u32, out_len_ptr: u32| -> Result<(), Trap> {
+                let (mut caller, state) = caller.split();
+
+                let value = state.value.to_le_bytes();
+
+                caller.write_memory(out_ptr, &value)?;
+                caller.write_memory(out_len_ptr, &(value.len() as u32).to_le_bytes())?;
+
+                Ok(())
+            },
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+
+    linker
+        .func_wrap(
+            "debug_message",
+            |caller: Caller<State>, str_ptr: u32, str_len: u32| -> Result<u32, Trap> {
+                let (caller, _) = caller.split();
+
+                let data = caller.read_memory_into_vec(str_ptr, str_len)?;
+                print!("debug_message: {}", String::from_utf8(data).unwrap());
+
+                Ok(0)
+            },
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+
+    linker
+        .func_wrap(
+            "set_storage",
+            |caller: Caller<State>,
+             key_ptr: u32,
+             key_len: u32,
+             value_ptr: u32,
+             value_len: u32|
+             -> Result<u32, Trap> {
+                let (caller, state) = caller.split();
+
+                assert_eq!(key_len, 32, "storage key must be 32 bytes");
+                assert_eq!(value_len, 32, "storage value must be 32 bytes");
+
+                let key = caller.read_memory_into_vec(key_ptr, key_len)?;
+                let value = caller.read_memory_into_vec(value_ptr, value_len)?;
+
+                state.storage.insert(
+                    U256::from_be_bytes::<32>(key.try_into().unwrap()),
+                    U256::from_be_bytes::<32>(value.try_into().unwrap()),
+                );
+
+                Ok(0)
+            },
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+
+    linker
+        .func_wrap(
+            "get_storage",
+            |caller: Caller<State>,
+             key_ptr: u32,
+             key_len: u32,
+             out_ptr: u32,
+             out_len_ptr: u32|
+             -> Result<u32, Trap> {
+                let (mut caller, state) = caller.split();
+
+                let key = caller.read_memory_into_vec(key_ptr, key_len)?;
+                let out_len = caller.read_u32(out_len_ptr)?;
+                assert!(out_len >= 32);
+
+                let value = state
+                    .storage
+                    .get(&U256::from_be_bytes::<32>(key.try_into().unwrap()))
+                    .map(U256::to_be_bytes::<32>)
+                    .unwrap_or_default();
+
+                caller.write_memory(out_ptr, &value[..])?;
+                caller.write_memory(out_len_ptr, &32u32.to_le_bytes())?;
+
+                Ok(0)
+            },
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+
+    linker
+        .func_wrap(
+            "hash_keccak_256",
+            |caller: Caller<State>,
+             input_ptr: u32,
+             input_len: u32,
+             out_ptr: u32|
+             -> Result<(), Trap> {
+                let (mut caller, _) = caller.split();
+
+                let pre = caller.read_memory_into_vec(input_ptr, input_len)?;
+
+                let mut hasher = Keccak256::new();
+                hasher.update(&pre);
+                caller.write_memory(out_ptr, &hasher.finalize()[..])?;
+
+                Ok(())
+            },
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+
+    linker
+}
+
+pub fn setup(config: Option<Config>) -> Engine {
+    Engine::new(&config.unwrap_or_default()).unwrap()
+}
+
+pub fn recompile_code(code: &[u8], engine: &Engine) -> Module {
+    let mut module_config = ModuleConfig::new();
+    module_config.set_gas_metering(Some(GasMeteringKind::Sync));
+
+    Module::new(engine, &module_config, code).unwrap()
+}
+
+pub fn instantiate_module(module: &Module, engine: &Engine) -> (Instance<State>, ExportIndex) {
+    let export = module.lookup_export("call").unwrap();
+    let func = link_host_functions(engine).instantiate_pre(module).unwrap();
+    let instance = func.instantiate().unwrap();
+
+    (instance, export)
+}
+
+pub fn prepare(code: &[u8], config: Option<Config>) -> (Instance<State>, ExportIndex) {
+    let blob = ProgramBlob::parse(code).unwrap();
+
+    let engine = Engine::new(&config.unwrap_or_default()).unwrap();
+
+    let mut module_config = ModuleConfig::new();
+    module_config.set_gas_metering(Some(GasMeteringKind::Sync));
+
+    let module = Module::from_blob(&engine, &module_config, &blob).unwrap();
+    let export = module.lookup_export("call").unwrap();
+    let func = link_host_functions(&engine)
+        .instantiate_pre(&module)
+        .unwrap();
+    let instance = func.instantiate().unwrap();
+
+    (instance, export)
+}
+
+pub fn call(mut state: State, on: &mut Instance<State>, export: ExportIndex) -> State {
+    state.reset_output();
+
+    let mut state_args = polkavm::StateArgs::default();
+    state_args.set_gas(polkavm::Gas::MAX);
+
+    let call_args = polkavm::CallArgs::new(&mut state, export);
+
+    init_logs();
+
+    match on.call(state_args, call_args) {
+        Err(polkavm::ExecutionError::Trap(_)) => state,
+        Err(other) => panic!("unexpected error: {other}"),
+        Ok(_) => panic!("unexpected return"),
+    }
+}
+
+fn init_logs() {
+    if std::env::var("RUST_LOG").is_ok() {
+        #[cfg(test)]
+        let test = true;
+        #[cfg(not(test))]
+        let test = false;
+        let _ = env_logger::builder().is_test(test).try_init();
+    }
+}

crates/integration/src/tests.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,266 @@
+use alloy_primitives::{FixedBytes, Keccak256, I256, U256};
+use alloy_sol_types::{sol, SolCall};
+use sha1::Digest;
+
+use crate::{
+    assert_success,
+    cases::Contract,
+    mock_runtime::{self, State},
+};
+
+#[test]
+fn fibonacci() {
+    let parameter = 6;
+
+    for contract in [
+        Contract::fib_recursive(parameter),
+        Contract::fib_iterative(parameter),
+        Contract::fib_binet(parameter),
+    ] {
+        let state = assert_success(contract, true);
+        let received = U256::from_be_bytes::<32>(state.output.data.try_into().unwrap());
+        let expected = U256::from(8);
+        assert_eq!(received, expected);
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn flipper() {
+    let contract = Contract::flipper();
+    let (mut instance, export) = mock_runtime::prepare(&contract.pvm_runtime, None);
+
+    let state = crate::mock_runtime::call(State::new(contract.calldata), &mut instance, export);
+    assert_eq!(state.output.flags, 0);
+    assert_eq!(state.storage[&U256::ZERO], U256::try_from(1).unwrap());
+
+    let state = crate::mock_runtime::call(state, &mut instance, export);
+    assert_eq!(state.output.flags, 0);
+    assert_eq!(state.storage[&U256::ZERO], U256::ZERO);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn hash_keccak_256() {
+    sol!(
+        #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+        contract TestSha3 {
+            function test(string memory _pre) external payable returns (bytes32);
+        }
+    );
+    let source = r#"contract TestSha3 {
+            function test(string memory _pre) external payable returns (bytes32 hash) {
+                hash = keccak256(bytes(_pre));
+            }
+        }"#;
+    let code = crate::compile_blob("TestSha3", source);
+
+    let param = "hello";
+    let input = TestSha3::testCall::new((param.to_string(),)).abi_encode();
+
+    let state = State::new(input);
+    let (mut instance, export) = mock_runtime::prepare(&code, None);
+    let state = crate::mock_runtime::call(state, &mut instance, export);
+
+    assert_eq!(state.output.flags, 0);
+
+    let mut hasher = Keccak256::new();
+    hasher.update(param);
+    let expected = hasher.finalize();
+    let received = FixedBytes::<32>::from_slice(&state.output.data);
+    assert_eq!(received, expected);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn erc20() {
+    let _ = crate::compile_blob("ERC20", include_str!("../contracts/ERC20.sol"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn triangle_number() {
+    let state = assert_success(Contract::triangle_number(13), true);
+    let received = U256::from_be_bytes::<32>(state.output.data.try_into().unwrap());
+    let expected = U256::try_from(91).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(received, expected);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn odd_product() {
+    let state = assert_success(Contract::odd_product(5), true);
+    let received = I256::from_be_bytes::<32>(state.output.data.try_into().unwrap());
+    let expected = I256::try_from(945i64).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(received, expected);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn msize_plain() {
+    sol!(
+        #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+        contract MSize {
+            function mSize() public pure returns (uint);
+        }
+    );
+    let code = crate::compile_blob_with_options(
+        "MSize",
+        include_str!("../contracts/MSize.sol"),
+        false,
+        revive_solidity::SolcPipeline::EVMLA,
+    );
+    let (mut instance, export) = mock_runtime::prepare(&code, None);
+
+    let input = MSize::mSizeCall::new(()).abi_encode();
+    let state = crate::mock_runtime::call(State::new(input), &mut instance, export);
+
+    assert_eq!(state.output.flags, 0);
+
+    // Solidity always stores the "free memory pointer" (32 byte int) at offset 64.
+    let expected = U256::try_from(64 + 32).unwrap();
+    let received = U256::from_be_bytes::<32>(state.output.data.try_into().unwrap());
+    assert_eq!(received, expected);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn transferred_value() {
+    sol!(
+        contract Value {
+            function value() public payable returns (uint);
+        }
+    );
+    let code = crate::compile_blob("Value", include_str!("../contracts/Value.sol"));
+    let mut state = State::new(Value::valueCall::SELECTOR.to_vec());
+    state.value = 0x1;
+
+    let (mut instance, export) = mock_runtime::prepare(&code, None);
+    let state = crate::mock_runtime::call(state, &mut instance, export);
+
+    assert_eq!(state.output.flags, 0);
+
+    let expected = I256::try_from(state.value).unwrap();
+    let received = I256::from_be_bytes::<32>(state.output.data.try_into().unwrap());
+    assert_eq!(received, expected);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn msize_non_word_sized_access() {
+    sol!(
+        #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+        contract MSize {
+            function mStore100() public pure returns (uint);
+        }
+    );
+    let code = crate::compile_blob_with_options(
+        "MSize",
+        include_str!("../contracts/MSize.sol"),
+        false,
+        revive_solidity::SolcPipeline::Yul,
+    );
+    let (mut instance, export) = mock_runtime::prepare(&code, None);
+
+    let input = MSize::mStore100Call::new(()).abi_encode();
+    let state = crate::mock_runtime::call(State::new(input), &mut instance, export);
+
+    assert_eq!(state.output.flags, 0);
+
+    // https://docs.zksync.io/build/developer-reference/differences-with-ethereum.html#mstore-mload
+    // "Unlike EVM, where the memory growth is in words, on zkEVM the memory growth is counted in bytes."
+    // "For example, if you write mstore(100, 0) the msize on zkEVM will be 132, but on the EVM it will be 160."
+    let expected = U256::try_from(132).unwrap();
+    let received = U256::from_be_bytes::<32>(state.output.data.try_into().unwrap());
+    assert_eq!(received, expected);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn mstore8() {
+    sol!(
+        #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+        contract MStore8 {
+            function mStore8(uint value) public pure returns (uint256 word);
+        }
+    );
+    let code = crate::compile_blob("MStore8", include_str!("../contracts/mStore8.sol"));
+    let (mut instance, export) = mock_runtime::prepare(&code, None);
+
+    let mut assert = |parameter, expected| {
+        let input = MStore8::mStore8Call::new((parameter,)).abi_encode();
+        let state = crate::mock_runtime::call(State::new(input), &mut instance, export);
+
+        assert_eq!(state.output.flags, 0);
+
+        let received = U256::from_be_bytes::<32>(state.output.data.try_into().unwrap());
+        assert_eq!(received, expected);
+    };
+
+    for (parameter, expected) in [
+        (U256::MIN, U256::MIN),
+        (
+            U256::from(1),
+            U256::from_str_radix(
+                "452312848583266388373324160190187140051835877600158453279131187530910662656",
+                10,
+            )
+            .unwrap(),
+        ),
+        (
+            U256::from(2),
+            U256::from_str_radix(
+                "904625697166532776746648320380374280103671755200316906558262375061821325312",
+                10,
+            )
+            .unwrap(),
+        ),
+        (
+            U256::from(255),
+            U256::from_str_radix(
+                "115339776388732929035197660848497720713218148788040405586178452820382218977280",
+                10,
+            )
+            .unwrap(),
+        ),
+        (U256::from(256), U256::from(0)),
+        (
+            U256::from(257),
+            U256::from_str_radix(
+                "452312848583266388373324160190187140051835877600158453279131187530910662656",
+                10,
+            )
+            .unwrap(),
+        ),
+        (
+            U256::from(258),
+            U256::from_str_radix(
+                "904625697166532776746648320380374280103671755200316906558262375061821325312",
+                10,
+            )
+            .unwrap(),
+        ),
+        (
+            U256::from(123456789),
+            U256::from_str_radix(
+                "9498569820248594155839807363993929941088553429603327518861754938149123915776",
+                10,
+            )
+            .unwrap(),
+        ),
+        (
+            U256::MAX,
+            U256::from_str_radix(
+                "115339776388732929035197660848497720713218148788040405586178452820382218977280",
+                10,
+            )
+            .unwrap(),
+        ),
+    ] {
+        assert(parameter, expected);
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn sha1() {
+    let pre = vec![0xffu8; 512];
+    let mut hasher = sha1::Sha1::new();
+    hasher.update(&pre);
+    let hash = hasher.finalize();
+
+    let state = assert_success(Contract::sha1(pre), true);
+    let expected = FixedBytes::<20>::from_slice(&hash[..]);
+    let received = FixedBytes::<20>::from_slice(&state.output.data[..20]);
+    assert_eq!(received, expected);
+}

crates/linker/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+[package]
+name = "revive-linker"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2021"
+
+# See more keys and their definitions at https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html
+
+[dependencies]
+inkwell = { workspace = true }
+tempfile = { workspace = true }
+polkavm-linker = { workspace = true }
+polkavm-common = { workspace = true }
+libc = { workspace = true }
+anyhow = { workspace = true }
+
+revive-builtins = { path = "../builtins" }
+lld-sys = { path = "../lld-sys" }

crates/linker/src/lib.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+use std::{env, ffi::CString, fs};
+
+use lld_sys::LLDELFLink;
+use revive_builtins::COMPILER_RT;
+
+const LINKER_SCRIPT: &str = r#"
+SECTIONS {
+    .text : { KEEP(*(.text.polkavm_export)) *(.text .text.*) }
+}"#;
+
+fn invoke_lld(cmd_args: &[&str]) -> bool {
+    let c_strings = cmd_args
+        .iter()
+        .map(|arg| CString::new(*arg).expect("ld.lld args should not contain null bytes"))
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+    let args: Vec<*const libc::c_char> = c_strings.iter().map(|arg| arg.as_ptr()).collect();
+
+    unsafe { LLDELFLink(args.as_ptr(), args.len()) == 0 }
+}
+
+fn polkavm_linker<T: AsRef<[u8]>>(code: T) -> anyhow::Result<Vec<u8>> {
+    let mut config = polkavm_linker::Config::default();
+    config.set_strip(true);
+
+    polkavm_linker::program_from_elf(config, code.as_ref())
+        .map(|blob| blob.as_bytes().to_vec())
+        .map_err(|reason| anyhow::anyhow!("polkavm linker failed: {}", reason))
+}
+
+pub fn link<T: AsRef<[u8]>>(input: T) -> anyhow::Result<Vec<u8>> {
+    let dir = tempfile::tempdir().expect("failed to create temp directory for linking");
+    let output_path = dir.path().join("out.so");
+    let object_path = dir.path().join("out.o");
+    let linker_script_path = dir.path().join("linker.ld");
+    let compiler_rt_path = dir.path().join("libclang_rt.builtins-riscv64.a");
+
+    fs::write(&object_path, input).map_err(|msg| anyhow::anyhow!("{msg} {object_path:?}"))?;
+
+    if env::var("PVM_LINKER_DUMP_OBJ").is_ok() {
+        fs::copy(&object_path, "/tmp/out.o")?;
+    }
+
+    fs::write(&linker_script_path, LINKER_SCRIPT)
+        .map_err(|msg| anyhow::anyhow!("{msg} {linker_script_path:?}"))?;
+
+    fs::write(&compiler_rt_path, COMPILER_RT)
+        .map_err(|msg| anyhow::anyhow!("{msg} {compiler_rt_path:?}"))?;
+
+    let ld_args = [
+        "ld.lld",
+        "--lto=full",
+        "--error-limit=0",
+        "--relocatable",
+        "--emit-relocs",
+        "--no-relax",
+        "--gc-sections",
+        "--library-path",
+        dir.path().to_str().expect("should be utf8"),
+        "--library",
+        "clang_rt.builtins-riscv64",
+        linker_script_path.to_str().expect("should be utf8"),
+        object_path.to_str().expect("should be utf8"),
+        "-o",
+        output_path.to_str().expect("should be utf8"),
+    ];
+
+    if invoke_lld(&ld_args) {
+        return Err(anyhow::anyhow!("ld.lld failed"));
+    }
+
+    if env::var("PVM_LINKER_DUMP_SO").is_ok() {
+        fs::copy(&output_path, "/tmp/out.so")?;
+    };
+
+    let blob = fs::read(&output_path)?;
+    polkavm_linker(blob)
+}

crates/lld-sys/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+[package]
+name = "lld-sys"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2021"
+build = "build.rs"
+
+
+# See more keys and their definitions at https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html
+
+[dependencies]
+libc = { workspace = true }
+
+[build-dependencies]
+cc = { workspace = true }

crates/lld-sys/build.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+fn llvm_config(arg: &str) -> String {
+    let output = std::process::Command::new("llvm-config")
+        .args([arg])
+        .output()
+        .unwrap_or_else(|_| panic!("`llvm-config {arg}` failed"));
+
+    String::from_utf8(output.stdout)
+        .unwrap_or_else(|_| panic!("output of `llvm-config {arg}` should be utf8"))
+}
+
+fn set_rustc_link_flags() {
+    println!("cargo:rustc-link-search=native={}", llvm_config("--libdir"));
+
+    for lib in [
+        "lldELF",
+        "lldCommon",
+        "lldMachO",
+        "LLVMSupport",
+        "LLVMLinker",
+        "LLVMCore",
+        "LLVMLTO",
+        "LLVMTargetParser",
+        "LLVMBinaryFormat",
+        "LLVMDemangle",
+    ] {
+        println!("cargo:rustc-link-lib=static={lib}");
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(target_os = "linux")]
+    println!("cargo:rustc-link-lib=dylib=stdc++");
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    llvm_config("--cxxflags")
+        .split_whitespace()
+        .fold(&mut cc::Build::new(), |builder, flag| builder.flag(flag))
+        .flag("-Wno-unused-parameter")
+        .cpp(true)
+        .file("src/linker.cpp")
+        .compile("liblinker.a");
+
+    set_rustc_link_flags();
+
+    println!("cargo:rerun-if-changed=build.rs");
+}

crates/lld-sys/src/lib.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+extern "C" {
+    pub fn LLDELFLink(args: *const *const libc::c_char, size: libc::size_t) -> libc::c_int;
+}

crates/lld-sys/src/linker.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+#include "lld/Common/Driver.h"
+#include "lld/Common/CommonLinkerContext.h"
+#include "llvm/Support/CrashRecoveryContext.h"
+
+LLD_HAS_DRIVER(elf);
+
+extern "C" bool LLDELFLink(const char *argv[], size_t length)
+{
+    bool canRunAgain;
+
+    {
+        llvm::ArrayRef<const char *> args(argv, length);
+        llvm::CrashRecoveryContext crc;
+        if (!crc.RunSafely([&]()
+                           { canRunAgain = lld::elf::link(args, llvm::outs(), llvm::errs(), false, false); }))
+            return false;
+    }
+
+    llvm::CrashRecoveryContext crc;
+    return canRunAgain && crc.RunSafely([&]()
+                                        { lld::CommonLinkerContext::destroy(); });
+}

crates/llvm-context/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+[package]
+name = "era-compiler-llvm-context"
+version = "1.4.1"
+authors = [
+    "Oleksandr Zarudnyi <a.zarudnyy@matterlabs.dev>",
+    "Cyrill Leutwiler <cyrill@parity.io>",
+]
+license = "MIT OR Apache-2.0"
+edition = "2021"
+description = "Shared front end code of the EraVM compilers"
+
+[lib]
+doctest = false
+
+[features]
+riscv-zbb = []
+
+[dependencies]
+anyhow = { workspace = true }
+semver = { workspace = true }
+itertools = { workspace = true }
+serde = { workspace = true, features = ["derive"] }
+regex = { workspace = true }
+once_cell = { workspace = true }
+num = { workspace = true }
+hex = { workspace = true }
+sha2 = { workspace = true }
+sha3 = { workspace = true }
+md5 = { workspace = true }
+inkwell = { workspace = true }
+
+zkevm_opcode_defs = { git = "https://github.com/matter-labs/era-zkevm_opcode_defs", branch = "v1.4.1" }
+revive-common = { path = "../common" }
+
+pallet-contracts-pvm-llapi = { path = "../pallet-contracts-pvm-llapi" }
+revive-linker = { path = "../linker" }
+revive-builtins = { path = "../builtins" }
+revive-stdlib = { path = "../stdlib" }

crates/llvm-context/src/debug_config/ir_type.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+//!
+//! The debug IR type.
+//!
+
+///
+/// The debug IR type.
+///
+#[allow(non_camel_case_types)]
+#[allow(clippy::upper_case_acronyms)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+pub enum IRType {
+    /// Whether to dump the Yul code.
+    Yul,
+    /// Whether to dump the EVM legacy assembly code.
+    EVMLA,
+    /// Whether to dump the Ethereal IR code.
+    EthIR,
+    /// Whether to dump the Vyper LLL IR code.
+    LLL,
+    /// Whether to dump the LLVM IR code.
+    LLVM,
+    /// Whether to dump the assembly code.
+    Assembly,
+}
+
+impl IRType {
+    ///
+    /// Returns the file extension for the specified IR.
+    ///
+    pub fn file_extension(&self) -> &'static str {
+        match self {
+            Self::Yul => revive_common::EXTENSION_YUL,
+            Self::EthIR => revive_common::EXTENSION_ETHIR,
+            Self::EVMLA => revive_common::EXTENSION_EVMLA,
+            Self::LLL => revive_common::EXTENSION_LLL,
+            Self::LLVM => revive_common::EXTENSION_LLVM_SOURCE,
+            Self::Assembly => revive_common::EXTENSION_ERAVM_ASSEMBLY,
+        }
+    }
+}

crates/llvm-context/src/debug_config/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,140 @@
+//!
+//! The debug configuration.
+//!
+
+pub mod ir_type;
+
+use std::path::PathBuf;
+
+use serde::Deserialize;
+use serde::Serialize;
+
+use self::ir_type::IRType;
+
+///
+/// The debug configuration.
+///
+#[derive(Debug, Default, Serialize, Deserialize, Clone)]
+pub struct DebugConfig {
+    /// The directory to dump the IRs to.
+    pub output_directory: PathBuf,
+}
+
+impl DebugConfig {
+    ///
+    /// A shortcut constructor.
+    ///
+    pub fn new(output_directory: PathBuf) -> Self {
+        Self { output_directory }
+    }
+
+    ///
+    /// Dumps the Yul IR.
+    ///
+    pub fn dump_yul(&self, contract_path: &str, code: &str) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+        let mut file_path = self.output_directory.to_owned();
+        let full_file_name = Self::full_file_name(contract_path, None, IRType::Yul);
+        file_path.push(full_file_name);
+        std::fs::write(file_path, code)?;
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    ///
+    /// Dumps the EVM legacy assembly IR.
+    ///
+    pub fn dump_evmla(&self, contract_path: &str, code: &str) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+        let mut file_path = self.output_directory.to_owned();
+        let full_file_name = Self::full_file_name(contract_path, None, IRType::EVMLA);
+        file_path.push(full_file_name);
+        std::fs::write(file_path, code)?;
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    ///
+    /// Dumps the Ethereal IR.
+    ///
+    pub fn dump_ethir(&self, contract_path: &str, code: &str) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+        let mut file_path = self.output_directory.to_owned();
+        let full_file_name = Self::full_file_name(contract_path, None, IRType::EthIR);
+        file_path.push(full_file_name);
+        std::fs::write(file_path, code)?;
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    ///
+    /// Dumps the LLL IR.
+    ///
+    pub fn dump_lll(&self, contract_path: &str, code: &str) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+        let mut file_path = self.output_directory.to_owned();
+        let full_file_name = Self::full_file_name(contract_path, None, IRType::LLL);
+        file_path.push(full_file_name);
+        std::fs::write(file_path, code)?;
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    ///
+    /// Dumps the unoptimized LLVM IR.
+    ///
+    pub fn dump_llvm_ir_unoptimized(
+        &self,
+        contract_path: &str,
+        module: &inkwell::module::Module,
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+        let llvm_code = module.print_to_string().to_string();
+
+        let mut file_path = self.output_directory.to_owned();
+        let full_file_name = Self::full_file_name(contract_path, Some("unoptimized"), IRType::LLVM);
+        file_path.push(full_file_name);
+        std::fs::write(file_path, llvm_code)?;
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    ///
+    /// Dumps the optimized LLVM IR.
+    ///
+    pub fn dump_llvm_ir_optimized(
+        &self,
+        contract_path: &str,
+        module: &inkwell::module::Module,
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+        let llvm_code = module.print_to_string().to_string();
+
+        let mut file_path = self.output_directory.to_owned();
+        let full_file_name = Self::full_file_name(contract_path, Some("optimized"), IRType::LLVM);
+        file_path.push(full_file_name);
+        std::fs::write(file_path, llvm_code)?;
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    ///
+    /// Dumps the assembly.
+    ///
+    pub fn dump_assembly(&self, contract_path: &str, code: &str) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+        let mut file_path = self.output_directory.to_owned();
+        let full_file_name = Self::full_file_name(contract_path, None, IRType::Assembly);
+        file_path.push(full_file_name);
+        std::fs::write(file_path, code)?;
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    ///
+    /// Creates a full file name, given the contract full path, suffix, and extension.
+    ///
+    fn full_file_name(contract_path: &str, suffix: Option<&str>, ir_type: IRType) -> String {
+        let mut full_file_name = contract_path.replace('/', "_").replace(':', ".");
+        if let Some(suffix) = suffix {
+            full_file_name.push('.');
+            full_file_name.push_str(suffix);
+        }
+        full_file_name.push('.');
+        full_file_name.push_str(ir_type.file_extension());
+        full_file_name
+    }
+}

crates/llvm-context/src/eravm/const.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+//!
+//! The LLVM context constants.
+//!
+
+/// The LLVM framework version.
+pub const LLVM_VERSION: semver::Version = semver::Version::new(18, 1, 4);
+
+/// The EraVM version.
+pub const ZKEVM_VERSION: semver::Version = semver::Version::new(1, 3, 2);
+
+/// The register width sized type
+pub static XLEN: usize = revive_common::BIT_LENGTH_X32;
+
+/// The heap memory pointer pointer global variable name.
+pub static GLOBAL_HEAP_MEMORY_POINTER: &str = "memory_pointer";
+
+/// The calldata pointer global variable name.
+pub static GLOBAL_CALLDATA_POINTER: &str = "ptr_calldata";
+
+/// The calldata size global variable name.
+pub static GLOBAL_CALLDATA_SIZE: &str = "calldatasize";
+
+/// The return data pointer global variable name.
+pub static GLOBAL_RETURN_DATA_POINTER: &str = "ptr_return_data";
+
+/// The return data size pointer global variable name.
+pub static GLOBAL_RETURN_DATA_SIZE: &str = "returndatasize";
+
+/// The call flags global variable name.
+pub static GLOBAL_CALL_FLAGS: &str = "call_flags";
+
+/// The extra ABI data global variable name.
+pub static GLOBAL_EXTRA_ABI_DATA: &str = "extra_abi_data";
+
+/// The active pointer global variable name.
+pub static GLOBAL_ACTIVE_POINTER: &str = "ptr_active";
+
+/// The constant array global variable name prefix.
+pub static GLOBAL_CONST_ARRAY_PREFIX: &str = "const_array_";
+
+/// The global verbatim getter identifier prefix.
+pub static GLOBAL_VERBATIM_GETTER_PREFIX: &str = "get_global::";
+
+/// The external call data offset in the auxiliary heap.
+pub const HEAP_AUX_OFFSET_EXTERNAL_CALL: u64 = 0;
+
+/// The constructor return data offset in the auxiliary heap.
+pub const HEAP_AUX_OFFSET_CONSTRUCTOR_RETURN_DATA: u64 =
+    8 * (revive_common::BYTE_LENGTH_FIELD as u64);
+
+/// The number of the extra ABI data arguments.
+pub const EXTRA_ABI_DATA_SIZE: usize = 0;
+
+/// The `create` method deployer signature.
+pub static DEPLOYER_SIGNATURE_CREATE: &str = "create(bytes32,bytes32,bytes)";
+
+/// The `create2` method deployer signature.
+pub static DEPLOYER_SIGNATURE_CREATE2: &str = "create2(bytes32,bytes32,bytes)";
+
+/// The absence of system call bit.
+pub const NO_SYSTEM_CALL_BIT: bool = false;
+
+/// The system call bit.
+pub const SYSTEM_CALL_BIT: bool = true;
+
+///
+/// The deployer call header size that consists of:
+/// - selector (4 bytes)
+/// - salt (32 bytes)
+/// - bytecode hash (32 bytes)
+/// - constructor arguments offset (32 bytes)
+/// - constructor arguments length (32 bytes)
+///
+pub const DEPLOYER_CALL_HEADER_SIZE: usize =
+    revive_common::BYTE_LENGTH_X32 + (revive_common::BYTE_LENGTH_FIELD * 4);

crates/llvm-context/src/eravm/context/address_space.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+//!
+//! The address space aliases.
+//!
+
+///
+/// The address space aliases.
+///
+#[derive(Default, Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+pub enum AddressSpace {
+    /// The stack memory.
+    #[default]
+    Stack,
+    /// The heap memory.
+    Heap,
+    /// The auxiliary heap memory.
+    HeapAuxiliary,
+    /// The generic memory page.
+    Generic,
+    /// The code area.
+    Code,
+    /// The storage.
+    Storage,
+    /// The transient storage.
+    TransientStorage,
+}
+
+impl From<AddressSpace> for inkwell::AddressSpace {
+    fn from(value: AddressSpace) -> Self {
+        match value {
+            AddressSpace::Stack => Self::from(0),
+            AddressSpace::Heap => Self::from(1),
+            AddressSpace::HeapAuxiliary => Self::from(2),
+            AddressSpace::Generic => Self::from(3),
+            AddressSpace::Code => Self::from(4),
+            AddressSpace::Storage => Self::from(5),
+            AddressSpace::TransientStorage => Self::from(6),
+        }
+    }
+}

crates/llvm-context/src/eravm/context/argument.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+//!
+//! The LLVM argument with metadata.
+//!
+
+///
+/// The LLVM argument with metadata.
+///
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct Argument<'ctx> {
+    /// The actual LLVM operand.
+    pub value: inkwell::values::BasicValueEnum<'ctx>,
+    /// The original AST value. Used mostly for string literals.
+    pub original: Option<String>,
+    /// The preserved constant value, if available.
+    pub constant: Option<num::BigUint>,
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> Argument<'ctx> {
+    /// The calldata offset argument index.
+    pub const ARGUMENT_INDEX_CALLDATA_OFFSET: usize = 0;
+
+    /// The calldata length argument index.
+    pub const ARGUMENT_INDEX_CALLDATA_LENGTH: usize = 1;
+
+    ///
+    /// A shortcut constructor.
+    ///
+    pub fn new(value: inkwell::values::BasicValueEnum<'ctx>) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            value,
+            original: None,
+            constant: None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    ///
+    /// A shortcut constructor.
+    ///
+    pub fn new_with_original(
+        value: inkwell::values::BasicValueEnum<'ctx>,
+        original: String,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            value,
+            original: Some(original),
+            constant: None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    ///
+    /// A shortcut constructor.
+    ///
+    pub fn new_with_constant(
+        value: inkwell::values::BasicValueEnum<'ctx>,
+        constant: num::BigUint,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            value,
+            original: None,
+            constant: Some(constant),
+        }
+    }
+
+    ///
+    /// Returns the inner LLVM value.
+    ///
+    pub fn to_llvm(&self) -> inkwell::values::BasicValueEnum<'ctx> {
+        self.value
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> From<inkwell::values::BasicValueEnum<'ctx>> for Argument<'ctx> {
+    fn from(value: inkwell::values::BasicValueEnum<'ctx>) -> Self {
+        Self::new(value)
+    }
+}

crates/llvm-context/src/eravm/context/attribute.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+//! The LLVM attribute.
+
+use serde::Deserialize;
+use serde::Serialize;
+
+/// The LLVM attribute.
+///
+/// In order to check the real order in a new major version of LLVM, find the `Attributes.inc` file
+/// inside of the LLVM build directory. This order is actually generated during the building.
+///
+/// FIXME: Generate this in build.rs?
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, Hash)]
+pub enum Attribute {
+    Unused = 0,
+    AllocAlign = 1,
+    AllocatedPointer = 2,
+    AlwaysInline = 3,
+    Builtin = 4,
+    Cold = 5,
+    Convergent = 6,
+    CoroDestroyOnlyWhenComplete = 7,
+    DeadOnUnwind = 8,
+    DisableSanitizerInstrumentation = 9,
+    FnRetThunkExtern = 10,
+    Hot = 11,
+    ImmArg = 12,
+    InReg = 13,
+    InlineHint = 14,
+    JumpTable = 15,
+    MinSize = 16,
+    MustProgress = 17,
+    Naked = 18,
+    Nest = 19,
+    NoAlias = 20,
+    NoBuiltin = 21,
+    NoCallback = 22,
+    NoCapture = 23,
+    NoCfCheck = 24,
+    NoDuplicate = 25,
+    NoFree = 26,
+    NoImplicitFloat = 27,
+    NoInline = 28,
+    NoMerge = 29,
+    NoProfile = 30,
+    NoRecurse = 31,
+    NoRedZone = 32,
+    NoReturn = 33,
+    NoSanitizeBounds = 34,
+    NoSanitizeCoverage = 35,
+    NoSync = 36,
+    NoUndef = 37,
+    NoUnwind = 38,
+    NonLazyBind = 39,
+    NonNull = 40,
+    NullPointerIsValid = 41,
+    OptForFuzzing = 42,
+    OptimizeForDebugging = 43,
+    OptimizeForSize = 44,
+    OptimizeNone = 45,
+    PresplitCoroutine = 46,
+    ReadNone = 47,
+    ReadOnly = 48,
+    Returned = 49,
+    ReturnsTwice = 50,
+    SExt = 51,
+    SafeStack = 52,
+    SanitizeAddress = 53,
+    SanitizeHWAddress = 54,
+    SanitizeMemTag = 55,
+    SanitizeMemory = 56,
+    SanitizeThread = 57,
+    ShadowCallStack = 58,
+    SkipProfile = 59,
+    Speculatable = 60,
+    SpeculativeLoadHardening = 61,
+    StackProtect = 62,
+    StackProtectReq = 63,
+    StackProtectStrong = 64,
+    StrictFP = 65,
+    SwiftAsync = 66,
+    SwiftError = 67,
+    SwiftSelf = 68,
+    WillReturn = 69,
+    Writable = 70,
+    WriteOnly = 71,
+    ZExt = 72,
+    //LastEnumAttr = 72,
+    // FirstTypeAttr = 73,
+    ByRef = 73,
+    ByVal = 74,
+    ElementType = 75,
+    InAlloca = 76,
+    Preallocated = 77,
+    StructRet = 78,
+    // LastTypeAttr = 78,
+    // FirstIntAttr = 79,
+    Alignment = 79,
+    AllocKind = 80,
+    AllocSize = 81,
+    Dereferenceable = 82,
+    DereferenceableOrNull = 83,
+    Memory = 84,
+    NoFPClass = 85,
+    StackAlignment = 86,
+    UWTable = 87,
+    VScaleRange = 88,
+    // LastIntAttr = 88,
+}
+
+impl TryFrom<&str> for Attribute {
+    type Error = String;
+
+    fn try_from(value: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
+        match value {
+            "AlwaysInline" => Ok(Attribute::AlwaysInline),
+            "Cold" => Ok(Attribute::Cold),
+            "Hot" => Ok(Attribute::Hot),
+            "MinSize" => Ok(Attribute::MinSize),
+            "OptimizeForSize" => Ok(Attribute::OptimizeForSize),
+            "NoInline" => Ok(Attribute::NoInline),
+            "WillReturn" => Ok(Attribute::WillReturn),
+            "WriteOnly" => Ok(Attribute::WriteOnly),
+            "ReadNone" => Ok(Attribute::ReadNone),
+            "ReadOnly" => Ok(Attribute::ReadOnly),
+            "NoReturn" => Ok(Attribute::NoReturn),
+            // FIXME: Not in Attributes.inc
+            //"InaccessibleMemOnly" => Ok(Attribute::InaccessibleMemOnly),
+            "MustProgress" => Ok(Attribute::MustProgress),
+            _ => Err(value.to_owned()),
+        }
+    }
+}

crates/llvm-context/src/eravm/context/build.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+//!
+//! The LLVM module build.
+//!
+
+use std::collections::BTreeMap;
+
+use serde::Deserialize;
+use serde::Serialize;
+
+///
+/// The LLVM module build.
+///
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct Build {
+    /// The EraVM text assembly.
+    pub assembly_text: String,
+    /// The metadata hash.
+    pub metadata_hash: Option<[u8; revive_common::BYTE_LENGTH_FIELD]>,
+    /// The EraVM binary bytecode.
+    pub bytecode: Vec<u8>,
+    /// The EraVM bytecode hash.
+    pub bytecode_hash: String,
+    /// The hash-to-full-path mapping of the contract factory dependencies.
+    pub factory_dependencies: BTreeMap<String, String>,
+}
+
+impl Build {
+    ///
+    /// A shortcut constructor.
+    ///
+    pub fn new(
+        assembly_text: String,
+        metadata_hash: Option<[u8; revive_common::BYTE_LENGTH_FIELD]>,
+        bytecode: Vec<u8>,
+        bytecode_hash: String,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            assembly_text,
+            metadata_hash,
+            bytecode,
+            bytecode_hash,
+            factory_dependencies: BTreeMap::new(),
+        }
+    }
+}

crates/llvm-context/src/eravm/context/code_type.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+//!
+//! The contract code types.
+//!
+
+///
+/// The contract code types (deploy and runtime).
+///
+/// They do not represent any entities in the final bytecode, but this separation is always present
+/// in the IRs used for translation to the EVM bytecode.
+///
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, Hash)]
+pub enum CodeType {
+    /// The deploy code.
+    Deploy,
+    /// The runtime code.
+    Runtime,
+}
+
+impl std::fmt::Display for CodeType {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        match self {
+            Self::Deploy => write!(f, "deploy"),
+            Self::Runtime => write!(f, "runtime"),
+        }
+    }
+}

crates/llvm-context/src/eravm/context/debug_info.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+//!
+//! The LLVM debug information.
+//!
+
+use inkwell::debug_info::AsDIScope;
+use num::Zero;
+
+///
+/// The LLVM debug information.
+///
+pub struct DebugInfo<'ctx> {
+    /// The compile unit.
+    compile_unit: inkwell::debug_info::DICompileUnit<'ctx>,
+    /// The debug info builder.
+    builder: inkwell::debug_info::DebugInfoBuilder<'ctx>,
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> DebugInfo<'ctx> {
+    ///
+    /// A shortcut constructor.
+    ///
+    pub fn new(module: &inkwell::module::Module<'ctx>) -> Self {
+        let (builder, compile_unit) = module.create_debug_info_builder(
+            true,
+            inkwell::debug_info::DWARFSourceLanguage::C,
+            module.get_name().to_string_lossy().as_ref(),
+            "",
+            "",
+            false,
+            "",
+            0,
+            "",
+            inkwell::debug_info::DWARFEmissionKind::Full,
+            0,
+            false,
+            false,
+            "",
+            "",
+        );
+
+        Self {
+            compile_unit,
+            builder,
+        }
+    }
+
+    ///
+    /// Creates a function info.
+    ///
+    pub fn create_function(
+        &self,
+        name: &str,
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<inkwell::debug_info::DISubprogram<'ctx>> {
+        let subroutine_type = self.builder.create_subroutine_type(
+            self.compile_unit.get_file(),
+            Some(self.create_type(era_compiler_common::BIT_LENGTH_FIELD)?),
+            &[],
+            inkwell::debug_info::DIFlags::zero(),
+        );
+
+        let function = self.builder.create_function(
+            self.compile_unit.get_file().as_debug_info_scope(),
+            name,
+            None,
+            self.compile_unit.get_file(),
+            42,
+            subroutine_type,
+            true,
+            false,
+            1,
+            inkwell::debug_info::DIFlags::zero(),
+            false,
+        );
+
+        self.builder.create_lexical_block(
+            function.as_debug_info_scope(),
+            self.compile_unit.get_file(),
+            1,
+            1,
+        );
+
+        Ok(function)
+    }
+
+    ///
+    /// Creates a primitive type info.
+    ///
+    pub fn create_type(
+        &self,
+        bit_length: usize,
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<inkwell::debug_info::DIType<'ctx>> {
+        self.builder
+            .create_basic_type(
+                "U256",
+                bit_length as u64,
+                0,
+                inkwell::debug_info::DIFlags::zero(),
+            )
+            .map(|basic_type| basic_type.as_type())
+            .map_err(|error| anyhow::anyhow!("Debug info error: {}", error))
+    }
+
+    ///
+    /// Finalizes the builder.
+    ///
+    pub fn finalize(&self) {
+        self.builder.finalize();
+    }
+}

crates/llvm-context/src/eravm/context/evmla_data.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+//!
+//! The LLVM IR generator EVM legacy assembly data.
+//!
+
+use crate::eravm::context::argument::Argument;
+
+///
+/// The LLVM IR generator EVM legacy assembly data.
+///
+/// Describes some data that is only relevant to the EVM legacy assembly.
+///
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct EVMLAData<'ctx> {
+    /// The Solidity compiler version.
+    /// Some instruction behave differenly depending on the version.
+    pub version: semver::Version,
+    /// The static stack allocated for the current function.
+    pub stack: Vec<Argument<'ctx>>,
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> EVMLAData<'ctx> {
+    /// The default stack size.
+    pub const DEFAULT_STACK_SIZE: usize = 64;
+
+    ///
+    /// A shortcut constructor.
+    ///
+    pub fn new(version: semver::Version) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            version,
+            stack: Vec::with_capacity(Self::DEFAULT_STACK_SIZE),
+        }
+    }
+}

crates/llvm-context/src/eravm/context/function/block/evmla_data/key.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+//!
+//! The LLVM IR generator function block key.
+//!
+
+use crate::eravm::context::code_type::CodeType;
+
+///
+/// The LLVM IR generator function block key.
+///
+/// Is only relevant to the EVM legacy assembly.
+///
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, Hash)]
+pub struct Key {
+    /// The block code type.
+    pub code_type: CodeType,
+    /// The block tag.
+    pub tag: num::BigUint,
+}
+
+impl Key {
+    ///
+    /// A shortcut constructor.
+    ///
+    pub fn new(code_type: CodeType, tag: num::BigUint) -> Self {
+        Self { code_type, tag }
+    }
+}
+
+impl std::fmt::Display for Key {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        write!(
+            f,
+            "{}_{}",
+            match self.code_type {
+                CodeType::Deploy => "dt",
+                CodeType::Runtime => "rt",
+            },
+            self.tag
+        )
+    }
+}

crates/llvm-context/src/eravm/context/function/block/evmla_data/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+//!
+//! The LLVM function block EVM legacy assembly data.
+//!
+
+pub mod key;
+
+///
+/// The LLVM function block EVM legacy assembly data.
+///
+/// Describes some data that is only relevant to the EVM legacy assembly.
+///
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct EVMLAData {
+    /// The initial hashes of the allowed stack states.
+    pub stack_hashes: Vec<md5::Digest>,
+}
+
+impl EVMLAData {
+    ///
+    /// A shortcut constructor.
+    ///
+    pub fn new(stack_hashes: Vec<md5::Digest>) -> Self {
+        Self { stack_hashes }
+    }
+}

crates/llvm-context/src/eravm/context/function/block/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+//!
+//! The LLVM IR generator function block.
+//!
+
+pub mod evmla_data;
+
+use self::evmla_data::EVMLAData;
+
+///
+/// The LLVM IR generator function block.
+///
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct Block<'ctx> {
+    /// The inner block.
+    inner: inkwell::basic_block::BasicBlock<'ctx>,
+    /// The EVM legacy assembly compiler data.
+    evmla_data: Option<EVMLAData>,
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> Block<'ctx> {
+    ///
+    /// A shortcut constructor.
+    ///
+    pub fn new(inner: inkwell::basic_block::BasicBlock<'ctx>) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            inner,
+            evmla_data: None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    ///
+    /// Sets the EVM legacy assembly data.
+    ///
+    pub fn set_evmla_data(&mut self, data: EVMLAData) {
+        self.evmla_data = Some(data);
+    }
+
+    ///
+    /// The LLVM object reference.
+    ///
+    pub fn inner(&self) -> inkwell::basic_block::BasicBlock<'ctx> {
+        self.inner
+    }
+
+    ///
+    /// Returns the EVM data reference.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    /// If the EVM data has not been initialized.
+    ///
+    pub fn evm(&self) -> &EVMLAData {
+        self.evmla_data
+            .as_ref()
+            .expect("The EVM data must have been initialized")
+    }
+
+    ///
+    /// Returns the EVM data mutable reference.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    /// If the EVM data has not been initialized.
+    ///
+    pub fn evm_mut(&mut self) -> &mut EVMLAData {
+        self.evmla_data
+            .as_mut()
+            .expect("The EVM data must have been initialized")
+    }
+}

crates/llvm-context/src/eravm/context/function/declaration.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+//!
+//! The LLVM function declaration.
+//!
+
+///
+/// The LLVM function declaration.
+///
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct Declaration<'ctx> {
+    /// The function type.
+    pub r#type: inkwell::types::FunctionType<'ctx>,
+    /// The function value.
+    pub value: inkwell::values::FunctionValue<'ctx>,
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> Declaration<'ctx> {
+    ///
+    /// A shortcut constructor.
+    ///
+    pub fn new(
+        r#type: inkwell::types::FunctionType<'ctx>,
+        value: inkwell::values::FunctionValue<'ctx>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self { r#type, value }
+    }
+}

crates/llvm-context/src/eravm/context/function/evmla_data.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+//!
+//! The LLVM function EVM legacy assembly data.
+//!
+
+use std::collections::BTreeMap;
+
+use crate::eravm::context::function::block::evmla_data::key::Key as BlockKey;
+use crate::eravm::context::function::block::Block;
+
+///
+/// The LLVM function EVM legacy assembly data.
+///
+/// Describes some data that is only relevant to the EVM legacy assembly.
+///
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct EVMLAData<'ctx> {
+    /// The ordinary blocks with numeric tags.
+    /// Is only used by the Solidity EVM compiler.
+    pub blocks: BTreeMap<BlockKey, Vec<Block<'ctx>>>,
+    /// The function stack size.
+    pub stack_size: usize,
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> EVMLAData<'ctx> {
+    ///
+    /// A shortcut constructor.
+    ///
+    pub fn new(stack_size: usize) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            blocks: BTreeMap::new(),
+            stack_size,
+        }
+    }
+
+    ///
+    /// Inserts a function block.
+    ///
+    pub fn insert_block(&mut self, key: BlockKey, block: Block<'ctx>) {
+        if let Some(blocks) = self.blocks.get_mut(&key) {
+            blocks.push(block);
+        } else {
+            self.blocks.insert(key, vec![block]);
+        }
+    }
+
+    ///
+    /// Returns the block with the specified tag and initial stack pattern.
+    ///
+    /// If there is only one block, it is returned unconditionally.
+    ///
+    pub fn find_block(
+        &self,
+        key: &BlockKey,
+        stack_hash: &md5::Digest,
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<Block<'ctx>> {
+        if self
+            .blocks
+            .get(key)
+            .ok_or_else(|| anyhow::anyhow!("Undeclared function block {}", key))?
+            .len()
+            == 1
+        {
+            return self
+                .blocks
+                .get(key)
+                .ok_or_else(|| anyhow::anyhow!("Undeclared function block {}", key))?
+                .first()
+                .cloned()
+                .ok_or_else(|| anyhow::anyhow!("Undeclared function block {}", key));
+        }
+
+        self.blocks
+            .get(key)
+            .ok_or_else(|| anyhow::anyhow!("Undeclared function block {}", key))?
+            .iter()
+            .find(|block| {
+                block
+                    .evm()
+                    .stack_hashes
+                    .iter()
+                    .any(|hash| hash == stack_hash)
+            })
+            .cloned()
+            .ok_or_else(|| anyhow::anyhow!("Undeclared function block {}", key))
+    }
+}

crates/llvm-context/src/eravm/context/function/intrinsics.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,149 @@
+//!
+//! The LLVM intrinsic functions.
+//!
+
+use inkwell::types::BasicType;
+
+use crate::eravm::context::address_space::AddressSpace;
+use crate::eravm::context::function::declaration::Declaration as FunctionDeclaration;
+
+///
+/// The LLVM intrinsic functions, implemented in the LLVM back-end.
+///
+/// Most of them are translated directly into bytecode instructions.
+///
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct Intrinsics<'ctx> {
+    /// The trap.
+    pub trap: FunctionDeclaration<'ctx>,
+    /// The memory copy within the heap.
+    pub memory_copy: FunctionDeclaration<'ctx>,
+    /// The memory copy from a generic page.
+    pub memory_copy_from_generic: FunctionDeclaration<'ctx>,
+    /// Performs endianness swaps on i256 values
+    pub byte_swap: FunctionDeclaration<'ctx>,
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> Intrinsics<'ctx> {
+    /// The corresponding intrinsic function name.
+    pub const FUNCTION_TRAP: &'static str = "llvm.trap";
+
+    /// The corresponding intrinsic function name.
+    pub const FUNCTION_MEMORY_COPY: &'static str = "llvm.memcpy.p1.p1.i256";
+
+    /// The corresponding intrinsic function name.
+    pub const FUNCTION_MEMORY_COPY_FROM_GENERIC: &'static str = "llvm.memcpy.p3.p1.i256";
+
+    /// The corresponding intrinsic function name.
+    pub const FUNCTION_BYTE_SWAP: &'static str = "llvm.bswap.i256";
+
+    ///
+    /// A shortcut constructor.
+    ///
+    pub fn new(
+        llvm: &'ctx inkwell::context::Context,
+        module: &inkwell::module::Module<'ctx>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        let void_type = llvm.void_type();
+        let bool_type = llvm.bool_type();
+        let field_type = llvm.custom_width_int_type(revive_common::BIT_LENGTH_FIELD as u32);
+        let _stack_field_pointer_type = llvm.ptr_type(AddressSpace::Stack.into());
+        let heap_field_pointer_type = llvm.ptr_type(AddressSpace::Heap.into());
+        let generic_byte_pointer_type = llvm.ptr_type(AddressSpace::Generic.into());
+
+        let trap = Self::declare(
+            llvm,
+            module,
+            Self::FUNCTION_TRAP,
+            void_type.fn_type(&[], false),
+        );
+        let memory_copy = Self::declare(
+            llvm,
+            module,
+            Self::FUNCTION_MEMORY_COPY,
+            void_type.fn_type(
+                &[
+                    heap_field_pointer_type.as_basic_type_enum().into(),
+                    heap_field_pointer_type.as_basic_type_enum().into(),
+                    field_type.as_basic_type_enum().into(),
+                    bool_type.as_basic_type_enum().into(),
+                ],
+                false,
+            ),
+        );
+        let memory_copy_from_generic = Self::declare(
+            llvm,
+            module,
+            Self::FUNCTION_MEMORY_COPY_FROM_GENERIC,
+            void_type.fn_type(
+                &[
+                    heap_field_pointer_type.as_basic_type_enum().into(),
+                    generic_byte_pointer_type.as_basic_type_enum().into(),
+                    field_type.as_basic_type_enum().into(),
+                    bool_type.as_basic_type_enum().into(),
+                ],
+                false,
+            ),
+        );
+        let byte_swap = Self::declare(
+            llvm,
+            module,
+            Self::FUNCTION_BYTE_SWAP,
+            field_type.fn_type(&[field_type.as_basic_type_enum().into()], false),
+        );
+
+        Self {
+            trap,
+            memory_copy,
+            memory_copy_from_generic,
+            byte_swap,
+        }
+    }
+
+    ///
+    /// Finds the specified LLVM intrinsic function in the target and returns its declaration.
+    ///
+    pub fn declare(
+        llvm: &'ctx inkwell::context::Context,
+        module: &inkwell::module::Module<'ctx>,
+        name: &str,
+        r#type: inkwell::types::FunctionType<'ctx>,
+    ) -> FunctionDeclaration<'ctx> {
+        let intrinsic = inkwell::intrinsics::Intrinsic::find(name)
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("Intrinsic function `{name}` does not exist"));
+        let argument_types = Self::argument_types(llvm, name);
+        let value = intrinsic
+            .get_declaration(module, argument_types.as_slice())
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("Intrinsic function `{name}` declaration error"));
+        FunctionDeclaration::new(r#type, value)
+    }
+
+    ///
+    /// Returns the LLVM types for selecting via the signature.
+    ///
+    pub fn argument_types(
+        llvm: &'ctx inkwell::context::Context,
+        name: &str,
+    ) -> Vec<inkwell::types::BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>> {
+        let field_type = llvm.custom_width_int_type(revive_common::BIT_LENGTH_FIELD as u32);
+
+        match name {
+            name if name == Self::FUNCTION_MEMORY_COPY => vec![
+                llvm.ptr_type(AddressSpace::Heap.into())
+                    .as_basic_type_enum(),
+                llvm.ptr_type(AddressSpace::Heap.into())
+                    .as_basic_type_enum(),
+                field_type.as_basic_type_enum(),
+            ],
+            name if name == Self::FUNCTION_MEMORY_COPY_FROM_GENERIC => vec![
+                llvm.ptr_type(AddressSpace::Heap.into())
+                    .as_basic_type_enum(),
+                llvm.ptr_type(AddressSpace::Generic.into())
+                    .as_basic_type_enum(),
+                field_type.as_basic_type_enum(),
+            ],
+            name if name == Self::FUNCTION_BYTE_SWAP => vec![field_type.as_basic_type_enum()],
+            _ => vec![],
+        }
+    }
+}

crates/llvm-context/src/eravm/context/function/llvm_runtime.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,667 @@
+//!
+//! The LLVM runtime functions.
+//!
+
+use inkwell::types::BasicType;
+
+use crate::eravm::context::address_space::AddressSpace;
+use crate::eravm::context::function::declaration::Declaration as FunctionDeclaration;
+use crate::eravm::context::function::Function;
+use crate::optimizer::Optimizer;
+
+///
+/// The runtime functions, implemented on the LLVM side.
+///
+/// The functions are automatically linked to the LLVM implementations if the signatures match.
+///
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct LLVMRuntime<'ctx> {
+    /// The LLVM personality function, used for exception handling.
+    pub personality: FunctionDeclaration<'ctx>,
+    /// The LLVM exception throwing function.
+    pub cxa_throw: FunctionDeclaration<'ctx>,
+
+    /// The corresponding LLVM runtime function.
+    pub div: FunctionDeclaration<'ctx>,
+    /// The corresponding LLVM runtime function.
+    pub sdiv: FunctionDeclaration<'ctx>,
+    /// The corresponding LLVM runtime function.
+    pub r#mod: FunctionDeclaration<'ctx>,
+    /// The corresponding LLVM runtime function.
+    pub smod: FunctionDeclaration<'ctx>,
+
+    /// The corresponding LLVM runtime function.
+    pub shl: FunctionDeclaration<'ctx>,
+    /// The corresponding LLVM runtime function.
+    pub shr: FunctionDeclaration<'ctx>,
+    /// The corresponding LLVM runtime function.
+    pub sar: FunctionDeclaration<'ctx>,
+    /// The corresponding LLVM runtime function.
+    pub byte: FunctionDeclaration<'ctx>,
+
+    /// The corresponding LLVM runtime function.
+    pub add_mod: FunctionDeclaration<'ctx>,
+    /// The corresponding LLVM runtime function.
+    pub mul_mod: FunctionDeclaration<'ctx>,
+    /// The corresponding LLVM runtime function.
+    pub exp: FunctionDeclaration<'ctx>,
+    /// The corresponding LLVM runtime function.
+    pub sign_extend: FunctionDeclaration<'ctx>,
+
+    /// The corresponding LLVM runtime function.
+    pub sha3: FunctionDeclaration<'ctx>,
+
+    /// The corresponding LLVM runtime function.
+    pub system_request: FunctionDeclaration<'ctx>,
+
+    /// The corresponding LLVM runtime function.
+    //pub far_call: FunctionDeclaration<'ctx>,
+    /// The corresponding LLVM runtime function.
+    pub far_call_byref: FunctionDeclaration<'ctx>,
+
+    /// The corresponding LLVM runtime function.
+    pub static_call: FunctionDeclaration<'ctx>,
+    /// The corresponding LLVM runtime function.
+    pub static_call_byref: FunctionDeclaration<'ctx>,
+
+    /// The corresponding LLVM runtime function.
+    pub delegate_call: FunctionDeclaration<'ctx>,
+    /// The corresponding LLVM runtime function.
+    pub delegate_call_byref: FunctionDeclaration<'ctx>,
+
+    /// The corresponding LLVM runtime function.
+    pub mimic_call: FunctionDeclaration<'ctx>,
+    /// The corresponding LLVM runtime function.
+    pub mimic_call_byref: FunctionDeclaration<'ctx>,
+
+    /// The corresponding LLVM runtime function.
+    pub r#return: FunctionDeclaration<'ctx>,
+    /// The corresponding LLVM runtime function.
+    pub revert: FunctionDeclaration<'ctx>,
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> LLVMRuntime<'ctx> {
+    /// The LLVM personality function name.
+    pub const FUNCTION_PERSONALITY: &'static str = "__personality";
+
+    /// The LLVM exception throwing function name.
+    pub const FUNCTION_CXA_THROW: &'static str = "__cxa_throw";
+
+    /// The corresponding runtime function name.
+    pub const FUNCTION_DIV: &'static str = "__div";
+
+    /// The corresponding runtime function name.
+    pub const FUNCTION_SDIV: &'static str = "__sdiv";
+
+    /// The corresponding runtime function name.
+    pub const FUNCTION_MOD: &'static str = "__mod";
+
+    /// The corresponding runtime function name.
+    pub const FUNCTION_SMOD: &'static str = "__smod";
+
+    /// The corresponding runtime function name.
+    pub const FUNCTION_SHL: &'static str = "__shl";
+
+    /// The corresponding runtime function name.
+    pub const FUNCTION_SHR: &'static str = "__shr";
+
+    /// The corresponding runtime function name.
+    pub const FUNCTION_SAR: &'static str = "__sar";
+
+    /// The corresponding runtime function name.
+    pub const FUNCTION_BYTE: &'static str = "__byte";
+
+    /// The corresponding runtime function name.
+    pub const FUNCTION_ADDMOD: &'static str = "__addmod";
+
+    /// The corresponding runtime function name.
+    pub const FUNCTION_MULMOD: &'static str = "__mulmod";
+
+    /// The corresponding runtime function name.
+    pub const FUNCTION_EXP: &'static str = "__exp";
+
+    /// The corresponding runtime function name.
+    pub const FUNCTION_SIGNEXTEND: &'static str = "__signextend";
+
+    /// The corresponding runtime function name.
+    pub const FUNCTION_SHA3: &'static str = "__sha3";
+
+    /// The corresponding runtime function name.
+    pub const FUNCTION_SYSTEM_REQUEST: &'static str = "__system_request";
+
+    /// The corresponding runtime function name.
+    pub const FUNCTION_FARCALL: &'static str = "__farcall";
+
+    /// The corresponding runtime function name.
+    pub const FUNCTION_STATICCALL: &'static str = "__staticcall";
+
+    /// The corresponding runtime function name.
+    pub const FUNCTION_DELEGATECALL: &'static str = "__delegatecall";
+
+    /// The corresponding runtime function name.
+    pub const FUNCTION_MIMICCALL: &'static str = "__mimiccall";
+
+    /// The corresponding runtime function name.
+    pub const FUNCTION_FARCALL_BYREF: &'static str = "__farcall_byref";
+
+    /// The corresponding runtime function name.
+    pub const FUNCTION_STATICCALL_BYREF: &'static str = "__staticcall_byref";
+
+    /// The corresponding runtime function name.
+    pub const FUNCTION_DELEGATECALL_BYREF: &'static str = "__delegatecall_byref";
+
+    /// The corresponding runtime function name.
+    pub const FUNCTION_MIMICCALL_BYREF: &'static str = "__mimiccall_byref";
+
+    /// The corresponding runtime function name.
+    pub const FUNCTION_RETURN: &'static str = "__return";
+
+    /// The corresponding runtime function name.
+    pub const FUNCTION_REVERT: &'static str = "__revert";
+
+    ///
+    /// A shortcut constructor.
+    ///
+    pub fn new(
+        llvm: &'ctx inkwell::context::Context,
+        module: &inkwell::module::Module<'ctx>,
+        optimizer: &Optimizer,
+    ) -> Self {
+        let personality = Self::declare(
+            module,
+            Self::FUNCTION_PERSONALITY,
+            llvm.i32_type().fn_type(&[], false),
+            None,
+        );
+
+        let cxa_throw = Self::declare(
+            module,
+            Self::FUNCTION_CXA_THROW,
+            llvm.void_type().fn_type(
+                vec![
+                    llvm.ptr_type(AddressSpace::Stack.into())
+                        .as_basic_type_enum()
+                        .into();
+                    3
+                ]
+                .as_slice(),
+                false,
+            ),
+            Some(inkwell::module::Linkage::External),
+        );
+        Function::set_cxa_throw_attributes(llvm, cxa_throw);
+
+        let div = Self::declare(
+            module,
+            Self::FUNCTION_DIV,
+            llvm.custom_width_int_type(revive_common::BIT_LENGTH_FIELD as u32)
+                .fn_type(
+                    vec![
+                        llvm.custom_width_int_type(revive_common::BIT_LENGTH_FIELD as u32)
+                            .as_basic_type_enum()
+                            .into();
+                        2
+                    ]
+                    .as_slice(),
+                    false,
+                ),
+            Some(inkwell::module::Linkage::External),
+        );
+        Function::set_default_attributes(llvm, div, optimizer);
+        Function::set_pure_function_attributes(llvm, div);
+
+        let r#mod = Self::declare(
+            module,
+            Self::FUNCTION_MOD,
+            llvm.custom_width_int_type(revive_common::BIT_LENGTH_FIELD as u32)
+                .fn_type(
+                    vec![
+                        llvm.custom_width_int_type(revive_common::BIT_LENGTH_FIELD as u32)
+                            .as_basic_type_enum()
+                            .into();
+                        2
+                    ]
+                    .as_slice(),
+                    false,
+                ),
+            Some(inkwell::module::Linkage::External),
+        );
+        Function::set_default_attributes(llvm, r#mod, optimizer);
+        Function::set_pure_function_attributes(llvm, r#mod);
+
+        let sdiv = Self::declare(
+            module,
+            Self::FUNCTION_SDIV,
+            llvm.custom_width_int_type(revive_common::BIT_LENGTH_FIELD as u32)
+                .fn_type(
+                    vec![
+                        llvm.custom_width_int_type(revive_common::BIT_LENGTH_FIELD as u32)
+                            .as_basic_type_enum()
+                            .into();
+                        2
+                    ]
+                    .as_slice(),
+                    false,
+                ),
+            Some(inkwell::module::Linkage::External),
+        );
+        Function::set_default_attributes(llvm, sdiv, optimizer);
+        Function::set_pure_function_attributes(llvm, sdiv);
+
+        let smod = Self::declare(
+            module,
+            Self::FUNCTION_SMOD,
+            llvm.custom_width_int_type(revive_common::BIT_LENGTH_FIELD as u32)
+                .fn_type(
+                    vec![
+                        llvm.custom_width_int_type(revive_common::BIT_LENGTH_FIELD as u32)
+                            .as_basic_type_enum()
+                            .into();
+                        2
+                    ]
+                    .as_slice(),
+                    false,
+                ),
+            Some(inkwell::module::Linkage::External),
+        );
+        Function::set_default_attributes(llvm, smod, optimizer);
+        Function::set_pure_function_attributes(llvm, smod);
+
+        let shl = Self::declare(
+            module,
+            Self::FUNCTION_SHL,
+            llvm.custom_width_int_type(revive_common::BIT_LENGTH_FIELD as u32)
+                .fn_type(
+                    vec![
+                        llvm.custom_width_int_type(revive_common::BIT_LENGTH_FIELD as u32)
+                            .as_basic_type_enum()
+                            .into();
+                        2
+                    ]
+                    .as_slice(),
+                    false,
+                ),
+            Some(inkwell::module::Linkage::External),
+        );
+        Function::set_default_attributes(llvm, shl, optimizer);
+        Function::set_pure_function_attributes(llvm, shl);
+
+        let shr = Self::declare(
+            module,
+            Self::FUNCTION_SHR,
+            llvm.custom_width_int_type(revive_common::BIT_LENGTH_FIELD as u32)
+                .fn_type(
+                    vec![
+                        llvm.custom_width_int_type(revive_common::BIT_LENGTH_FIELD as u32)
+                            .as_basic_type_enum()
+                            .into();
+                        2
+                    ]
+                    .as_slice(),
+                    false,
+                ),
+            Some(inkwell::module::Linkage::External),
+        );
+        Function::set_default_attributes(llvm, shr, optimizer);
+        Function::set_pure_function_attributes(llvm, shr);
+
+        let sar = Self::declare(
+            module,
+            Self::FUNCTION_SAR,
+            llvm.custom_width_int_type(revive_common::BIT_LENGTH_FIELD as u32)
+                .fn_type(
+                    vec![
+                        llvm.custom_width_int_type(revive_common::BIT_LENGTH_FIELD as u32)
+                            .as_basic_type_enum()
+                            .into();
+                        2
+                    ]
+                    .as_slice(),
+                    false,
+                ),
+            Some(inkwell::module::Linkage::External),
+        );
+        Function::set_default_attributes(llvm, sar, optimizer);
+        Function::set_pure_function_attributes(llvm, sar);
+
+        let byte = Self::declare(
+            module,
+            Self::FUNCTION_BYTE,
+            llvm.custom_width_int_type(revive_common::BIT_LENGTH_FIELD as u32)
+                .fn_type(
+                    vec![
+                        llvm.custom_width_int_type(revive_common::BIT_LENGTH_FIELD as u32)
+                            .as_basic_type_enum()
+                            .into();
+                        2
+                    ]
+                    .as_slice(),
+                    false,
+                ),
+            Some(inkwell::module::Linkage::External),
+        );
+        Function::set_default_attributes(llvm, byte, optimizer);
+        Function::set_pure_function_attributes(llvm, byte);
+
+        let add_mod =
+            Self::define(module, Self::FUNCTION_ADDMOD).expect("should be declared in stdlib");
+        Function::set_default_attributes(llvm, add_mod, optimizer);
+        Function::set_pure_function_attributes(llvm, add_mod);
+
+        let mul_mod =
+            Self::define(module, Self::FUNCTION_MULMOD).expect("should be declared in stdlib");
+        Function::set_default_attributes(llvm, mul_mod, optimizer);
+        Function::set_pure_function_attributes(llvm, mul_mod);
+
+        let exp = Self::define(module, Self::FUNCTION_EXP).expect("should be declared in stdlib");
+        Function::set_default_attributes(llvm, exp, optimizer);
+        Function::set_pure_function_attributes(llvm, exp);
+
+        let sign_extend =
+            Self::define(module, Self::FUNCTION_SIGNEXTEND).expect("should be declared in stdlib");
+        Function::set_default_attributes(llvm, sign_extend, optimizer);
+        Function::set_pure_function_attributes(llvm, sign_extend);
+
+        let sha3 = Self::declare(
+            module,
+            Self::FUNCTION_SHA3,
+            llvm.custom_width_int_type(revive_common::BIT_LENGTH_FIELD as u32)
+                .fn_type(
+                    vec![
+                        llvm.ptr_type(AddressSpace::Heap.into())
+                            .as_basic_type_enum()
+                            .into(),
+                        llvm.custom_width_int_type(revive_common::BIT_LENGTH_FIELD as u32)
+                            .as_basic_type_enum()
+                            .into(),
+                        llvm.custom_width_int_type(revive_common::BIT_LENGTH_BOOLEAN as u32)
+                            .as_basic_type_enum()
+                            .into(),
+                    ]
+                    .as_slice(),
+                    false,
+                ),
+            Some(inkwell::module::Linkage::External),
+        );
+        Function::set_default_attributes(llvm, sha3, optimizer);
+        Function::set_attributes(
+            llvm,
+            sha3,
+            //vec![Attribute::ArgMemOnly, Attribute::ReadOnly],
+            vec![],
+            false,
+        );
+
+        let system_request = Self::declare(
+            module,
+            Self::FUNCTION_SYSTEM_REQUEST,
+            llvm.custom_width_int_type(revive_common::BIT_LENGTH_FIELD as u32)
+                .fn_type(
+                    vec![
+                        llvm.custom_width_int_type(revive_common::BIT_LENGTH_FIELD as u32)
+                            .as_basic_type_enum()
+                            .into(),
+                        llvm.custom_width_int_type(revive_common::BIT_LENGTH_FIELD as u32)
+                            .as_basic_type_enum()
+                            .into(),
+                        llvm.custom_width_int_type(revive_common::BIT_LENGTH_FIELD as u32)
+                            .as_basic_type_enum()
+                            .into(),
+                        llvm.ptr_type(AddressSpace::Stack.into())
+                            .as_basic_type_enum()
+                            .into(),
+                    ]
+                    .as_slice(),
+                    false,
+                ),
+            Some(inkwell::module::Linkage::External),
+        );
+        Function::set_default_attributes(llvm, system_request, optimizer);
+        Function::set_attributes(
+            llvm,
+            system_request,
+            //vec![Attribute::ArgMemOnly, Attribute::ReadOnly],
+            vec![],
+            false,
+        );
+
+        let external_call_arguments: Vec<inkwell::types::BasicMetadataTypeEnum> = vec![
+                llvm.custom_width_int_type(revive_common::BIT_LENGTH_FIELD as u32)
+                    .as_basic_type_enum()
+                    .into();
+                crate::eravm::context::function::runtime::entry::Entry::MANDATORY_ARGUMENTS_COUNT
+                    + crate::eravm::EXTRA_ABI_DATA_SIZE
+            ];
+        let mut mimic_call_arguments = external_call_arguments.clone();
+        mimic_call_arguments.push(
+            llvm.custom_width_int_type(revive_common::BIT_LENGTH_FIELD as u32)
+                .as_basic_type_enum()
+                .into(),
+        );
+
+        let mut external_call_arguments_by_ref: Vec<inkwell::types::BasicMetadataTypeEnum> = vec![
+            llvm.ptr_type(AddressSpace::Generic.into())
+                .as_basic_type_enum()
+                .into(),
+            llvm.custom_width_int_type(revive_common::BIT_LENGTH_FIELD as u32)
+                .as_basic_type_enum()
+                .into(),
+        ];
+        external_call_arguments_by_ref.extend::<Vec<inkwell::types::BasicMetadataTypeEnum>>(vec![
+            llvm.custom_width_int_type(
+                revive_common::BIT_LENGTH_FIELD as u32
+            )
+            .as_basic_type_enum()
+            .into();
+            crate::eravm::EXTRA_ABI_DATA_SIZE
+        ]);
+        let mut mimic_call_arguments_by_ref = external_call_arguments_by_ref.clone();
+        mimic_call_arguments_by_ref.push(
+            llvm.custom_width_int_type(revive_common::BIT_LENGTH_FIELD as u32)
+                .as_basic_type_enum()
+                .into(),
+        );
+
+        let external_call_result_type = llvm
+            .struct_type(
+                &[
+                    llvm.ptr_type(AddressSpace::Generic.into())
+                        .as_basic_type_enum(),
+                    llvm.bool_type().as_basic_type_enum(),
+                ],
+                false,
+            )
+            .as_basic_type_enum();
+
+        //let far_call = Self::declare(
+        //    module,
+        //    Self::FUNCTION_FARCALL,
+        //    external_call_result_type.fn_type(external_call_arguments.as_slice(), false),
+        //    Some(inkwell::module::Linkage::External),
+        //);
+        //Function::set_default_attributes(llvm, far_call, optimizer);
+        let static_call = Self::declare(
+            module,
+            Self::FUNCTION_STATICCALL,
+            external_call_result_type.fn_type(external_call_arguments.as_slice(), false),
+            Some(inkwell::module::Linkage::External),
+        );
+        Function::set_default_attributes(llvm, static_call, optimizer);
+        let delegate_call = Self::declare(
+            module,
+            Self::FUNCTION_DELEGATECALL,
+            external_call_result_type.fn_type(external_call_arguments.as_slice(), false),
+            Some(inkwell::module::Linkage::External),
+        );
+        Function::set_default_attributes(llvm, delegate_call, optimizer);
+        let mimic_call = Self::declare(
+            module,
+            Self::FUNCTION_MIMICCALL,
+            external_call_result_type.fn_type(mimic_call_arguments.as_slice(), false),
+            Some(inkwell::module::Linkage::External),
+        );
+        Function::set_default_attributes(llvm, mimic_call, optimizer);
+
+        let far_call_byref = Self::declare(
+            module,
+            Self::FUNCTION_FARCALL_BYREF,
+            external_call_result_type.fn_type(external_call_arguments_by_ref.as_slice(), false),
+            Some(inkwell::module::Linkage::External),
+        );
+        Function::set_default_attributes(llvm, far_call_byref, optimizer);
+        let static_call_byref = Self::declare(
+            module,
+            Self::FUNCTION_STATICCALL_BYREF,
+            external_call_result_type.fn_type(external_call_arguments_by_ref.as_slice(), false),
+            Some(inkwell::module::Linkage::External),
+        );
+        Function::set_default_attributes(llvm, static_call_byref, optimizer);
+        let delegate_call_byref = Self::declare(
+            module,
+            Self::FUNCTION_DELEGATECALL_BYREF,
+            external_call_result_type.fn_type(external_call_arguments_by_ref.as_slice(), false),
+            Some(inkwell::module::Linkage::External),
+        );
+        Function::set_default_attributes(llvm, delegate_call_byref, optimizer);
+        let mimic_call_byref = Self::declare(
+            module,
+            Self::FUNCTION_MIMICCALL_BYREF,
+            external_call_result_type.fn_type(mimic_call_arguments_by_ref.as_slice(), false),
+            Some(inkwell::module::Linkage::External),
+        );
+        Function::set_default_attributes(llvm, mimic_call_byref, optimizer);
+
+        let r#return = Self::declare(
+            module,
+            Self::FUNCTION_RETURN,
+            llvm.void_type().fn_type(
+                vec![
+                    llvm.custom_width_int_type(revive_common::BIT_LENGTH_FIELD as u32)
+                        .as_basic_type_enum()
+                        .into();
+                    3
+                ]
+                .as_slice(),
+                false,
+            ),
+            Some(inkwell::module::Linkage::External),
+        );
+        Function::set_default_attributes(llvm, r#return, optimizer);
+        let revert = Self::declare(
+            module,
+            Self::FUNCTION_REVERT,
+            llvm.void_type().fn_type(
+                vec![
+                    llvm.custom_width_int_type(revive_common::BIT_LENGTH_FIELD as u32)
+                        .as_basic_type_enum()
+                        .into();
+                    3
+                ]
+                .as_slice(),
+                false,
+            ),
+            Some(inkwell::module::Linkage::External),
+        );
+        Function::set_default_attributes(llvm, revert, optimizer);
+
+        Self {
+            personality,
+            cxa_throw,
+
+            div,
+            sdiv,
+            r#mod,
+            smod,
+
+            shl,
+            shr,
+            sar,
+            byte,
+
+            add_mod,
+            mul_mod,
+            exp,
+            sign_extend,
+
+            sha3,
+
+            system_request,
+
+            //far_call,
+            static_call,
+            delegate_call,
+            mimic_call,
+
+            far_call_byref,
+            static_call_byref,
+            delegate_call_byref,
+            mimic_call_byref,
+
+            r#return,
+            revert,
+        }
+    }
+
+    ///
+    /// Declares an LLVM runtime function in the `module`,
+    ///
+    pub fn declare(
+        module: &inkwell::module::Module<'ctx>,
+        name: &str,
+        r#type: inkwell::types::FunctionType<'ctx>,
+        linkage: Option<inkwell::module::Linkage>,
+    ) -> FunctionDeclaration<'ctx> {
+        let value = module.add_function(name, r#type, linkage);
+        FunctionDeclaration::new(r#type, value)
+    }
+
+    /// Create the function definition from an existing symbol.
+    pub fn define(
+        module: &inkwell::module::Module<'ctx>,
+        name: &str,
+    ) -> Option<FunctionDeclaration<'ctx>> {
+        let value = module.get_function(name)?;
+        value.set_linkage(inkwell::module::Linkage::External);
+        FunctionDeclaration::new(value.get_type(), value).into()
+    }
+
+    ///
+    /// Modifies the external call function with `is_byref` and `is_system` modifiers.
+    ///
+    pub fn modify(
+        &self,
+        function: FunctionDeclaration<'ctx>,
+        is_byref: bool,
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<FunctionDeclaration<'ctx>> {
+        let modified = if
+        /*function == self.far_call {
+            match is_byref {
+                false => self.far_call,
+                true => self.far_call_byref,
+            }
+        } else if */
+        function == self.static_call {
+            match is_byref {
+                false => self.static_call,
+                true => self.static_call_byref,
+            }
+        } else if function == self.delegate_call {
+            match is_byref {
+                false => self.delegate_call,
+                true => self.delegate_call_byref,
+            }
+        } else if function == self.mimic_call {
+            match is_byref {
+                false => self.mimic_call,
+                true => self.mimic_call_byref,
+            }
+        } else {
+            anyhow::bail!(
+                "Cannot modify an external call function `{}`",
+                function.value.get_name().to_string_lossy()
+            );
+        };
+
+        Ok(modified)
+    }
+}

crates/llvm-context/src/eravm/context/function/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,450 @@
+//!
+//! The LLVM IR generator function.
+//!
+
+pub mod block;
+pub mod declaration;
+pub mod evmla_data;
+pub mod intrinsics;
+pub mod llvm_runtime;
+pub mod r#return;
+pub mod runtime;
+pub mod vyper_data;
+pub mod yul_data;
+
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+
+use crate::eravm::context::attribute::Attribute;
+use crate::eravm::context::pointer::Pointer;
+use crate::optimizer::settings::size_level::SizeLevel;
+use crate::optimizer::Optimizer;
+
+use self::declaration::Declaration;
+use self::evmla_data::EVMLAData;
+use self::r#return::Return;
+use self::runtime::Runtime;
+use self::vyper_data::VyperData;
+use self::yul_data::YulData;
+
+///
+/// The LLVM IR generator function.
+///
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct Function<'ctx> {
+    /// The high-level source code name.
+    name: String,
+    /// The LLVM function declaration.
+    declaration: Declaration<'ctx>,
+    /// The stack representation.
+    stack: HashMap<String, Pointer<'ctx>>,
+    /// The return value entity.
+    r#return: Return<'ctx>,
+
+    /// The entry block. Each LLVM IR functions must have an entry block.
+    entry_block: inkwell::basic_block::BasicBlock<'ctx>,
+    /// The return/leave block. LLVM IR functions may have multiple returning blocks, but it is
+    /// more reasonable to have a single returning block and other high-level language returns
+    /// jumping to it. This way it is easier to implement some additional checks and clean-ups
+    /// before the returning.
+    return_block: inkwell::basic_block::BasicBlock<'ctx>,
+
+    /// The Yul compiler data.
+    yul_data: Option<YulData>,
+    /// The EVM legacy assembly compiler data.
+    evmla_data: Option<EVMLAData<'ctx>>,
+    /// The Vyper data.
+    vyper_data: Option<VyperData>,
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> Function<'ctx> {
+    /// The near call ABI function prefix.
+    pub const ZKSYNC_NEAR_CALL_ABI_PREFIX: &'static str = "ZKSYNC_NEAR_CALL";
+
+    /// The near call ABI exception handler name.
+    pub const ZKSYNC_NEAR_CALL_ABI_EXCEPTION_HANDLER: &'static str = "ZKSYNC_CATCH_NEAR_CALL";
+
+    /// The stack hashmap default capacity.
+    const STACK_HASHMAP_INITIAL_CAPACITY: usize = 64;
+
+    ///
+    /// A shortcut constructor.
+    ///
+    pub fn new(
+        name: String,
+        declaration: Declaration<'ctx>,
+        r#return: Return<'ctx>,
+
+        entry_block: inkwell::basic_block::BasicBlock<'ctx>,
+        return_block: inkwell::basic_block::BasicBlock<'ctx>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            name,
+            declaration,
+            stack: HashMap::with_capacity(Self::STACK_HASHMAP_INITIAL_CAPACITY),
+            r#return,
+
+            entry_block,
+            return_block,
+
+            yul_data: None,
+            evmla_data: None,
+            vyper_data: None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    ///
+    /// Returns the function name reference.
+    ///
+    pub fn name(&self) -> &str {
+        self.name.as_str()
+    }
+
+    ///
+    /// Checks whether the function is defined outside of the front-end.
+    ///
+    pub fn is_name_external(name: &str) -> bool {
+        name.starts_with("llvm.")
+            || (name.starts_with("__")
+                && name != Runtime::FUNCTION_ENTRY
+                && name != Runtime::FUNCTION_DEPLOY_CODE
+                && name != Runtime::FUNCTION_RUNTIME_CODE)
+    }
+
+    ///
+    /// Checks whether the function is related to the near call ABI.
+    ///
+    pub fn is_near_call_abi(name: &str) -> bool {
+        name.starts_with(Self::ZKSYNC_NEAR_CALL_ABI_PREFIX)
+            || name == Self::ZKSYNC_NEAR_CALL_ABI_EXCEPTION_HANDLER
+    }
+
+    ///
+    /// Returns the LLVM function declaration.
+    ///
+    pub fn declaration(&self) -> Declaration<'ctx> {
+        self.declaration
+    }
+
+    ///
+    /// Returns the N-th parameter of the function.
+    ///
+    pub fn get_nth_param(&self, index: usize) -> inkwell::values::BasicValueEnum<'ctx> {
+        self.declaration()
+            .value
+            .get_nth_param(index as u32)
+            .expect("Always exists")
+    }
+
+    ///
+    /// Sets the memory writer function attributes.
+    ///
+    pub fn set_attributes(
+        llvm: &'ctx inkwell::context::Context,
+        declaration: Declaration<'ctx>,
+        attributes: Vec<Attribute>,
+        force: bool,
+    ) {
+        for attribute_kind in attributes.into_iter() {
+            match attribute_kind {
+                attribute_kind @ Attribute::AlwaysInline if force => {
+                    let is_optimize_none_set = declaration
+                        .value
+                        .get_enum_attribute(
+                            inkwell::attributes::AttributeLoc::Function,
+                            Attribute::OptimizeNone as u32,
+                        )
+                        .is_some();
+                    if !is_optimize_none_set {
+                        declaration.value.remove_enum_attribute(
+                            inkwell::attributes::AttributeLoc::Function,
+                            Attribute::NoInline as u32,
+                        );
+                        declaration.value.add_attribute(
+                            inkwell::attributes::AttributeLoc::Function,
+                            llvm.create_enum_attribute(attribute_kind as u32, 0),
+                        );
+                    }
+                }
+                attribute_kind @ Attribute::NoInline if force => {
+                    declaration.value.remove_enum_attribute(
+                        inkwell::attributes::AttributeLoc::Function,
+                        Attribute::AlwaysInline as u32,
+                    );
+                    declaration.value.add_attribute(
+                        inkwell::attributes::AttributeLoc::Function,
+                        llvm.create_enum_attribute(attribute_kind as u32, 0),
+                    );
+                }
+                attribute_kind => declaration.value.add_attribute(
+                    inkwell::attributes::AttributeLoc::Function,
+                    llvm.create_enum_attribute(attribute_kind as u32, 0),
+                ),
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Remove specified attributes existing on the given declaration.
+    pub fn remove_attributes(declaration: Declaration, attributes: &[Attribute]) {
+        for attribute in attributes.iter().filter(|attribute| {
+            declaration
+                .value
+                .get_enum_attribute(
+                    inkwell::attributes::AttributeLoc::Function,
+                    **attribute as u32,
+                )
+                .is_some()
+        }) {
+            declaration.value.remove_enum_attribute(
+                inkwell::attributes::AttributeLoc::Function,
+                *attribute as u32,
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    ///
+    /// Sets the default attributes.
+    ///
+    /// The attributes only affect the LLVM optimizations.
+    ///
+    pub fn set_default_attributes(
+        llvm: &'ctx inkwell::context::Context,
+        declaration: Declaration<'ctx>,
+        optimizer: &Optimizer,
+    ) {
+        if optimizer.settings().level_middle_end == inkwell::OptimizationLevel::None {
+            Self::remove_attributes(
+                declaration,
+                &[Attribute::OptimizeForSize, Attribute::AlwaysInline],
+            );
+            Self::set_attributes(
+                llvm,
+                declaration,
+                vec![Attribute::OptimizeNone, Attribute::NoInline],
+                false,
+            );
+        } else if optimizer.settings().level_middle_end_size == SizeLevel::Z {
+            Self::set_attributes(
+                llvm,
+                declaration,
+                vec![Attribute::OptimizeForSize, Attribute::MinSize],
+                false,
+            );
+        }
+
+        Self::set_attributes(llvm, declaration, vec![Attribute::NoFree], false);
+    }
+
+    ///
+    /// Sets the front-end runtime attributes.
+    ///
+    pub fn set_frontend_runtime_attributes(
+        llvm: &'ctx inkwell::context::Context,
+        declaration: Declaration<'ctx>,
+        optimizer: &Optimizer,
+    ) {
+        if optimizer.settings().level_middle_end_size == SizeLevel::Z {
+            Self::set_attributes(llvm, declaration, vec![Attribute::NoInline], false);
+        }
+    }
+
+    ///
+    /// Sets the exception handler attributes.
+    ///
+    pub fn set_exception_handler_attributes(
+        llvm: &'ctx inkwell::context::Context,
+        declaration: Declaration<'ctx>,
+    ) {
+        Self::set_attributes(llvm, declaration, vec![Attribute::NoInline], false);
+    }
+
+    ///
+    /// Sets the CXA-throw attributes.
+    ///
+    pub fn set_cxa_throw_attributes(
+        llvm: &'ctx inkwell::context::Context,
+        declaration: Declaration<'ctx>,
+    ) {
+        Self::set_attributes(llvm, declaration, vec![Attribute::NoProfile], false);
+    }
+
+    ///
+    /// Sets the pure function attributes.
+    ///
+    pub fn set_pure_function_attributes(
+        llvm: &'ctx inkwell::context::Context,
+        declaration: Declaration<'ctx>,
+    ) {
+        Self::set_attributes(
+            llvm,
+            declaration,
+            vec![
+                Attribute::MustProgress,
+                Attribute::NoUnwind,
+                // FIXME: LLVM complains about ReadNone being not valid for fns
+                // Attribute::ReadNone,
+                Attribute::WillReturn,
+            ],
+            false,
+        );
+    }
+
+    ///
+    /// Saves the pointer to a stack variable, returning the pointer to the shadowed variable,
+    /// if it exists.
+    ///
+    pub fn insert_stack_pointer(
+        &mut self,
+        name: String,
+        pointer: Pointer<'ctx>,
+    ) -> Option<Pointer<'ctx>> {
+        self.stack.insert(name, pointer)
+    }
+
+    ///
+    /// Gets the pointer to a stack variable.
+    ///
+    pub fn get_stack_pointer(&self, name: &str) -> Option<Pointer<'ctx>> {
+        self.stack.get(name).copied()
+    }
+
+    ///
+    /// Removes the pointer to a stack variable.
+    ///
+    pub fn remove_stack_pointer(&mut self, name: &str) {
+        self.stack.remove(name);
+    }
+
+    ///
+    /// Returns the return entity representation.
+    ///
+    pub fn r#return(&self) -> Return<'ctx> {
+        self.r#return
+    }
+
+    ///
+    /// Returns the pointer to the function return value.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    /// If the pointer has not been set yet.
+    ///
+    pub fn return_pointer(&self) -> Option<Pointer<'ctx>> {
+        self.r#return.return_pointer()
+    }
+
+    ///
+    /// Returns the return data size in bytes, based on the default stack alignment.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    /// If the pointer has not been set yet.
+    ///
+    pub fn return_data_size(&self) -> usize {
+        self.r#return.return_data_size()
+    }
+
+    ///
+    /// Returns the function entry block.
+    ///
+    pub fn entry_block(&self) -> inkwell::basic_block::BasicBlock<'ctx> {
+        self.entry_block
+    }
+
+    ///
+    /// Returns the function return block.
+    ///
+    pub fn return_block(&self) -> inkwell::basic_block::BasicBlock<'ctx> {
+        self.return_block
+    }
+
+    ///
+    /// Sets the EVM legacy assembly data.
+    ///
+    pub fn set_evmla_data(&mut self, data: EVMLAData<'ctx>) {
+        self.evmla_data = Some(data);
+    }
+
+    ///
+    /// Returns the EVM legacy assembly data reference.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    /// If the EVM data has not been initialized.
+    ///
+    pub fn evmla(&self) -> &EVMLAData<'ctx> {
+        self.evmla_data
+            .as_ref()
+            .expect("The EVM data must have been initialized")
+    }
+
+    ///
+    /// Returns the EVM legacy assembly data mutable reference.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    /// If the EVM data has not been initialized.
+    ///
+    pub fn evmla_mut(&mut self) -> &mut EVMLAData<'ctx> {
+        self.evmla_data
+            .as_mut()
+            .expect("The EVM data must have been initialized")
+    }
+
+    ///
+    /// Sets the Vyper data.
+    ///
+    pub fn set_vyper_data(&mut self, data: VyperData) {
+        self.vyper_data = Some(data);
+    }
+
+    ///
+    /// Returns the Vyper data reference.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    /// If the Vyper data has not been initialized.
+    ///
+    pub fn vyper(&self) -> &VyperData {
+        self.vyper_data
+            .as_ref()
+            .expect("The Vyper data must have been initialized")
+    }
+
+    ///
+    /// Returns the Vyper data mutable reference.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    /// If the Vyper data has not been initialized.
+    ///
+    pub fn vyper_mut(&mut self) -> &mut VyperData {
+        self.vyper_data
+            .as_mut()
+            .expect("The Vyper data must have been initialized")
+    }
+
+    ///
+    /// Sets the Yul data.
+    ///
+    pub fn set_yul_data(&mut self, data: YulData) {
+        self.yul_data = Some(data);
+    }
+
+    ///
+    /// Returns the Yul data reference.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    /// If the Yul data has not been initialized.
+    ///
+    pub fn yul(&self) -> &YulData {
+        self.yul_data
+            .as_ref()
+            .expect("The Yul data must have been initialized")
+    }
+
+    ///
+    /// Returns the Yul data mutable reference.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    /// If the Yul data has not been initialized.
+    ///
+    pub fn yul_mut(&mut self) -> &mut YulData {
+        self.yul_data
+            .as_mut()
+            .expect("The Yul data must have been initialized")
+    }
+}

crates/llvm-context/src/eravm/context/function/return.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+//!
+//! The LLVM IR generator function return entity.
+//!
+
+use crate::eravm::context::pointer::Pointer;
+
+///
+/// The LLVM IR generator function return entity.
+///
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub enum Return<'ctx> {
+    /// The function does not return a value.
+    None,
+    /// The function returns a primitive value.
+    Primitive {
+        /// The primitive value pointer allocated at the function entry.
+        pointer: Pointer<'ctx>,
+    },
+    /// The function returns a compound value.
+    /// In this case, the return pointer is allocated on the stack by the callee.
+    Compound {
+        /// The structure pointer allocated at the function entry.
+        pointer: Pointer<'ctx>,
+        /// The function return type size.
+        size: usize,
+    },
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> Return<'ctx> {
+    ///
+    /// A shortcut constructor.
+    ///
+    pub fn none() -> Self {
+        Self::None
+    }
+
+    ///
+    /// A shortcut constructor.
+    ///
+    pub fn primitive(pointer: Pointer<'ctx>) -> Self {
+        Self::Primitive { pointer }
+    }
+
+    ///
+    /// A shortcut constructor.
+    ///
+    pub fn compound(pointer: Pointer<'ctx>, size: usize) -> Self {
+        Self::Compound { pointer, size }
+    }
+
+    ///
+    /// Returns the pointer to the function return value.
+    ///
+    pub fn return_pointer(&self) -> Option<Pointer<'ctx>> {
+        match self {
+            Return::None => None,
+            Return::Primitive { pointer } => Some(pointer.to_owned()),
+            Return::Compound { pointer, .. } => Some(pointer.to_owned()),
+        }
+    }
+
+    ///
+    /// Returns the return data size in bytes, based on the default stack alignment.
+    ///
+    pub fn return_data_size(&self) -> usize {
+        revive_common::BYTE_LENGTH_FIELD
+            * match self {
+                Self::None => 0,
+                Self::Primitive { .. } => 1,
+                Self::Compound { size, .. } => *size,
+            }
+    }
+}

crates/llvm-context/src/eravm/context/function/runtime/default_call.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,255 @@
+//!
+//! The `default_call` function.
+//!
+
+use inkwell::types::BasicType;
+
+use crate::eravm::context::function::declaration::Declaration as FunctionDeclaration;
+use crate::eravm::context::function::llvm_runtime::LLVMRuntime;
+use crate::eravm::context::function::Function;
+use crate::eravm::context::Context;
+use crate::eravm::Dependency;
+use crate::eravm::WriteLLVM;
+
+///
+/// The `default_call` function.
+///
+/// Generates a default contract call, if the `msg.value` is zero.
+///
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct DefaultCall {
+    /// The name of the inner function used for the low-level call.
+    inner_name: String,
+    /// The function name with the low-level function name as an element.
+    name: String,
+}
+
+#[allow(unused)]
+impl DefaultCall {
+    /// The gas argument index.
+    pub const ARGUMENT_INDEX_GAS: usize = 0;
+
+    /// The address argument index.
+    pub const ARGUMENT_INDEX_ADDRESS: usize = 1;
+
+    /// The input offset argument index.
+    pub const ARGUMENT_INDEX_INPUT_OFFSET: usize = 2;
+
+    /// The input length argument index.
+    pub const ARGUMENT_INDEX_INPUT_LENGTH: usize = 3;
+
+    /// The output offset argument index.
+    pub const ARGUMENT_INDEX_OUTPUT_OFFSET: usize = 4;
+
+    /// The output length argument index.
+    pub const ARGUMENT_INDEX_OUTPUT_LENGTH: usize = 5;
+
+    ///
+    /// A shortcut constructor.
+    ///
+    pub fn new(call_function: FunctionDeclaration) -> Self {
+        let inner_name = call_function.value.get_name().to_string_lossy().to_string();
+        let name = Self::name(call_function);
+
+        Self { inner_name, name }
+    }
+
+    ///
+    /// Returns the function name.
+    ///
+    pub fn name(call_function: FunctionDeclaration) -> String {
+        let suffix = match call_function.value.get_name().to_string_lossy() {
+            name if name == LLVMRuntime::FUNCTION_FARCALL => "far",
+            name if name == LLVMRuntime::FUNCTION_STATICCALL => "static",
+            name if name == LLVMRuntime::FUNCTION_DELEGATECALL => "delegate",
+            name => panic!("Invalid low-level call inner function `{name}`"),
+        };
+        format!("__default_{suffix}_call")
+    }
+
+    ///
+    /// Returns the low-level call function.
+    ///
+    fn inner_function<'ctx, D>(&self, context: &Context<'ctx, D>) -> FunctionDeclaration<'ctx>
+    where
+        D: Dependency + Clone,
+    {
+        match self.inner_name.as_str() {
+            //name if name == LLVMRuntime::FUNCTION_FARCALL => context.llvm_runtime().far_call,
+            name if name == LLVMRuntime::FUNCTION_STATICCALL => context.llvm_runtime().static_call,
+            name if name == LLVMRuntime::FUNCTION_DELEGATECALL => {
+                context.llvm_runtime().delegate_call
+            }
+            name => panic!("Invalid low-level call inner function `{name}`"),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<D> WriteLLVM<D> for DefaultCall
+where
+    D: Dependency + Clone,
+{
+    fn declare(&mut self, context: &mut Context<D>) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+        let function_type = context.function_type(
+            vec![
+                context.field_type().as_basic_type_enum(),
+                context.field_type().as_basic_type_enum(),
+                context.field_type().as_basic_type_enum(),
+                context.field_type().as_basic_type_enum(),
+                context.field_type().as_basic_type_enum(),
+                context.field_type().as_basic_type_enum(),
+            ],
+            1,
+            false,
+        );
+        let function = context.add_function(
+            self.name.as_str(),
+            function_type,
+            1,
+            Some(inkwell::module::Linkage::Private),
+        )?;
+        Function::set_frontend_runtime_attributes(
+            context.llvm,
+            function.borrow().declaration(),
+            &context.optimizer,
+        );
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn into_llvm(self, context: &mut Context<D>) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+        context.set_current_function(self.name.as_str())?;
+
+        /*
+               let gas = context
+                   .current_function()
+                   .borrow()
+                   .get_nth_param(Self::ARGUMENT_INDEX_GAS)
+                   .into_int_value();
+               let address = context
+                   .current_function()
+                   .borrow()
+                   .get_nth_param(Self::ARGUMENT_INDEX_ADDRESS)
+                   .into_int_value();
+               let input_offset = context
+                   .current_function()
+                   .borrow()
+                   .get_nth_param(Self::ARGUMENT_INDEX_INPUT_OFFSET)
+                   .into_int_value();
+               let input_length = context
+                   .current_function()
+                   .borrow()
+                   .get_nth_param(Self::ARGUMENT_INDEX_INPUT_LENGTH)
+                   .into_int_value();
+               let output_offset = context
+                   .current_function()
+                   .borrow()
+                   .get_nth_param(Self::ARGUMENT_INDEX_OUTPUT_OFFSET)
+                   .into_int_value();
+               let output_length = context
+                   .current_function()
+                   .borrow()
+                   .get_nth_param(Self::ARGUMENT_INDEX_OUTPUT_LENGTH)
+                   .into_int_value();
+        */
+        context.set_basic_block(context.current_function().borrow().entry_block());
+
+        let status_code_result_pointer = context.build_alloca(
+            context.field_type(),
+            "contract_call_result_status_code_pointer",
+        );
+        /*
+        context.build_store(status_code_result_pointer, context.field_const(0));
+
+        let abi_data = crate::eravm::utils::abi_data(
+            context,
+            input_offset,
+            input_length,
+            Some(gas),
+            AddressSpace::Heap,
+            false,
+        )?
+        .into_int_value();
+
+        let result = context
+            .build_call(
+                self.inner_function(context),
+                crate::eravm::utils::external_call_arguments(
+                    context,
+                    abi_data.as_basic_value_enum(),
+                    address,
+                    vec![],
+                    None,
+                )
+                .as_slice(),
+                "contract_call_external",
+            )
+            .expect("IntrinsicFunction always returns a flag");
+
+        let result_abi_data = context
+            .builder()
+            .build_extract_value(
+                result.into_struct_value(),
+                0,
+                "contract_call_external_result_abi_data",
+            )
+            .expect("Always exists");
+        let result_abi_data_pointer = Pointer::new(
+            context.byte_type(),
+            AddressSpace::Generic,
+            result_abi_data.into_pointer_value(),
+        );
+        let result_abi_data_casted = result_abi_data_pointer.cast(context.field_type());
+
+        let result_status_code_boolean = context
+            .builder()
+            .build_extract_value(
+                result.into_struct_value(),
+                1,
+                "contract_call_external_result_status_code_boolean",
+            )
+            .expect("Always exists");
+        let result_status_code = context.builder().build_int_z_extend_or_bit_cast(
+            result_status_code_boolean.into_int_value(),
+            context.field_type(),
+            "contract_call_external_result_status_code",
+        )?;
+        context.build_store(status_code_result_pointer, result_status_code);
+
+        let source = result_abi_data_casted;
+
+        let destination = Pointer::new_with_offset(
+            context,
+            AddressSpace::Heap,
+            context.byte_type(),
+            output_offset,
+            "contract_call_destination",
+        );
+
+        context.build_memcpy_return_data(
+            context.intrinsics().memory_copy_from_generic,
+            destination,
+            source,
+            output_length,
+            "contract_call_memcpy_from_child",
+        );
+
+        context.write_abi_pointer(
+            result_abi_data_pointer,
+            crate::eravm::GLOBAL_RETURN_DATA_POINTER,
+        );
+        context.write_abi_data_size(
+            result_abi_data_pointer,
+            crate::eravm::GLOBAL_RETURN_DATA_SIZE,
+        );
+        */
+        context.build_unconditional_branch(context.current_function().borrow().return_block());
+
+        context.set_basic_block(context.current_function().borrow().return_block());
+        let status_code_result =
+            context.build_load(status_code_result_pointer, "contract_call_status_code")?;
+        context.build_return(Some(&status_code_result));
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}

crates/llvm-context/src/eravm/context/function/runtime/deploy_code.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+//!
+//! The deploy code function.
+//!
+
+use std::marker::PhantomData;
+
+use crate::eravm::context::address_space::AddressSpace;
+use crate::eravm::context::code_type::CodeType;
+use crate::eravm::context::function::runtime::Runtime;
+use crate::eravm::context::pointer::Pointer;
+use crate::eravm::context::Context;
+use crate::eravm::Dependency;
+use crate::eravm::WriteLLVM;
+
+///
+/// The deploy code function.
+///
+/// Is a special function that is only used by the front-end generated code.
+///
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct DeployCode<B, D>
+where
+    B: WriteLLVM<D>,
+    D: Dependency + Clone,
+{
+    /// The deploy code AST representation.
+    inner: B,
+    /// The `D` phantom data.
+    _pd: PhantomData<D>,
+}
+
+impl<B, D> DeployCode<B, D>
+where
+    B: WriteLLVM<D>,
+    D: Dependency + Clone,
+{
+    ///
+    /// A shortcut constructor.
+    ///
+    pub fn new(inner: B) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            inner,
+            _pd: PhantomData,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<B, D> WriteLLVM<D> for DeployCode<B, D>
+where
+    B: WriteLLVM<D>,
+    D: Dependency + Clone,
+{
+    fn declare(&mut self, context: &mut Context<D>) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+        let function_type =
+            context.function_type::<inkwell::types::BasicTypeEnum>(vec![], 0, false);
+        context.add_function(
+            Runtime::FUNCTION_DEPLOY_CODE,
+            function_type,
+            0,
+            Some(inkwell::module::Linkage::External),
+        )?;
+
+        self.inner.declare(context)
+    }
+
+    fn into_llvm(self, context: &mut Context<D>) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+        context.set_current_function(Runtime::FUNCTION_DEPLOY_CODE)?;
+
+        context.set_basic_block(context.current_function().borrow().entry_block());
+        context.set_code_type(CodeType::Deploy);
+        if let Some(vyper) = context.vyper_data.as_ref() {
+            for index in 0..vyper.immutables_size() / revive_common::BYTE_LENGTH_FIELD {
+                let offset = (crate::eravm::r#const::HEAP_AUX_OFFSET_CONSTRUCTOR_RETURN_DATA
+                    as usize)
+                    + (1 + index) * 2 * revive_common::BYTE_LENGTH_FIELD;
+                let value = index * revive_common::BYTE_LENGTH_FIELD;
+                let pointer = Pointer::new_with_offset(
+                    context,
+                    AddressSpace::HeapAuxiliary,
+                    context.field_type(),
+                    context.field_const(offset as u64),
+                    "immutable_index_initializer",
+                );
+                context.build_store(pointer, context.field_const(value as u64))?;
+            }
+        }
+
+        self.inner.into_llvm(context)?;
+        match context
+            .basic_block()
+            .get_last_instruction()
+            .map(|instruction| instruction.get_opcode())
+        {
+            Some(inkwell::values::InstructionOpcode::Br) => {}
+            Some(inkwell::values::InstructionOpcode::Switch) => {}
+            _ => context
+                .build_unconditional_branch(context.current_function().borrow().return_block()),
+        }
+
+        context.set_basic_block(context.current_function().borrow().return_block());
+        context.build_return(None);
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}

crates/llvm-context/src/eravm/context/function/runtime/deployer_call.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,332 @@
+//!
+//! The `deployer_call` function.
+//!
+
+use inkwell::types::BasicType;
+
+use crate::eravm::context::address_space::AddressSpace;
+use crate::eravm::context::function::Function;
+use crate::eravm::context::pointer::Pointer;
+use crate::eravm::context::Context;
+use crate::eravm::Dependency;
+use crate::eravm::WriteLLVM;
+
+///
+/// The `deployer_call` function.
+///
+/// Calls the deployer system contract, which returns the newly deployed contract address or 0.
+///
+/// The address is returned in the first 32-byte word of the return data. If it is 0, the 0 is
+/// returned. If the entire call has failed, there is also a 0 returned.
+///
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct DeployerCall {
+    /// The address space where the calldata is allocated.
+    /// Solidity uses the ordinary heap. Vyper uses the auxiliary heap.
+    address_space: AddressSpace,
+}
+
+impl DeployerCall {
+    /// The default function name.
+    pub const FUNCTION_NAME: &'static str = "__deployer_call";
+
+    /// The value argument index.
+    pub const ARGUMENT_INDEX_VALUE: usize = 0;
+
+    /// The input offset argument index.
+    pub const ARGUMENT_INDEX_INPUT_OFFSET: usize = 1;
+
+    /// The input length argument index.
+    pub const ARGUMENT_INDEX_INPUT_LENGTH: usize = 2;
+
+    /// The signature hash argument index.
+    pub const ARGUMENT_INDEX_SIGNATURE_HASH: usize = 3;
+
+    /// The salt argument index.
+    pub const ARGUMENT_INDEX_SALT: usize = 4;
+
+    ///
+    /// A shortcut constructor.
+    ///
+    pub fn new(address_space: AddressSpace) -> Self {
+        Self { address_space }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<D> WriteLLVM<D> for DeployerCall
+where
+    D: Dependency + Clone,
+{
+    fn declare(&mut self, context: &mut Context<D>) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+        let function_type = context.function_type(
+            vec![
+                context.field_type().as_basic_type_enum(),
+                context.field_type().as_basic_type_enum(),
+                context.field_type().as_basic_type_enum(),
+                context.field_type().as_basic_type_enum(),
+                context.field_type().as_basic_type_enum(),
+            ],
+            1,
+            false,
+        );
+        let function = context.add_function(
+            Self::FUNCTION_NAME,
+            function_type,
+            1,
+            Some(inkwell::module::Linkage::External),
+        )?;
+        Function::set_frontend_runtime_attributes(
+            context.llvm,
+            function.borrow().declaration(),
+            &context.optimizer,
+        );
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn into_llvm(self, context: &mut Context<D>) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+        context.set_current_function(Self::FUNCTION_NAME)?;
+
+        let value = context
+            .current_function()
+            .borrow()
+            .get_nth_param(Self::ARGUMENT_INDEX_VALUE)
+            .into_int_value();
+        let input_offset = context
+            .current_function()
+            .borrow()
+            .get_nth_param(Self::ARGUMENT_INDEX_INPUT_OFFSET)
+            .into_int_value();
+        let input_length = context
+            .current_function()
+            .borrow()
+            .get_nth_param(Self::ARGUMENT_INDEX_INPUT_LENGTH)
+            .into_int_value();
+        let signature_hash = context
+            .current_function()
+            .borrow()
+            .get_nth_param(Self::ARGUMENT_INDEX_SIGNATURE_HASH)
+            .into_int_value();
+        let salt = context
+            .current_function()
+            .borrow()
+            .get_nth_param(Self::ARGUMENT_INDEX_SALT)
+            .into_int_value();
+
+        let error_block = context.append_basic_block("deployer_call_error_block");
+        let success_block = context.append_basic_block("deployer_call_success_block");
+        let value_zero_block = context.append_basic_block("deployer_call_value_zero_block");
+        let value_non_zero_block = context.append_basic_block("deployer_call_value_non_zero_block");
+        let value_join_block = context.append_basic_block("deployer_call_value_join_block");
+
+        context.set_basic_block(context.current_function().borrow().entry_block());
+        let _abi_data = crate::eravm::utils::abi_data(
+            context,
+            input_offset,
+            input_length,
+            None,
+            self.address_space,
+            true,
+        )?;
+
+        let signature_pointer = Pointer::new_with_offset(
+            context,
+            self.address_space,
+            context.field_type(),
+            input_offset,
+            "deployer_call_signature_pointer",
+        );
+        context.build_store(signature_pointer, signature_hash)?;
+
+        let salt_offset = context.builder().build_int_add(
+            input_offset,
+            context.field_const(revive_common::BYTE_LENGTH_X32 as u64),
+            "deployer_call_salt_offset",
+        )?;
+        let salt_pointer = Pointer::new_with_offset(
+            context,
+            self.address_space,
+            context.field_type(),
+            salt_offset,
+            "deployer_call_salt_pointer",
+        );
+        context.build_store(salt_pointer, salt)?;
+
+        let arguments_offset_offset = context.builder().build_int_add(
+            salt_offset,
+            context.field_const((revive_common::BYTE_LENGTH_FIELD * 2) as u64),
+            "deployer_call_arguments_offset_offset",
+        )?;
+        let arguments_offset_pointer = Pointer::new_with_offset(
+            context,
+            self.address_space,
+            context.field_type(),
+            arguments_offset_offset,
+            "deployer_call_arguments_offset_pointer",
+        );
+        context.build_store(
+            arguments_offset_pointer,
+            context.field_const(
+                (crate::eravm::DEPLOYER_CALL_HEADER_SIZE
+                    - (revive_common::BYTE_LENGTH_X32 + revive_common::BYTE_LENGTH_FIELD))
+                    as u64,
+            ),
+        )?;
+
+        let arguments_length_offset = context.builder().build_int_add(
+            arguments_offset_offset,
+            context.field_const(revive_common::BYTE_LENGTH_FIELD as u64),
+            "deployer_call_arguments_length_offset",
+        )?;
+        let arguments_length_pointer = Pointer::new_with_offset(
+            context,
+            self.address_space,
+            context.field_type(),
+            arguments_length_offset,
+            "deployer_call_arguments_length_pointer",
+        );
+        let arguments_length_value = context.builder().build_int_sub(
+            input_length,
+            context.field_const(crate::eravm::DEPLOYER_CALL_HEADER_SIZE as u64),
+            "deployer_call_arguments_length",
+        )?;
+        context.build_store(arguments_length_pointer, arguments_length_value)?;
+
+        let result_pointer =
+            context.build_alloca(context.field_type(), "deployer_call_result_pointer");
+        context.build_store(result_pointer, context.field_const(0))?;
+        let deployer_call_result_type = context.structure_type(&[
+            context
+                .llvm()
+                .ptr_type(AddressSpace::Generic.into())
+                .as_basic_type_enum(),
+            context.bool_type().as_basic_type_enum(),
+        ]);
+        let deployer_call_result_pointer =
+            context.build_alloca(deployer_call_result_type, "deployer_call_result_pointer");
+        context.build_store(
+            deployer_call_result_pointer,
+            deployer_call_result_type.const_zero(),
+        )?;
+        let is_value_zero = context.builder().build_int_compare(
+            inkwell::IntPredicate::EQ,
+            value,
+            context.field_const(0),
+            "deployer_call_is_value_zero",
+        )?;
+        context.build_conditional_branch(is_value_zero, value_zero_block, value_non_zero_block)?;
+
+        context.set_basic_block(value_zero_block);
+        //let deployer_call_result = context
+        //    .build_call(
+        //        context.llvm_runtime().far_call,
+        //        crate::eravm::utils::external_call_arguments(
+        //            context,
+        //            abi_data,
+        //            context.field_const(zkevm_opcode_defs::ADDRESS_CONTRACT_DEPLOYER.into()),
+        //            vec![],
+        //            None,
+        //        )
+        //        .as_slice(),
+        //        "deployer_call_ordinary",
+        //    )
+        //    .expect("Always returns a value");
+        //context.build_store(deployer_call_result_pointer, deployer_call_result)?;
+        context.build_unconditional_branch(value_join_block);
+
+        context.set_basic_block(value_non_zero_block);
+        //let deployer_call_result = context
+        //    .build_call(
+        //        context.llvm_runtime().far_call,
+        //        crate::eravm::utils::external_call_arguments(
+        //            context,
+        //            abi_data.as_basic_value_enum(),
+        //            context.field_const(zkevm_opcode_defs::ADDRESS_MSG_VALUE.into()),
+        //            vec![
+        //                value,
+        //                context.field_const(zkevm_opcode_defs::ADDRESS_CONTRACT_DEPLOYER.into()),
+        //                context.field_const(u64::from(crate::eravm::r#const::SYSTEM_CALL_BIT)),
+        //            ],
+        //            None,
+        //        )
+        //        .as_slice(),
+        //        "deployer_call_system",
+        //    )
+        //    .expect("Always returns a value");
+        //context.build_store(deployer_call_result_pointer, deployer_call_result)?;
+        context.build_unconditional_branch(value_join_block);
+
+        context.set_basic_block(value_join_block);
+        let result_abi_data_pointer = context.build_gep(
+            deployer_call_result_pointer,
+            &[
+                context.field_const(0),
+                context
+                    .integer_type(revive_common::BIT_LENGTH_X32)
+                    .const_zero(),
+            ],
+            context
+                .llvm()
+                .ptr_type(AddressSpace::Generic.into())
+                .as_basic_type_enum(),
+            "deployer_call_result_abi_data_pointer",
+        );
+        let result_abi_data =
+            context.build_load(result_abi_data_pointer, "deployer_call_result_abi_data")?;
+
+        let result_status_code_pointer = context.build_gep(
+            deployer_call_result_pointer,
+            &[
+                context.field_const(0),
+                context
+                    .integer_type(revive_common::BIT_LENGTH_X32)
+                    .const_int(1, false),
+            ],
+            context.bool_type().as_basic_type_enum(),
+            "contract_call_external_result_status_code_pointer",
+        );
+        let result_status_code_boolean = context
+            .build_load(
+                result_status_code_pointer,
+                "contract_call_external_result_status_code_boolean",
+            )?
+            .into_int_value();
+
+        context.build_conditional_branch(result_status_code_boolean, success_block, error_block)?;
+
+        context.set_basic_block(success_block);
+        let result_abi_data_pointer = Pointer::new(
+            context.field_type(),
+            AddressSpace::Generic,
+            result_abi_data.into_pointer_value(),
+        );
+        let address_or_status_code = context.build_load(
+            result_abi_data_pointer,
+            "deployer_call_address_or_status_code",
+        )?;
+        context.build_store(result_pointer, address_or_status_code)?;
+        context.build_unconditional_branch(context.current_function().borrow().return_block());
+
+        context.set_basic_block(error_block);
+        let result_abi_data_pointer = Pointer::new(
+            context.byte_type(),
+            AddressSpace::Generic,
+            result_abi_data.into_pointer_value(),
+        );
+        context.write_abi_pointer(
+            result_abi_data_pointer,
+            crate::eravm::GLOBAL_RETURN_DATA_POINTER,
+        );
+        context.write_abi_data_size(
+            result_abi_data_pointer,
+            crate::eravm::GLOBAL_RETURN_DATA_SIZE,
+        );
+        context.build_unconditional_branch(context.current_function().borrow().return_block());
+
+        context.set_basic_block(context.current_function().borrow().return_block());
+        let result = context.build_load(result_pointer, "deployer_call_result")?;
+        context.build_return(Some(&result));
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}

crates/llvm-context/src/eravm/context/function/runtime/entry.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,282 @@
+//!
+//! The entry function.
+//!
+
+use inkwell::types::BasicType;
+
+use crate::eravm::context::address_space::AddressSpace;
+use crate::eravm::context::function::runtime::Runtime;
+use crate::eravm::context::Context;
+use crate::eravm::Dependency;
+use crate::eravm::WriteLLVM;
+use crate::EraVMPointer as Pointer;
+
+///
+/// The entry function.
+///
+/// The function is a wrapper managing the runtime and deploy code calling logic.
+///
+/// Is a special runtime function that is only used by the front-end generated code.
+///
+#[derive(Debug, Default)]
+pub struct Entry {}
+
+impl Entry {
+    /// The call flags argument index.
+    pub const ARGUMENT_INDEX_CALL_FLAGS: usize = 0;
+
+    /// The number of mandatory arguments.
+    pub const MANDATORY_ARGUMENTS_COUNT: usize = 2;
+
+    /// Reserve 1kb for calldata.
+    pub const MAX_CALLDATA_SIZE: usize = 1024;
+
+    /// Initializes the global variables.
+    /// The pointers are not initialized, because it's not possible to create a null pointer.
+    pub fn initialize_globals<D>(context: &mut Context<D>) -> anyhow::Result<()>
+    where
+        D: Dependency + Clone,
+    {
+        let calldata_type = context.array_type(context.byte_type(), Self::MAX_CALLDATA_SIZE);
+        context.set_global(
+            crate::eravm::GLOBAL_CALLDATA_POINTER,
+            calldata_type,
+            AddressSpace::Stack,
+            calldata_type.get_undef(),
+        );
+
+        context.set_global(
+            crate::eravm::GLOBAL_HEAP_MEMORY_POINTER,
+            context.llvm().ptr_type(AddressSpace::Generic.into()),
+            AddressSpace::Stack,
+            context.xlen_type().get_undef(),
+        );
+        context.build_store(
+            context
+                .get_global(crate::eravm::GLOBAL_HEAP_MEMORY_POINTER)?
+                .into(),
+            context.build_sbrk(context.integer_const(32, 0))?,
+        )?;
+
+        context.set_global(
+            crate::eravm::GLOBAL_CALLDATA_SIZE,
+            context.field_type(),
+            AddressSpace::Stack,
+            context.field_undef(),
+        );
+        context.set_global(
+            crate::eravm::GLOBAL_RETURN_DATA_SIZE,
+            context.field_type(),
+            AddressSpace::Stack,
+            context.field_const(0),
+        );
+
+        context.set_global(
+            crate::eravm::GLOBAL_CALL_FLAGS,
+            context.field_type(),
+            AddressSpace::Stack,
+            context.field_const(0),
+        );
+
+        let extra_abi_data_type = context.array_type(
+            context.field_type().as_basic_type_enum(),
+            crate::eravm::EXTRA_ABI_DATA_SIZE,
+        );
+        context.set_global(
+            crate::eravm::GLOBAL_EXTRA_ABI_DATA,
+            extra_abi_data_type,
+            AddressSpace::Stack,
+            extra_abi_data_type.const_zero(),
+        );
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Load the calldata via seal `input` and initialize the calldata end
+    /// and calldata size globals.
+    pub fn load_calldata<D>(context: &mut Context<D>) -> anyhow::Result<()>
+    where
+        D: Dependency + Clone,
+    {
+        let input_pointer = context
+            .get_global(crate::eravm::GLOBAL_CALLDATA_POINTER)?
+            .value
+            .as_pointer_value();
+        let input_pointer_casted = context.builder.build_ptr_to_int(
+            input_pointer,
+            context.xlen_type(),
+            "input_pointer_casted",
+        )?;
+
+        let length_pointer = context.build_alloca(context.xlen_type(), "len_ptr");
+        let length_pointer_casted = context.builder.build_ptr_to_int(
+            length_pointer.value,
+            context.xlen_type(),
+            "length_pointer_casted",
+        )?;
+
+        context.build_store(
+            length_pointer,
+            context.integer_const(32, Self::MAX_CALLDATA_SIZE as u64),
+        )?;
+        context.builder().build_call(
+            context.module().get_function("input").expect("is declared"),
+            &[input_pointer_casted.into(), length_pointer_casted.into()],
+            "call_seal_input",
+        )?;
+
+        // Store the calldata size
+        let calldata_size = context
+            .build_load(length_pointer, "input_size")?
+            .into_int_value();
+        let calldata_size_casted = context.builder().build_int_z_extend(
+            calldata_size,
+            context.field_type(),
+            "zext_input_len",
+        )?;
+        context.set_global(
+            crate::eravm::GLOBAL_CALLDATA_SIZE,
+            context.field_type(),
+            AddressSpace::Stack,
+            calldata_size_casted,
+        );
+
+        // Store calldata end pointer
+        let input_pointer = Pointer::new(
+            input_pointer.get_type(),
+            AddressSpace::Generic,
+            input_pointer,
+        );
+        let calldata_end_pointer = context.build_gep(
+            input_pointer,
+            &[calldata_size_casted],
+            context
+                .llvm()
+                .ptr_type(AddressSpace::Generic.into())
+                .as_basic_type_enum(),
+            "return_data_abi_initializer",
+        );
+        context.write_abi_pointer(
+            calldata_end_pointer,
+            crate::eravm::GLOBAL_RETURN_DATA_POINTER,
+        );
+        context.write_abi_pointer(calldata_end_pointer, crate::eravm::GLOBAL_ACTIVE_POINTER);
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Calls the deploy code if the first function argument was `1`.
+    /// Calls the runtime code otherwise.
+    pub fn leave_entry<D>(context: &mut Context<D>) -> anyhow::Result<()>
+    where
+        D: Dependency + Clone,
+    {
+        let is_deploy = context
+            .current_function()
+            .borrow()
+            .get_nth_param(Self::ARGUMENT_INDEX_CALL_FLAGS);
+
+        context.set_global(
+            crate::eravm::GLOBAL_CALL_FLAGS,
+            is_deploy.get_type(),
+            AddressSpace::Stack,
+            is_deploy.into_int_value(),
+        );
+
+        let deploy_code_call_block = context.append_basic_block("deploy_code_call_block");
+        let runtime_code_call_block = context.append_basic_block("runtime_code_call_block");
+
+        context.build_conditional_branch(
+            is_deploy.into_int_value(),
+            deploy_code_call_block,
+            runtime_code_call_block,
+        )?;
+
+        let deploy_code = context
+            .functions
+            .get(Runtime::FUNCTION_DEPLOY_CODE)
+            .cloned()
+            .ok_or_else(|| anyhow::anyhow!("Contract deploy code not found"))?;
+        let runtime_code = context
+            .functions
+            .get(Runtime::FUNCTION_RUNTIME_CODE)
+            .cloned()
+            .ok_or_else(|| anyhow::anyhow!("Contract runtime code not found"))?;
+
+        context.set_basic_block(deploy_code_call_block);
+        context.build_invoke(deploy_code.borrow().declaration, &[], "deploy_code_call");
+        context.build_unconditional_branch(context.current_function().borrow().return_block());
+
+        context.set_basic_block(runtime_code_call_block);
+        context.build_invoke(runtime_code.borrow().declaration, &[], "runtime_code_call");
+        context.build_unconditional_branch(context.current_function().borrow().return_block());
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+impl<D> WriteLLVM<D> for Entry
+where
+    D: Dependency + Clone,
+{
+    fn declare(&mut self, context: &mut Context<D>) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+        let entry_arguments = vec![context.bool_type().as_basic_type_enum()];
+        let entry_function_type = context.function_type(entry_arguments, 0, false);
+        context.add_function(Runtime::FUNCTION_ENTRY, entry_function_type, 0, None)?;
+
+        context.declare_extern_function("deploy")?;
+        context.declare_extern_function("call")?;
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Instead of a single entrypoint, the runtime expects two exports: `call ` and `deploy`.
+    /// `call` and `deploy` directly call `entry`, signaling a deploy if the first arg is `1`.
+    /// The `entry` function loads calldata, sets globals and calls the runtime or deploy code.
+    fn into_llvm(self, context: &mut Context<D>) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+        let entry = context
+            .get_function(Runtime::FUNCTION_ENTRY)
+            .expect("the entry function should already be declared")
+            .borrow()
+            .declaration;
+        crate::EraVMFunction::set_attributes(
+            context.llvm(),
+            entry,
+            vec![crate::EraVMAttribute::NoReturn],
+            true,
+        );
+
+        context.set_current_function("deploy")?;
+        context.set_basic_block(context.current_function().borrow().entry_block());
+
+        assert!(context
+            .build_call(entry, &[context.bool_const(true).into()], "entry_deploy")
+            .is_none());
+
+        context.set_basic_block(context.current_function().borrow().return_block);
+        context.build_unreachable();
+
+        context.set_current_function("call")?;
+        context.set_basic_block(context.current_function().borrow().entry_block());
+
+        assert!(context
+            .build_call(entry, &[context.bool_const(false).into()], "entry_call")
+            .is_none());
+
+        context.set_basic_block(context.current_function().borrow().return_block);
+        context.build_unreachable();
+
+        context.set_current_function(Runtime::FUNCTION_ENTRY)?;
+        context.set_basic_block(context.current_function().borrow().entry_block());
+
+        Self::initialize_globals(context)?;
+        Self::load_calldata(context)?;
+        Self::leave_entry(context)?;
+
+        context.build_unconditional_branch(context.current_function().borrow().return_block());
+        context.set_basic_block(context.current_function().borrow().return_block());
+        context.build_unreachable();
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}

crates/llvm-context/src/eravm/context/function/runtime/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+//!
+//! The front-end runtime functions.
+//!
+
+pub mod default_call;
+pub mod deploy_code;
+pub mod deployer_call;
+pub mod entry;
+pub mod runtime_code;
+
+use crate::eravm::context::address_space::AddressSpace;
+use crate::eravm::context::function::declaration::Declaration as FunctionDeclaration;
+use crate::eravm::context::Context;
+use crate::eravm::Dependency;
+use crate::eravm::WriteLLVM;
+
+use self::default_call::DefaultCall;
+use self::deployer_call::DeployerCall;
+
+///
+/// The front-end runtime functions.
+///
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct Runtime {
+    /// The address space where the calldata is allocated.
+    /// Solidity uses the ordinary heap. Vyper uses the auxiliary heap.
+    address_space: AddressSpace,
+}
+
+impl Runtime {
+    /// The main entry function name.
+    pub const FUNCTION_ENTRY: &'static str = "__entry";
+
+    /// The deploy code function name.
+    pub const FUNCTION_DEPLOY_CODE: &'static str = "__deploy";
+
+    /// The runtime code function name.
+    pub const FUNCTION_RUNTIME_CODE: &'static str = "__runtime";
+
+    ///
+    /// A shortcut constructor.
+    ///
+    pub fn new(address_space: AddressSpace) -> Self {
+        Self { address_space }
+    }
+
+    ///
+    /// Returns the corresponding runtime function.
+    ///
+    pub fn default_call<'ctx, D>(
+        context: &Context<'ctx, D>,
+        call_function: FunctionDeclaration<'ctx>,
+    ) -> FunctionDeclaration<'ctx>
+    where
+        D: Dependency + Clone,
+    {
+        context
+            .get_function(DefaultCall::name(call_function).as_str())
+            .expect("Always exists")
+            .borrow()
+            .declaration()
+    }
+
+    ///
+    /// Returns the corresponding runtime function.
+    ///
+    pub fn deployer_call<'ctx, D>(context: &Context<'ctx, D>) -> FunctionDeclaration<'ctx>
+    where
+        D: Dependency + Clone,
+    {
+        context
+            .get_function(DeployerCall::FUNCTION_NAME)
+            .expect("Always exists")
+            .borrow()
+            .declaration()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<D> WriteLLVM<D> for Runtime
+where
+    D: Dependency + Clone,
+{
+    fn declare(&mut self, context: &mut Context<D>) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+        //DefaultCall::new(context.llvm_runtime().far_call).declare(context)?;
+        DefaultCall::new(context.llvm_runtime().static_call).declare(context)?;
+        DefaultCall::new(context.llvm_runtime().delegate_call).declare(context)?;
+        DeployerCall::new(self.address_space).declare(context)?;
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn into_llvm(self, context: &mut Context<D>) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+        //DefaultCall::new(context.llvm_runtime().far_call).into_llvm(context)?;
+        DefaultCall::new(context.llvm_runtime().static_call).into_llvm(context)?;
+        DefaultCall::new(context.llvm_runtime().delegate_call).into_llvm(context)?;
+        DeployerCall::new(self.address_space).into_llvm(context)?;
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}

crates/llvm-context/src/eravm/context/function/runtime/runtime_code.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+//!
+//! The runtime code function.
+//!
+
+use std::marker::PhantomData;
+
+use crate::eravm::context::code_type::CodeType;
+use crate::eravm::context::function::runtime::Runtime;
+use crate::eravm::context::Context;
+use crate::eravm::Dependency;
+use crate::eravm::WriteLLVM;
+
+///
+/// The runtime code function.
+///
+/// Is a special function that is only used by the front-end generated code.
+///
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct RuntimeCode<B, D>
+where
+    B: WriteLLVM<D>,
+    D: Dependency + Clone,
+{
+    /// The runtime code AST representation.
+    inner: B,
+    /// The `D` phantom data.
+    _pd: PhantomData<D>,
+}
+
+impl<B, D> RuntimeCode<B, D>
+where
+    B: WriteLLVM<D>,
+    D: Dependency + Clone,
+{
+    ///
+    /// A shortcut constructor.
+    ///
+    pub fn new(inner: B) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            inner,
+            _pd: PhantomData,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<B, D> WriteLLVM<D> for RuntimeCode<B, D>
+where
+    B: WriteLLVM<D>,
+    D: Dependency + Clone,
+{
+    fn declare(&mut self, context: &mut Context<D>) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+        let function_type =
+            context.function_type::<inkwell::types::BasicTypeEnum>(vec![], 0, false);
+        context.add_function(
+            Runtime::FUNCTION_RUNTIME_CODE,
+            function_type,
+            0,
+            Some(inkwell::module::Linkage::External),
+        )?;
+
+        self.inner.declare(context)
+    }
+
+    fn into_llvm(self, context: &mut Context<D>) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+        context.set_current_function(Runtime::FUNCTION_RUNTIME_CODE)?;
+
+        context.set_basic_block(context.current_function().borrow().entry_block());
+        context.set_code_type(CodeType::Runtime);
+        self.inner.into_llvm(context)?;
+        match context
+            .basic_block()
+            .get_last_instruction()
+            .map(|instruction| instruction.get_opcode())
+        {
+            Some(inkwell::values::InstructionOpcode::Br) => {}
+            Some(inkwell::values::InstructionOpcode::Switch) => {}
+            _ => context
+                .build_unconditional_branch(context.current_function().borrow().return_block()),
+        }
+
+        context.set_basic_block(context.current_function().borrow().return_block());
+        context.build_unreachable();
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}

crates/llvm-context/src/eravm/context/function/vyper_data.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+//!
+//! The LLVM function Vyper data.
+//!
+
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+
+///
+/// The LLVM function Vyper data.
+///
+/// Describes some data that is only relevant to Vyper.
+///
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct VyperData {
+    /// The block-local variables. They are still allocated at the beginning of the function,
+    /// but their parent block must be known in order to pass the implicit arguments thereto.
+    /// Is only used by the Vyper LLL IR compiler.
+    label_arguments: HashMap<String, Vec<String>>,
+}
+
+impl Default for VyperData {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            label_arguments: HashMap::with_capacity(Self::LABEL_ARGUMENTS_HASHMAP_INITIAL_CAPACITY),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl VyperData {
+    /// The label arguments hashmap default capacity.
+    const LABEL_ARGUMENTS_HASHMAP_INITIAL_CAPACITY: usize = 16;
+
+    ///
+    /// A shortcut constructor.
+    ///
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        Self::default()
+    }
+
+    ///
+    /// Returns the list of a Vyper label arguments.
+    ///
+    pub fn label_arguments(&self, label_name: &str) -> Option<Vec<String>> {
+        self.label_arguments.get(label_name).cloned()
+    }
+
+    ///
+    /// Inserts arguments for the specified label.
+    ///
+    pub fn insert_label_arguments(&mut self, label_name: String, arguments: Vec<String>) {
+        self.label_arguments.insert(label_name, arguments);
+    }
+}

crates/llvm-context/src/eravm/context/function/yul_data.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+//!
+//! The LLVM function Yul data.
+//!
+
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+
+use num::BigUint;
+
+///
+/// The LLVM function Yul data.
+///
+/// Describes some data that is only relevant to Yul.
+///
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct YulData {
+    /// The constants saved to variables. Used for peculiar cases like call simulation.
+    /// It is a partial implementation of the constant propagation.
+    constants: HashMap<String, BigUint>,
+}
+
+impl Default for YulData {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            constants: HashMap::with_capacity(Self::CONSTANTS_HASHMAP_INITIAL_CAPACITY),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl YulData {
+    /// The constants hashmap default capacity.
+    const CONSTANTS_HASHMAP_INITIAL_CAPACITY: usize = 16;
+
+    ///
+    /// A shortcut constructor.
+    ///
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        Self::default()
+    }
+
+    ///
+    /// Returns a constant if it has been saved.
+    ///
+    pub fn get_constant(&self, name: &str) -> Option<BigUint> {
+        self.constants.get(name).cloned()
+    }
+
+    ///
+    /// Saves a constant detected with the partial constant propagation.
+    ///
+    pub fn insert_constant(&mut self, name: String, value: BigUint) {
+        self.constants.insert(name, value);
+    }
+}

crates/llvm-context/src/eravm/context/global.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+//!
+//! The LLVM global value.
+//!
+
+use inkwell::types::BasicType;
+use inkwell::values::BasicValue;
+
+use crate::eravm::context::address_space::AddressSpace;
+use crate::eravm::context::Context;
+use crate::EraVMDependency;
+
+///
+/// The LLVM global value.
+///
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct Global<'ctx> {
+    /// The global type.
+    pub r#type: inkwell::types::BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>,
+    /// The global value.
+    pub value: inkwell::values::GlobalValue<'ctx>,
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> Global<'ctx> {
+    ///
+    /// A shortcut constructor.
+    ///
+    pub fn new<D, T, V>(
+        context: &mut Context<'ctx, D>,
+        r#type: T,
+        address_space: AddressSpace,
+        initializer: V,
+        name: &str,
+    ) -> Self
+    where
+        D: EraVMDependency + Clone,
+        T: BasicType<'ctx>,
+        V: BasicValue<'ctx>,
+    {
+        let r#type = r#type.as_basic_type_enum();
+
+        let value = context
+            .module()
+            .add_global(r#type, Some(address_space.into()), name);
+        let global = Self { r#type, value };
+
+        global.value.set_linkage(inkwell::module::Linkage::Private);
+        global
+            .value
+            .set_visibility(inkwell::GlobalVisibility::Default);
+        global.value.set_externally_initialized(false);
+        if let AddressSpace::Code = address_space {
+            global.value.set_constant(true);
+        }
+        if !r#type.is_pointer_type() {
+            global.value.set_initializer(&initializer);
+        } else {
+            global.value.set_initializer(&r#type.const_zero());
+            context.build_store(global.into(), initializer).unwrap();
+        }
+
+        global
+    }
+}

crates/llvm-context/src/eravm/context/loop.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+//!
+//! The LLVM IR generator loop.
+//!
+
+///
+/// The LLVM IR generator loop.
+///
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct Loop<'ctx> {
+    /// The loop current block.
+    pub body_block: inkwell::basic_block::BasicBlock<'ctx>,
+    /// The increment block before the body.
+    pub continue_block: inkwell::basic_block::BasicBlock<'ctx>,
+    /// The join block after the body.
+    pub join_block: inkwell::basic_block::BasicBlock<'ctx>,
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> Loop<'ctx> {
+    ///
+    /// A shortcut constructor.
+    ///
+    pub fn new(
+        body_block: inkwell::basic_block::BasicBlock<'ctx>,
+        continue_block: inkwell::basic_block::BasicBlock<'ctx>,
+        join_block: inkwell::basic_block::BasicBlock<'ctx>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            body_block,
+            continue_block,
+            join_block,
+        }
+    }
+}

crates/llvm-context/src/eravm/context/pointer.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,134 @@
+//!
+//! The LLVM pointer.
+//!
+
+use inkwell::types::BasicType;
+
+use crate::eravm::context::address_space::AddressSpace;
+use crate::eravm::context::global::Global;
+use crate::eravm::context::Context;
+use crate::eravm::Dependency;
+
+///
+/// The LLVM pointer.
+///
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct Pointer<'ctx> {
+    /// The pointee type.
+    pub r#type: inkwell::types::BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>,
+    /// The address space.
+    pub address_space: AddressSpace,
+    /// The pointer value.
+    pub value: inkwell::values::PointerValue<'ctx>,
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> Pointer<'ctx> {
+    ///
+    /// A shortcut constructor.
+    ///
+    pub fn new<T>(
+        r#type: T,
+        address_space: AddressSpace,
+        value: inkwell::values::PointerValue<'ctx>,
+    ) -> Self
+    where
+        T: BasicType<'ctx>,
+    {
+        Self {
+            r#type: r#type.as_basic_type_enum(),
+            address_space,
+            value,
+        }
+    }
+
+    ///
+    /// Wraps a 256-bit primitive type pointer.
+    ///
+    pub fn new_stack_field<D>(
+        context: &Context<'ctx, D>,
+        value: inkwell::values::PointerValue<'ctx>,
+    ) -> Self
+    where
+        D: Dependency + Clone,
+    {
+        Self {
+            r#type: context.field_type().as_basic_type_enum(),
+            address_space: AddressSpace::Stack,
+            value,
+        }
+    }
+
+    ///
+    /// Creates a new pointer with the specified `offset`.
+    ///
+    pub fn new_with_offset<D, T>(
+        context: &Context<'ctx, D>,
+        address_space: AddressSpace,
+        r#type: T,
+        offset: inkwell::values::IntValue<'ctx>,
+        name: &str,
+    ) -> Self
+    where
+        D: Dependency + Clone,
+        T: BasicType<'ctx>,
+    {
+        assert_ne!(
+            address_space,
+            AddressSpace::Stack,
+            "Stack pointers cannot be addressed"
+        );
+
+        let offset = context.safe_truncate_int_to_i32(offset).unwrap();
+        let value = context
+            .builder
+            .build_int_to_ptr(offset, context.llvm().ptr_type(address_space.into()), name)
+            .unwrap();
+        Self::new(r#type, address_space, value)
+    }
+
+    ///
+    /// Casts the pointer into another type.
+    ///
+    pub fn cast<T>(self, r#type: T) -> Self
+    where
+        T: BasicType<'ctx>,
+    {
+        Self {
+            r#type: r#type.as_basic_type_enum(),
+            address_space: self.address_space,
+            value: self.value,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn address_space_cast<D>(
+        self,
+        context: &Context<'ctx, D>,
+        address_space: AddressSpace,
+        name: &str,
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<Self>
+    where
+        D: Dependency + Clone,
+    {
+        let value = context.builder().build_address_space_cast(
+            self.value,
+            context.llvm().ptr_type(address_space.into()),
+            name,
+        )?;
+
+        Ok(Self {
+            address_space,
+            value,
+            ..self
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> From<Global<'ctx>> for Pointer<'ctx> {
+    fn from(global: Global<'ctx>) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            r#type: global.r#type,
+            address_space: AddressSpace::Stack,
+            value: global.value.as_pointer_value(),
+        }
+    }
+}

crates/llvm-context/src/eravm/context/solidity_data.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+//!
+//! The LLVM IR generator Solidity data.
+//!
+
+use std::collections::BTreeMap;
+
+///
+/// The LLVM IR generator Solidity data.
+///
+/// Describes some data that is only relevant to Solidity.
+///
+#[derive(Debug, Default)]
+pub struct SolidityData {
+    /// The immutables identifier-to-offset mapping. Is only used by Solidity due to
+    /// the arbitrariness of its identifiers.
+    immutables: BTreeMap<String, usize>,
+}
+
+impl SolidityData {
+    ///
+    /// A shortcut constructor.
+    ///
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        Self::default()
+    }
+
+    ///
+    /// Returns the current number of immutables values in the contract.
+    ///
+    pub fn immutables_size(&self) -> usize {
+        self.immutables.len() * revive_common::BYTE_LENGTH_FIELD
+    }
+
+    ///
+    /// Allocates memory for an immutable value in the auxiliary heap.
+    ///
+    /// If the identifier is already known, just returns its offset.
+    ///
+    pub fn allocate_immutable(&mut self, identifier: &str) -> usize {
+        let number_of_elements = self.immutables.len();
+        let new_offset = number_of_elements * revive_common::BYTE_LENGTH_FIELD;
+        *self
+            .immutables
+            .entry(identifier.to_owned())
+            .or_insert(new_offset)
+    }
+
+    ///
+    /// Gets the offset of the immutable value.
+    ///
+    /// If the value is not yet allocated, then it is done forcibly.
+    ///
+    pub fn get_or_allocate_immutable(&mut self, identifier: &str) -> usize {
+        match self.immutables.get(identifier).copied() {
+            Some(offset) => offset,
+            None => self.allocate_immutable(identifier),
+        }
+    }
+}

crates/llvm-context/src/eravm/context/tests.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
+//!
+//! The LLVM IR generator context tests.
+//!
+
+use crate::eravm::context::attribute::Attribute;
+use crate::eravm::context::Context;
+use crate::eravm::DummyDependency;
+use crate::optimizer::settings::Settings as OptimizerSettings;
+use crate::optimizer::Optimizer;
+
+pub fn create_context(
+    llvm: &inkwell::context::Context,
+    optimizer_settings: OptimizerSettings,
+) -> Context<DummyDependency> {
+    crate::eravm::initialize_target();
+
+    let module = llvm.create_module("test");
+    let optimizer = Optimizer::new(optimizer_settings);
+
+    Context::<DummyDependency>::new(llvm, module, optimizer, None, true, None)
+}
+
+#[test]
+pub fn check_attribute_null_pointer_is_invalid() {
+    let llvm = inkwell::context::Context::create();
+    let mut context = create_context(&llvm, OptimizerSettings::cycles());
+
+    let function = context
+        .add_function(
+            "test",
+            context
+                .field_type()
+                .fn_type(&[context.field_type().into()], false),
+            1,
+            Some(inkwell::module::Linkage::External),
+        )
+        .expect("Failed to add function");
+    assert!(function
+        .borrow()
+        .declaration()
+        .value
+        .attributes(inkwell::attributes::AttributeLoc::Function)
+        .contains(&llvm.create_enum_attribute(Attribute::NullPointerIsValid as u32, 0)));
+}
+
+#[test]
+pub fn check_attribute_optimize_for_size_mode_3() {
+    let llvm = inkwell::context::Context::create();
+    let mut context = create_context(&llvm, OptimizerSettings::cycles());
+
+    let function = context
+        .add_function(
+            "test",
+            context
+                .field_type()
+                .fn_type(&[context.field_type().into()], false),
+            1,
+            Some(inkwell::module::Linkage::External),
+        )
+        .expect("Failed to add function");
+    assert!(!function
+        .borrow()
+        .declaration()
+        .value
+        .attributes(inkwell::attributes::AttributeLoc::Function)
+        .contains(&llvm.create_enum_attribute(Attribute::OptimizeForSize as u32, 0)));
+}
+
+#[test]
+pub fn check_attribute_optimize_for_size_mode_z() {
+    let llvm = inkwell::context::Context::create();
+    let mut context = create_context(&llvm, OptimizerSettings::size());
+
+    let function = context
+        .add_function(
+            "test",
+            context
+                .field_type()
+                .fn_type(&[context.field_type().into()], false),
+            1,
+            Some(inkwell::module::Linkage::External),
+        )
+        .expect("Failed to add function");
+    assert!(function
+        .borrow()
+        .declaration()
+        .value
+        .attributes(inkwell::attributes::AttributeLoc::Function)
+        .contains(&llvm.create_enum_attribute(Attribute::OptimizeForSize as u32, 0)));
+}
+
+#[test]
+pub fn check_attribute_min_size_mode_3() {
+    let llvm = inkwell::context::Context::create();
+    let mut context = create_context(&llvm, OptimizerSettings::cycles());
+
+    let function = context
+        .add_function(
+            "test",
+            context
+                .field_type()
+                .fn_type(&[context.field_type().into()], false),
+            1,
+            Some(inkwell::module::Linkage::External),
+        )
+        .expect("Failed to add function");
+    assert!(!function
+        .borrow()
+        .declaration()
+        .value
+        .attributes(inkwell::attributes::AttributeLoc::Function)
+        .contains(&llvm.create_enum_attribute(Attribute::MinSize as u32, 0)));
+}
+
+#[test]
+pub fn check_attribute_min_size_mode_z() {
+    let llvm = inkwell::context::Context::create();
+    let mut context = create_context(&llvm, OptimizerSettings::size());
+
+    let function = context
+        .add_function(
+            "test",
+            context
+                .field_type()
+                .fn_type(&[context.field_type().into()], false),
+            1,
+            Some(inkwell::module::Linkage::External),
+        )
+        .expect("Failed to add function");
+    assert!(function
+        .borrow()
+        .declaration()
+        .value
+        .attributes(inkwell::attributes::AttributeLoc::Function)
+        .contains(&llvm.create_enum_attribute(Attribute::MinSize as u32, 0)));
+}

crates/llvm-context/src/eravm/context/vyper_data.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+//!
+//! The LLVM IR generator Vyper data.
+//!
+
+///
+/// The LLVM IR generator Vyper data.
+///
+/// Describes some data that is only relevant to Vyper.
+///
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct VyperData {
+    /// The immutables size tracker. Stores the size in bytes.
+    /// Does not take into account the size of the indexes.
+    immutables_size: usize,
+    /// Whether the contract forwarder has been used.
+    is_forwarder_used: bool,
+}
+
+impl VyperData {
+    ///
+    /// A shortcut constructor.
+    ///
+    pub fn new(immutables_size: usize, is_forwarder_used: bool) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            immutables_size,
+            is_forwarder_used,
+        }
+    }
+
+    ///
+    /// Returns the size of the immutables data of the contract.
+    ///
+    pub fn immutables_size(&self) -> usize {
+        self.immutables_size
+    }
+
+    ///
+    /// Sets the forwarder usage flag.
+    ///
+    pub fn set_is_forwarder_used(&mut self) {
+        self.is_forwarder_used = true;
+    }
+
+    ///
+    /// Returns the forwarder usage flag.
+    ///
+    pub fn is_forwarder_used(&self) -> bool {
+        self.is_forwarder_used
+    }
+}

crates/llvm-context/src/eravm/context/yul_data.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+//!
+//! The LLVM IR generator Yul data.
+//!
+
+use std::collections::BTreeMap;
+
+use num::Zero;
+
+///
+/// The LLVM IR generator Yul data.
+///
+/// Describes some data that is only relevant to Yul.
+///
+#[derive(Debug, Default)]
+pub struct YulData {
+    /// The system mode flag.
+    /// The call simulations only work if this mode is enabled.
+    is_system_mode: bool,
+    /// The list of constant arrays in the code section.
+    /// It is a temporary storage used until the finalization method is called.
+    const_arrays: BTreeMap<u8, Vec<num::BigUint>>,
+}
+
+impl YulData {
+    ///
+    /// A shortcut constructor.
+    ///
+    pub fn new(is_system_mode: bool) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            is_system_mode,
+            const_arrays: BTreeMap::new(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    ///
+    /// Whether the system mode is enabled.
+    ///
+    pub fn is_system_mode(&self) -> bool {
+        self.is_system_mode
+    }
+
+    ///
+    /// Declares a temporary constant array representation.
+    ///
+    pub fn const_array_declare(&mut self, index: u8, size: u16) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+        if self.const_arrays.contains_key(&index) {
+            anyhow::bail!(
+                "The constant array with index {} is already declared",
+                index
+            );
+        }
+
+        self.const_arrays
+            .insert(index, vec![num::BigUint::zero(); size as usize]);
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    ///
+    /// Sets a value in the constant array representation.
+    ///
+    pub fn const_array_set(
+        &mut self,
+        index: u8,
+        offset: u16,
+        value: num::BigUint,
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+        let array = self.const_arrays.get_mut(&index).ok_or_else(|| {
+            anyhow::anyhow!("The constant array with index {} is not declared", index)
+        })?;
+        if offset >= array.len() as u16 {
+            anyhow::bail!(
+                "The constant array with index {} has size {} but the offset is {}",
+                index,
+                array.len(),
+                offset,
+            );
+        }
+        array[offset as usize] = value;
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    ///
+    /// Finalizes the constant array declaration.
+    ///
+    pub fn const_array_take(&mut self, index: u8) -> anyhow::Result<Vec<num::BigUint>> {
+        self.const_arrays.remove(&index).ok_or_else(|| {
+            anyhow::anyhow!("The constant array with index {} is not declared", index)
+        })
+    }
+}

crates/llvm-context/src/eravm/evm/arithmetic.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,149 @@
+//!
+//! Translates the arithmetic operations.
+//!
+
+use inkwell::values::BasicValue;
+
+use crate::eravm::context::Context;
+use crate::eravm::Dependency;
+
+///
+/// Translates the arithmetic addition.
+///
+pub fn addition<'ctx, D>(
+    context: &mut Context<'ctx, D>,
+    operand_1: inkwell::values::IntValue<'ctx>,
+    operand_2: inkwell::values::IntValue<'ctx>,
+) -> anyhow::Result<inkwell::values::BasicValueEnum<'ctx>>
+where
+    D: Dependency + Clone,
+{
+    Ok(context
+        .builder()
+        .build_int_add(operand_1, operand_2, "addition_result")?
+        .as_basic_value_enum())
+}
+
+///
+/// Translates the arithmetic subtraction.
+///
+pub fn subtraction<'ctx, D>(
+    context: &mut Context<'ctx, D>,
+    operand_1: inkwell::values::IntValue<'ctx>,
+    operand_2: inkwell::values::IntValue<'ctx>,
+) -> anyhow::Result<inkwell::values::BasicValueEnum<'ctx>>
+where
+    D: Dependency + Clone,
+{
+    Ok(context
+        .builder()
+        .build_int_sub(operand_1, operand_2, "subtraction_result")?
+        .as_basic_value_enum())
+}
+
+///
+/// Translates the arithmetic multiplication.
+///
+pub fn multiplication<'ctx, D>(
+    context: &mut Context<'ctx, D>,
+    operand_1: inkwell::values::IntValue<'ctx>,
+    operand_2: inkwell::values::IntValue<'ctx>,
+) -> anyhow::Result<inkwell::values::BasicValueEnum<'ctx>>
+where
+    D: Dependency + Clone,
+{
+    Ok(context
+        .builder()
+        .build_int_mul(operand_1, operand_2, "multiplication_result")?
+        .as_basic_value_enum())
+}
+
+///
+/// Translates the arithmetic division.
+///
+pub fn division<'ctx, D>(
+    context: &mut Context<'ctx, D>,
+    operand_1: inkwell::values::IntValue<'ctx>,
+    operand_2: inkwell::values::IntValue<'ctx>,
+) -> anyhow::Result<inkwell::values::BasicValueEnum<'ctx>>
+where
+    D: Dependency + Clone,
+{
+    Ok(context
+        .builder()
+        .build_int_unsigned_div(operand_1, operand_2, "udiv")?
+        .into())
+}
+
+///
+/// Translates the arithmetic remainder.
+///
+pub fn remainder<'ctx, D>(
+    context: &mut Context<'ctx, D>,
+    operand_1: inkwell::values::IntValue<'ctx>,
+    operand_2: inkwell::values::IntValue<'ctx>,
+) -> anyhow::Result<inkwell::values::BasicValueEnum<'ctx>>
+where
+    D: Dependency + Clone,
+{
+    Ok(context
+        .build_call(
+            context.llvm_runtime().r#mod,
+            &[
+                operand_1.as_basic_value_enum(),
+                operand_2.as_basic_value_enum(),
+            ],
+            "add_mod_call",
+        )
+        .expect("Always exists"))
+}
+
+///
+/// Translates the signed arithmetic division.
+///
+/// Two differences between the EVM and LLVM IR:
+/// 1. In case of division by zero, 0 is returned.
+/// 2. In case of overflow, the first argument is returned.
+///
+pub fn division_signed<'ctx, D>(
+    context: &mut Context<'ctx, D>,
+    operand_1: inkwell::values::IntValue<'ctx>,
+    operand_2: inkwell::values::IntValue<'ctx>,
+) -> anyhow::Result<inkwell::values::BasicValueEnum<'ctx>>
+where
+    D: Dependency + Clone,
+{
+    Ok(context
+        .build_call(
+            context.llvm_runtime().sdiv,
+            &[
+                operand_1.as_basic_value_enum(),
+                operand_2.as_basic_value_enum(),
+            ],
+            "add_mod_call",
+        )
+        .expect("Always exists"))
+}
+
+///
+/// Translates the signed arithmetic remainder.
+///
+pub fn remainder_signed<'ctx, D>(
+    context: &mut Context<'ctx, D>,
+    operand_1: inkwell::values::IntValue<'ctx>,
+    operand_2: inkwell::values::IntValue<'ctx>,
+) -> anyhow::Result<inkwell::values::BasicValueEnum<'ctx>>
+where
+    D: Dependency + Clone,
+{
+    Ok(context
+        .build_call(
+            context.llvm_runtime().smod,
+            &[
+                operand_1.as_basic_value_enum(),
+                operand_2.as_basic_value_enum(),
+            ],
+            "add_mod_call",
+        )
+        .expect("Always exists"))
+}

crates/llvm-context/src/eravm/evm/bitwise.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,235 @@
+//!
+//! Translates the bitwise operations.
+//!
+
+use inkwell::values::BasicValue;
+
+use crate::eravm::context::Context;
+use crate::eravm::Dependency;
+
+///
+/// Translates the bitwise OR.
+///
+pub fn or<'ctx, D>(
+    context: &mut Context<'ctx, D>,
+    operand_1: inkwell::values::IntValue<'ctx>,
+    operand_2: inkwell::values::IntValue<'ctx>,
+) -> anyhow::Result<inkwell::values::BasicValueEnum<'ctx>>
+where
+    D: Dependency + Clone,
+{
+    Ok(context
+        .builder()
+        .build_or(operand_1, operand_2, "or_result")?
+        .as_basic_value_enum())
+}
+
+///
+/// Translates the bitwise XOR.
+///
+pub fn xor<'ctx, D>(
+    context: &mut Context<'ctx, D>,
+    operand_1: inkwell::values::IntValue<'ctx>,
+    operand_2: inkwell::values::IntValue<'ctx>,
+) -> anyhow::Result<inkwell::values::BasicValueEnum<'ctx>>
+where
+    D: Dependency + Clone,
+{
+    Ok(context
+        .builder()
+        .build_xor(operand_1, operand_2, "xor_result")?
+        .as_basic_value_enum())
+}
+
+///
+/// Translates the bitwise AND.
+///
+pub fn and<'ctx, D>(
+    context: &mut Context<'ctx, D>,
+    operand_1: inkwell::values::IntValue<'ctx>,
+    operand_2: inkwell::values::IntValue<'ctx>,
+) -> anyhow::Result<inkwell::values::BasicValueEnum<'ctx>>
+where
+    D: Dependency + Clone,
+{
+    Ok(context
+        .builder()
+        .build_and(operand_1, operand_2, "and_result")?
+        .as_basic_value_enum())
+}
+
+///
+/// Translates the bitwise shift left.
+///
+pub fn shift_left<'ctx, D>(
+    context: &mut Context<'ctx, D>,
+    shift: inkwell::values::IntValue<'ctx>,
+    value: inkwell::values::IntValue<'ctx>,
+) -> anyhow::Result<inkwell::values::BasicValueEnum<'ctx>>
+where
+    D: Dependency + Clone,
+{
+    let overflow_block = context.append_basic_block("shift_left_overflow");
+    let non_overflow_block = context.append_basic_block("shift_left_non_overflow");
+    let join_block = context.append_basic_block("shift_left_join");
+
+    let result_pointer = context.build_alloca(context.field_type(), "shift_left_result_pointer");
+    let condition_is_overflow = context.builder().build_int_compare(
+        inkwell::IntPredicate::UGT,
+        shift,
+        context.field_const((revive_common::BIT_LENGTH_FIELD - 1) as u64),
+        "shift_left_is_overflow",
+    )?;
+    context.build_conditional_branch(condition_is_overflow, overflow_block, non_overflow_block)?;
+
+    context.set_basic_block(overflow_block);
+    context.build_store(result_pointer, context.field_const(0))?;
+    context.build_unconditional_branch(join_block);
+
+    context.set_basic_block(non_overflow_block);
+    let value =
+        context
+            .builder()
+            .build_left_shift(value, shift, "shift_left_non_overflow_result")?;
+    context.build_store(result_pointer, value)?;
+    context.build_unconditional_branch(join_block);
+
+    context.set_basic_block(join_block);
+    context.build_load(result_pointer, "shift_left_result")
+}
+
+///
+/// Translates the bitwise shift right.
+///
+pub fn shift_right<'ctx, D>(
+    context: &mut Context<'ctx, D>,
+    shift: inkwell::values::IntValue<'ctx>,
+    value: inkwell::values::IntValue<'ctx>,
+) -> anyhow::Result<inkwell::values::BasicValueEnum<'ctx>>
+where
+    D: Dependency + Clone,
+{
+    let overflow_block = context.append_basic_block("shift_right_overflow");
+    let non_overflow_block = context.append_basic_block("shift_right_non_overflow");
+    let join_block = context.append_basic_block("shift_right_join");
+
+    let result_pointer = context.build_alloca(context.field_type(), "shift_right_result_pointer");
+    let condition_is_overflow = context.builder().build_int_compare(
+        inkwell::IntPredicate::UGT,
+        shift,
+        context.field_const((revive_common::BIT_LENGTH_FIELD - 1) as u64),
+        "shift_right_is_overflow",
+    )?;
+    context.build_conditional_branch(condition_is_overflow, overflow_block, non_overflow_block)?;
+
+    context.set_basic_block(overflow_block);
+    context.build_store(result_pointer, context.field_const(0))?;
+    context.build_unconditional_branch(join_block);
+
+    context.set_basic_block(non_overflow_block);
+    let value = context.builder().build_right_shift(
+        value,
+        shift,
+        false,
+        "shift_right_non_overflow_result",
+    )?;
+    context.build_store(result_pointer, value)?;
+    context.build_unconditional_branch(join_block);
+
+    context.set_basic_block(join_block);
+    context.build_load(result_pointer, "shift_right_result")
+}
+
+///
+/// Translates the arithmetic bitwise shift right.
+///
+pub fn shift_right_arithmetic<'ctx, D>(
+    context: &mut Context<'ctx, D>,
+    shift: inkwell::values::IntValue<'ctx>,
+    value: inkwell::values::IntValue<'ctx>,
+) -> anyhow::Result<inkwell::values::BasicValueEnum<'ctx>>
+where
+    D: Dependency + Clone,
+{
+    let overflow_block = context.append_basic_block("shift_right_arithmetic_overflow");
+    let overflow_positive_block =
+        context.append_basic_block("shift_right_arithmetic_overflow_positive");
+    let overflow_negative_block =
+        context.append_basic_block("shift_right_arithmetic_overflow_negative");
+    let non_overflow_block = context.append_basic_block("shift_right_arithmetic_non_overflow");
+    let join_block = context.append_basic_block("shift_right_arithmetic_join");
+
+    let result_pointer = context.build_alloca(
+        context.field_type(),
+        "shift_right_arithmetic_result_pointer",
+    );
+    let condition_is_overflow = context.builder().build_int_compare(
+        inkwell::IntPredicate::UGT,
+        shift,
+        context.field_const((revive_common::BIT_LENGTH_FIELD - 1) as u64),
+        "shift_right_arithmetic_is_overflow",
+    )?;
+    context.build_conditional_branch(condition_is_overflow, overflow_block, non_overflow_block)?;
+
+    context.set_basic_block(overflow_block);
+    let sign_bit = context.builder().build_right_shift(
+        value,
+        context.field_const((revive_common::BIT_LENGTH_FIELD - 1) as u64),
+        false,
+        "shift_right_arithmetic_sign_bit",
+    )?;
+    let condition_is_negative = context.builder().build_int_truncate_or_bit_cast(
+        sign_bit,
+        context.bool_type(),
+        "shift_right_arithmetic_sign_bit_truncated",
+    )?;
+    context.build_conditional_branch(
+        condition_is_negative,
+        overflow_negative_block,
+        overflow_positive_block,
+    )?;
+
+    context.set_basic_block(overflow_positive_block);
+    context.build_store(result_pointer, context.field_const(0))?;
+    context.build_unconditional_branch(join_block);
+
+    context.set_basic_block(overflow_negative_block);
+    context.build_store(result_pointer, context.field_type().const_all_ones())?;
+    context.build_unconditional_branch(join_block);
+
+    context.set_basic_block(non_overflow_block);
+    let value = context.builder().build_right_shift(
+        value,
+        shift,
+        true,
+        "shift_right_arithmetic_non_overflow_result",
+    )?;
+    context.build_store(result_pointer, value)?;
+    context.build_unconditional_branch(join_block);
+
+    context.set_basic_block(join_block);
+    context.build_load(result_pointer, "shift_right_arithmetic_result")
+}
+
+///
+/// Translates the `byte` instruction.
+///
+pub fn byte<'ctx, D>(
+    context: &mut Context<'ctx, D>,
+    operand_1: inkwell::values::IntValue<'ctx>,
+    operand_2: inkwell::values::IntValue<'ctx>,
+) -> anyhow::Result<inkwell::values::BasicValueEnum<'ctx>>
+where
+    D: Dependency + Clone,
+{
+    Ok(context
+        .build_call(
+            context.llvm_runtime().byte,
+            &[
+                operand_1.as_basic_value_enum(),
+                operand_2.as_basic_value_enum(),
+            ],
+            "byte_call",
+        )
+        .expect("Always exists"))
+}