experimentally switch to rv64

Signed-off-by: xermicus <cyrill@parity.io>
2026-06-14 14:31:05 +00:00 · 2024-04-27 12:46:05 +02:00
301 changed files with 8477 additions and 15713 deletions
@@ -1,55 +0,0 @@
-name: Build
-
-on:
-  push:
-    branches: ["main"]
-  pull_request:
-    branches: ["main"]
-
-env:
-  CARGO_TERM_COLOR: always
-
-jobs:
-  build-ubuntu-x86:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-
-    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-
-      - name: Install solc
-        run: |
-          mkdir -p solc
-          curl -sSL --output solc/solc https://github.com/ethereum/solidity/releases/download/v0.8.26/solc-static-linux
-          chmod +x solc/solc
-          echo "$(pwd)/solc/" >> $GITHUB_PATH
-
-      - name: Install LLVM
-        run: |
-          curl -sSL --output llvm.tar.xz https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/releases/download/llvmorg-18.1.4/clang+llvm-18.1.4-x86_64-linux-gnu-ubuntu-18.04.tar.xz
-          tar Jxf llvm.tar.xz
-          mv clang+llvm-18.1.4-x86_64-linux-gnu-ubuntu-18.04 llvm18/
-          echo "$(pwd)/llvm18/bin" >> $GITHUB_PATH
-
-      - name: Install apt dependencies
-        run: |
-          sudo add-apt-repository -y ppa:ethereum/ethereum
-          sudo apt update
-          sudo apt install -y libtinfo5 ethereum
-
-      - name: Format
-        run: make format
-
-      - name: Clippy
-        run: make clippy
-
-      - name: Test cargo workspace
-        run: make test-workspace
-
-      - name: Test CLI
-        run: make test-cli
-
-      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
-        with:
-          name: ${{ github.job }}-resolc
-          path: ./target/release/resolc
-          retention-days: 1
@@ -11,6 +11,4 @@
 node_modules
 artifacts
 tmp
-package-lock.json
-/*.html
-/build
+package-lock.json
@@ -2,30 +2,7 @@
 resolver = "2"
 members = ["crates/*"]

-[workspace.package]
-version = "0.1.0"
-authors = [
-    "Cyrill Leutwiler <cyrill@parity.io>",
-    "Parity Technologies <admin@parity.io>",
-]
-license = "MIT/Apache-2.0"
-edition = "2021"
-repository = "https://github.com/xermicus/revive"
-
 [workspace.dependencies]
-revive-benchmarks = { version = "0.1.0", path = "crates/benchmarks" }
-revive-builtins = { version = "0.1.0", path = "crates/builtins" }
-revive-common = { version = "0.1.0", path = "crates/common" }
-revive-differential = { version = "0.1.0", path = "crates/differential" }
-revive-integration = { version = "0.1.0", path = "crates/integration" }
-revive-linker = { version = "0.1.0", path = "crates/linker" }
-lld-sys = { version = "0.1.0", path = "crates/lld-sys" }
-revive-llvm-context = { version = "0.1.0", path = "crates/llvm-context" }
-revive-runtime-api = { version = "0.1.0", path = "crates/runtime-api" }
-revive-runner = { version = "0.1.0", path = "crates/runner" }
-revive-solidity = { version = "0.1.0", path = "crates/solidity" }
-revive-stdlib = { version = "0.1.0", path = "crates/stdlib" }
-
 hex = "0.4"
 petgraph = "0.6"
 cc = "1.0"
@@ -48,33 +25,27 @@ thiserror = "1.0"
 which = "5.0"
 path-slash = "0.2"
 rayon = "1.8"
-clap = { version = "4", default-features = false, features = ["derive"] }
+structopt = { version = "0.3", default-features = false }
 rand = "0.8"
-polkavm-common = "0.10"
-polkavm-linker = "0.10"
-polkavm-disassembler = "0.10"
-polkavm = "0.10"
-alloy-primitives = { version = "0.8", features = ["serde"] }
-alloy-sol-types = "0.8"
-alloy-genesis = "0.3"
-alloy-serde = "0.3"
+polkavm-common = { branch = "master_byteswap", git = "https://github.com/xermicus/polkavm.git" } 
+polkavm-linker = { branch = "master_byteswap", git = "https://github.com/xermicus/polkavm.git" } 
+polkavm = { branch = "master_byteswap", git = "https://github.com/xermicus/polkavm.git" } 
+alloy-primitives = "0.6"
+alloy-sol-types = "0.6"
 env_logger = { version = "0.10.0", default-features = false }
 serde_stacker = "0.1"
 criterion = { version = "0.5", features = ["html_reports"] }
-log = { version = "0.4" }

-# polkadot-sdk and friends
-codec = { version = "3.6.12", default-features = false, package = "parity-scale-codec" }
-scale-info = { version = "2.11.1", default-features = false }
-polkadot-sdk = { git = "https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk", branch = "pg/repro" }
+# Benchmarking against EVM
+primitive-types = { version = "0.12", features = ["codec"] }
+evm-interpreter = { git = "https://github.com/xermicus/evm.git", branch = "separate-compilation" }

-# llvm
 [workspace.dependencies.inkwell]
-version = "0.5"
+git = "https://github.com/TheDan64/inkwell.git"
+commit = "d916c66"
 default-features = false
 features = ["serde", "llvm18-0", "no-libffi-linking", "target-riscv"]

-[profile.bench]
+[profile.benchmark]
 inherits = "release"
 lto = true
-codegen-units = 1
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-.PHONY: install format test test-solidity test-cli test-integration test-workspace clean docs docs-build
+.PHONY: install test test-solidity test-cli test-integration clean

 install: install-bin install-npm

@@ -8,11 +8,7 @@ install-bin:
 install-npm:
 	npm install && npm fund

-format:
-	cargo fmt --all --check
-
-test: format clippy test-cli test-workspace
-	cargo test --workspace
+test: install test-integration test-cli test-solidity

 test-integration: install-bin
 	cargo test --package revive-integration
@@ -20,33 +16,31 @@ test-integration: install-bin
 test-solidity: install
 	cargo test --package revive-solidity

-test-workspace: install
-	cargo test --workspace
-
 test-cli: install
 	npm run test:cli

-bench-pvm: install-bin
-	cargo criterion --bench execute --features bench-pvm-interpreter --message-format=json \
-	| criterion-table > crates/benchmarks/PVM.md
+bench-prepare: install-bin
+	cargo criterion --bench prepare --features bench-evm,bench-pvm --message-format=json \
+	| criterion-table > crates/benchmarks/PREPARE.md

-bench-evm: install-bin
-	cargo criterion --bench execute --features bench-evm --message-format=json \
-	| criterion-table > crates/benchmarks/EVM.md
+bench-execute: install-bin
+	cargo criterion --bench execute --features bench-evm,bench-pvm --message-format=json \
+	| criterion-table > crates/benchmarks/EXECUTE.md
+
+bench-extensive: install-bin
+	cargo criterion --all --all-features --message-format=json \
+	| criterion-table > crates/benchmarks/BENCHMARKS.md
+
+bench-quick: install-bin
+	cargo criterion --all --features bench-evm

 bench: install-bin
-	cargo criterion --all --all-features --message-format=json \
+	cargo criterion --all --features bench-evm,bench-pvm --message-format=json \
 	| criterion-table > crates/benchmarks/BENCHMARKS.md

 clippy:
 	cargo clippy --all-features --workspace --tests --benches

-docs: docs-build
-	mdbook serve --open docs/
-
-docs-build:
-	mdbook test docs/ && mdbook build docs/
-
 clean:
 	cargo clean ; \
 	rm -rf node_modules ; \
@@ -1,38 +1,38 @@
-![CI](https://github.com/xermicus/revive/actions/workflows/rust.yml/badge.svg)
-
 # revive

-YUL and EVM assembly recompiler to LLVM, targetting RISC-V on [PolkaVM](https://github.com/koute/polkavm).
+YUL and EVM bytecode recompiler to LLVM, targetting RISC-V on PolkaVM.

-[Frontend](https://github.com/matter-labs/era-compiler-solidity) and [code generator](https://github.com/matter-labs/era-compiler-llvm-context) are based of ZKSync `zksolc`.
+Code bases of [frontend](https://github.com/matter-labs/era-compiler-solidity) and [code generator](https://github.com/matter-labs/era-compiler-llvm-context) are forked and adapted from ZKSync `zksolc`.

-## Status
+# Status

-This is experimental software in active development and not ready just yet for production usage.
+Currently, primary goal of this codebase is to allow for benchmarks comparing performance against ink! and solang artifacts as well as EVM interpreters.

-Discussion around the development is hosted on the [Polkadot Forum](https://forum.polkadot.network/t/contracts-update-solidity-on-polkavm/6949#a-new-solidity-compiler-1).
+# TODO

-## Installation
+The project is in a very early PoC phase. Don't yet expect the produced code to be working nor to be correct for anything more than a basic flipper contract at the current stage.

-`resolc` depends on the [solc](https://github.com/ethereum/solidity) binary installed on your system.
-
-To install the `resolc` Solidity frontend executable:
-
-```bash
-bash build-llvm.sh
-export PATH=${PWD}/llvm18.0/bin:$PATH
-make install-bin
-resolc --version
-```
-
-### LLVM
-
-`revive` requires a build of LLVM 18.1.4 or later including `compiler-rt`. Use the provided [build-llvm.sh](build-llvm.sh) build script to compile a compatible LLVM build locally in `$PWD/llvm18.0` (don't forget to add that to `$PATH` afterwards). 
-
-### Development
-
-Please consult the [Makefile](Makefile) targets to learn how to run tests and benchmarks. 
-Ensure that your branch passes `make test` locally when submitting a pull request.
-
-## Design overview
-`revive` uses [solc](https://github.com/ethereum/solidity/), the Ethereum Solidity compiler, as the [Solidity frontend](crates/solidity/src/lib.rs) to process smart contracts written in Solidity. The YUL IR code (or legacy EVM assembly as a fallback for older `solc` versions) emitted by `solc` is then translated to LLVM IR, targetting [Polkadots `revive` pallet](https://docs.rs/pallet-revive/latest/pallet_revive/trait.SyscallDoc.html).
+- [ ] Efficient implementations of byte swaps, memset, memmove, mulmod and the like
+- [ ] Use `drink` for integration tests once we have 64bit support in PolkaVM
+- [x] Use PolkaVM allocator for heap space
+- [ ] Exercice `schlau` and possibly `smart-bench` benchmark cases
+- [x] Tests currently rely on the binary being in $PATH, which is very annoying and requires `cargo install` all the times
+- [ ] Define how to do deployments
+- [ ] Calling conventions for calling other contracts
+- [ ] Runtime environment isn't fully figured out; implement all EVM builtins
+- [ ] Iron out many leftovers from the ZKVM target
+    - [ ] Use of exceptions
+    - [ ] Change long calls (contract calls)
+    - [ ] Check all alignments, attributes etc. if they still make sense with our target
+    - [x] Custom extensions related to zk VM
+    - [ ] `Active Pointer`: Redundant to calldata forwarding in pallet contracts. [Mainly used here](https://github.com/matter-labs/era-contracts/blob/4aa7006153ad571643342dff22c16eaf4a70fdc1/system-contracts/contracts/libraries/EfficientCall.sol) however we could offer a similar optimization.
+    - []
+- [ ] Add a lot more test cases
+- [ ] Debug information
+- [ ] Look for and implement further optimizations
+- [ ] Differential testing against EVM
+- [x] Switch to LLVM 18 which has `RV{32,64}E` targets upstream
+- [ ] Minimize scope of "stdlib"
+- [ ] Document differences from EVM
+- [ ] Audit for bugs and correctness
+- [ ] Rebranding
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 set -euo pipefail

 INSTALL_DIR="${PWD}/llvm18.0"
-mkdir -p ${INSTALL_DIR}
+mkdir -p $INSTALL_DIR


 # Clone LLVM 18 (any revision after commit bd32aaa is supposed to work)
@@ -13,17 +13,11 @@ fi


 # Build LLVM, clang
-LLVM_SRC_PREFIX=${PWD}/llvm-project
-LLVM_SRC_DIR=${LLVM_SRC_PREFIX}/llvm
-LLVM_BUILD_DIR=${PWD}/build/llvm
-if [ ! -d ${LLVM_BUILD_DIR} ] ; then
-	mkdir -p ${LLVM_BUILD_DIR}
-fi
+cd llvm-project

-cmake -G Ninja \
-  -S ${LLVM_SRC_DIR} \
-  -B ${LLVM_BUILD_DIR} \
-  -DLLVM_ENABLE_ASSERTIONS=On \
+mkdir -p build
+cd build
+cmake -G Ninja -DLLVM_ENABLE_ASSERTIONS=On \
  -DLLVM_ENABLE_TERMINFO=Off \
  -DLLVM_ENABLE_LIBXML2=Off \
  -DLLVM_ENABLE_ZLIB=Off \
@@ -31,61 +25,45 @@ cmake -G Ninja \
  -DLLVM_TARGETS_TO_BUILD='RISCV' \
  -DLLVM_ENABLE_ZSTD=Off \
  -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=MinSizeRel \
-  -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=${INSTALL_DIR}
+  -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=$INSTALL_DIR \
+	../llvm
+
+ninja
+ninja install

-cmake --build ${LLVM_BUILD_DIR}
-cmake --install ${LLVM_BUILD_DIR}

 # Build compiler builtins
-COMPILER_RT_SRC_DIR=${LLVM_SRC_PREFIX}/compiler-rt
-COMPILER_RT_BUILD_DIR=${PWD}/build/compiler-rt
-if [ ! -d ${COMPILER_RT_BUILD_DIR} ] ; then
-	mkdir -p ${COMPILER_RT_BUILD_DIR}
-fi
+cd ../compiler-rt
+mkdir -p build
+cd build

-build_compiler_rt() {
-	case "$1" in
-		64) TARGET_ABI=lp64e ;;
-		32) TARGET_ABI=ilp32e ;;
-		*) exit -1
-	esac
-	CFLAGS="--target=riscv${1} -march=rv${1}em -mabi=${TARGET_ABI} -mcpu=generic-rv${1} -nostdlib -nodefaultlibs"
+CFLAGS="--target=riscv64 -march=rv64em -mabi=lp64e -nostdlib -nodefaultlibs -mcpu=generic-rv64"
+cmake -G Ninja -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=$INSTALL_DIR \
+  -DCOMPILER_RT_BUILD_BUILTINS=ON \
+  -DCOMPILER_RT_BUILD_LIBFUZZER=OFF \
+  -DCOMPILER_RT_BUILD_MEMPROF=OFF \
+  -DCOMPILER_RT_BUILD_PROFILE=OFF \
+  -DCOMPILER_RT_BUILD_SANITIZERS=OFF \
+  -DCOMPILER_RT_BUILD_XRAY=OFF \
+  -DCMAKE_C_COMPILER=$INSTALL_DIR/bin/clang \
+  -DCMAKE_C_COMPILER_TARGET="riscv64" \
+  -DCMAKE_ASM_COMPILER_TARGET="riscv64" \
+  -DCMAKE_AR=$INSTALL_DIR/bin/llvm-ar \
+  -DCMAKE_NM=$INSTALL_DIR/bin/llvm-nm \
+  -DCMAKE_RANLIB=$INSTALL_DIR/bin/llvm-ranlib \
+  -DCOMPILER_RT_BAREMETAL_BUILD=ON \
+  -DLLVM_CONFIG_PATH=$INSTALL_DIR/bin/llvm-config \
+  -DCMAKE_C_FLAGS="$CFLAGS" \
+  -DCMAKE_ASM_FLAGS="$CFLAGS" \
+  -DCOMPILER_RT_TEST_COMPILER=$INSTALL_DIR/bin/clang \
+  -DCMAKE_CXX_FLAGS="$CFLAGS" \
+  -DCOMPILER_RT_DEFAULT_TARGET_ONLY=ON \
+  -DCMAKE_SYSTEM_NAME=Linux \
+  ..

-	cmake -G Ninja \
-	  -S ${COMPILER_RT_SRC_DIR} \
-	  -B ${COMPILER_RT_BUILD_DIR} \
-	  -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release \
-	  -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=${INSTALL_DIR} \
-	  -DCOMPILER_RT_BUILD_BUILTINS=ON \
-	  -DCOMPILER_RT_BUILD_LIBFUZZER=OFF \
-	  -DCOMPILER_RT_BUILD_MEMPROF=OFF \
-	  -DCOMPILER_RT_BUILD_PROFILE=OFF \
-	  -DCOMPILER_RT_BUILD_SANITIZERS=OFF \
-	  -DCOMPILER_RT_BUILD_XRAY=OFF \
-	  -DCMAKE_C_COMPILER=${INSTALL_DIR}/bin/clang \
-	  -DCMAKE_C_COMPILER_TARGET=riscv${1} \
-	  -DCMAKE_ASM_COMPILER_TARGET=riscv${1} \
-	  -DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_TARGET=riscv${1} \
-	  -DCMAKE_C_TARGET_BITS=riscv${1} \
-	  -DCMAKE_ASM_TARGET_BITS=riscv${1} \
-	  -DCMAKE_AR=${INSTALL_DIR}/bin/llvm-ar \
-	  -DCMAKE_NM=${INSTALL_DIR}/bin/llvm-nm \
-	  -DCMAKE_RANLIB=${INSTALL_DIR}/bin/llvm-ranlib \
-	  -DCOMPILER_RT_BAREMETAL_BUILD=ON \
-	  -DLLVM_CONFIG_PATH=${INSTALL_DIR}/bin/llvm-config \
-	  -DCMAKE_C_FLAGS="${CFLAGS}" \
-	  -DCMAKE_ASM_FLAGS="${CFLAGS}" \
-	  -DCOMPILER_RT_TEST_COMPILER=${INSTALL_DIR}/bin/clang \
-	  -DCMAKE_CXX_FLAGS="${CFLAGS}" \
-	  -DCMAKE_SYSTEM_NAME=unknown \
-	  -DCOMPILER_RT_DEFAULT_TARGET_ONLY=ON 
-	
-	cmake --build ${COMPILER_RT_BUILD_DIR}
-	cmake --install ${COMPILER_RT_BUILD_DIR} 
-}
+ninja
+ninja install

-build_compiler_rt 32
-build_compiler_rt 64

 echo ""
 echo "success"
@@ -4,69 +4,121 @@

 - [Benchmark Results](#benchmark-results)
    - [Baseline](#baseline)
-    - [OddPorduct](#oddporduct)
+    - [OddProduct](#oddproduct)
    - [TriangleNumber](#trianglenumber)
    - [FibonacciRecursive](#fibonaccirecursive)
    - [FibonacciIterative](#fibonacciiterative)
    - [FibonacciBinet](#fibonaccibinet)
    - [SHA1](#sha1)
+    - [PrepareBaseline](#preparebaseline)
+    - [PrepareOddProduct](#prepareoddproduct)
+    - [PrepareTriangleNumber](#preparetrianglenumber)
+    - [PrepareFibonacciRecursive](#preparefibonaccirecursive)
+    - [PrepareFibonacciIterative](#preparefibonacciiterative)
+    - [PrepareFibonacciBinet](#preparefibonaccibinet)
+    - [PrepareSHA1](#preparesha1)

 ## Benchmark Results

 ### Baseline

-|         | `EVM`                   | `PVMInterpreter`                 |
-|:--------|:------------------------|:-------------------------------- |
-| **`0`** | `5.97 us` (✅ **1.00x**) | `27.04 us` (❌ *4.53x slower*)    |
+|         | `EVM`                     | `PVMInterpreter`                 | `PVM`                             |
+|:--------|:--------------------------|:---------------------------------|:--------------------------------- |
+| **`0`** | `855.27 ns` (✅ **1.00x**) | `729.35 ns` (✅ **1.17x faster**) | `23.19 us` (❌ *27.12x slower*)    |

-### OddPorduct
+### OddProduct

-|              | `EVM`                     | `PVMInterpreter`                 |
-|:-------------|:--------------------------|:-------------------------------- |
-| **`10000`**  | `4.26 ms` (✅ **1.00x**)   | `2.88 ms` (✅ **1.48x faster**)   |
-| **`100000`** | `42.37 ms` (✅ **1.00x**)  | `28.35 ms` (✅ **1.49x faster**)  |
-| **`300000`** | `127.88 ms` (✅ **1.00x**) | `88.43 ms` (✅ **1.45x faster**)  |
+|                 | `EVM`                   | `PVMInterpreter`               | `PVM`                             |
+|:----------------|:------------------------|:-------------------------------|:--------------------------------- |
+| **`2000000`**   | `1.51 s` (✅ **1.00x**)  | `1.11 s` (✅ **1.35x faster**)  | `16.91 ms` (🚀 **89.26x faster**)  |
+| **`4000000`**   | `3.12 s` (✅ **1.00x**)  | `2.09 s` (✅ **1.49x faster**)  | `32.48 ms` (🚀 **96.10x faster**)  |
+| **`8000000`**   | `6.22 s` (✅ **1.00x**)  | `4.26 s` (✅ **1.46x faster**)  | `65.36 ms` (🚀 **95.23x faster**)  |
+| **`120000000`** | `90.60 s` (✅ **1.00x**) | `59.54 s` (✅ **1.52x faster**) | `1.02 s` (🚀 **89.00x faster**)    |

 ### TriangleNumber

-|              | `EVM`                     | `PVMInterpreter`                 |
-|:-------------|:--------------------------|:-------------------------------- |
-| **`10000`**  | `2.85 ms` (✅ **1.00x**)   | `2.37 ms` (✅ **1.20x faster**)   |
-| **`100000`** | `27.85 ms` (✅ **1.00x**)  | `23.01 ms` (✅ **1.21x faster**)  |
-| **`360000`** | `103.01 ms` (✅ **1.00x**) | `83.66 ms` (✅ **1.23x faster**)  |
+|                 | `EVM`                   | `PVMInterpreter`               | `PVM`                             |
+|:----------------|:------------------------|:-------------------------------|:--------------------------------- |
+| **`3000000`**   | `1.45 s` (✅ **1.00x**)  | `1.01 s` (✅ **1.43x faster**)  | `20.83 ms` (🚀 **69.67x faster**)  |
+| **`6000000`**   | `2.92 s` (✅ **1.00x**)  | `2.08 s` (✅ **1.41x faster**)  | `41.97 ms` (🚀 **69.61x faster**)  |
+| **`12000000`**  | `5.88 s` (✅ **1.00x**)  | `4.05 s` (✅ **1.45x faster**)  | `83.03 ms` (🚀 **70.82x faster**)  |
+| **`180000000`** | `89.53 s` (✅ **1.00x**) | `59.08 s` (✅ **1.52x faster**) | `1.24 s` (🚀 **72.49x faster**)    |

 ### FibonacciRecursive

-|          | `EVM`                     | `PVMInterpreter`                  |
-|:---------|:--------------------------|:--------------------------------- |
-| **`12`** | `195.19 us` (✅ **1.00x**) | `333.53 us` (❌ *1.71x slower*)    |
-| **`16`** | `1.22 ms` (✅ **1.00x**)   | `1.97 ms` (❌ *1.62x slower*)      |
-| **`20`** | `8.14 ms` (✅ **1.00x**)   | `13.20 ms` (❌ *1.62x slower*)     |
-| **`24`** | `55.09 ms` (✅ **1.00x**)  | `88.56 ms` (❌ *1.61x slower*)     |
+|          | `EVM`                     | `PVMInterpreter`                 | `PVM`                              |
+|:---------|:--------------------------|:---------------------------------|:---------------------------------- |
+| **`26`** | `200.07 ms` (✅ **1.00x**) | `478.04 ms` (❌ *2.39x slower*)   | `6.93 ms` (🚀 **28.88x faster**)    |
+| **`30`** | `1.37 s` (✅ **1.00x**)    | `3.36 s` (❌ *2.45x slower*)      | `45.17 ms` (🚀 **30.30x faster**)   |
+| **`34`** | `9.83 s` (✅ **1.00x**)    | `22.55 s` (❌ *2.29x slower*)     | `306.43 ms` (🚀 **32.08x faster**)  |
+| **`38`** | `66.98 s` (✅ **1.00x**)   | `150.55 s` (❌ *2.25x slower*)    | `2.22 s` (🚀 **30.21x faster**)     |

 ### FibonacciIterative

-|           | `EVM`                    | `PVMInterpreter`                  |
-|:----------|:-------------------------|:--------------------------------- |
-| **`64`**  | `33.39 us` (✅ **1.00x**) | `86.02 us` (❌ *2.58x slower*)     |
-| **`128`** | `52.91 us` (✅ **1.00x**) | `126.38 us` (❌ *2.39x slower*)    |
-| **`256`** | `82.33 us` (✅ **1.00x**) | `208.74 us` (❌ *2.54x slower*)    |
+|                 | `EVM`                     | `PVMInterpreter`                 | `PVM`                             |
+|:----------------|:--------------------------|:---------------------------------|:--------------------------------- |
+| **`256`**       | `88.32 us` (✅ **1.00x**)  | `294.08 us` (❌ *3.33x slower*)   | `42.46 us` (🚀 **2.08x faster**)   |
+| **`100000`**    | `32.88 ms` (✅ **1.00x**)  | `121.70 ms` (❌ *3.70x slower*)   | `1.73 ms` (🚀 **18.97x faster**)   |
+| **`1000000`**   | `320.59 ms` (✅ **1.00x**) | `1.25 s` (❌ *3.89x slower*)      | `15.60 ms` (🚀 **20.55x faster**)  |
+| **`100000000`** | `33.09 s` (✅ **1.00x**)   | `125.08 s` (❌ *3.78x slower*)    | `1.49 s` (🚀 **22.18x faster**)    |

 ### FibonacciBinet

-|           | `EVM`                    | `PVMInterpreter`                  |
-|:----------|:-------------------------|:--------------------------------- |
-| **`64`**  | `32.29 us` (✅ **1.00x**) | `161.75 us` (❌ *5.01x slower*)    |
-| **`128`** | `36.02 us` (✅ **1.00x**) | `172.59 us` (❌ *4.79x slower*)    |
-| **`256`** | `41.21 us` (✅ **1.00x**) | `185.30 us` (❌ *4.50x slower*)    |
+|           | `EVM`                    | `PVMInterpreter`                 | `PVM`                            |
+|:----------|:-------------------------|:---------------------------------|:-------------------------------- |
+| **`64`**  | `20.15 us` (✅ **1.00x**) | `129.45 us` (❌ *6.42x slower*)   | `39.56 us` (❌ *1.96x slower*)    |
+| **`128`** | `22.97 us` (✅ **1.00x**) | `150.62 us` (❌ *6.56x slower*)   | `40.13 us` (❌ *1.75x slower*)    |
+| **`256`** | `26.20 us` (✅ **1.00x**) | `165.38 us` (❌ *6.31x slower*)   | `39.70 us` (❌ *1.52x slower*)    |

 ### SHA1

-|           | `EVM`                     | `PVMInterpreter`                  |
-|:----------|:--------------------------|:--------------------------------- |
-| **`1`**   | `160.17 us` (✅ **1.00x**) | `403.46 us` (❌ *2.52x slower*)    |
-| **`64`**  | `286.69 us` (✅ **1.00x**) | `479.79 us` (❌ *1.67x slower*)    |
-| **`512`** | `1.18 ms` (✅ **1.00x**)   | `1.37 ms` (❌ *1.16x slower*)      |
+|           | `EVM`                     | `PVMInterpreter`                 | `PVM`                             |
+|:----------|:--------------------------|:---------------------------------|:--------------------------------- |
+| **`1`**   | `216.56 us` (✅ **1.00x**) | `328.90 us` (❌ *1.52x slower*)   | `43.54 us` (🚀 **4.97x faster**)   |
+| **`64`**  | `442.13 us` (✅ **1.00x**) | `553.22 us` (❌ *1.25x slower*)   | `45.73 us` (🚀 **9.67x faster**)   |
+| **`512`** | `1.90 ms` (✅ **1.00x**)   | `2.27 ms` (❌ *1.19x slower*)     | `78.40 us` (🚀 **24.21x faster**)  |
+
+### PrepareBaseline
+
+|         | `Evm`                     | `PVMInterpreterCompile`          | `PVMInterpreterInstantiate`          | `PVMCompile`                      | `PVMInstantiate`                   |
+|:--------|:--------------------------|:---------------------------------|:-------------------------------------|:----------------------------------|:---------------------------------- |
+| **`0`** | `177.34 ns` (✅ **1.00x**) | `10.83 us` (❌ *61.07x slower*)   | `1.33 us` (❌ *7.49x slower*)         | `33.43 us` (❌ *188.48x slower*)   | `69.26 us` (❌ *390.56x slower*)    |
+
+### PrepareOddProduct
+
+|         | `Evm`                     | `PVMInterpreterCompile`          | `PVMInterpreterInstantiate`          | `PVMCompile`                     | `PVMInstantiate`                   |
+|:--------|:--------------------------|:---------------------------------|:-------------------------------------|:---------------------------------|:---------------------------------- |
+| **`0`** | `486.78 ns` (✅ **1.00x**) | `11.43 us` (❌ *23.49x slower*)   | `1.35 us` (❌ *2.78x slower*)         | `33.95 us` (❌ *69.75x slower*)   | `68.19 us` (❌ *140.07x slower*)    |
+
+### PrepareTriangleNumber
+
+|         | `Evm`                     | `PVMInterpreterCompile`          | `PVMInterpreterInstantiate`          | `PVMCompile`                      | `PVMInstantiate`                   |
+|:--------|:--------------------------|:---------------------------------|:-------------------------------------|:----------------------------------|:---------------------------------- |
+| **`0`** | `489.04 ns` (✅ **1.00x**) | `23.99 us` (❌ *49.06x slower*)   | `1.33 us` (❌ *2.72x slower*)         | `61.40 us` (❌ *125.56x slower*)   | `73.01 us` (❌ *149.29x slower*)    |
+
+### PrepareFibonacciRecursive
+
+|         | `Evm`                     | `PVMInterpreterCompile`          | `PVMInterpreterInstantiate`          | `PVMCompile`                      | `PVMInstantiate`                   |
+|:--------|:--------------------------|:---------------------------------|:-------------------------------------|:----------------------------------|:---------------------------------- |
+| **`0`** | `411.19 ns` (✅ **1.00x**) | `22.32 us` (❌ *54.27x slower*)   | `1.43 us` (❌ *3.49x slower*)         | `54.52 us` (❌ *132.59x slower*)   | `68.99 us` (❌ *167.77x slower*)    |
+
+### PrepareFibonacciIterative
+
+|         | `Evm`                     | `PVMInterpreterCompile`          | `PVMInterpreterInstantiate`          | `PVMCompile`                      | `PVMInstantiate`                   |
+|:--------|:--------------------------|:---------------------------------|:-------------------------------------|:----------------------------------|:---------------------------------- |
+| **`0`** | `313.74 ns` (✅ **1.00x**) | `19.15 us` (❌ *61.04x slower*)   | `1.39 us` (❌ *4.44x slower*)         | `48.30 us` (❌ *153.95x slower*)   | `69.20 us` (❌ *220.57x slower*)    |
+
+### PrepareFibonacciBinet
+
+|         | `Evm`                     | `PVMInterpreterCompile`          | `PVMInterpreterInstantiate`          | `PVMCompile`                      | `PVMInstantiate`                  |
+|:--------|:--------------------------|:---------------------------------|:-------------------------------------|:----------------------------------|:--------------------------------- |
+| **`0`** | `700.40 ns` (✅ **1.00x**) | `41.78 us` (❌ *59.65x slower*)   | `1.40 us` (❌ *2.00x slower*)         | `92.23 us` (❌ *131.69x slower*)   | `68.52 us` (❌ *97.83x slower*)    |
+
+### PrepareSHA1
+
+|         | `Evm`                   | `PVMInterpreterCompile`           | `PVMInterpreterInstantiate`          | `PVMCompile`                       | `PVMInstantiate`                  |
+|:--------|:------------------------|:----------------------------------|:-------------------------------------|:-----------------------------------|:--------------------------------- |
+| **`0`** | `1.77 us` (✅ **1.00x**) | `124.24 us` (❌ *70.39x slower*)   | `1.33 us` (✅ **1.33x faster**)       | `242.14 us` (❌ *137.19x slower*)   | `69.28 us` (❌ *39.25x slower*)    |

 ---
 Made with [criterion-table](https://github.com/nu11ptr/criterion-table)
@@ -1,28 +1,32 @@
 [package]
 name = "revive-benchmarks"
-version.workspace = true
-license.workspace = true
-edition.workspace = true
-repository.workspace = true
-authors.workspace = true
-description = "revive compiler benchmarks"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2021"
+authors = [
+    "Cyrill Leutwiler <cyrill@parity.io>",
+]

 [features]
 default = ["bench-pvm-interpreter"]
-bench-pvm-interpreter = ["revive-runner"]
+bench-pvm-interpreter = []
+bench-pvm = []
 bench-evm = ["revive-differential"]
+bench-extensive = []

 [dependencies]
 hex = { workspace = true }
+polkavm = { workspace = true }
+revive-integration = { path = "../integration" }
+revive-differential = { path = "../differential", optional = true }
 alloy-primitives = { workspace = true }

-revive-integration = { workspace = true }
-revive-differential = { workspace = true, optional = true }
-revive-runner = { workspace = true, optional = true }
-
 [dev-dependencies]
 criterion = { workspace = true }

 [[bench]]
 name = "execute"
 harness = false
+
+[[bench]]
+name = "prepare"
+harness = false
@@ -1,113 +1,174 @@
-#![cfg(any(feature = "bench-pvm-interpreter", feature = "bench-evm"))]
+#[cfg(feature = "bench-extensive")]
+use std::time::Duration;

-use alloy_primitives::U256;
 use criterion::{
-    criterion_group, criterion_main,
-    measurement::{Measurement, WallTime},
-    BenchmarkGroup, BenchmarkId, Criterion,
+    criterion_group, criterion_main, measurement::Measurement, BenchmarkGroup, BenchmarkId,
+    Criterion,
 };
+#[cfg(any(feature = "bench-pvm-interpreter", feature = "bench-pvm"))]
+use polkavm::BackendKind;
+
+use revive_benchmarks::prepare_pvm;
 use revive_integration::cases::Contract;

-fn bench<P, L, I>(
-    mut group: BenchmarkGroup<'_, WallTime>,
-    parameters: &[P],
-    labels: &[L],
-    contract: I,
-) where
+fn bench<P, L, I, M>(mut group: BenchmarkGroup<'_, M>, parameters: &[P], labels: &[L], contract: I)
+where
    P: Clone,
    L: std::fmt::Display,
    I: Fn(P) -> Contract,
+    M: Measurement,
 {
    assert_eq!(parameters.len(), labels.len());

-    group.sample_size(10);
-
    for (p, l) in parameters.iter().zip(labels.iter()) {
-        let contract = contract(p.clone());
-
        #[cfg(feature = "bench-evm")]
-        group.bench_with_input(BenchmarkId::new("EVM", l), p, |b, _| {
-            let code = &contract.evm_runtime;
-            let input = &contract.calldata;
-            b.iter_custom(|iters| revive_benchmarks::measure_evm(code, input, iters));
-        });
+        {
+            let contract = contract(p.clone());
+            let vm = revive_differential::prepare(contract.evm_runtime, contract.calldata);
+            group.bench_with_input(BenchmarkId::new("EVM", l), p, move |b, _| {
+                b.iter(|| {
+                    revive_differential::execute(vm.clone());
+                });
+            });
+        }

        #[cfg(feature = "bench-pvm-interpreter")]
-        group.bench_with_input(BenchmarkId::new("PVMInterpreter", l), p, |b, _| {
-            let specs = revive_benchmarks::create_specs(&contract);
-            b.iter_custom(|iters| revive_benchmarks::measure_pvm(&specs, iters));
-        });
+        {
+            let contract = contract(p.clone());
+            let (state, mut instance, export) = prepare_pvm(
+                &contract.pvm_runtime,
+                &contract.calldata,
+                BackendKind::Interpreter,
+            );
+            group.bench_with_input(BenchmarkId::new("PVMInterpreter", l), p, |b, _| {
+                b.iter(|| {
+                    revive_integration::mock_runtime::call(state.clone(), &mut instance, export);
+                });
+            });
+        }
+
+        #[cfg(feature = "bench-pvm")]
+        {
+            let contract = contract(p.clone());
+            let (state, mut instance, export) = prepare_pvm(
+                &contract.pvm_runtime,
+                &contract.calldata,
+                BackendKind::Compiler,
+            );
+            group.bench_with_input(BenchmarkId::new("PVM", l), p, |b, _| {
+                b.iter(|| {
+                    revive_integration::mock_runtime::call(state.clone(), &mut instance, export);
+                });
+            });
+        }
    }

    group.finish();
 }

-fn group<'error, M>(c: &'error mut Criterion<M>, group_name: &str) -> BenchmarkGroup<'error, M>
+#[cfg(feature = "bench-extensive")]
+fn group_extensive<'error, M>(
+    c: &'error mut Criterion<M>,
+    group_name: &str,
+) -> BenchmarkGroup<'error, M>
 where
    M: Measurement,
 {
-    return c.benchmark_group(group_name);
+    let mut group = c.benchmark_group(group_name);
+    group
+        .sample_size(10)
+        .measurement_time(Duration::from_secs(60));
+    group
 }

 fn bench_baseline(c: &mut Criterion) {
-    let group = group(c, "Baseline");
    let parameters = &[0u8];

-    bench(group, parameters, parameters, |_| Contract::baseline());
+    bench(
+        c.benchmark_group("Baseline"),
+        parameters,
+        parameters,
+        |_| Contract::baseline(),
+    );
 }

 fn bench_odd_product(c: &mut Criterion) {
-    let group = group(c, "OddPorduct");
-    let parameters = &[10_000, 100_000, 300000];
+    #[cfg(feature = "bench-extensive")]
+    let group = group_extensive(c, "OddProduct");
+    #[cfg(not(feature = "bench-extensive"))]
+    let group = c.benchmark_group("OddProduct");
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "bench-extensive")]
+    let parameters = &[2_000_000i32, 4_000_000, 8_000_000, 120_000_000];
+    #[cfg(not(feature = "bench-extensive"))]
+    let parameters = &[10_000, 100_000];

    bench(group, parameters, parameters, Contract::odd_product);
 }

 fn bench_triangle_number(c: &mut Criterion) {
-    let group = group(c, "TriangleNumber");
-    let parameters = &[10_000, 100_000, 360000];
+    #[cfg(feature = "bench-extensive")]
+    let group = group_extensive(c, "TriangleNumber");
+    #[cfg(not(feature = "bench-extensive"))]
+    let group = c.benchmark_group("TriangleNumber");
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "bench-extensive")]
+    let parameters = &[3_000_000i64, 6_000_000, 12_000_000, 180_000_000];
+    #[cfg(not(feature = "bench-extensive"))]
+    let parameters = &[10_000, 100_000];

    bench(group, parameters, parameters, Contract::triangle_number);
 }

 fn bench_fibonacci_recurisve(c: &mut Criterion) {
-    let group = group(c, "FibonacciRecursive");
-    let parameters = [12, 16, 20, 24]
-        .iter()
-        .map(|p| U256::from(*p))
-        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+    #[cfg(not(feature = "bench-extensive"))]
+    let group = c.benchmark_group("FibonacciRecursive");
+    #[cfg(feature = "bench-extensive")]
+    let group = group_extensive(c, "FibonacciRecursive");

-    bench(group, &parameters, &parameters, Contract::fib_recursive);
+    #[cfg(feature = "bench-extensive")]
+    let parameters = &[26, 30, 34, 38];
+    #[cfg(not(feature = "bench-extensive"))]
+    let parameters = &[12, 16, 20];
+
+    bench(group, parameters, parameters, Contract::fib_recursive);
 }

 fn bench_fibonacci_iterative(c: &mut Criterion) {
-    let group = group(c, "FibonacciIterative");
-    let parameters = [64, 128, 256]
-        .iter()
-        .map(|p| U256::from(*p))
-        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+    #[cfg(not(feature = "bench-extensive"))]
+    let group = c.benchmark_group("FibonacciIterative");
+    #[cfg(feature = "bench-extensive")]
+    let group = group_extensive(c, "FibonacciIterative");

-    bench(group, &parameters, &parameters, Contract::fib_iterative);
+    #[cfg(feature = "bench-extensive")]
+    let parameters = &[256, 100000, 1000000, 100000000];
+    #[cfg(not(feature = "bench-extensive"))]
+    let parameters = &[64, 128, 256];
+
+    bench(group, parameters, parameters, Contract::fib_iterative);
 }

 fn bench_fibonacci_binet(c: &mut Criterion) {
-    let group = group(c, "FibonacciBinet");
-    let parameters = [64, 128, 256]
-        .iter()
-        .map(|p| U256::from(*p))
-        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+    let parameters = &[64, 128, 256];

-    bench(group, &parameters, &parameters, Contract::fib_binet);
+    bench(
+        c.benchmark_group("FibonacciBinet"),
+        parameters,
+        parameters,
+        Contract::fib_binet,
+    );
 }

 fn bench_sha1(c: &mut Criterion) {
-    let group = group(c, "SHA1");
    let parameters = &[vec![0xff], vec![0xff; 64], vec![0xff; 512]];
    let labels = parameters.iter().map(|p| p.len()).collect::<Vec<_>>();

-    bench(group, parameters, &labels, |input| {
-        Contract::sha1(input.into())
-    });
+    bench(
+        c.benchmark_group("SHA1"),
+        parameters,
+        &labels,
+        Contract::sha1,
+    );
 }

 criterion_group!(
@@ -0,0 +1,172 @@
+use criterion::{criterion_group, criterion_main, BenchmarkId, Criterion};
+use polkavm::BackendKind;
+
+use revive_benchmarks::instantiate_engine;
+use revive_integration::cases::Contract;
+
+fn bench(
+    c: &mut Criterion,
+    group_name: &str,
+    #[cfg(feature = "bench-evm")] evm_runtime: Vec<u8>,
+    #[cfg(any(feature = "bench-pvm-interpreter", feature = "bench-pvm"))] pvm_runtime: Vec<u8>,
+) {
+    let mut group = c.benchmark_group(group_name);
+    let code_size = 0;
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "bench-evm")]
+    group.bench_with_input(
+        BenchmarkId::new("Evm", code_size),
+        &evm_runtime,
+        |b, code| b.iter(|| revive_differential::prepare(code.clone(), Vec::new())),
+    );
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "bench-pvm-interpreter")]
+    {
+        let engine = instantiate_engine(BackendKind::Interpreter);
+        group.bench_with_input(
+            BenchmarkId::new("PVMInterpreterCompile", code_size),
+            &(&pvm_runtime, engine),
+            |b, (code, engine)| {
+                b.iter(|| {
+                    revive_integration::mock_runtime::recompile_code(code, engine);
+                });
+            },
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "bench-pvm-interpreter")]
+    {
+        let engine = instantiate_engine(BackendKind::Interpreter);
+        let module = revive_integration::mock_runtime::recompile_code(&pvm_runtime, &engine);
+        group.bench_with_input(
+            BenchmarkId::new("PVMInterpreterInstantiate", code_size),
+            &(module, engine),
+            |b, (module, engine)| {
+                b.iter(|| {
+                    revive_integration::mock_runtime::instantiate_module(module, engine);
+                });
+            },
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "bench-pvm")]
+    {
+        let engine = instantiate_engine(BackendKind::Compiler);
+        group.bench_with_input(
+            BenchmarkId::new("PVMCompile", code_size),
+            &(&pvm_runtime, engine),
+            |b, (code, engine)| {
+                b.iter(|| {
+                    revive_integration::mock_runtime::recompile_code(code, engine);
+                });
+            },
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "bench-pvm")]
+    {
+        let engine = instantiate_engine(BackendKind::Compiler);
+        let module = revive_integration::mock_runtime::recompile_code(&pvm_runtime, &engine);
+        group.bench_with_input(
+            BenchmarkId::new("PVMInstantiate", code_size),
+            &(module, engine),
+            |b, (module, engine)| {
+                b.iter(|| {
+                    revive_integration::mock_runtime::instantiate_module(module, engine);
+                });
+            },
+        );
+    }
+
+    group.finish();
+}
+
+fn bench_baseline(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    bench(
+        c,
+        "PrepareBaseline",
+        #[cfg(feature = "bench-evm")]
+        Contract::baseline().evm_runtime,
+        #[cfg(any(feature = "bench-pvm-interpreter", feature = "bench-pvm"))]
+        Contract::baseline().pvm_runtime,
+    );
+}
+
+fn bench_odd_product(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    bench(
+        c,
+        "PrepareOddProduct",
+        #[cfg(feature = "bench-evm")]
+        Contract::odd_product(0).evm_runtime,
+        #[cfg(any(feature = "bench-pvm-interpreter", feature = "bench-pvm"))]
+        Contract::baseline().pvm_runtime,
+    );
+}
+
+fn bench_triangle_number(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    bench(
+        c,
+        "PrepareTriangleNumber",
+        #[cfg(feature = "bench-evm")]
+        Contract::triangle_number(0).evm_runtime,
+        #[cfg(any(feature = "bench-pvm-interpreter", feature = "bench-pvm"))]
+        Contract::triangle_number(0).pvm_runtime,
+    );
+}
+
+fn bench_fibonacci_recursive(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    bench(
+        c,
+        "PrepareFibonacciRecursive",
+        #[cfg(feature = "bench-evm")]
+        Contract::fib_recursive(0).evm_runtime,
+        #[cfg(any(feature = "bench-pvm-interpreter", feature = "bench-pvm"))]
+        Contract::fib_recursive(0).pvm_runtime,
+    );
+}
+
+fn bench_fibonacci_iterative(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    bench(
+        c,
+        "PrepareFibonacciIterative",
+        #[cfg(feature = "bench-evm")]
+        Contract::fib_iterative(0).evm_runtime,
+        #[cfg(any(feature = "bench-pvm-interpreter", feature = "bench-pvm"))]
+        Contract::fib_iterative(0).pvm_runtime,
+    );
+}
+
+fn bench_fibonacci_binet(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    bench(
+        c,
+        "PrepareFibonacciBinet",
+        #[cfg(feature = "bench-evm")]
+        Contract::fib_binet(0).evm_runtime,
+        #[cfg(any(feature = "bench-pvm-interpreter", feature = "bench-pvm"))]
+        Contract::fib_binet(0).pvm_runtime,
+    );
+}
+
+fn bench_sha1(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    bench(
+        c,
+        "PrepareSHA1",
+        #[cfg(feature = "bench-evm")]
+        Contract::sha1(Default::default()).evm_runtime,
+        #[cfg(any(feature = "bench-pvm-interpreter", feature = "bench-pvm"))]
+        Contract::sha1(Default::default()).pvm_runtime,
+    );
+}
+
+criterion_group!(
+    name = prepare;
+    config = Criterion::default();
+    targets = bench_baseline,
+    bench_odd_product,
+    bench_triangle_number,
+    bench_fibonacci_recursive,
+    bench_fibonacci_iterative,
+    bench_fibonacci_binet,
+    bench_sha1
+);
+criterion_main!(prepare);
@@ -1,70 +1,24 @@
-#[cfg(feature = "bench-pvm-interpreter")]
-pub fn create_specs(contract: &revive_integration::cases::Contract) -> revive_runner::Specs {
-    use revive_runner::*;
-    use SpecsAction::*;
-    Specs {
-        differential: false,
-        actions: vec![
-            Instantiate {
-                code: Code::Bytes(contract.pvm_runtime.to_vec()),
-                origin: TestAddress::Alice,
-                data: Default::default(),
-                value: Default::default(),
-                gas_limit: Default::default(),
-                storage_deposit_limit: Default::default(),
-                salt: Default::default(),
-            },
-            Call {
-                origin: TestAddress::Alice,
-                dest: TestAddress::Instantiated(0),
-                data: contract.calldata.to_vec(),
-                value: Default::default(),
-                gas_limit: Default::default(),
-                storage_deposit_limit: Default::default(),
-            },
-        ],
-        ..Default::default()
-    }
+use polkavm::{BackendKind, Config, Engine, ExportIndex, Instance, SandboxKind};
+use revive_integration::mock_runtime;
+use revive_integration::mock_runtime::State;
+
+pub fn prepare_pvm(
+    code: &[u8],
+    input: &[u8],
+    backend: BackendKind,
+) -> (State, Instance<State>, ExportIndex) {
+    let mut config = Config::new();
+    config.set_backend(Some(backend));
+    config.set_sandbox(Some(SandboxKind::Linux));
+
+    let (instance, export_index) = mock_runtime::prepare(code, Some(config));
+
+    (State::new(input.to_vec()), instance, export_index)
 }

-#[cfg(feature = "bench-pvm-interpreter")]
-pub fn measure_pvm(specs: &revive_runner::Specs, iters: u64) -> std::time::Duration {
-    use revive_runner::*;
-    let mut total_time = std::time::Duration::default();
-
-    for _ in 0..iters {
-        let results = specs.clone().run();
-
-        let CallResult::Exec { result, wall_time } =
-            results.get(1).expect("contract should have been called")
-        else {
-            panic!("expected a execution result");
-        };
-        let ret = result.result.as_ref().unwrap();
-        assert!(!ret.did_revert());
-
-        total_time += *wall_time;
-    }
-
-    total_time
-}
-
-#[cfg(feature = "bench-evm")]
-pub fn measure_evm(code: &[u8], input: &[u8], iters: u64) -> std::time::Duration {
-    let mut total_time = std::time::Duration::default();
-
-    let code = hex::encode(code);
-
-    for _ in 0..iters {
-        let log = revive_differential::Evm::default()
-            .code_blob(code.as_bytes().to_vec())
-            .input(input.to_vec().into())
-            .bench(true)
-            .run();
-        assert!(log.output.run_success(), "evm run failed: {log:?}");
-
-        total_time += log.execution_time().unwrap();
-    }
-
-    total_time
+pub fn instantiate_engine(backend: BackendKind) -> Engine {
+    let mut config = Config::new();
+    config.set_backend(Some(backend));
+    config.set_sandbox(Some(SandboxKind::Linux));
+    mock_runtime::setup(Some(config))
 }
@@ -1,14 +1,9 @@
 [package]
 name = "revive-builtins"
-version.workspace = true
-license.workspace = true
-edition.workspace = true
-repository.workspace = true
-authors.workspace = true
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2021"
 build = "build.rs"
-description = "compiler builtins for the revive compiler"

-[features]
-riscv-64 = []
+# See more keys and their definitions at https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html

 [dependencies]
@@ -1,11 +1,7 @@
 use std::{env, fs, io::Read, path::Path, process::Command};

-#[cfg(not(feature = "riscv-64"))]
-pub const BUILTINS_ARCHIVE_FILE: &str = "libclang_rt.builtins-riscv32.a";
-#[cfg(feature = "riscv-64")]
-pub const BUILTINS_ARCHIVE_FILE: &str = "libclang_rt.builtins-riscv64.a";
-
 fn main() {
+    let lib = "libclang_rt.builtins-riscv64.a";
    let mut llvm_lib_dir = String::new();

    Command::new("llvm-config")
@@ -17,24 +13,18 @@ fn main() {
        .read_to_string(&mut llvm_lib_dir)
        .expect("llvm-config output should be utf8");

-    let mut lib_path = std::path::PathBuf::from(llvm_lib_dir.trim())
+    let lib_path = std::path::PathBuf::from(llvm_lib_dir.trim())
        .join("linux")
-        .join(BUILTINS_ARCHIVE_FILE);
-    if !lib_path.exists() {
-        lib_path = std::path::PathBuf::from(std::env::var("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR").unwrap())
-            .join(BUILTINS_ARCHIVE_FILE);
-    }
-    let archive = fs::read(lib_path).expect("clang builtins not found");
+        .join(lib);
+    let archive = fs::read(lib_path).expect("clang builtins for riscv64 not found");

    let out_dir = env::var_os("OUT_DIR").expect("has OUT_DIR");
-    let archive_path = Path::new(&out_dir).join(BUILTINS_ARCHIVE_FILE);
+    let archive_path = Path::new(&out_dir).join(lib);
    let len = archive.len();
    std::fs::write(archive_path, &archive).expect("can write to OUT_DIR");

    let src_path = Path::new(&out_dir).join("compiler_rt.rs");
-    let src = format!(
-        "pub static COMPILER_RT: &[u8; {len}] = include_bytes!(\"{BUILTINS_ARCHIVE_FILE}\");"
-    );
+    let src = format!("pub static COMPILER_RT: &[u8; {len}] = include_bytes!(\"{lib}\");");
    fs::write(src_path, src).expect("can write to OUT_DIR");

    println!("cargo:rerun-if-changed=build.rs");
@@ -1,21 +1,17 @@
 [package]
 name = "revive-common"
-version.workspace = true
-license.workspace = true
-edition.workspace = true
-repository.workspace = true
+version = "0.1.0"
 authors = [
    "Cyrill Leutwiler <cyrill@parity.io>",
    "Oleksandr Zarudnyi <a.zarudnyy@matterlabs.dev>",
 ]
+license = "MIT OR Apache-2.0"
+edition = "2021"
 description = "Shared constants of the revive compiler"

 [lib]
 doctest = false

-[features]
-riscv-64 = []
-
 [dependencies]
 anyhow = { workspace = true }
 serde = { workspace = true, features = ["derive"] }
@@ -1,4 +1,13 @@
-# revive: Compiler Common
+# zkSync Era: Compiler Common
+
+[![Logo](eraLogo.svg)](https://zksync.io/)
+
+zkSync Era is a layer 2 rollup that uses zero-knowledge proofs to scale Ethereum without compromising on security
+or decentralization. As it's EVM-compatible (with Solidity/Vyper), 99% of Ethereum projects can redeploy without
+needing to refactor or re-audit any code. zkSync Era also uses an LLVM-based compiler that will eventually enable
+developers to write smart contracts in popular languages such as C++ and Rust.
+
+This repository contains the common compiler constants.

 ## License

@@ -8,3 +17,19 @@ This library is distributed under the terms of either
 - MIT license ([LICENSE-MIT](LICENSE-MIT) or <http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>)

 at your option.
+
+## Official Links
+
+- [Website](https://zksync.io/)
+- [GitHub](https://github.com/matter-labs)
+- [Twitter](https://twitter.com/zksync)
+- [Twitter for Devs](https://twitter.com/zkSyncDevs)
+- [Discord](https://join.zksync.dev/)
+
+## Disclaimer
+
+zkSync Era has been through extensive testing and audits, and although it is live, it is still in alpha state and
+will undergo further audits and bug bounty programs. We would love to hear our community's thoughts and suggestions
+about it!
+It's important to note that forking it now could potentially lead to missing important
+security updates, critical features, and performance improvements.
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
+//!
 //! The number base constants.
+//!

 /// The binary number base.
 pub const BASE_BINARY: u32 = 2;
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
+//!
 //! The common sizes in bits.
+//!

 /// The `bool` type bit-length.
 pub const BIT_LENGTH_BOOLEAN: usize = 1;
@@ -16,16 +18,8 @@ pub const BIT_LENGTH_X64: usize = crate::byte_length::BYTE_LENGTH_X64 * BIT_LENG
 pub const BIT_LENGTH_ETH_ADDRESS: usize =
    crate::byte_length::BYTE_LENGTH_ETH_ADDRESS * BIT_LENGTH_BYTE;

-/// The VM word (usually `u256` or `i256`) bit-length.
-pub const BIT_LENGTH_WORD: usize = crate::byte_length::BYTE_LENGTH_WORD * BIT_LENGTH_BYTE;
+/// The field (usually `u256` or `i256`) bit-length.
+pub const BIT_LENGTH_FIELD: usize = crate::byte_length::BYTE_LENGTH_FIELD * BIT_LENGTH_BYTE;

 /// Bit length of the runtime value type.
 pub const BIT_LENGTH_VALUE: usize = crate::byte_length::BYTE_LENGTH_VALUE * BIT_LENGTH_BYTE;
-
-/// Bit length of thre runimte block number type.
-pub const BIT_LENGTH_BLOCK_NUMBER: usize =
-    crate::byte_length::BYTE_LENGTH_BLOCK_NUMBER * BIT_LENGTH_BYTE;
-
-/// Bit length of thre runimte block timestamp type.
-pub const BIT_LENGTH_BLOCK_TIMESTAMP: usize =
-    crate::byte_length::BYTE_LENGTH_BLOCK_TIMESTAMP * BIT_LENGTH_BYTE;
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
+//!
 //! The common sizes in bytes.
+//!

 /// The byte-length.
 pub const BYTE_LENGTH_BYTE: usize = 1;
@@ -7,10 +9,7 @@ pub const BYTE_LENGTH_BYTE: usize = 1;
 pub const BYTE_LENGTH_X32: usize = 4;

 /// Native stack alignment size in bytes
-#[cfg(not(feature = "riscv-64"))]
-pub const BYTE_LENGTH_STACK_ALIGN: usize = 4;
-#[cfg(feature = "riscv-64")]
-pub const BYTE_LENGTH_STACK_ALIGN: usize = 8;
+pub const BYTE_LENGTH_STACK_ALIGN: usize = BYTE_LENGTH_X64;

 /// The x86_64 word byte-length.
 pub const BYTE_LENGTH_X64: usize = 8;
@@ -18,14 +17,8 @@ pub const BYTE_LENGTH_X64: usize = 8;
 /// The ETH address byte-length.
 pub const BYTE_LENGTH_ETH_ADDRESS: usize = 20;

-/// The word byte-length.
-pub const BYTE_LENGTH_WORD: usize = 32;
+/// The field byte-length.
+pub const BYTE_LENGTH_FIELD: usize = 32;

 /// Byte length of the runtime value type.
-pub const BYTE_LENGTH_VALUE: usize = 32;
-
-/// Byte length of the runtime block number type.
-pub const BYTE_LENGTH_BLOCK_NUMBER: usize = 4;
-
-/// Byte length of the runtime block timestamp type.
-pub const BYTE_LENGTH_BLOCK_TIMESTAMP: usize = 4;
+pub const BYTE_LENGTH_VALUE: usize = 16;
@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+//!
+//! The EraVM address constants.
+//!
+
+/// The corresponding simulation predefined address.
+pub const ERAVM_ADDRESS_TO_L1: u16 = 0xFFFF;
+
+/// The corresponding simulation predefined address.
+pub const ERAVM_ADDRESS_PRECOMPILE: u16 = 0xFFFD;
+
+/// The corresponding simulation predefined address.
+pub const ERAVM_ADDRESS_META: u16 = 0xFFFC;
+
+/// The corresponding simulation predefined address.
+pub const ERAVM_ADDRESS_MIMIC_CALL: u16 = 0xFFFB;
+
+/// The corresponding simulation predefined address.
+pub const ERAVM_ADDRESS_SYSTEM_MIMIC_CALL: u16 = 0xFFFA;
+
+/// The corresponding simulation predefined address.
+pub const ERAVM_ADDRESS_MIMIC_CALL_BYREF: u16 = 0xFFF9;
+
+/// The corresponding simulation predefined address.
+pub const ERAVM_ADDRESS_SYSTEM_MIMIC_CALL_BYREF: u16 = 0xFFF8;
+
+/// The corresponding simulation predefined address.
+pub const ERAVM_ADDRESS_RAW_FAR_CALL: u16 = 0xFFF7;
+
+/// The corresponding simulation predefined address.
+pub const ERAVM_ADDRESS_RAW_FAR_CALL_BYREF: u16 = 0xFFF6;
+
+/// The corresponding simulation predefined address.
+pub const ERAVM_ADDRESS_SYSTEM_CALL: u16 = 0xFFF5;
+
+/// The corresponding simulation predefined address.
+pub const ERAVM_ADDRESS_SYSTEM_CALL_BYREF: u16 = 0xFFF4;
+
+/// The corresponding simulation predefined address.
+pub const ERAVM_ADDRESS_SET_CONTEXT_VALUE_CALL: u16 = 0xFFF3;
+
+/// The corresponding simulation predefined address.
+pub const ERAVM_ADDRESS_SET_PUBDATA_PRICE: u16 = 0xFFF2;
+
+/// The corresponding simulation predefined address.
+pub const ERAVM_ADDRESS_INCREMENT_TX_COUNTER: u16 = 0xFFF1;
+
+/// The corresponding simulation predefined address.
+pub const ERAVM_ADDRESS_GET_GLOBAL_PTR_CALLDATA: u16 = 0xFFF0;
+
+/// The corresponding simulation predefined address.
+pub const ERAVM_ADDRESS_GET_GLOBAL_CALL_FLAGS: u16 = 0xFFEF;
+
+/// The corresponding simulation predefined address.
+pub const ERAVM_ADDRESS_GET_GLOBAL_PTR_RETURN_DATA: u16 = 0xFFEE;
+
+/// The corresponding simulation predefined address.
+pub const ERAVM_ADDRESS_EVENT_INITIALIZE: u16 = 0xFFED;
+
+/// The corresponding simulation predefined address.
+pub const ERAVM_ADDRESS_EVENT_WRITE: u16 = 0xFFEC;
+
+/// The corresponding simulation predefined address.
+pub const ERAVM_ADDRESS_ACTIVE_PTR_LOAD_CALLDATA: u16 = 0xFFEB;
+
+/// The corresponding simulation predefined address.
+pub const ERAVM_ADDRESS_ACTIVE_PTR_LOAD_RETURN_DATA: u16 = 0xFFEA;
+
+/// The corresponding simulation predefined address.
+pub const ERAVM_ADDRESS_ACTIVE_PTR_ADD: u16 = 0xFFE9;
+
+/// The corresponding simulation predefined address.
+pub const ERAVM_ADDRESS_ACTIVE_PTR_SHRINK: u16 = 0xFFE8;
+
+/// The corresponding simulation predefined address.
+pub const ERAVM_ADDRESS_ACTIVE_PTR_PACK: u16 = 0xFFE7;
+
+/// The corresponding simulation predefined address.
+pub const ERAVM_ADDRESS_MULTIPLICATION_HIGH_REGISTER: u16 = 0xFFE6;
+
+/// The corresponding simulation predefined address.
+pub const ERAVM_ADDRESS_GET_GLOBAL_EXTRA_ABI_DATA: u16 = 0xFFE5;
+
+/// The corresponding simulation predefined address.
+pub const ERAVM_ADDRESS_ACTIVE_PTR_DATA_LOAD: u16 = 0xFFE4;
+
+/// The corresponding simulation predefined address.
+pub const ERAVM_ADDRESS_ACTIVE_PTR_DATA_COPY: u16 = 0xFFE3;
+
+/// The corresponding simulation predefined address.
+pub const ERAVM_ADDRESS_ACTIVE_PTR_DATA_SIZE: u16 = 0xFFE2;
+
+/// The corresponding simulation predefined address.
+pub const ERAVM_ADDRESS_CONST_ARRAY_DECLARE: u16 = 0xFFE1;
+
+/// The corresponding simulation predefined address.
+pub const ERAVM_ADDRESS_CONST_ARRAY_SET: u16 = 0xFFE0;
+
+/// The corresponding simulation predefined address.
+pub const ERAVM_ADDRESS_CONST_ARRAY_FINALIZE: u16 = 0xFFDF;
+
+/// The corresponding simulation predefined address.
+pub const ERAVM_ADDRESS_CONST_ARRAY_GET: u16 = 0xFFDE;
+
+/// The corresponding simulation predefined address.
+pub const ERAVM_ADDRESS_DECOMMIT: u16 = 0xFFDD;
+
+/// The corresponding simulation predefined address.
+pub const ERAVM_ADDRESS_ACTIVE_PTR_LOAD_DECOMMIT: u16 = 0xFFDC;
+
+/// The corresponding simulation predefined address.
+pub const ERAVM_ADDRESS_RETURN_FORWARD: u16 = 0xFFDB;
+
+/// The corresponding simulation predefined address.
+pub const ERAVM_ADDRESS_REVERT_FORWARD: u16 = 0xFFDA;
+
+/// The corresponding simulation predefined address.
+pub const ERAVM_ADDRESS_ACTIVE_PTR_SWAP: u16 = 0xFFD9;
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+//!
+//! The EraVM constants.
+//!
+
+pub mod address;
@@ -1,9 +1,13 @@
+//!
 //! The EVM version.
+//!

 use serde::Deserialize;
 use serde::Serialize;

+///
 /// The EVM version.
+///
 #[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, Hash)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub enum EVMVersion {
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
+//!
 //! The file extensions.
+//!

 /// The manifest file extension.
 pub static EXTENSION_MANIFEST: &str = "toml";
@@ -30,14 +32,17 @@ pub static EXTENSION_SOLIDITY: &str = "sol";
 /// The LLL IR file extension.
 pub static EXTENSION_LLL: &str = "lll";

+/// The Vyper file extension.
+pub static EXTENSION_VYPER: &str = "vy";
+
 /// The LLVM source code file extension.
 pub static EXTENSION_LLVM_SOURCE: &str = "ll";

 /// The LLVM bitcode file extension.
 pub static EXTENSION_LLVM_BINARY: &str = "bc";

-/// The PolkaVM assembly file extension.
-pub static EXTENSION_POLKAVM_ASSEMBLY: &str = "pvmasm";
+/// The EraVM assembly file extension.
+pub static EXTENSION_ERAVM_ASSEMBLY: &str = "zasm";

-/// The PolkaVM bytecode file extension.
-pub static EXTENSION_POLKAVM_BINARY: &str = "pvm";
+/// The EraVM bytecode file extension.
+pub static EXTENSION_ERAVM_BINARY: &str = "zbin";
@@ -1,19 +1,21 @@
+//!
 //! The compiler common library.
+//!

 pub(crate) mod base;
 pub(crate) mod bit_length;
 pub(crate) mod byte_length;
+pub(crate) mod eravm;
 pub(crate) mod evm_version;
 pub(crate) mod exit_code;
 pub(crate) mod extension;
-pub(crate) mod polkavm;
 pub(crate) mod utils;

 pub use self::base::*;
 pub use self::bit_length::*;
 pub use self::byte_length::*;
+pub use self::eravm::address::*;
 pub use self::evm_version::EVMVersion;
 pub use self::exit_code::*;
 pub use self::extension::*;
-pub use self::polkavm::address::*;
 pub use self::utils::*;
@@ -1,115 +0,0 @@
-//! The PolkaVM address constants.
-
-/// The corresponding simulation predefined address.
-pub const POLKAVM_ADDRESS_TO_L1: u16 = 0xFFFF;
-
-/// The corresponding simulation predefined address.
-pub const POLKAVM_ADDRESS_PRECOMPILE: u16 = 0xFFFD;
-
-/// The corresponding simulation predefined address.
-pub const POLKAVM_ADDRESS_META: u16 = 0xFFFC;
-
-/// The corresponding simulation predefined address.
-pub const POLKAVM_ADDRESS_MIMIC_CALL: u16 = 0xFFFB;
-
-/// The corresponding simulation predefined address.
-pub const POLKAVM_ADDRESS_SYSTEM_MIMIC_CALL: u16 = 0xFFFA;
-
-/// The corresponding simulation predefined address.
-pub const POLKAVM_ADDRESS_MIMIC_CALL_BYREF: u16 = 0xFFF9;
-
-/// The corresponding simulation predefined address.
-pub const POLKAVM_ADDRESS_SYSTEM_MIMIC_CALL_BYREF: u16 = 0xFFF8;
-
-/// The corresponding simulation predefined address.
-pub const POLKAVM_ADDRESS_RAW_FAR_CALL: u16 = 0xFFF7;
-
-/// The corresponding simulation predefined address.
-pub const POLKAVM_ADDRESS_RAW_FAR_CALL_BYREF: u16 = 0xFFF6;
-
-/// The corresponding simulation predefined address.
-pub const POLKAVM_ADDRESS_SYSTEM_CALL: u16 = 0xFFF5;
-
-/// The corresponding simulation predefined address.
-pub const POLKAVM_ADDRESS_SYSTEM_CALL_BYREF: u16 = 0xFFF4;
-
-/// The corresponding simulation predefined address.
-pub const POLKAVM_ADDRESS_SET_CONTEXT_VALUE_CALL: u16 = 0xFFF3;
-
-/// The corresponding simulation predefined address.
-pub const POLKAVM_ADDRESS_SET_PUBDATA_PRICE: u16 = 0xFFF2;
-
-/// The corresponding simulation predefined address.
-pub const POLKAVM_ADDRESS_INCREMENT_TX_COUNTER: u16 = 0xFFF1;
-
-/// The corresponding simulation predefined address.
-pub const POLKAVM_ADDRESS_GET_GLOBAL_PTR_CALLDATA: u16 = 0xFFF0;
-
-/// The corresponding simulation predefined address.
-pub const POLKAVM_ADDRESS_GET_GLOBAL_CALL_FLAGS: u16 = 0xFFEF;
-
-/// The corresponding simulation predefined address.
-pub const POLKAVM_ADDRESS_GET_GLOBAL_PTR_RETURN_DATA: u16 = 0xFFEE;
-
-/// The corresponding simulation predefined address.
-pub const POLKAVM_ADDRESS_EVENT_INITIALIZE: u16 = 0xFFED;
-
-/// The corresponding simulation predefined address.
-pub const POLKAVM_ADDRESS_EVENT_WRITE: u16 = 0xFFEC;
-
-/// The corresponding simulation predefined address.
-pub const POLKAVM_ADDRESS_ACTIVE_PTR_LOAD_CALLDATA: u16 = 0xFFEB;
-
-/// The corresponding simulation predefined address.
-pub const POLKAVM_ADDRESS_ACTIVE_PTR_LOAD_RETURN_DATA: u16 = 0xFFEA;
-
-/// The corresponding simulation predefined address.
-pub const POLKAVM_ADDRESS_ACTIVE_PTR_ADD: u16 = 0xFFE9;
-
-/// The corresponding simulation predefined address.
-pub const POLKAVM_ADDRESS_ACTIVE_PTR_SHRINK: u16 = 0xFFE8;
-
-/// The corresponding simulation predefined address.
-pub const POLKAVM_ADDRESS_ACTIVE_PTR_PACK: u16 = 0xFFE7;
-
-/// The corresponding simulation predefined address.
-pub const POLKAVM_ADDRESS_MULTIPLICATION_HIGH_REGISTER: u16 = 0xFFE6;
-
-/// The corresponding simulation predefined address.
-pub const POLKAVM_ADDRESS_GET_GLOBAL_EXTRA_ABI_DATA: u16 = 0xFFE5;
-
-/// The corresponding simulation predefined address.
-pub const POLKAVM_ADDRESS_ACTIVE_PTR_DATA_LOAD: u16 = 0xFFE4;
-
-/// The corresponding simulation predefined address.
-pub const POLKAVM_ADDRESS_ACTIVE_PTR_DATA_COPY: u16 = 0xFFE3;
-
-/// The corresponding simulation predefined address.
-pub const POLKAVM_ADDRESS_ACTIVE_PTR_DATA_SIZE: u16 = 0xFFE2;
-
-/// The corresponding simulation predefined address.
-pub const POLKAVM_ADDRESS_CONST_ARRAY_DECLARE: u16 = 0xFFE1;
-
-/// The corresponding simulation predefined address.
-pub const POLKAVM_ADDRESS_CONST_ARRAY_SET: u16 = 0xFFE0;
-
-/// The corresponding simulation predefined address.
-pub const POLKAVM_ADDRESS_CONST_ARRAY_FINALIZE: u16 = 0xFFDF;
-
-/// The corresponding simulation predefined address.
-pub const POLKAVM_ADDRESS_CONST_ARRAY_GET: u16 = 0xFFDE;
-
-/// The corresponding simulation predefined address.
-pub const POLKAVM_ADDRESS_DECOMMIT: u16 = 0xFFDD;
-
-/// The corresponding simulation predefined address.
-pub const POLKAVM_ADDRESS_ACTIVE_PTR_LOAD_DECOMMIT: u16 = 0xFFDC;
-
-/// The corresponding simulation predefined address.
-pub const POLKAVM_ADDRESS_RETURN_FORWARD: u16 = 0xFFDB;
-
-/// The corresponding simulation predefined address.
-pub const POLKAVM_ADDRESS_REVERT_FORWARD: u16 = 0xFFDA;
-
-/// The corresponding simulation predefined address.
-pub const POLKAVM_ADDRESS_ACTIVE_PTR_SWAP: u16 = 0xFFD9;
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-//!
-//! The PolkaVM constants.
-//!
-
-pub mod address;
@@ -1,7 +1,12 @@
+//!
 //! The compiler common utils.
+//!

+///
 /// Deserializes a `serde_json` object from slice with the recursion limit disabled.
+///
 /// Must be used for all JSON I/O to avoid crashes due to the aforementioned limit.
+///
 pub fn deserialize_from_slice<O>(input: &[u8]) -> anyhow::Result<O>
 where
    O: serde::de::DeserializeOwned,
@@ -13,8 +18,11 @@ where
    Ok(result)
 }

+///
 /// Deserializes a `serde_json` object from string with the recursion limit disabled.
+///
 /// Must be used for all JSON I/O to avoid crashes due to the aforementioned limit.
+///
 pub fn deserialize_from_str<O>(input: &str) -> anyhow::Result<O>
 where
    O: serde::de::DeserializeOwned,
@@ -1,16 +1,10 @@
 [package]
 name = "revive-differential"
-version.workspace = true
-license.workspace = true
-edition.workspace = true
-authors.workspace = true
-repository.workspace = true
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2021"
+
+# See more keys and their definitions at https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html

 [dependencies]
-hex = { workspace = true }
-tempfile = { workspace = true }
-serde = { workspace = true }
-serde_json = { workspace = true }
-alloy-primitives = { workspace = true, features = ["serde"] }
-alloy-genesis = { workspace = true }
-alloy-serde = { workspace = true }
+evm-interpreter = { workspace = true }
+primitive-types = { workspace = true }
@@ -1,30 +0,0 @@
-{
-    "config": {
-        "chainId": 1,
-        "homesteadBlock": 0,
-        "eip150Block": 0,
-        "eip155Block": 0,
-        "eip158Block": 0,
-        "byzantiumBlock": 0,
-        "constantinopleBlock": 0,
-        "petersburgBlock": 0,
-        "istanbulBlock": 0,
-        "berlinBlock": 0,
-        "londonBlock": 0,
-        "arrowGlacierBlock": 0,
-        "grayGlacierBlock": 0,
-        "shanghaiTime": 0,
-        "cancunTime": 0,
-        "terminalTotalDifficulty": 0,
-        "terminalTotalDifficultyPassed": true
-    },
-    "coinbase": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
-    "difficulty": "0x20000",
-    "extraData": "",
-    "gasLimit": "0xffffffff",
-    "nonce": "0x0000000000000042",
-    "mixhash": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
-    "parentHash": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
-    "timestamp": "0x00",
-    "alloc": {}
-}
@@ -1,199 +0,0 @@
-use std::time::Duration;
-
-/// Parse a go formatted duration.
-///
-/// Sources:
-/// - https://crates.io/crates/go-parse-duration (fixed an utf8 bug)
-/// - https://github.com/golang/go/blob/master/src/time/format.go
-pub fn parse_go_duration(value: &str) -> Result<Duration, String> {
-    parse_duration(value).map(|ns| Duration::from_nanos(ns.unsigned_abs()))
-}
-
-fn parse_duration(string: &str) -> Result<i64, String> {
-    // [-+]?([0-9]*(\.[0-9]*)?[a-z]+)+
-    let mut s = string;
-    let mut d: i64 = 0; // duration to be returned
-    let mut neg = false;
-
-    // Consume [-+]?
-    if !s.is_empty() {
-        let c = *s.as_bytes().first().unwrap();
-        if c == b'-' || c == b'+' {
-            neg = c == b'-';
-            s = &s[1..];
-        }
-    }
-    // Special case: if all that is left is "0", this is zero.
-    if s == "0" {
-        return Ok(0);
-    }
-    if s.is_empty() {
-        return Err(format!("invalid duration: {string}"));
-    }
-    while !s.is_empty() {
-        // integers before, after decimal point
-        let mut v: i64;
-        let mut f: i64 = 0;
-        // value = v + f / scale
-        let mut scale: f64 = 1f64;
-
-        // The next character must be [0-9.]
-        let c = *s.as_bytes().first().unwrap();
-        if !(c == b'.' || c.is_ascii_digit()) {
-            return Err(format!("invalid duration: {string}"));
-        }
-        // Consume [0-9]*
-        let pl = s.len();
-        match leading_int(s) {
-            Ok((_v, _s)) => {
-                v = _v;
-                s = _s;
-            }
-            Err(_) => {
-                return Err(format!("invalid duration: {string}"));
-            }
-        }
-        let pre = pl != s.len(); // whether we consume anything before a period
-
-        // Consume (\.[0-9]*)?
-        let mut post = false;
-        if !s.is_empty() && *s.as_bytes().first().unwrap() == b'.' {
-            s = &s[1..];
-            let pl = s.len();
-            let (f_, scale_, s_) = leading_fraction(s);
-            {
-                f = f_;
-                scale = scale_;
-                s = s_;
-            }
-            post = pl != s.len();
-        }
-        if !pre && !post {
-            // no digits (e.g. ".s" or "-.s")
-            return Err(format!("invalid duration: {string}"));
-        }
-
-        // Consume unit.
-        let mut i = 0;
-        while i < s.len() {
-            let c = *s.as_bytes().get(i).unwrap();
-            if c == b'.' || c.is_ascii_digit() {
-                break;
-            }
-            i += 1;
-        }
-        if i == 0 {
-            return Err(format!("missing unit in duration: {string}"));
-        }
-        let u = &s[..i];
-        s = &s[i..];
-        let unit = match u {
-            "ns" => 1i64,
-            "us" => 1000i64,
-            "µs" => 1000i64, // U+00B5 = micro symbol
-            "μs" => 1000i64, // U+03BC = Greek letter mu
-            "ms" => 1000000i64,
-            "s" => 1000000000i64,
-            "m" => 60000000000i64,
-            "h" => 3600000000000i64,
-            _ => {
-                return Err(format!("unknown unit {u} in duration {string}"));
-            }
-        };
-        if v > (1 << (63 - 1)) / unit {
-            // overflow
-            return Err(format!("invalid duration {string}"));
-        }
-        v *= unit;
-        if f > 0 {
-            // f64 is needed to be nanosecond accurate for fractions of hours.
-            // v >= 0 && (f*unit/scale) <= 3.6e+12 (ns/h, h is the largest unit)
-            v += (f as f64 * (unit as f64 / scale)) as i64;
-            if v < 0 {
-                // overflow
-                return Err(format!("invalid duration {string}"));
-            }
-        }
-        d += v;
-        if d < 0 {
-            // overflow
-            return Err(format!("invalid duration {string}"));
-        }
-    }
-    if neg {
-        d = -d;
-    }
-    Ok(d)
-}
-
-fn leading_int(s: &str) -> Result<(i64, &str), String> {
-    let mut x = 0;
-    let mut i = 0;
-    while i < s.len() {
-        let c = s.chars().nth(i).unwrap();
-        if !c.is_ascii_digit() {
-            break;
-        }
-        if x > (1 << (63 - 1)) / 10 {
-            return Err("overflow".into());
-        }
-        let d = i64::from(c.to_digit(10).unwrap());
-        x = x * 10 + d;
-        if x < 0 {
-            // overflow
-            return Err("overflow".into());
-        }
-        i += 1;
-    }
-    Ok((x, &s[i..]))
-}
-
-fn leading_fraction(s: &str) -> (i64, f64, &str) {
-    let mut i = 0;
-    let mut x = 0i64;
-    let mut scale = 1f64;
-    let mut overflow = false;
-    while i < s.len() {
-        let c = s.chars().nth(i).unwrap();
-        if !c.is_ascii_digit() {
-            break;
-        }
-        if overflow {
-            continue;
-        }
-        if x > (1 << (63 - 1)) / 10 {
-            // It's possible for overflow to give a positive number, so take care.
-            overflow = true;
-            continue;
-        }
-        let d = i64::from(c.to_digit(10).unwrap());
-        let y = x * 10 + d;
-        if y < 0 {
-            overflow = true;
-            continue;
-        }
-        x = y;
-        scale *= 10f64;
-        i += 1;
-    }
-    (x, scale, &s[i..])
-}
-
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod tests {
-    use super::parse_duration;
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_parse_duration() {
-        assert_eq!(parse_duration("8.731µs"), Ok(8731));
-        assert_eq!(parse_duration("50ns"), Ok(50));
-        assert_eq!(parse_duration("3ms"), Ok(3000000));
-        assert_eq!(parse_duration("2us"), Ok(2000));
-        assert_eq!(parse_duration("4.0s"), Ok(4000000000));
-        assert_eq!(parse_duration("1h45m"), Ok(6300000000000));
-        assert_eq!(
-            parse_duration("1"),
-            Err(String::from("missing unit in duration: 1")),
-        );
-    }
-}
@@ -1,570 +1,154 @@
-use core::str;
-use std::{
-    collections::BTreeMap,
-    io::Write,
-    path::PathBuf,
-    process::{Command, Stdio},
-    str::FromStr,
-    time::Duration,
+use evm_interpreter::{
+    interpreter::{EtableInterpreter, RunInterpreter},
+    trap::CallCreateTrap,
+    Context, Etable, ExitError, Log, Machine, RuntimeBackend, RuntimeBaseBackend,
+    RuntimeEnvironment, RuntimeState, TransactionContext, Valids,
 };
+use primitive_types::{H160, H256, U256};

-use alloy_genesis::{Genesis, GenesisAccount};
-use alloy_primitives::{hex::ToHexExt, Address, Bytes, B256, U256};
-use alloy_serde::storage::deserialize_storage_map;
-use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
-use serde_json::{Deserializer, Value};
-use tempfile::{NamedTempFile, TempPath};
+static RUNTIME_ETABLE: Etable<RuntimeState, UnimplementedHandler, CallCreateTrap> =
+    Etable::runtime();

-pub use self::go_duration::parse_go_duration;
+pub struct UnimplementedHandler;

-mod go_duration;
-
-const GENESIS_JSON: &str = include_str!("../genesis.json");
-const EXECUTABLE_NAME: &str = "evm";
-const EXECUTABLE_ARGS: [&str; 8] = [
-    "--log.format=json",
-    "run",
-    "--dump",
-    "--nomemory=false",
-    "--noreturndata=false",
-    "--json",
-    "--codefile",
-    "-",
-];
-const EXECUTABLE_ARGS_BENCH: [&str; 6] = [
-    "run",
-    "--bench",
-    "--nomemory=false",
-    "--noreturndata=false",
-    "--codefile",
-    "-",
-];
-const GAS_USED_MARKER: &str = "EVM gas used:";
-const REVERT_MARKER: &str = "error: execution reverted";
-
-/// The geth EVM state dump structure
-#[derive(Clone, Debug, Default, Serialize, Deserialize)]
-pub struct StateDump {
-    pub root: Bytes,
-    pub accounts: BTreeMap<Address, Account>,
-}
-
-impl From<StateDump> for Genesis {
-    fn from(value: StateDump) -> Self {
-        let mut genesis: Genesis = serde_json::from_str(GENESIS_JSON).unwrap();
-        genesis.alloc = value
-            .accounts
-            .iter()
-            .map(|(address, account)| (*address, account.clone().into()))
-            .collect();
-        genesis
+impl RuntimeEnvironment for UnimplementedHandler {
+    fn block_hash(&self, _number: U256) -> H256 {
+        unimplemented!()
+    }
+    fn block_number(&self) -> U256 {
+        unimplemented!()
+    }
+    fn block_coinbase(&self) -> H160 {
+        unimplemented!()
+    }
+    fn block_timestamp(&self) -> U256 {
+        unimplemented!()
+    }
+    fn block_difficulty(&self) -> U256 {
+        unimplemented!()
+    }
+    fn block_randomness(&self) -> Option<H256> {
+        unimplemented!()
+    }
+    fn block_gas_limit(&self) -> U256 {
+        unimplemented!()
+    }
+    fn block_base_fee_per_gas(&self) -> U256 {
+        unimplemented!()
+    }
+    fn chain_id(&self) -> U256 {
+        unimplemented!()
    }
 }

-/// The geth EVM state dump account structure
-#[derive(Clone, Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
-pub struct Account {
-    pub balance: U256,
-    pub nonce: u64,
-    pub code: Option<Bytes>,
-    #[serde(
-        default,
-        skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none",
-        deserialize_with = "deserialize_storage_map"
-    )]
-    pub storage: Option<BTreeMap<B256, B256>>,
-    pub key: Option<B256>,
-}
+impl RuntimeBaseBackend for UnimplementedHandler {
+    fn balance(&self, _address: H160) -> U256 {
+        unimplemented!()
+    }
+    fn code_size(&self, _address: H160) -> U256 {
+        unimplemented!()
+    }
+    fn code_hash(&self, _address: H160) -> H256 {
+        unimplemented!()
+    }
+    fn code(&self, _address: H160) -> Vec<u8> {
+        unimplemented!()
+    }
+    fn storage(&self, _address: H160, _index: H256) -> H256 {
+        unimplemented!()
+    }

-impl From<Account> for GenesisAccount {
-    fn from(value: Account) -> Self {
-        GenesisAccount {
-            balance: value.balance,
-            nonce: Some(value.nonce),
-            code: value.code,
-            storage: value.storage,
-            private_key: value.key,
-        }
+    fn exists(&self, _address: H160) -> bool {
+        unimplemented!()
+    }
+
+    fn nonce(&self, _address: H160) -> U256 {
+        unimplemented!()
    }
 }

-/// Contains the output from geth `emv` invocations
-#[derive(Clone, Debug, Default, Serialize, Deserialize)]
-pub struct EvmOutput {
-    pub output: Bytes,
-    #[serde(rename = "gasUsed")]
-    pub gas_used: U256,
-    pub error: Option<String>,
-}
+impl RuntimeBackend for UnimplementedHandler {
+    fn original_storage(&self, _address: H160, _index: H256) -> H256 {
+        unimplemented!()
+    }

-impl EvmOutput {
-    /// Return if there was no error found.
-    ///
-    /// Panics if the gas used is zero as this indicates nothing was run, i.e.
-    /// there was no receiving account but still no error is reported.
-    pub fn run_success(&self) -> bool {
-        assert_ne!(self.gas_used, U256::ZERO, "nothing was executed");
-        self.error.is_none()
+    fn deleted(&self, _address: H160) -> bool {
+        unimplemented!()
+    }
+    fn is_cold(&self, _address: H160, _index: Option<H256>) -> bool {
+        unimplemented!()
+    }
+
+    fn mark_hot(&mut self, _address: H160, _index: Option<H256>) {
+        unimplemented!()
+    }
+
+    fn set_storage(&mut self, _address: H160, _index: H256, _value: H256) -> Result<(), ExitError> {
+        unimplemented!()
+    }
+    fn log(&mut self, _log: Log) -> Result<(), ExitError> {
+        unimplemented!()
+    }
+    fn mark_delete(&mut self, _address: H160) {
+        unimplemented!()
+    }
+
+    fn reset_storage(&mut self, _address: H160) {
+        unimplemented!()
+    }
+
+    fn set_code(&mut self, _address: H160, _code: Vec<u8>) -> Result<(), ExitError> {
+        unimplemented!()
+    }
+    fn reset_balance(&mut self, _address: H160) {
+        unimplemented!()
+    }
+
+    fn deposit(&mut self, _address: H160, _value: U256) {
+        unimplemented!()
+    }
+    fn withdrawal(&mut self, _address: H160, _value: U256) -> Result<(), ExitError> {
+        unimplemented!()
+    }
+
+    fn inc_nonce(&mut self, _address: H160) -> Result<(), ExitError> {
+        unimplemented!()
    }
 }

-/// Contains the full log from geth `emv` invocations
-#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
-pub struct EvmLog {
-    pub account_deployed: Option<Address>,
-    pub output: EvmOutput,
-    pub state_dump: StateDump,
-    pub stderr: String,
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct PreparedEvm {
+    pub valids: Valids,
+    pub vm: Machine<RuntimeState>,
 }

-impl EvmLog {
-    pub const EXECUTION_TIME_MARKER: &'static str = "execution time:";
-
-    /// Parse the reported execution time from stderr (requires --bench)
-    pub fn execution_time(&self) -> Result<Duration, String> {
-        for line in self.stderr.lines() {
-            if let Some(value) = line.split("execution time:").nth(1) {
-                return parse_go_duration(value.trim());
-            }
+pub fn prepare(code: Vec<u8>, data: Vec<u8>) -> PreparedEvm {
+    let state = RuntimeState {
+        context: Context {
+            address: H160::default(),
+            caller: H160::default(),
+            apparent_value: U256::default(),
+        },
+        transaction_context: TransactionContext {
+            gas_price: U256::default(),
+            origin: H160::default(),
        }
+        .into(),
+        retbuf: Vec::new(),
+    };

-        Err(format!(
-            "execution time marker '{}' not found in raw EVM log",
-            Self::EXECUTION_TIME_MARKER
-        ))
-    }
-
-    fn parse_gas_used_from_bench(&mut self) {
-        for line in self.stderr.lines() {
-            if let Some(gas_line) = line.split(GAS_USED_MARKER).nth(1) {
-                let gas_used = gas_line.trim().parse::<u64>().unwrap_or_else(|error| {
-                    panic!("invalid output '{gas_line}' for gas used: {error}")
-                });
-                self.output.gas_used = U256::from(gas_used);
-            }
-        }
+    PreparedEvm {
+        valids: Valids::new(&code[..]),
+        vm: evm_interpreter::Machine::new(code.into(), data.to_vec().into(), 1024, 0xFFFF, state),
    }
 }

-impl From<&str> for EvmLog {
-    fn from(value: &str) -> Self {
-        let mut output = None;
-        let mut state_dump = None;
-        for value in Deserializer::from_str(value).into_iter::<Value>() {
-            let Ok(value) = value else { continue };
-            if let Ok(value @ EvmOutput { .. }) = serde_json::from_value(value.clone()) {
-                output = Some(value);
-                continue;
-            }
-            if let Ok(value @ StateDump { .. }) = serde_json::from_value(value) {
-                state_dump = Some(value);
-            }
-        }
+pub fn execute(pre: PreparedEvm) -> Vec<u8> {
+    let mut vm = EtableInterpreter::new_valid(pre.vm, &RUNTIME_ETABLE, pre.valids);
+    vm.run(&mut UnimplementedHandler {})
+        .exit()
+        .unwrap()
+        .unwrap();

-        if let (Some(output), Some(state_dump)) = (output, state_dump) {
-            return Self {
-                account_deployed: None,
-                output,
-                state_dump,
-                stderr: value.into(),
-            };
-        }
-
-        EvmLog {
-            account_deployed: None,
-            output: EvmOutput {
-                error: value.find(REVERT_MARKER).map(|_| REVERT_MARKER.to_string()),
-                ..Default::default()
-            },
-            state_dump: Default::default(),
-            stderr: Default::default(),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-/// Builder for running contracts in geth `evm`
-pub struct Evm {
-    genesis_json: Option<String>,
-    genesis_path: Option<PathBuf>,
-    code: Option<Vec<u8>>,
-    input: Option<Bytes>,
-    receiver: Option<String>,
-    sender: String,
-    value: Option<u128>,
-    gas: Option<u64>,
-    create: bool,
-    bench: bool,
-}
-
-impl Default for Evm {
-    fn default() -> Self {
-        Self {
-            genesis_json: Some(GENESIS_JSON.to_string()),
-            genesis_path: None,
-            code: None,
-            input: None,
-            receiver: None,
-            sender: Address::default().encode_hex(),
-            value: None,
-            gas: None,
-            create: false,
-            bench: false,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl Evm {
-    /// Create a new EVM with the given `genesis`
-    pub fn from_genesis(genesis: Genesis) -> Self {
-        Self::default().genesis_json(genesis)
-    }
-
-    /// Run the `code`
-    pub fn code_blob(self, blob: Vec<u8>) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            code: Some(blob),
-            ..self
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Set the calldata
-    pub fn input(self, bytes: Bytes) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            input: (!bytes.is_empty()).then_some(bytes),
-            ..self
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Set the create flag
-    pub fn deploy(self, enable: bool) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            create: enable,
-            ..self
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Set the transferred value
-    pub fn value(self, value: u128) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            value: Some(value),
-            ..self
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Set the gas limit
-    pub fn gas(self, limit: u64) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            gas: Some(limit),
-            ..self
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Provide the prestate genesis configuration
-    pub fn genesis_json(self, genesis: Genesis) -> Self {
-        let genesis_json = serde_json::to_string(&genesis).expect("state dump should be valid");
-        // TODO: Investigate
-        let genesis_json = genesis_json.replace("\"0x0\"", "0").into();
-
-        Self {
-            genesis_json,
-            genesis_path: None,
-            ..self
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Provide a path to the genesis file to be used
-    pub fn genesis_path(self, path: PathBuf) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            genesis_path: Some(path),
-            genesis_json: None,
-            ..self
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Set the callee address
-    pub fn receiver(self, address: Address) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            receiver: Some(address.encode_hex()),
-            ..self
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Set the caller address
-    pub fn sender(self, address: Address) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            sender: address.encode_hex(),
-            ..self
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Run as a benchmark
-    pub fn bench(self, flag: bool) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            bench: flag,
-            ..self
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Calculate the address of the contract account this deploy call would create
-    pub fn expect_account_created(&self) -> Address {
-        assert!(self.create, "expected a deploy call");
-        let sender = Address::from_str(&self.sender).expect("sender address should be valid");
-        let genesis: Genesis = match (self.genesis_json.as_ref(), self.genesis_path.as_ref()) {
-            (Some(json), None) => serde_json::from_str(json).unwrap(),
-            (None, Some(path)) => {
-                serde_json::from_str(&std::fs::read_to_string(path).unwrap()).unwrap()
-            }
-            _ => panic!("provided a genesis json and a genesis json path"),
-        };
-        let nonce = genesis
-            .alloc
-            .get(&sender)
-            .map(|account| account.nonce.unwrap_or(0))
-            .unwrap_or(0);
-        sender.create(nonce)
-    }
-
-    /// Return the path to the genesis file;
-    /// writes the genesis file into a tmpdir if necessary.
-    ///
-    /// `TempPath`` will delete on drop, so need to keep it around
-    fn write_genesis_file(&self, temp_path: &mut Option<TempPath>) -> String {
-        match (self.genesis_json.as_ref(), self.genesis_path.as_ref()) {
-            (Some(json), None) => {
-                let mut temp_file = NamedTempFile::new().unwrap();
-                temp_file.write_all(json.as_bytes()).unwrap();
-                let path = temp_file.into_temp_path();
-                *temp_path = Some(path);
-                temp_path.as_ref().unwrap().display().to_string()
-            }
-            (None, Some(path)) => path.display().to_string(),
-            _ => panic!("provided a genesis json and a genesis json path"),
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Run the call in a geth `evm` subprocess.
-    ///
-    /// Definitively not a hairy plumbing function.
-    pub fn run(self) -> EvmLog {
-        let mut temp_path = None;
-        let genesis_json_path = &self.write_genesis_file(&mut temp_path);
-
-        // Static args
-        let mut command = Command::new(PathBuf::from(EXECUTABLE_NAME));
-        command
-            .stdin(Stdio::piped())
-            .stdout(Stdio::piped())
-            .stderr(Stdio::piped());
-        if self.bench {
-            command.args(EXECUTABLE_ARGS_BENCH);
-        } else {
-            command.args(EXECUTABLE_ARGS);
-        };
-
-        // Dynamic args
-        command.args(["--prestate", genesis_json_path]);
-        command.args(["--sender", &self.sender]);
-        if let Some(input) = &self.input {
-            command.args(["--input", hex::encode(input).as_str()]);
-        }
-        let account_deployed = if self.create {
-            command.arg("--create");
-            self.expect_account_created().into()
-        } else {
-            None
-        };
-        match (&self.code, &self.receiver) {
-            (Some(_), None) => {}
-            (None, Some(address)) => {
-                command.args(["--receiver", address]);
-            }
-            (Some(_), Some(_)) => panic!("code and receiver specified"),
-            _ => panic!("no code file or receiver specified"),
-        }
-        if let Some(gas) = self.gas {
-            command.args(["--gas", &format!("{gas}")]);
-        }
-        if let Some(value) = self.value {
-            command.args(["--value", &format!("{value}")]);
-        }
-
-        // Run the evm subprocess and assert success return value
-        let process = command.spawn().unwrap_or_else(|error| {
-            panic!("{EXECUTABLE_NAME} subprocess spawning error: {error:?}")
-        });
-        let buf = vec![];
-        process
-            .stdin
-            .as_ref()
-            .unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("{EXECUTABLE_NAME} stdin getting error"))
-            .write_all(self.code.as_ref().unwrap_or(&buf))
-            .unwrap_or_else(|err| panic!("{EXECUTABLE_NAME} stdin writing error: {err:?}"));
-
-        let output = process
-            .wait_with_output()
-            .unwrap_or_else(|err| panic!("{EXECUTABLE_NAME} subprocess output error: {err}"));
-        assert!(
-            output.status.success(),
-            "{EXECUTABLE_NAME} command failed: {output:?}",
-        );
-        drop(temp_path);
-
-        let stdout = str::from_utf8(output.stdout.as_slice())
-            .unwrap_or_else(|err| panic!("{EXECUTABLE_NAME} stdout failed to parse: {err}"));
-        let stderr = str::from_utf8(output.stderr.as_slice())
-            .unwrap_or_else(|err| panic!("{EXECUTABLE_NAME} stderr failed to parse: {err}"));
-
-        let mut log: EvmLog = stdout.into();
-        log.stderr = stderr.into();
-        if self.bench {
-            log.parse_gas_used_from_bench();
-        }
-
-        // Set the deployed account
-        log.account_deployed = account_deployed;
-        log
-    }
-}
-
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod tests {
-    use std::{str::FromStr, time::Duration};
-
-    use alloy_genesis::Genesis;
-    use alloy_primitives::{Bytes, B256, U256};
-
-    use crate::{Evm, EvmLog, EvmOutput, StateDump};
-
-    const OUTPUT_JSON_OK: &str = r#"{"output":"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000","gasUsed":"0x11d"}"#;
-    const OUTPUT_JSON_REVERTED: &str =
-        r#"{"output":"","gasUsed":"0x2d","error":"execution reverted"}"#;
-    const STATE_DUMP: &str = r#"
-{
-    "root": "eb5d51177cb9049b848ea92f87f9a3f00abfb683d0866c2eddecc5692ad27f86",
-    "accounts": {
-        "0x1f2a98889594024BFfdA3311CbE69728d392C06D": {
-            "balance": "0",
-            "nonce": 1,
-            "root": "0x63cfcda8d81a8b1840b1b9722c37f929a4037e53ad1ce6abdef31c0c8bac1f61",
-            "codeHash": "0xa6e0062c5ba829446695f179b97702a75f7d354e33445d2e928ed00e1a39e88f",
-            "code": "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",
-            "storage": {
-                "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000": "02"
-            },
-            "address": "0x1f2a98889594024bffda3311cbe69728d392c06d",
-            "key": "0xcbeeb4463624bc2f332dcfe2b479eddb1c380ec862ee63d9f31b31b854fb7c61"
-        }
-    }
-}"#;
-    const EVM_BIN_FIXTURE: &str = "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";
-    const EVM_BIN_RUNTIME_FIXTURE: &str = "6080604052348015600e575f80fd5b50600436106026575f3560e01c8063cde4efa914602a575b5f80fd5b60306032565b005b5f8054906101000a900460ff16155f806101000a81548160ff02191690831515021790555056fea264697066735822122046c92dd2fd612b1ed93d184dad4c49f61c44690722c4a6c7c746ebeb0aadeb4a64736f6c63430008190033";
-    const EVM_BIN_FIXTURE_INPUT: &str =
-        "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001";
-    const EVM_BIN_RUNTIME_FIXTURE_INPUT: &str = "cde4efa9";
-    const STDERR_BENCH_OK: &str = r#"EVM gas used:    560071
-execution time:  1.460881ms
-allocations:     29
-allocated bytes: 2558
-"#;
-    const STDERR_BENCH_REVERT: &str = r#"EVM gas used:    69
-execution time:  10.11µs
-allocations:     43
-allocated bytes: 3711"#;
-    const STDOUT_BENCH_REVERT: &str = r#" error: execution reverted"#;
-
-    #[test]
-    fn parse_evm_output_ok() {
-        serde_json::from_str::<EvmOutput>(OUTPUT_JSON_OK).unwrap();
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn parse_evm_output_revert() {
-        serde_json::from_str::<EvmOutput>(OUTPUT_JSON_REVERTED).unwrap();
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn parse_evm_output_bench_ok() {
-        let mut log = EvmLog::from("");
-        log.stderr = STDERR_BENCH_OK.into();
-        log.parse_gas_used_from_bench();
-        assert!(log.output.run_success());
-
-        assert_eq!(log.execution_time().unwrap(), Duration::from_nanos(1460881));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn parse_evm_output_bench_revert() {
-        let mut log = EvmLog::from(STDOUT_BENCH_REVERT);
-        log.stderr = STDERR_BENCH_REVERT.into();
-        log.parse_gas_used_from_bench();
-        assert!(!log.output.run_success());
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn parse_state_dump() {
-        serde_json::from_str::<StateDump>(STATE_DUMP).unwrap();
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn evm_log_from_str() {
-        let log = format!("{OUTPUT_JSON_OK}\n{STATE_DUMP}");
-        let _ = EvmLog::from(log.as_str());
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn generate_genesis() {
-        let log = format!("{OUTPUT_JSON_OK}\n{STATE_DUMP}");
-        let log = EvmLog::from(log.as_str());
-        let mut genesis: Genesis = log.state_dump.into();
-        let storage = genesis
-            .alloc
-            .pop_first()
-            .expect("should have one account in genesis")
-            .1
-            .storage
-            .expect("genesis account should have storage");
-        let storage_value = storage
-            .get(&B256::ZERO)
-            .expect("genesis account should have key 0 occupied");
-        assert_eq!(*storage_value, B256::from(U256::from(2)));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn flipper() {
-        let log_runtime = Evm::default()
-            .code_blob(EVM_BIN_RUNTIME_FIXTURE.as_bytes().to_vec())
-            .input(Bytes::from_str(EVM_BIN_RUNTIME_FIXTURE_INPUT).unwrap())
-            .run();
-        assert!(log_runtime.output.run_success());
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn prestate() {
-        let log_deploy = Evm::default()
-            .code_blob(EVM_BIN_FIXTURE.as_bytes().to_vec())
-            .input(Bytes::from_str(EVM_BIN_FIXTURE_INPUT).unwrap())
-            .deploy(true)
-            .run();
-        assert!(log_deploy.output.run_success());
-
-        let address = log_deploy.account_deployed.unwrap();
-        let genesis: Genesis = log_deploy.state_dump.into();
-        let log_runtime = Evm::default()
-            .genesis_json(genesis)
-            .receiver(address)
-            .input(Bytes::from_str(EVM_BIN_RUNTIME_FIXTURE_INPUT).unwrap())
-            .run();
-        assert!(log_runtime.output.run_success(), "{:?}", log_runtime.output);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn bench_flipper() {
-        let log_runtime = Evm::default()
-            .code_blob(EVM_BIN_RUNTIME_FIXTURE.as_bytes().to_vec())
-            .input(Bytes::from_str(EVM_BIN_RUNTIME_FIXTURE_INPUT).unwrap())
-            .bench(true)
-            .run();
-        assert!(log_runtime.output.run_success());
-        assert!(log_runtime.execution_time().unwrap() > Duration::from_nanos(0));
-    }
+    vm.retval.clone()
 }
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+[package]
+name = "revive-extensions"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2021"
+
+# See more keys and their definitions at https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html
+
+[dependencies]
+inkwell = { workspace = true, features = ["target-riscv", "no-libffi-linking", "llvm18-0"] }
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+; target datalayout = "e-m:e-p:32:32-i64:64-n32-S128"
+; target triple = "riscv32-unknown-unknown-elf"
+target datalayout = "e-m:e-p:64:64-i64:64-i128:128-n32:64-S128"
+target triple = "riscv64-unknown-unknown-elf"
+
+define dso_local noundef i256 @__bswap(i256 noundef %0) local_unnamed_addr #0 {
+  %2 = tail call i256 @llvm.bswap.i256(i256 %0)
+  ret i256 %2
+}
+
+; Function Attrs: mustprogress nocallback nofree nosync nounwind speculatable willreturn memory(none)
+declare i256 @llvm.bswap.i256(i256) #1
+
+attributes #0 = { alwaysinline mustprogress nofree norecurse nosync nounwind willreturn memory(none) }
+attributes #1 = { mustprogress nocallback nofree nosync nounwind speculatable willreturn memory(none) }
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+use std::{env, fs, path::Path, process::Command};
+
+fn compile(source_path: &str, output_path: &str) {
+    let output = Command::new("llc")
+        .args([
+            "-O3",
+            "-filetype=asm",
+            "-mattr=+zbb,+e",
+            source_path,
+            "-o",
+            output_path,
+        ])
+        .output()
+        .expect("should be able to invoke llc");
+
+    assert!(
+        output.status.success(),
+        "failed to compile {}: {:?}",
+        source_path,
+        output
+    );
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let in_file = "bswap.ll";
+    let out_file = "bswap.s";
+    let out_dir = env::var_os("OUT_DIR").expect("env should have $OUT_DIR");
+    let out_path = Path::new(&out_dir).join(out_file);
+    compile(
+        in_file,
+        out_path.to_str().expect("$OUT_DIR should be UTF-8"),
+    );
+
+    let src_path = Path::new(&out_dir).join("bswap.rs");
+    let src = format!("pub static ASSEMBLY: &str = include_str!(\"{out_file}\");");
+    fs::write(src_path, src).expect("should be able to write in $OUT_DIR");
+
+    println!("cargo:rerun-if-changed=build.rs");
+    println!("cargo:rerun-if-changed=bswap.ll");
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+//! Custom RISC-V extension in PolkaVM that are partially supported.
+//! We use inline assembly to emit partially supported instructions.
+
+use inkwell::{context::Context, module::Module, support::LLVMString};
+
+include!(concat!(env!("OUT_DIR"), "/bswap.rs"));
+
+/// Returns a LLVM module containing a `__bswap` function, which
+/// - Takes a `i256` value argument
+/// - Byte swaps it using `rev8` from the `zbb` extension
+/// - Returns the `i256` value
+///
+/// Returns `Error` if the module fails to validate, which should never happen.
+pub fn module<'context>(
+    context: &'context Context,
+    module_name: &str,
+) -> Result<Module<'context>, LLVMString> {
+    let module = context.create_module(module_name);
+
+    module.set_inline_assembly(ASSEMBLY);
+    module.verify()?;
+
+    Ok(module)
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    #[test]
+    fn assembly_contains_rev8_instruction() {
+        assert!(crate::ASSEMBLY.contains("rev8"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn module_is_valid() {
+        inkwell::targets::Target::initialize_riscv(&Default::default());
+        let context = inkwell::context::Context::create();
+
+        assert!(crate::module(&context, "polkavm_bswap").is_ok());
+    }
+}
@@ -1,11 +1,9 @@
 [package]
 name = "revive-integration"
-version.workspace = true
-license.workspace = true
-edition.workspace = true
-repository.workspace = true
-authors.workspace = true
-description = "revive compiler integration test cases"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2021"
+
+# See more keys and their definitions at https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html

 [dependencies]
 polkavm = { workspace = true }
@@ -13,17 +11,12 @@ alloy-primitives = { workspace = true }
 alloy-sol-types = { workspace = true }
 hex = { workspace = true }
 env_logger = { workspace = true }
-log = { workspace = true }
-serde_json = { workspace = true }

-revive-solidity = { workspace = true }
-revive-differential = { workspace = true }
-revive-llvm-context = { workspace = true }
-revive-common = { workspace = true }
-revive-runner = { workspace = true }
+revive-solidity = { path = "../solidity" }
+revive-differential = { path = "../differential" }
+era-compiler-llvm-context = { path = "../llvm-context" }

 [dev-dependencies]
 sha1 = { workspace = true }
 serde = { workspace = true }
 serde_json = { workspace = true }
-rayon = { workspace = true }
@@ -1,10 +1,7 @@
 {
-  "Baseline": 878,
-  "Computation": 4305,
-  "DivisionArithmetics": 39774,
-  "ERC20": 53405,
-  "Events": 1693,
-  "FibonacciIterative": 2917,
-  "Flipper": 3570,
-  "SHA1": 32557
+  "Flipper": 3958,
+  "Baseline": 3551,
+  "Computation": 5912,
+  "Fibonacci": 4909,
+  "ERC20": 1966
 }
@@ -1,21 +1,6 @@
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT

-/* runner.json
-
-{
-  "actions": [
-    {
-      "Instantiate": {
-        "origin": "Alice",
-        "value": 0
-      }
-    }
-  ]
-}
-
-*/
-
-pragma solidity ^0.8;
+pragma solidity ^0.8.24;

 contract Baseline {
    function baseline() public payable {}
@@ -1,36 +0,0 @@
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
-pragma solidity ^0.8;
-
-/* runner.json
-{
-    "differential": true,
-    "actions": [
-        {
-            "Instantiate": {
-                "code": {
-                    "Solidity": {
-                        "contract": "Bitwise"
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        },
-        {
-            "Call": {
-                "dest": {
-                    "Instantiated": 0
-                },
-                "data": "3fa4f245"
-            }
-        }
-    ]
-}
-*/
-
-contract Bitwise {
-    function opByte(uint i, uint x) public payable returns (uint ret) {
-        assembly {
-            ret := byte(i, x)
-        }
-    }
-}
@@ -1,50 +0,0 @@
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
-pragma solidity ^0.8;
-
-/* runner.json
-{
-    "differential": true,
-    "actions": [
-        {
-            "Instantiate": {
-                "code": {
-                    "Solidity": {
-                        "contract": "Block"
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        },
-        {
-            "Call": {
-                "dest": {
-                    "Instantiated": 0
-                },
-                "data": "8381f58a"
-            }
-        },
-        {
-            "Call": {
-                "dest": {
-                    "Instantiated": 0
-                },
-                "data": "b80777ea"
-            }
-        }
-    ]
-}
-*/
-
-contract Block {
-    function timestamp() public view returns (uint ret) {
-        ret = block.timestamp;
-    }
-
-    function number() public view returns (uint ret) {
-        if (block.number == 0) {
-            ret = 1;
-        } else {
-            ret = block.number;
-        }
-    }
-}
@@ -1,20 +0,0 @@
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
-pragma solidity ^0.8;
-
-contract Call {
-    function value_transfer(address payable destination) public payable {
-        destination.transfer(msg.value);
-    }
-
-    function echo(bytes memory payload) public pure returns (bytes memory) {
-        return payload;
-    }
-
-    function call(
-        address callee,
-        bytes memory payload
-    ) public pure returns (bytes memory) {
-        return Call(callee).echo(payload);
-    }
-}
@@ -1,44 +1,6 @@
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT

-pragma solidity ^0.8;
-
-/* runner.json
-{
-    "actions": [
-    {
-      "Instantiate": {}
-    },
-    {
-      "Call": {
-        "dest": {
-            "Instantiated": 0
-        },
-        "data": "0f760610000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000d"
-      }
-    },
-    {
-        "VerifyCall": {
-            "success": true,
-            "output": "000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000005b"
-        }
-    },
-    {
-      "Call": {
-        "dest": {
-            "Instantiated": 0
-        },
-        "data": "00261b660000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000005"
-      }
-    },
-    {
-        "VerifyCall": {
-            "success": true,
-            "output": "00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000003b1"
-        }
-    }
-  ]
-}
-*/
+pragma solidity ^0.8.24;

 contract Computation {
    function triangle_number(int64 n) public pure returns (int64 sum) {
@@ -1,46 +0,0 @@
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
-pragma solidity ^0.8;
-
-/* runner.json
-{
-    "differential": true,
-    "actions": [
-        {
-            "Instantiate": {
-                "code": {
-                    "Solidity": {
-                        "contract": "Context"
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        },
-        {
-            "Call": {
-                "dest": {
-                    "Instantiated": 0
-                },
-                "data": "846a1ee1"
-            }
-        },
-        {
-            "Call": {
-                "dest": {
-                    "Instantiated": 0
-                },
-                "data": "fc9c8d39"
-            }
-        }
-    ]
-}
-*/
-
-contract Context {
-    function address_this() public view returns (address ret) {
-        ret = address(this);
-    }
-
-    function caller() public view returns (address ret) {
-        ret = msg.sender;
-    }
-}
@@ -1,21 +0,0 @@
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
-pragma solidity ^0.8.24;
-
-contract CreateA {
-    address creator;
-
-    constructor() payable {
-        creator = msg.sender;
-    }
-}
-
-contract CreateB {
-    receive() external payable {
-        new CreateA{value: msg.value}();
-    }
-
-    fallback() external {
-        new CreateA{salt: hex"01"}();
-    }
-}
@@ -1,33 +0,0 @@
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
-pragma solidity ^0.8.24;
-
-/* runner.json
-{
-    "actions": [
-    {
-      "Instantiate": {}
-    },
-    {
-      "Call": {
-        "dest": {
-            "Instantiated": 0
-        },
-        "data": "f9fbd5540000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000020000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000c68656c6c6f20776f726c64210000000000000000000000000000000000000000"
-      }
-    },
-    {
-        "VerifyCall": {
-            "success": true,
-            "output": "57caa176af1ac0433c5df30e8dabcd2ec1af1e92a26eced5f719b88458777cd6"
-        }
-    }
-  ]
-}
-*/
-
-contract TestSha3 {
-    function test(string memory _pre) external payable returns (bytes32 hash) {
-        hash = keccak256(bytes(_pre));
-    }
-}
@@ -1,29 +0,0 @@
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
-pragma solidity ^0.8;
-
-contract DivisionArithmetics {
-    function div(uint n, uint d) public pure returns (uint q) {
-        assembly {
-            q := div(n, d)
-        }
-    }
-
-    function sdiv(int n, int d) public pure returns (int q) {
-        assembly {
-            q := sdiv(n, d)
-        }
-    }
-
-    function mod(uint n, uint d) public pure returns (uint r) {
-        assembly {
-            r := mod(n, d)
-        }
-    }
-
-    function smod(int n, int d) public pure returns (int r) {
-        assembly {
-            r := smod(n, d)
-        }
-    }
-}
@@ -1,16 +1,6 @@
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT

-pragma solidity ^0.8;
-
-/* runner.json
-{
-    "actions": [
-    {
-      "Instantiate": {}
-    }
-  ]
-}
-*/
+pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

 // https://github.com/OpenZeppelin/openzeppelin-contracts/blob/v3.0.0/contracts/token/ERC20/IERC20.sol
 interface IERC20 {
@@ -1,53 +0,0 @@
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
-pragma solidity ^0.8;
-
-/* runner.json
-{
-    "differential": true,
-    "actions": [
-        {
-            "Instantiate": {
-                "code": {
-                    "Solidity": {
-                        "contract": "Events"
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        },
-        {
-            "Call": {
-                "dest": {
-                    "Instantiated": 0
-                },
-                "data": "4d43bec90000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"
-            }
-        }
-    ]
-}
-*/
-
-/* TODO when pallet_revive accepts Solidity event topics
-        {
-            "Call": {
-                "dest": {
-                    "Instantiated": 0
-                },
-                "data": "4d43bec9000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000007b"
-            }
-        }
-
-*/
-
-contract Events {
-    event A() anonymous;
-    event E(uint, uint indexed, uint indexed, uint indexed);
-
-    function emitEvent(uint topics) public {
-        if (topics == 0) {
-            emit A();
-        } else {
-            emit E(topics, 1, 2, 3);
-        }
-    }
-}
@@ -1,17 +0,0 @@
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
-pragma solidity ^0.8;
-
-contract ExtCode {
-    function ExtCodeSize(address who) public view returns (uint ret) {
-        assembly {
-            ret := extcodesize(who)
-        }
-    }
-
-    function CodeSize() public pure returns (uint ret) {
-        assembly {
-            ret := codesize()
-        }
-    }
-}
@@ -1,30 +1,8 @@
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: UNLICENSED

-pragma solidity ^0.8;
+pragma solidity ^0.8.24;

-/* runner.json
-{
-    "actions": [
-    {
-      "Instantiate": {}
-    },
-    {
-      "Call": {
-        "dest": {
-            "Instantiated": 0
-        },
-        "data": "6b83dd2e0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000006"
-      }
-    },
-    {
-        "VerifyCall": {
-            "success": true,
-            "output": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000008"
-        }
-    }
-  ]
-}
-*/
+// https://medium.com/coinmonks/fibonacci-in-solidity-8477d907e22a

 contract FibonacciRecursive {
    function f(uint n) internal pure returns (uint) {
@@ -58,7 +36,6 @@ contract FibonacciIterative {
    }
 }

-// https://medium.com/coinmonks/fibonacci-in-solidity-8477d907e22a
 contract FibonacciBinet {
    function fib3(uint n) external pure returns (uint a) {
        if (n == 0) {
@@ -1,34 +0,0 @@
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
-pragma solidity ^0.8;
-
-/* runner.json
-{
-    "differential": true,
-    "actions": [
-        {
-            "Instantiate": {
-                "code": {
-                    "Solidity": {
-                        "contract": "MCopy"
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        },
-        {
-            "Call": {
-                "dest": {
-                    "Instantiated": 0
-                },
-                "data": "0ee188b0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000030102030000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"
-            }
-        }
-    ]
-}
-*/
-
-contract MCopy {
-    function memcpy(bytes memory payload) public pure returns (bytes memory) {
-        return payload;
-    }
-}
@@ -1,51 +1,6 @@
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT

-pragma solidity ^0.8;
-
-/* runner.json
-{
-    "actions": [
-    {
-        "Instantiate": {
-            "code": {
-                "Solidity": {
-                    "contract": "MSize",
-                    "solc_optimizer": false
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    },
-    {
-        "Call": {
-            "dest": {
-                "Instantiated": 0
-            },
-            "data": "f016832c"
-        }
-    },
-    {
-        "VerifyCall": {
-            "success": true,
-            "output": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000060"
-        }
-    },
-    {
-        "Call": {
-            "dest": {
-                "Instantiated": 0
-            },
-            "data": "f4a63aa5"
-        }
-    },
-    {
-        "VerifyCall": {
-            "success": true,
-            "output": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000084"
-        }
-    }
-  ]
-}
-*/
+pragma solidity ^0.8.24;

 contract MSize {
    uint[] public data;
@@ -1,101 +0,0 @@
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
-pragma solidity ^0.8;
-
-/* runner.json
-{
-    "differential": true,
-    "actions": [
-        {
-            "Instantiate": {
-                "code": {
-                    "Solidity": {
-                        "contract": "MStore8"
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        },
-        {
-            "Call": {
-                "dest": {
-                    "Instantiated": 0
-                },
-                "data": "b09ad4210000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"
-            }
-        },
-        {
-            "Call": {
-                "dest": {
-                    "Instantiated": 0
-                },
-                "data": "b09ad4210000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001"
-            }
-        },
-        {
-            "Call": {
-                "dest": {
-                    "Instantiated": 0
-                },
-                "data": "b09ad4210000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002"
-            }
-        },
-        {
-            "Call": {
-                "dest": {
-                    "Instantiated": 0
-                },
-                "data": "b09ad42100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000ff"
-            }
-        },
-        {
-            "Call": {
-                "dest": {
-                    "Instantiated": 0
-                },
-                "data": "b09ad4210000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000100"
-            }
-        },
-        {
-            "Call": {
-                "dest": {
-                    "Instantiated": 0
-                },
-                "data": "b09ad4210000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000101"
-            }
-        },
-        {
-            "Call": {
-                "dest": {
-                    "Instantiated": 0
-                },
-                "data": "b09ad4210000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000102"
-            }
-        },
-        {
-            "Call": {
-                "dest": {
-                    "Instantiated": 0
-                },
-                "data": "b09ad42100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000075bcd15"
-            }
-        },
-        {
-            "Call": {
-                "dest": {
-                    "Instantiated": 0
-                },
-                "data": "b09ad421ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff"
-            }
-        }
-    ]
-}
-*/
-
-contract MStore8 {
-    function mStore8(uint value) public pure returns (uint256 word) {
-        assembly {
-            mstore8(0x80, value)
-            word := mload(0x80)
-        }
-    }
-}
@@ -1,31 +1,6 @@
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-2-Clause
 pragma solidity ^0.8.4;

-/* runner.json
-{
-    "differential": true,
-    "actions": [
-        {
-            "Instantiate": {
-                "code": {
-                    "Solidity": {
-                        "contract": "SHA1"
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        },
-        {
-            "Call": {
-                "dest": {
-                    "Instantiated": 0
-                },
-                "data": "1605782b00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000200000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000200ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff"
-            }
-        }
-    ]
-}
-*/
-
 contract SHA1 {
    function sha1(bytes memory data) public pure returns (bytes20 ret) {
        assembly {
@@ -1,39 +0,0 @@
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
-pragma solidity ^0.8;
-
-/* runner.json
-{
-    "differential": true,
-    "actions": [
-        {
-            "Instantiate": {
-                "code": {
-                    "Solidity": {
-                        "contract": "Storage"
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        },
-        {
-            "Call": {
-                "dest": {
-                    "Instantiated": 0
-                },
-                "data": "fabc9efaffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff"
-            }
-        }
-    ]
-}
-*/
-
-contract Storage {
-    function transient(uint value) public returns (uint ret) {
-        assembly {
-            let slot := 123
-            tstore(slot, value)
-            let success := call(0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0)
-            ret := tload(slot)
-        }
-    }
-}
@@ -1,37 +1,9 @@
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-pragma solidity ^0.8;

-/* runner.json
-{
-    "differential": true,
-    "actions": [
-        {
-            "Instantiate": {
-                "code": {
-                    "Solidity": {
-                        "contract": "Value"
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        },
-        {
-            "Call": {
-                "dest": {
-                    "Instantiated": 0
-                },
-                "data": "3fa4f245"
-            }
-        }
-    ]
-}
-*/
+pragma solidity ^0.8.24;

 contract Value {
    function value() public payable returns (uint ret) {
        ret = msg.value;
    }
-
-    function balance_of(address _address) public view returns (uint ret) {
-        ret = _address.balance;
-    }
 }
@@ -1,51 +1,9 @@
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-pragma solidity ^0.8;
-
-/* runner.json
-{
-  "actions": [
-    {
-      "Instantiate": {
-        "data": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001"
-      }
-    },
-    {
-        "VerifyStorage": {
-            "contract": {
-                "Instantiated": 0
-            },
-            "key": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
-            "expected": "0100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"
-        }
-    },
-    {
-      "Call": {
-        "dest": {
-            "Instantiated": 0
-        },
-        "data": "cde4efa9"
-      }
-    },
-    {
-        "VerifyStorage": {
-            "contract": {
-                "Instantiated": 0
-            },
-            "key": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
-            "expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"
-        }
-    }
-  ]
-}
-*/
+pragma solidity ^0.8.24;

 contract Flipper {
    bool coin;

-    constructor(bool _coin) {
-        coin = _coin;
-    }
-
    function flip() public {
        coin = !coin;
    }
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+pragma solidity ^0.8.24;
+
+contract MStore8 {
+    function mStore8(uint value) public pure returns (uint256 word) {
+        assembly {
+            mstore8(0x80, value)
+            word := mload(0x80)
+        }
+    }
+}
@@ -1,100 +1,48 @@
-use alloy_primitives::{Address, Bytes, I256, U256};
-use alloy_sol_types::{sol, SolCall, SolConstructor};
-
-use revive_solidity::test_utils::*;
+use alloy_primitives::U256;
+use alloy_sol_types::{sol, SolCall};

 #[derive(Clone)]
 pub struct Contract {
-    pub name: &'static str,
    pub evm_runtime: Vec<u8>,
    pub pvm_runtime: Vec<u8>,
    pub calldata: Vec<u8>,
 }

-macro_rules! case {
-    // Arguments:
-    //     1. The file name, expect to live under "../contracts/"
-    //     2. The Solidity contract name
-    //     3. The derived Solidity function call name
-    //     4. The method name on [Contract]
-    //     5. Any parameters to the Solidity functions
-    ($file_name:literal, $contract_name:ident, $contract_method:ident, $method_name:ident, $( $v:ident: $t:ty ),* ) => {
-        impl Contract {
-            pub fn $method_name($($v: $t),*) -> Self {
-                let code = include_str!(concat!("../contracts/", $file_name));
-                let args = $contract_name::$contract_method::new(($($v,)*)).abi_encode();
-                let name = stringify!($contract_name);
-                Contract::build(args, name, code)
-            }
-        }
-    };
-
-    // Arguments:
-    //     1. The file name, expect to live under "../contracts/"
-    //     2. The Solidity contract name
-    //     3. Raw Calldata
-    //     4. The method name on [Contract]
-    ($file_name:literal, $contract_name:literal, $calldata:expr, $method_name:ident) => {
-        impl Contract {
-            pub fn $method_name() -> Self {
-                let code = include_str!(concat!("../contracts/", $file_name));
-                Contract::build($calldata, $contract_name, code)
-            }
-        }
-    };
-}
-
-case!("Create.sol", "CreateA", vec![0; 4], create_a);
-case!("Create.sol", "CreateB", vec![0; 4], create_b);
-
 sol!(contract Baseline { function baseline() public payable; });
-case!("Baseline.sol", Baseline, baselineCall, baseline,);

-sol!(contract Flipper {
-    constructor (bool);
-
-    function flip() public;
-});
-case!("flipper.sol", Flipper, flipCall, flipper,);
-case!("flipper.sol", Flipper, constructorCall, flipper_constructor, coin: bool);
+sol!(contract Flipper { function flip() public; });

 sol!(contract Computation {
    function odd_product(int32 n) public pure returns (int64);
    function triangle_number(int64 n) public pure returns (int64 sum);
 });
-case!("Computation.sol", Computation, odd_productCall, odd_product, n: i32);
-case!("Computation.sol", Computation, triangle_numberCall, triangle_number, n: i64);

 sol!(
    contract FibonacciRecursive {
        function fib3(uint n) public pure returns (uint);
    }
 );
-case!("Fibonacci.sol", FibonacciRecursive, fib3Call, fib_recursive, n: U256);

 sol!(
    contract FibonacciIterative {
        function fib3(uint n) external pure returns (uint b);
    }
 );
-case!("Fibonacci.sol", FibonacciIterative, fib3Call, fib_iterative, n: U256);

 sol!(
    contract FibonacciBinet {
        function fib3(uint n) external pure returns (uint a);
    }
 );
-case!("Fibonacci.sol", FibonacciBinet, fib3Call, fib_binet, n: U256);

 sol!(
    contract SHA1 {
        function sha1(bytes memory data) public pure returns (bytes20 ret);
    }
 );
-case!("SHA1.sol", SHA1, sha1Call, sha1, pre: Bytes);

 sol!(
-    contract ERC20 {
+    interface IERC20 {
        function totalSupply() external view returns (uint);

        function balanceOf(address account) external view returns (uint);
@@ -118,132 +66,112 @@ sol!(
        event Approval(address indexed owner, address indexed spender, uint value);
    }
 );
-case!("ERC20.sol", ERC20, totalSupplyCall, erc20,);
-
-sol!(
-    contract Block {
-        function timestamp() public view returns (uint ret);
-
-        function number() public view returns (uint ret);
-    }
-);
-case!("Block.sol", Block, numberCall, block_number,);
-case!("Block.sol", Block, timestampCall, block_timestamp,);
-
-sol!(
-    contract Context {
-        function address_this() public view returns (address);
-
-        function caller() public pure returns (address);
-    }
-);
-case!("Context.sol", Context, address_thisCall, context_address,);
-case!("Context.sol", Context, callerCall, context_caller,);
-
-sol!(
-    contract DivisionArithmetics {
-        function div(uint n, uint d) public pure returns (uint q);
-
-        function sdiv(int n, int d) public pure returns (int q);
-
-        function mod(uint n, uint d) public pure returns (uint r);
-
-        function smod(int n, int d) public pure returns (int r);
-    }
-);
-case!("DivisionArithmetics.sol", DivisionArithmetics, divCall, division_arithmetics_div, n: U256, d: U256);
-case!("DivisionArithmetics.sol", DivisionArithmetics, sdivCall, division_arithmetics_sdiv, n: I256, d: I256);
-case!("DivisionArithmetics.sol", DivisionArithmetics, modCall, division_arithmetics_mod, n: U256, d: U256);
-case!("DivisionArithmetics.sol", DivisionArithmetics, smodCall, division_arithmetics_smod, n: I256, d: I256);
-
-sol!(
-    contract MStore8 {
-        function mStore8(uint value) public pure returns (uint256 word);
-    }
-);
-case!("MStore8.sol", MStore8, mStore8Call, mstore8, value: U256);
-
-sol!(
-    contract Events {
-        event A(uint) anonymous;
-        event E(uint indexed, uint indexed, uint indexed);
-
-        function emitEvent(uint topics) public;
-    }
-);
-case!("Events.sol", Events, emitEventCall, event, topics: U256);
-
-sol!(
-    contract ExtCode {
-        function ExtCodeSize(address who) public view returns (uint ret);
-
-        function CodeSize() public pure returns (uint ret);
-    }
-);
-case!("ExtCode.sol", ExtCode, ExtCodeSizeCall, ext_code_size, address: Address);
-case!("ExtCode.sol", ExtCode, CodeSizeCall, code_size,);
-
-sol!(
-    contract MCopy {
-        function memcpy(bytes memory payload) public pure returns (bytes memory);
-    }
-);
-case!("MCopy.sol", MCopy, memcpyCall, memcpy, payload: Bytes);
-
-sol!(
-    contract Call {
-        function value_transfer(address payable destination) public payable;
-
-        function echo(bytes memory payload) public payable returns (bytes memory);
-
-        function call(
-            address callee,
-            bytes memory payload
-        ) public payable returns (bytes memory);
-    }
-);
-case!("Call.sol", Call, value_transferCall, call_value_transfer, destination: Address);
-case!("Call.sol", Call, callCall, call_call, destination: Address, payload: Bytes);
-case!("Call.sol", "Call", vec![], call_constructor);
-
-sol!(
-    contract Value {
-        function balance_of(address _address) public view returns (uint ret);
-    }
-);
-case!("Value.sol", Value, balance_ofCall, value_balance_of, address: Address);
-
-sol!(
-    contract Bitwise {
-        function opByte(uint i, uint x) public payable returns (uint ret);
-    }
-);
-case!("Bitwise.sol", Bitwise, opByteCall, bitwise_byte, index: U256, value: U256);
-
-sol!(
-    contract Storage {
-        function transient(uint value) public returns (uint ret);
-    }
-);
-case!("Storage.sol", Storage, transientCall, storage_transient, value: U256);

 impl Contract {
-    fn build(calldata: Vec<u8>, name: &'static str, code: &str) -> Self {
+    pub fn baseline() -> Self {
+        let code = include_str!("../contracts/Baseline.sol");
+        let name = "Baseline";
+
        Self {
-            name,
-            evm_runtime: compile_evm_bin_runtime(name, code),
-            pvm_runtime: compile_blob(name, code),
-            calldata,
+            evm_runtime: crate::compile_evm_bin_runtime(name, code),
+            pvm_runtime: crate::compile_blob(name, code),
+            calldata: Baseline::baselineCall::new(()).abi_encode(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn odd_product(n: i32) -> Self {
+        let code = include_str!("../contracts/Computation.sol");
+        let name = "Computation";
+
+        Self {
+            evm_runtime: crate::compile_evm_bin_runtime(name, code),
+            pvm_runtime: crate::compile_blob(name, code),
+            calldata: Computation::odd_productCall::new((n,)).abi_encode(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn triangle_number(n: i64) -> Self {
+        let code = include_str!("../contracts/Computation.sol");
+        let name = "Computation";
+
+        Self {
+            evm_runtime: crate::compile_evm_bin_runtime(name, code),
+            pvm_runtime: crate::compile_blob(name, code),
+            calldata: Computation::triangle_numberCall::new((n,)).abi_encode(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn fib_recursive(n: u32) -> Self {
+        let code = include_str!("../contracts/Fibonacci.sol");
+        let name = "FibonacciRecursive";
+
+        Self {
+            evm_runtime: crate::compile_evm_bin_runtime(name, code),
+            pvm_runtime: crate::compile_blob(name, code),
+            calldata: FibonacciRecursive::fib3Call::new((U256::from(n),)).abi_encode(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn fib_iterative(n: u32) -> Self {
+        let code = include_str!("../contracts/Fibonacci.sol");
+        let name = "FibonacciIterative";
+
+        Self {
+            evm_runtime: crate::compile_evm_bin_runtime(name, code),
+            pvm_runtime: crate::compile_blob(name, code),
+            calldata: FibonacciIterative::fib3Call::new((U256::from(n),)).abi_encode(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn fib_binet(n: u32) -> Self {
+        let code = include_str!("../contracts/Fibonacci.sol");
+        let name = "FibonacciBinet";
+
+        Self {
+            evm_runtime: crate::compile_evm_bin_runtime(name, code),
+            pvm_runtime: crate::compile_blob(name, code),
+            calldata: FibonacciBinet::fib3Call::new((U256::from(n),)).abi_encode(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn sha1(pre: Vec<u8>) -> Self {
+        let code = include_str!("../contracts/SHA1.sol");
+        let name = "SHA1";
+
+        Self {
+            evm_runtime: crate::compile_evm_bin_runtime(name, code),
+            pvm_runtime: crate::compile_blob(name, code),
+            calldata: SHA1::sha1Call::new((pre,)).abi_encode(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn flipper() -> Self {
+        let code = include_str!("../contracts/flipper.sol");
+        let name = "Flipper";
+
+        Self {
+            evm_runtime: crate::compile_evm_bin_runtime(name, code),
+            pvm_runtime: crate::compile_blob(name, code),
+            calldata: Flipper::flipCall::new(()).abi_encode(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn erc20() -> Self {
+        let code = include_str!("../contracts/ERC20.sol");
+        let name = "ERC20";
+
+        Self {
+            evm_runtime: crate::compile_evm_bin_runtime(name, code),
+            pvm_runtime: crate::compile_blob(name, code),
+            calldata: IERC20::totalSupplyCall::new(()).abi_encode(),
        }
    }
 }

 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
-    use alloy_primitives::{Bytes, U256};
-    use rayon::iter::{IntoParallelIterator, ParallelIterator};
    use serde::{de::Deserialize, Serialize};
-    use std::{collections::BTreeMap, fs::File};
+    use std::{collections::HashMap, fs::File};

    use super::Contract;

@@ -253,48 +181,40 @@ mod tests {

        let existing = File::open(path)
            .map(|file| {
-                BTreeMap::<String, usize>::deserialize(&mut serde_json::Deserializer::from_reader(
+                HashMap::<String, usize>::deserialize(&mut serde_json::Deserializer::from_reader(
                    file,
                ))
                .expect("should be able to deserialze codesize data")
            })
            .ok();

-        let extract_code_size = |compile: fn() -> Contract| {
-            let contract = compile();
-            let contract_length = contract.pvm_runtime.len();
-            let size_change = existing
+        let sizes = HashMap::from([
+            ("Baseline", Contract::baseline().pvm_runtime.len()),
+            ("Flipper", Contract::flipper().pvm_runtime.len()),
+            ("Computation", Contract::odd_product(0).pvm_runtime.len()),
+            ("Fibonacci", Contract::fib_iterative(0).pvm_runtime.len()),
+            ("ERC20", Contract::erc20().pvm_runtime.len()),
+        ]);
+
+        for (name, bytes) in sizes.iter() {
+            let change = existing
                .as_ref()
-                .and_then(|map| map.get(contract.name))
-                .filter(|old| **old != 0)
+                .and_then(|map| map.get(*name))
                .map(|old| {
+                    let new = *bytes as f32;
                    let old = *old as f32;
-                    let p = (contract_length as f32 - old) / old * 100.0;
-                    format!("({p}% change from {old} bytes)",)
+                    let p = (new - old) / new * 100.0;
+                    format!("({p}% change from {old} bytes)")
                })
                .unwrap_or_default();

-            println!("{}: {contract_length} bytes {size_change}", contract.name);
+            println!("{name}: {bytes} bytes {change}");
+        }

-            (contract.name, contract_length)
-        };
-
-        [
-            Contract::baseline as fn() -> Contract,
-            Contract::flipper as fn() -> Contract,
-            (|| Contract::odd_product(0)) as fn() -> Contract,
-            (|| Contract::fib_iterative(U256::ZERO)) as fn() -> Contract,
-            Contract::erc20 as fn() -> Contract,
-            (|| Contract::sha1(Bytes::new())) as fn() -> Contract,
-            (|| Contract::division_arithmetics_div(U256::ZERO, U256::ZERO)) as fn() -> Contract,
-            (|| Contract::event(U256::ZERO)) as fn() -> Contract,
-        ]
-        .into_par_iter()
-        .map(extract_code_size)
-        .collect::<BTreeMap<_, _>>()
-        .serialize(&mut serde_json::Serializer::pretty(
-            File::create(path).unwrap(),
-        ))
-        .unwrap_or_else(|err| panic!("can not write codesize data to '{path}': {err}"));
+        sizes
+            .serialize(&mut serde_json::Serializer::pretty(
+                File::create(path).unwrap(),
+            ))
+            .unwrap_or_else(|err| panic!("can not write codesize data to '{}': {}", path, err));
    }
 }
@@ -1,4 +1,85 @@
+use cases::Contract;
+use mock_runtime::State;
+
 pub mod cases;
+pub mod mock_runtime;

 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests;
+
+/// Compile the blob of `contract_name` found in given `source_code`.
+/// The `solc` optimizer will be enabled
+pub fn compile_blob(contract_name: &str, source_code: &str) -> Vec<u8> {
+    compile_blob_with_options(
+        contract_name,
+        source_code,
+        true,
+        revive_solidity::SolcPipeline::Yul,
+    )
+}
+
+/// Compile the EVM bin-runtime of `contract_name` found in given `source_code`.
+/// The `solc` optimizer will be enabled
+pub fn compile_evm_bin_runtime(contract_name: &str, source_code: &str) -> Vec<u8> {
+    let file_name = "contract.sol";
+
+    let contracts = revive_solidity::test_utils::build_solidity_with_options_evm(
+        [(file_name.into(), source_code.into())].into(),
+        Default::default(),
+        None,
+        revive_solidity::SolcPipeline::Yul,
+        true,
+    )
+    .expect("source should compile");
+    let bin_runtime = &contracts
+        .get(contract_name)
+        .unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("contract '{}' didn't produce bin-runtime", contract_name))
+        .object;
+
+    hex::decode(bin_runtime).expect("bin-runtime shold be hex encoded")
+}
+
+/// Compile the blob of `contract_name` found in given `source_code`.
+pub fn compile_blob_with_options(
+    contract_name: &str,
+    source_code: &str,
+    solc_optimizer_enabled: bool,
+    pipeline: revive_solidity::SolcPipeline,
+) -> Vec<u8> {
+    let file_name = "contract.sol";
+
+    let contracts = revive_solidity::test_utils::build_solidity_with_options(
+        [(file_name.into(), source_code.into())].into(),
+        Default::default(),
+        None,
+        pipeline,
+        era_compiler_llvm_context::OptimizerSettings::cycles(),
+        solc_optimizer_enabled,
+    )
+    .expect("source should compile")
+    .contracts
+    .expect("source should contain at least one contract");
+
+    let bytecode = contracts[file_name][contract_name]
+        .evm
+        .as_ref()
+        .expect("source should produce EVM output")
+        .assembly_text
+        .as_ref()
+        .expect("source should produce assembly text");
+
+    hex::decode(bytecode).expect("hex encoding should always be valid")
+}
+
+pub fn assert_success(contract: Contract, differential: bool) -> State {
+    let (mut instance, export) = mock_runtime::prepare(&contract.pvm_runtime, None);
+    let state = mock_runtime::call(State::new(contract.calldata.clone()), &mut instance, export);
+    assert_eq!(state.output.flags, 0);
+
+    if differential {
+        let evm = revive_differential::prepare(contract.evm_runtime, contract.calldata);
+        assert_eq!(state.output.data.clone(), revive_differential::execute(evm));
+    }
+
+    state
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,256 @@
+//! Mock environment used for integration tests.
+//! TODO: Switch to drink! once RISCV is ready in polkadot-sdk
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+
+use alloy_primitives::{Keccak256, U256};
+use polkavm::{
+    Caller, Config, Engine, ExportIndex, GasMeteringKind, Instance, Linker, Module, ModuleConfig,
+    ProgramBlob, Trap,
+};
+
+#[derive(Default, Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct State {
+    pub input: Vec<u8>,
+    pub output: CallOutput,
+    pub value: u128,
+    pub storage: HashMap<U256, U256>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct CallOutput {
+    pub flags: u32,
+    pub data: Vec<u8>,
+}
+
+impl Default for CallOutput {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            flags: u32::MAX,
+            data: Vec::new(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl State {
+    pub fn new(input: Vec<u8>) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            input,
+            ..Default::default()
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn reset_output(&mut self) {
+        self.output = Default::default();
+    }
+
+    pub fn assert_storage_key(&self, at: U256, expect: U256) {
+        assert_eq!(self.storage[&at], expect);
+    }
+}
+
+fn link_host_functions(engine: &Engine) -> Linker<State> {
+    let mut linker = Linker::new(engine);
+
+    linker
+        .func_wrap(
+            "input",
+            |caller: Caller<State>, out_ptr: u32, out_len_ptr: u32| -> Result<(), Trap> {
+                let (mut caller, state) = caller.split();
+
+                assert!(state.input.len() <= caller.read_u32(out_len_ptr).unwrap() as usize);
+
+                caller.write_memory(out_ptr, &state.input)?;
+                caller.write_memory(out_len_ptr, &(state.input.len() as u32).to_le_bytes())?;
+
+                Ok(())
+            },
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+
+    linker
+        .func_wrap(
+            "seal_return",
+            |caller: Caller<State>, flags: u32, data_ptr: u32, data_len: u32| -> Result<(), Trap> {
+                let (caller, state) = caller.split();
+
+                state.output.flags = flags;
+                state.output.data = caller.read_memory_into_vec(data_ptr, data_len)?;
+
+                Err(Default::default())
+            },
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+
+    linker
+        .func_wrap(
+            "value_transferred",
+            |caller: Caller<State>, out_ptr: u32, out_len_ptr: u32| -> Result<(), Trap> {
+                let (mut caller, state) = caller.split();
+
+                let value = state.value.to_le_bytes();
+
+                caller.write_memory(out_ptr, &value)?;
+                caller.write_memory(out_len_ptr, &(value.len() as u32).to_le_bytes())?;
+
+                Ok(())
+            },
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+
+    linker
+        .func_wrap(
+            "debug_message",
+            |caller: Caller<State>, str_ptr: u32, str_len: u32| -> Result<u32, Trap> {
+                let (caller, _) = caller.split();
+
+                let data = caller.read_memory_into_vec(str_ptr, str_len)?;
+                print!("debug_message: {}", String::from_utf8(data).unwrap());
+
+                Ok(0)
+            },
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+
+    linker
+        .func_wrap(
+            "set_storage",
+            |caller: Caller<State>,
+             key_ptr: u32,
+             key_len: u32,
+             value_ptr: u32,
+             value_len: u32|
+             -> Result<u32, Trap> {
+                let (caller, state) = caller.split();
+
+                assert_eq!(key_len, 32, "storage key must be 32 bytes");
+                assert_eq!(value_len, 32, "storage value must be 32 bytes");
+
+                let key = caller.read_memory_into_vec(key_ptr, key_len)?;
+                let value = caller.read_memory_into_vec(value_ptr, value_len)?;
+
+                state.storage.insert(
+                    U256::from_be_bytes::<32>(key.try_into().unwrap()),
+                    U256::from_be_bytes::<32>(value.try_into().unwrap()),
+                );
+
+                Ok(0)
+            },
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+
+    linker
+        .func_wrap(
+            "get_storage",
+            |caller: Caller<State>,
+             key_ptr: u32,
+             key_len: u32,
+             out_ptr: u32,
+             out_len_ptr: u32|
+             -> Result<u32, Trap> {
+                let (mut caller, state) = caller.split();
+
+                let key = caller.read_memory_into_vec(key_ptr, key_len)?;
+                let out_len = caller.read_u32(out_len_ptr)?;
+                assert!(out_len >= 32);
+
+                let value = state
+                    .storage
+                    .get(&U256::from_be_bytes::<32>(key.try_into().unwrap()))
+                    .map(U256::to_be_bytes::<32>)
+                    .unwrap_or_default();
+
+                caller.write_memory(out_ptr, &value[..])?;
+                caller.write_memory(out_len_ptr, &32u32.to_le_bytes())?;
+
+                Ok(0)
+            },
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+
+    linker
+        .func_wrap(
+            "hash_keccak_256",
+            |caller: Caller<State>,
+             input_ptr: u32,
+             input_len: u32,
+             out_ptr: u32|
+             -> Result<(), Trap> {
+                let (mut caller, _) = caller.split();
+
+                let pre = caller.read_memory_into_vec(input_ptr, input_len)?;
+
+                let mut hasher = Keccak256::new();
+                hasher.update(&pre);
+                caller.write_memory(out_ptr, &hasher.finalize()[..])?;
+
+                Ok(())
+            },
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+
+    linker
+}
+
+pub fn setup(config: Option<Config>) -> Engine {
+    Engine::new(&config.unwrap_or_default()).unwrap()
+}
+
+pub fn recompile_code(code: &[u8], engine: &Engine) -> Module {
+    let mut module_config = ModuleConfig::new();
+    module_config.set_gas_metering(Some(GasMeteringKind::Sync));
+
+    Module::new(engine, &module_config, code).unwrap()
+}
+
+pub fn instantiate_module(module: &Module, engine: &Engine) -> (Instance<State>, ExportIndex) {
+    let export = module.lookup_export("call").unwrap();
+    let func = link_host_functions(engine).instantiate_pre(module).unwrap();
+    let instance = func.instantiate().unwrap();
+
+    (instance, export)
+}
+
+pub fn prepare(code: &[u8], config: Option<Config>) -> (Instance<State>, ExportIndex) {
+    let blob = ProgramBlob::parse(code).unwrap();
+
+    let engine = Engine::new(&config.unwrap_or_default()).unwrap();
+
+    let mut module_config = ModuleConfig::new();
+    module_config.set_gas_metering(Some(GasMeteringKind::Sync));
+
+    let module = Module::from_blob(&engine, &module_config, &blob).unwrap();
+    let export = module.lookup_export("call").unwrap();
+    let func = link_host_functions(&engine)
+        .instantiate_pre(&module)
+        .unwrap();
+    let instance = func.instantiate().unwrap();
+
+    (instance, export)
+}
+
+pub fn call(mut state: State, on: &mut Instance<State>, export: ExportIndex) -> State {
+    state.reset_output();
+
+    let mut state_args = polkavm::StateArgs::default();
+    state_args.set_gas(polkavm::Gas::MAX);
+
+    let call_args = polkavm::CallArgs::new(&mut state, export);
+
+    init_logs();
+
+    match on.call(state_args, call_args) {
+        Err(polkavm::ExecutionError::Trap(_)) => state,
+        Err(other) => panic!("unexpected error: {other}"),
+        Ok(_) => panic!("unexpected return"),
+    }
+}
+
+fn init_logs() {
+    if std::env::var("RUST_LOG").is_ok() {
+        #[cfg(test)]
+        let test = true;
+        #[cfg(not(test))]
+        let test = false;
+        let _ = env_logger::builder().is_test(test).try_init();
+    }
+}
@@ -1,389 +1,266 @@
-use std::str::FromStr;
+use alloy_primitives::{FixedBytes, Keccak256, I256, U256};
+use alloy_sol_types::{sol, SolCall};
+use sha1::Digest;

-use alloy_primitives::*;
-use revive_runner::*;
-use SpecsAction::*;
+use crate::{
+    assert_success,
+    cases::Contract,
+    mock_runtime::{self, State},
+};

-use crate::cases::Contract;
+#[test]
+fn fibonacci() {
+    let parameter = 6;

-macro_rules! test_spec {
-    ($test_name:ident, $contract_name:literal, $source_file:literal) => {
-        #[test]
-        fn $test_name() {
-            let manifest_dir = std::env::var("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR").expect("should always exist");
-            let path = format!("{manifest_dir}/../integration/contracts/{}", $source_file);
-            Specs::from_comment($contract_name, &path).remove(0).run();
+    for contract in [
+        Contract::fib_recursive(parameter),
+        Contract::fib_iterative(parameter),
+        Contract::fib_binet(parameter),
+    ] {
+        let state = assert_success(contract, true);
+        let received = U256::from_be_bytes::<32>(state.output.data.try_into().unwrap());
+        let expected = U256::from(8);
+        assert_eq!(received, expected);
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn flipper() {
+    let contract = Contract::flipper();
+    let (mut instance, export) = mock_runtime::prepare(&contract.pvm_runtime, None);
+
+    let state = crate::mock_runtime::call(State::new(contract.calldata), &mut instance, export);
+    assert_eq!(state.output.flags, 0);
+    assert_eq!(state.storage[&U256::ZERO], U256::try_from(1).unwrap());
+
+    let state = crate::mock_runtime::call(state, &mut instance, export);
+    assert_eq!(state.output.flags, 0);
+    assert_eq!(state.storage[&U256::ZERO], U256::ZERO);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn hash_keccak_256() {
+    sol!(
+        #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+        contract TestSha3 {
+            function test(string memory _pre) external payable returns (bytes32);
        }
+    );
+    let source = r#"contract TestSha3 {
+            function test(string memory _pre) external payable returns (bytes32 hash) {
+                hash = keccak256(bytes(_pre));
+            }
+        }"#;
+    let code = crate::compile_blob("TestSha3", source);
+
+    let param = "hello";
+    let input = TestSha3::testCall::new((param.to_string(),)).abi_encode();
+
+    let state = State::new(input);
+    let (mut instance, export) = mock_runtime::prepare(&code, None);
+    let state = crate::mock_runtime::call(state, &mut instance, export);
+
+    assert_eq!(state.output.flags, 0);
+
+    let mut hasher = Keccak256::new();
+    hasher.update(param);
+    let expected = hasher.finalize();
+    let received = FixedBytes::<32>::from_slice(&state.output.data);
+    assert_eq!(received, expected);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn erc20() {
+    let _ = crate::compile_blob("ERC20", include_str!("../contracts/ERC20.sol"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn triangle_number() {
+    let state = assert_success(Contract::triangle_number(13), true);
+    let received = U256::from_be_bytes::<32>(state.output.data.try_into().unwrap());
+    let expected = U256::try_from(91).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(received, expected);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn odd_product() {
+    let state = assert_success(Contract::odd_product(5), true);
+    let received = I256::from_be_bytes::<32>(state.output.data.try_into().unwrap());
+    let expected = I256::try_from(945i64).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(received, expected);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn msize_plain() {
+    sol!(
+        #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+        contract MSize {
+            function mSize() public pure returns (uint);
+        }
+    );
+    let code = crate::compile_blob_with_options(
+        "MSize",
+        include_str!("../contracts/MSize.sol"),
+        false,
+        revive_solidity::SolcPipeline::EVMLA,
+    );
+    let (mut instance, export) = mock_runtime::prepare(&code, None);
+
+    let input = MSize::mSizeCall::new(()).abi_encode();
+    let state = crate::mock_runtime::call(State::new(input), &mut instance, export);
+
+    assert_eq!(state.output.flags, 0);
+
+    // Solidity always stores the "free memory pointer" (32 byte int) at offset 64.
+    let expected = U256::try_from(64 + 32).unwrap();
+    let received = U256::from_be_bytes::<32>(state.output.data.try_into().unwrap());
+    assert_eq!(received, expected);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn transferred_value() {
+    sol!(
+        contract Value {
+            function value() public payable returns (uint);
+        }
+    );
+    let code = crate::compile_blob("Value", include_str!("../contracts/Value.sol"));
+    let mut state = State::new(Value::valueCall::SELECTOR.to_vec());
+    state.value = 0x1;
+
+    let (mut instance, export) = mock_runtime::prepare(&code, None);
+    let state = crate::mock_runtime::call(state, &mut instance, export);
+
+    assert_eq!(state.output.flags, 0);
+
+    let expected = I256::try_from(state.value).unwrap();
+    let received = I256::from_be_bytes::<32>(state.output.data.try_into().unwrap());
+    assert_eq!(received, expected);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn msize_non_word_sized_access() {
+    sol!(
+        #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+        contract MSize {
+            function mStore100() public pure returns (uint);
+        }
+    );
+    let code = crate::compile_blob_with_options(
+        "MSize",
+        include_str!("../contracts/MSize.sol"),
+        false,
+        revive_solidity::SolcPipeline::Yul,
+    );
+    let (mut instance, export) = mock_runtime::prepare(&code, None);
+
+    let input = MSize::mStore100Call::new(()).abi_encode();
+    let state = crate::mock_runtime::call(State::new(input), &mut instance, export);
+
+    assert_eq!(state.output.flags, 0);
+
+    // https://docs.zksync.io/build/developer-reference/differences-with-ethereum.html#mstore-mload
+    // "Unlike EVM, where the memory growth is in words, on zkEVM the memory growth is counted in bytes."
+    // "For example, if you write mstore(100, 0) the msize on zkEVM will be 132, but on the EVM it will be 160."
+    let expected = U256::try_from(132).unwrap();
+    let received = U256::from_be_bytes::<32>(state.output.data.try_into().unwrap());
+    assert_eq!(received, expected);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn mstore8() {
+    sol!(
+        #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+        contract MStore8 {
+            function mStore8(uint value) public pure returns (uint256 word);
+        }
+    );
+    let code = crate::compile_blob("MStore8", include_str!("../contracts/mStore8.sol"));
+    let (mut instance, export) = mock_runtime::prepare(&code, None);
+
+    let mut assert = |parameter, expected| {
+        let input = MStore8::mStore8Call::new((parameter,)).abi_encode();
+        let state = crate::mock_runtime::call(State::new(input), &mut instance, export);
+
+        assert_eq!(state.output.flags, 0);
+
+        let received = U256::from_be_bytes::<32>(state.output.data.try_into().unwrap());
+        assert_eq!(received, expected);
    };
-}

-test_spec!(baseline, "Baseline", "Baseline.sol");
-test_spec!(flipper, "Flipper", "flipper.sol");
-test_spec!(fibonacci_recursive, "FibonacciRecursive", "Fibonacci.sol");
-test_spec!(fibonacci_iterative, "FibonacciIterative", "Fibonacci.sol");
-test_spec!(fibonacci_binet, "FibonacciBinet", "Fibonacci.sol");
-test_spec!(hash_keccak_256, "TestSha3", "Crypto.sol");
-test_spec!(erc20, "ERC20", "ERC20.sol");
-test_spec!(computation, "Computation", "Computation.sol");
-test_spec!(msize, "MSize", "MSize.sol");
-test_spec!(transferred_value, "Value", "Value.sol");
-test_spec!(sha1, "SHA1", "SHA1.sol");
-test_spec!(block, "Block", "Block.sol");
-test_spec!(mcopy, "MCopy", "MCopy.sol");
-test_spec!(events, "Events", "Events.sol");
-test_spec!(storage, "Storage", "Storage.sol");
-test_spec!(mstore8, "MStore8", "MStore8.sol");
-test_spec!(address, "Context", "Context.sol");
-
-fn instantiate(path: &str, contract: &str) -> Vec<SpecsAction> {
-    vec![Instantiate {
-        origin: TestAddress::Alice,
-        value: 0,
-        gas_limit: Some(GAS_LIMIT),
-        storage_deposit_limit: None,
-        code: Code::Solidity {
-            path: Some(path.into()),
-            contract: contract.to_string(),
-            solc_optimizer: None,
-            pipeline: None,
-        },
-        data: vec![],
-        salt: OptionalHex::default(),
-    }]
-}
-
-fn run_differential(actions: Vec<SpecsAction>) {
-    Specs {
-        differential: true,
-        actions,
-        ..Default::default()
-    }
-    .run();
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn bitwise_byte() {
-    let mut actions = instantiate("contracts/Bitwise.sol", "Bitwise");
-
-    let de_bruijn_sequence =
-        hex::decode("4060503824160d0784426150b864361d0f88c4a27148ac5a2f198d46e391d8f4").unwrap();
-    let value = U256::from_be_bytes::<32>(de_bruijn_sequence.clone().try_into().unwrap());
-    for input in de_bruijn_sequence
-        .iter()
-        .enumerate()
-        .map(|(index, _)| Contract::bitwise_byte(U256::from(index), value).calldata)
-        .chain([
-            Contract::bitwise_byte(U256::ZERO, U256::ZERO).calldata,
-            Contract::bitwise_byte(U256::ZERO, U256::MAX).calldata,
-            Contract::bitwise_byte(U256::MAX, U256::ZERO).calldata,
-            Contract::bitwise_byte(U256::from_str("18446744073709551619").unwrap(), U256::MAX)
-                .calldata,
-        ])
-    {
-        actions.push(Call {
-            origin: TestAddress::Alice,
-            dest: TestAddress::Instantiated(0),
-            value: 0,
-            gas_limit: None,
-            storage_deposit_limit: None,
-            data: input,
-        })
-    }
-
-    run_differential(actions);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn unsigned_division() {
-    let mut actions = instantiate("contracts/DivisionArithmetics.sol", "DivisionArithmetics");
-
-    let one = U256::from(1);
-    let two = U256::from(2);
-    let five = U256::from(5);
-    for (n, d) in [
-        (five, five),
-        (five, one),
-        (U256::ZERO, U256::MAX),
-        (five, two),
-        (one, U256::ZERO),
+    for (parameter, expected) in [
+        (U256::MIN, U256::MIN),
+        (
+            U256::from(1),
+            U256::from_str_radix(
+                "452312848583266388373324160190187140051835877600158453279131187530910662656",
+                10,
+            )
+            .unwrap(),
+        ),
+        (
+            U256::from(2),
+            U256::from_str_radix(
+                "904625697166532776746648320380374280103671755200316906558262375061821325312",
+                10,
+            )
+            .unwrap(),
+        ),
+        (
+            U256::from(255),
+            U256::from_str_radix(
+                "115339776388732929035197660848497720713218148788040405586178452820382218977280",
+                10,
+            )
+            .unwrap(),
+        ),
+        (U256::from(256), U256::from(0)),
+        (
+            U256::from(257),
+            U256::from_str_radix(
+                "452312848583266388373324160190187140051835877600158453279131187530910662656",
+                10,
+            )
+            .unwrap(),
+        ),
+        (
+            U256::from(258),
+            U256::from_str_radix(
+                "904625697166532776746648320380374280103671755200316906558262375061821325312",
+                10,
+            )
+            .unwrap(),
+        ),
+        (
+            U256::from(123456789),
+            U256::from_str_radix(
+                "9498569820248594155839807363993929941088553429603327518861754938149123915776",
+                10,
+            )
+            .unwrap(),
+        ),
+        (
+            U256::MAX,
+            U256::from_str_radix(
+                "115339776388732929035197660848497720713218148788040405586178452820382218977280",
+                10,
+            )
+            .unwrap(),
+        ),
    ] {
-        actions.push(Call {
-            origin: TestAddress::Alice,
-            dest: TestAddress::Instantiated(0),
-            value: 0,
-            gas_limit: None,
-            storage_deposit_limit: None,
-            data: Contract::division_arithmetics_div(n, d).calldata,
-        })
-    }
-
-    run_differential(actions);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn signed_division() {
-    let mut actions = instantiate("contracts/DivisionArithmetics.sol", "DivisionArithmetics");
-
-    let one = I256::try_from(1).unwrap();
-    let two = I256::try_from(2).unwrap();
-    let minus_two = I256::try_from(-2).unwrap();
-    let five = I256::try_from(5).unwrap();
-    let minus_five = I256::try_from(-5).unwrap();
-    for (n, d) in [
-        (five, five),
-        (five, one),
-        (I256::ZERO, I256::MAX),
-        (I256::ZERO, I256::MINUS_ONE),
-        (five, two),
-        (five, I256::MINUS_ONE),
-        (I256::MINUS_ONE, minus_two),
-        (minus_five, minus_five),
-        (minus_five, two),
-        (I256::MINUS_ONE, I256::MIN),
-        (one, I256::ZERO),
-    ] {
-        actions.push(Call {
-            origin: TestAddress::Alice,
-            dest: TestAddress::Instantiated(0),
-            value: 0,
-            gas_limit: None,
-            storage_deposit_limit: None,
-            data: Contract::division_arithmetics_sdiv(n, d).calldata,
-        })
-    }
-
-    run_differential(actions);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn unsigned_remainder() {
-    let mut actions = instantiate("contracts/DivisionArithmetics.sol", "DivisionArithmetics");
-
-    let one = U256::from(1);
-    let two = U256::from(2);
-    let five = U256::from(5);
-    for (n, d) in [
-        (five, five),
-        (five, one),
-        (U256::ZERO, U256::MAX),
-        (U256::MAX, U256::MAX),
-        (five, two),
-        (two, five),
-        (U256::MAX, U256::ZERO),
-    ] {
-        actions.push(Call {
-            origin: TestAddress::Alice,
-            dest: TestAddress::Instantiated(0),
-            value: 0,
-            gas_limit: None,
-            storage_deposit_limit: None,
-            data: Contract::division_arithmetics_mod(n, d).calldata,
-        })
-    }
-
-    run_differential(actions);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn signed_remainder() {
-    let mut actions = instantiate("contracts/DivisionArithmetics.sol", "DivisionArithmetics");
-
-    let one = I256::try_from(1).unwrap();
-    let two = I256::try_from(2).unwrap();
-    let minus_two = I256::try_from(-2).unwrap();
-    let five = I256::try_from(5).unwrap();
-    let minus_five = I256::try_from(-5).unwrap();
-    for (n, d) in [
-        (five, five),
-        (five, one),
-        (I256::ZERO, I256::MAX),
-        (I256::MAX, I256::MAX),
-        (five, two),
-        (two, five),
-        (five, minus_five),
-        (five, I256::MINUS_ONE),
-        (five, minus_two),
-        (minus_five, two),
-        (minus_two, five),
-        (minus_five, minus_five),
-        (minus_five, I256::MINUS_ONE),
-        (minus_five, minus_two),
-        (minus_two, minus_five),
-        (I256::MIN, I256::MINUS_ONE),
-        (I256::ZERO, I256::ZERO),
-    ] {
-        actions.push(Call {
-            origin: TestAddress::Alice,
-            dest: TestAddress::Instantiated(0),
-            value: 0,
-            gas_limit: None,
-            storage_deposit_limit: None,
-            data: Contract::division_arithmetics_smod(n, d).calldata,
-        })
-    }
-}
-
-/*
-#[test]
-fn events() {
-    assert_success(&Contract::event(U256::ZERO), true);
-    assert_success(&Contract::event(U256::from(123)), true);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn balance() {
-    let (_, output) = assert_success(&Contract::value_balance_of(Default::default()), false);
-
-    let expected = U256::ZERO;
-    let received = U256::from_be_slice(&output.data);
-    assert_eq!(expected, received);
-
-    let expected = U256::from(54589);
-    let (mut state, address) = State::new_deployed(Contract::value_balance_of(Default::default()));
-    state.accounts_mut().get_mut(&address).unwrap().value = expected;
-
-    let contract = Contract::value_balance_of(address);
-    let (_, output) = state
-        .transaction()
-        .with_default_account(&contract.pvm_runtime)
-        .calldata(contract.calldata)
-        .call();
-
-    assert_eq!(ReturnFlags::Success, output.flags);
-
-    let received = U256::from_be_slice(&output.data);
-    assert_eq!(expected, received)
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn create2() {
-    let mut state = State::default();
-    let contract_a = Contract::create_a();
-    state.upload_code(&contract_a.pvm_runtime);
-
-    let contract = Contract::create_b();
-    let (state, output) = state
-        .transaction()
-        .with_default_account(&contract.pvm_runtime)
-        .calldata(contract.calldata)
-        .call();
-
-    assert_eq!(output.flags, ReturnFlags::Success);
-    assert_eq!(state.accounts().len(), 2);
-
-    for address in state.accounts().keys() {
-        if *address != Transaction::default_address() {
-            let derived_address = Transaction::default_address().create2(
-                B256::from(U256::from(1)),
-                keccak256(&contract_a.pvm_runtime).0,
-            );
-            assert_eq!(*address, derived_address);
-        }
+        assert(parameter, expected);
    }
 }

 #[test]
-fn create2_failure() {
-    let mut state = State::default();
-    let contract_a = Contract::create_a();
-    state.upload_code(&contract_a.pvm_runtime);
+fn sha1() {
+    let pre = vec![0xffu8; 512];
+    let mut hasher = sha1::Sha1::new();
+    hasher.update(&pre);
+    let hash = hasher.finalize();

-    let contract = Contract::create_b();
-    let (state, output) = state
-        .transaction()
-        .with_default_account(&contract.pvm_runtime)
-        .calldata(contract.calldata.clone())
-        .call();
-
-    assert_eq!(output.flags, ReturnFlags::Success);
-
-    // The address already exists, which should cause the contract to revert
-
-    let (_, output) = state
-        .transaction()
-        .with_default_account(&contract.pvm_runtime)
-        .calldata(contract.calldata)
-        .call();
-
-    assert_eq!(output.flags, ReturnFlags::Revert);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn create_with_value() {
-    let mut state = State::default();
-    state.upload_code(&Contract::create_a().pvm_runtime);
-    let amount = U256::from(123);
-
-    let contract = Contract::create_b();
-    let (state, output) = state
-        .transaction()
-        .with_default_account(&contract.pvm_runtime)
-        .callvalue(amount)
-        .call();
-
-    assert_eq!(output.flags, ReturnFlags::Success);
-    assert_eq!(state.accounts().len(), 2);
-
-    for (address, account) in state.accounts() {
-        if *address == Transaction::default_address() {
-            assert_eq!(account.value, U256::ZERO);
-        } else {
-            assert_eq!(account.value, amount);
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn ext_code_size() {
-    let contract = Contract::ext_code_size(Transaction::default_address());
-    let (_, output) = assert_success(&contract, false);
-    let received = U256::from_be_slice(&output.data);
-    let expected = U256::from(contract.pvm_runtime.len());
-    assert_eq!(received, expected);
-
-    let contract = Contract::ext_code_size(Default::default());
-    let (_, output) = assert_success(&contract, false);
-    let received = U256::from_be_slice(&output.data);
-    let expected = U256::ZERO;
+    let state = assert_success(Contract::sha1(pre), true);
+    let expected = FixedBytes::<20>::from_slice(&hash[..]);
+    let received = FixedBytes::<20>::from_slice(&state.output.data[..20]);
    assert_eq!(received, expected);
 }
-
-#[test]
-fn code_size() {
-    let contract = Contract::code_size();
-    let (_, output) = assert_success(&contract, false);
-    let expected = U256::from(contract.pvm_runtime.len());
-    let received = U256::from_be_slice(&output.data);
-    assert_eq!(expected, received);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn value_transfer() {
-    // Succeeds in remix (shanghai) but traps the interpreter
-    let (state, _) = assert_success(&Contract::call_value_transfer(Default::default()), false);
-
-    assert_eq!(state.accounts().len(), 2);
-    assert!(state.accounts().get(&Address::default()).is_some());
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn echo() {
-    let (state, address) = State::new_deployed(Contract::call_constructor());
-
-    let expected = vec![1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
-    let contract = Contract::call_call(address, expected.clone());
-    let (_, output) = state
-        .transaction()
-        .with_default_account(&contract.pvm_runtime)
-        .calldata(contract.calldata)
-        .call();
-
-    assert_eq!(output.flags, ReturnFlags::Success);
-
-    let received = alloy_primitives::Bytes::abi_decode(&output.data, true)
-        .unwrap()
-        .to_vec();
-
-    assert_eq!(expected, received);
-}
-*/
@@ -1,14 +1,9 @@
 [package]
 name = "revive-linker"
-version.workspace = true
-license.workspace = true
-edition.workspace = true
-repository.workspace = true
-authors.workspace = true
-description = "revive compiler linker utils"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2021"

-[features]
-riscv-64 = []
+# See more keys and their definitions at https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html

 [dependencies]
 inkwell = { workspace = true }
@@ -18,5 +13,5 @@ polkavm-common = { workspace = true }
 libc = { workspace = true }
 anyhow = { workspace = true }

-revive-builtins = { workspace = true }
-lld-sys = { workspace = true }
+revive-builtins = { path = "../builtins" }
+lld-sys = { path = "../lld-sys" }
@@ -8,16 +8,6 @@ SECTIONS {
    .text : { KEEP(*(.text.polkavm_export)) *(.text .text.*) }
 }"#;

-#[cfg(not(feature = "riscv-64"))]
-const BUILTINS_ARCHIVE_FILE: &str = "libclang_rt.builtins-riscv32.a";
-#[cfg(feature = "riscv-64")]
-const BUILTINS_ARCHIVE_FILE: &str = "libclang_rt.builtins-riscv64.a";
-
-#[cfg(not(feature = "riscv-64"))]
-const BUILTINS_LIB_NAME: &str = "clang_rt.builtins-riscv32";
-#[cfg(feature = "riscv-64")]
-const BUILTINS_LIB_NAME: &str = "clang_rt.builtins-riscv64";
-
 fn invoke_lld(cmd_args: &[&str]) -> bool {
    let c_strings = cmd_args
        .iter()
@@ -34,6 +24,7 @@ fn polkavm_linker<T: AsRef<[u8]>>(code: T) -> anyhow::Result<Vec<u8>> {
    config.set_strip(true);

    polkavm_linker::program_from_elf(config, code.as_ref())
+        .map(|blob| blob.as_bytes().to_vec())
        .map_err(|reason| anyhow::anyhow!("polkavm linker failed: {}", reason))
 }

@@ -42,7 +33,7 @@ pub fn link<T: AsRef<[u8]>>(input: T) -> anyhow::Result<Vec<u8>> {
    let output_path = dir.path().join("out.so");
    let object_path = dir.path().join("out.o");
    let linker_script_path = dir.path().join("linker.ld");
-    let compiler_rt_path = dir.path().join(BUILTINS_ARCHIVE_FILE);
+    let compiler_rt_path = dir.path().join("libclang_rt.builtins-riscv64.a");

    fs::write(&object_path, input).map_err(|msg| anyhow::anyhow!("{msg} {object_path:?}"))?;

@@ -67,7 +58,7 @@ pub fn link<T: AsRef<[u8]>>(input: T) -> anyhow::Result<Vec<u8>> {
        "--library-path",
        dir.path().to_str().expect("should be utf8"),
        "--library",
-        BUILTINS_LIB_NAME,
+        "clang_rt.builtins-riscv64",
        linker_script_path.to_str().expect("should be utf8"),
        object_path.to_str().expect("should be utf8"),
        "-o",
@@ -1,12 +1,11 @@
 [package]
 name = "lld-sys"
-version.workspace = true
-license.workspace = true
-edition.workspace = true
-repository.workspace = true
-authors.workspace = true
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2021"
 build = "build.rs"
-description = "bindings for ld.lld core"
+
+
+# See more keys and their definitions at https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html

 [dependencies]
 libc = { workspace = true }
@@ -27,10 +27,7 @@ fn set_rustc_link_flags() {
    }

    #[cfg(target_os = "linux")]
-    {
-        println!("cargo:rustc-link-lib=dylib=stdc++");
-        println!("cargo:rustc-link-lib=tinfo");
-    }
+    println!("cargo:rustc-link-lib=dylib=stdc++");
 }

 fn main() {
@@ -1,21 +1,19 @@
 [package]
-name = "revive-llvm-context"
-version.workspace = true
-license.workspace = true
-edition.workspace = true
-repository.workspace = true
+name = "era-compiler-llvm-context"
+version = "1.4.1"
 authors = [
    "Oleksandr Zarudnyi <a.zarudnyy@matterlabs.dev>",
    "Cyrill Leutwiler <cyrill@parity.io>",
 ]
-description = "Shared front end code of the revive PolkaVM compilers"
+license = "MIT OR Apache-2.0"
+edition = "2021"
+description = "Shared front end code of the EraVM compilers"

 [lib]
 doctest = false

 [features]
 riscv-zbb = []
-riscv-64 = []

 [dependencies]
 anyhow = { workspace = true }
@@ -30,11 +28,11 @@ sha2 = { workspace = true }
 sha3 = { workspace = true }
 md5 = { workspace = true }
 inkwell = { workspace = true }
-polkavm-disassembler = { workspace = true }
-polkavm-common = { workspace = true }

-revive-common = { workspace = true }
-revive-runtime-api = { workspace = true }
-revive-linker = { workspace = true }
-revive-builtins = { workspace = true }
-revive-stdlib = { workspace = true }
+zkevm_opcode_defs = { git = "https://github.com/matter-labs/era-zkevm_opcode_defs", branch = "v1.4.1" }
+revive-common = { path = "../common" }
+
+pallet-contracts-pvm-llapi = { path = "../pallet-contracts-pvm-llapi" }
+revive-linker = { path = "../linker" }
+revive-builtins = { path = "../builtins" }
+revive-stdlib = { path = "../stdlib" }
@@ -1,6 +1,10 @@
+//!
 //! The debug IR type.
+//!

+///
 /// The debug IR type.
+///
 #[allow(non_camel_case_types)]
 #[allow(clippy::upper_case_acronyms)]
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
@@ -11,26 +15,26 @@ pub enum IRType {
    EVMLA,
    /// Whether to dump the Ethereal IR code.
    EthIR,
+    /// Whether to dump the Vyper LLL IR code.
+    LLL,
    /// Whether to dump the LLVM IR code.
    LLVM,
    /// Whether to dump the assembly code.
    Assembly,
-    /// Whether to jump JSON
-    #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
-    JSON,
 }

 impl IRType {
+    ///
    /// Returns the file extension for the specified IR.
+    ///
    pub fn file_extension(&self) -> &'static str {
        match self {
            Self::Yul => revive_common::EXTENSION_YUL,
            Self::EthIR => revive_common::EXTENSION_ETHIR,
            Self::EVMLA => revive_common::EXTENSION_EVMLA,
+            Self::LLL => revive_common::EXTENSION_LLL,
            Self::LLVM => revive_common::EXTENSION_LLVM_SOURCE,
-            Self::Assembly => revive_common::EXTENSION_POLKAVM_ASSEMBLY,
-            #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
-            Self::JSON => revive_common::EXTENSION_JSON,
+            Self::Assembly => revive_common::EXTENSION_ERAVM_ASSEMBLY,
        }
    }
 }
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
+//!
 //! The debug configuration.
+//!

 pub mod ir_type;

@@ -9,7 +11,9 @@ use serde::Serialize;

 use self::ir_type::IRType;

+///
 /// The debug configuration.
+///
 #[derive(Debug, Default, Serialize, Deserialize, Clone)]
 pub struct DebugConfig {
    /// The directory to dump the IRs to.
@@ -17,12 +21,16 @@ pub struct DebugConfig {
 }

 impl DebugConfig {
+    ///
    /// A shortcut constructor.
+    ///
    pub fn new(output_directory: PathBuf) -> Self {
        Self { output_directory }
    }

+    ///
    /// Dumps the Yul IR.
+    ///
    pub fn dump_yul(&self, contract_path: &str, code: &str) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        let mut file_path = self.output_directory.to_owned();
        let full_file_name = Self::full_file_name(contract_path, None, IRType::Yul);
@@ -32,7 +40,9 @@ impl DebugConfig {
        Ok(())
    }

+    ///
    /// Dumps the EVM legacy assembly IR.
+    ///
    pub fn dump_evmla(&self, contract_path: &str, code: &str) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        let mut file_path = self.output_directory.to_owned();
        let full_file_name = Self::full_file_name(contract_path, None, IRType::EVMLA);
@@ -42,7 +52,9 @@ impl DebugConfig {
        Ok(())
    }

+    ///
    /// Dumps the Ethereal IR.
+    ///
    pub fn dump_ethir(&self, contract_path: &str, code: &str) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        let mut file_path = self.output_directory.to_owned();
        let full_file_name = Self::full_file_name(contract_path, None, IRType::EthIR);
@@ -52,7 +64,21 @@ impl DebugConfig {
        Ok(())
    }

+    ///
+    /// Dumps the LLL IR.
+    ///
+    pub fn dump_lll(&self, contract_path: &str, code: &str) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+        let mut file_path = self.output_directory.to_owned();
+        let full_file_name = Self::full_file_name(contract_path, None, IRType::LLL);
+        file_path.push(full_file_name);
+        std::fs::write(file_path, code)?;
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    ///
    /// Dumps the unoptimized LLVM IR.
+    ///
    pub fn dump_llvm_ir_unoptimized(
        &self,
        contract_path: &str,
@@ -68,7 +94,9 @@ impl DebugConfig {
        Ok(())
    }

+    ///
    /// Dumps the optimized LLVM IR.
+    ///
    pub fn dump_llvm_ir_optimized(
        &self,
        contract_path: &str,
@@ -84,7 +112,9 @@ impl DebugConfig {
        Ok(())
    }

+    ///
    /// Dumps the assembly.
+    ///
    pub fn dump_assembly(&self, contract_path: &str, code: &str) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        let mut file_path = self.output_directory.to_owned();
        let full_file_name = Self::full_file_name(contract_path, None, IRType::Assembly);
@@ -94,23 +124,9 @@ impl DebugConfig {
        Ok(())
    }

-    /// Dumps the stage output as a json file suitable for use with --recursive-process
-    #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
-    pub fn dump_stage_output(
-        &self,
-        contract_path: &str,
-        contract_suffix: Option<&str>,
-        stage_json: &Vec<u8>,
-    ) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
-        let mut file_path = self.output_directory.to_owned();
-        let full_file_name = Self::full_file_name(contract_path, contract_suffix, IRType::JSON);
-        file_path.push(full_file_name);
-        std::fs::write(file_path, stage_json)?;
-
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
+    ///
    /// Creates a full file name, given the contract full path, suffix, and extension.
+    ///
    fn full_file_name(contract_path: &str, suffix: Option<&str>, ir_type: IRType) -> String {
        let mut full_file_name = contract_path.replace('/', "_").replace(':', ".");
        if let Some(suffix) = suffix {
@@ -1,12 +1,11 @@
+//!
 //! The LLVM context constants.
-
-/// Runtime API methods.
-pub mod runtime_api;
+//!

 /// The LLVM framework version.
 pub const LLVM_VERSION: semver::Version = semver::Version::new(18, 1, 4);

-/// The PolkaVM version.
+/// The EraVM version.
 pub const ZKEVM_VERSION: semver::Version = semver::Version::new(1, 3, 2);

 /// The register width sized type
@@ -33,27 +32,21 @@ pub static GLOBAL_CALL_FLAGS: &str = "call_flags";
 /// The extra ABI data global variable name.
 pub static GLOBAL_EXTRA_ABI_DATA: &str = "extra_abi_data";

+/// The active pointer global variable name.
+pub static GLOBAL_ACTIVE_POINTER: &str = "ptr_active";
+
 /// The constant array global variable name prefix.
 pub static GLOBAL_CONST_ARRAY_PREFIX: &str = "const_array_";

 /// The global verbatim getter identifier prefix.
 pub static GLOBAL_VERBATIM_GETTER_PREFIX: &str = "get_global::";

-/// The static word size.
-pub static GLOBAL_I256_SIZE: &str = "i256_size";
-
-/// The static value size.
-pub static GLOBAL_I160_SIZE: &str = "i160_size";
-
-/// The static i64 size.
-pub static GLOBAL_I64_SIZE: &str = "i64_size";
-
 /// The external call data offset in the auxiliary heap.
 pub const HEAP_AUX_OFFSET_EXTERNAL_CALL: u64 = 0;

 /// The constructor return data offset in the auxiliary heap.
 pub const HEAP_AUX_OFFSET_CONSTRUCTOR_RETURN_DATA: u64 =
-    8 * (revive_common::BYTE_LENGTH_WORD as u64);
+    8 * (revive_common::BYTE_LENGTH_FIELD as u64);

 /// The number of the extra ABI data arguments.
 pub const EXTRA_ABI_DATA_SIZE: usize = 0;
@@ -70,6 +63,13 @@ pub const NO_SYSTEM_CALL_BIT: bool = false;
 /// The system call bit.
 pub const SYSTEM_CALL_BIT: bool = true;

+///
 /// The deployer call header size that consists of:
+/// - selector (4 bytes)
+/// - salt (32 bytes)
 /// - bytecode hash (32 bytes)
-pub const DEPLOYER_CALL_HEADER_SIZE: usize = revive_common::BYTE_LENGTH_WORD;
+/// - constructor arguments offset (32 bytes)
+/// - constructor arguments length (32 bytes)
+///
+pub const DEPLOYER_CALL_HEADER_SIZE: usize =
+    revive_common::BYTE_LENGTH_X32 + (revive_common::BYTE_LENGTH_FIELD * 4);
@@ -1,6 +1,10 @@
+//!
 //! The address space aliases.
+//!

+///
 /// The address space aliases.
+///
 #[derive(Default, Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
 pub enum AddressSpace {
    /// The stack memory.
@@ -8,7 +12,13 @@ pub enum AddressSpace {
    Stack,
    /// The heap memory.
    Heap,
+    /// The auxiliary heap memory.
+    HeapAuxiliary,
    /// The generic memory page.
+    Generic,
+    /// The code area.
+    Code,
+    /// The storage.
    Storage,
    /// The transient storage.
    TransientStorage,
@@ -19,6 +29,9 @@ impl From<AddressSpace> for inkwell::AddressSpace {
        match value {
            AddressSpace::Stack => Self::from(0),
            AddressSpace::Heap => Self::from(1),
+            AddressSpace::HeapAuxiliary => Self::from(2),
+            AddressSpace::Generic => Self::from(3),
+            AddressSpace::Code => Self::from(4),
            AddressSpace::Storage => Self::from(5),
            AddressSpace::TransientStorage => Self::from(6),
        }
@@ -1,6 +1,10 @@
+//!
 //! The LLVM argument with metadata.
+//!

+///
 /// The LLVM argument with metadata.
+///
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct Argument<'ctx> {
    /// The actual LLVM operand.
@@ -18,7 +22,9 @@ impl<'ctx> Argument<'ctx> {
    /// The calldata length argument index.
    pub const ARGUMENT_INDEX_CALLDATA_LENGTH: usize = 1;

+    ///
    /// A shortcut constructor.
+    ///
    pub fn new(value: inkwell::values::BasicValueEnum<'ctx>) -> Self {
        Self {
            value,
@@ -27,7 +33,9 @@ impl<'ctx> Argument<'ctx> {
        }
    }

+    ///
    /// A shortcut constructor.
+    ///
    pub fn new_with_original(
        value: inkwell::values::BasicValueEnum<'ctx>,
        original: String,
@@ -39,7 +47,9 @@ impl<'ctx> Argument<'ctx> {
        }
    }

+    ///
    /// A shortcut constructor.
+    ///
    pub fn new_with_constant(
        value: inkwell::values::BasicValueEnum<'ctx>,
        constant: num::BigUint,
@@ -51,7 +61,9 @@ impl<'ctx> Argument<'ctx> {
        }
    }

+    ///
    /// Returns the inner LLVM value.
+    ///
    pub fn to_llvm(&self) -> inkwell::values::BasicValueEnum<'ctx> {
        self.value
    }
@@ -4,8 +4,11 @@ use serde::Deserialize;
 use serde::Serialize;

 /// The LLVM attribute.
+///
 /// In order to check the real order in a new major version of LLVM, find the `Attributes.inc` file
 /// inside of the LLVM build directory. This order is actually generated during the building.
+///
+/// FIXME: Generate this in build.rs?
 #[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, Hash)]
 pub enum Attribute {
    Unused = 0,
@@ -81,7 +84,7 @@ pub enum Attribute {
    Writable = 70,
    WriteOnly = 71,
    ZExt = 72,
-    // LastEnumAttr = 72,
+    //LastEnumAttr = 72,
    // FirstTypeAttr = 73,
    ByRef = 73,
    ByVal = 74,
@@ -116,7 +119,12 @@ impl TryFrom<&str> for Attribute {
            "OptimizeForSize" => Ok(Attribute::OptimizeForSize),
            "NoInline" => Ok(Attribute::NoInline),
            "WillReturn" => Ok(Attribute::WillReturn),
+            "WriteOnly" => Ok(Attribute::WriteOnly),
+            "ReadNone" => Ok(Attribute::ReadNone),
+            "ReadOnly" => Ok(Attribute::ReadOnly),
            "NoReturn" => Ok(Attribute::NoReturn),
+            // FIXME: Not in Attributes.inc
+            //"InaccessibleMemOnly" => Ok(Attribute::InaccessibleMemOnly),
            "MustProgress" => Ok(Attribute::MustProgress),
            _ => Err(value.to_owned()),
        }
@@ -1,30 +1,36 @@
+//!
 //! The LLVM module build.
+//!

 use std::collections::BTreeMap;

 use serde::Deserialize;
 use serde::Serialize;

+///
 /// The LLVM module build.
+///
 #[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub struct Build {
-    /// The PolkaVM text assembly.
+    /// The EraVM text assembly.
    pub assembly_text: String,
    /// The metadata hash.
-    pub metadata_hash: Option<[u8; revive_common::BYTE_LENGTH_WORD]>,
-    /// The PolkaVM binary bytecode.
+    pub metadata_hash: Option<[u8; revive_common::BYTE_LENGTH_FIELD]>,
+    /// The EraVM binary bytecode.
    pub bytecode: Vec<u8>,
-    /// The PolkaVM bytecode hash.
+    /// The EraVM bytecode hash.
    pub bytecode_hash: String,
    /// The hash-to-full-path mapping of the contract factory dependencies.
    pub factory_dependencies: BTreeMap<String, String>,
 }

 impl Build {
+    ///
    /// A shortcut constructor.
+    ///
    pub fn new(
        assembly_text: String,
-        metadata_hash: Option<[u8; revive_common::BYTE_LENGTH_WORD]>,
+        metadata_hash: Option<[u8; revive_common::BYTE_LENGTH_FIELD]>,
        bytecode: Vec<u8>,
        bytecode_hash: String,
    ) -> Self {
@@ -1,8 +1,13 @@
+//!
 //! The contract code types.
+//!

+///
 /// The contract code types (deploy and runtime).
+///
 /// They do not represent any entities in the final bytecode, but this separation is always present
 /// in the IRs used for translation to the EVM bytecode.
+///
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, Hash)]
 pub enum CodeType {
    /// The deploy code.
@@ -1,9 +1,13 @@
+//!
 //! The LLVM debug information.
+//!

 use inkwell::debug_info::AsDIScope;
 use num::Zero;

+///
 /// The LLVM debug information.
+///
 pub struct DebugInfo<'ctx> {
    /// The compile unit.
    compile_unit: inkwell::debug_info::DICompileUnit<'ctx>,
@@ -12,7 +16,9 @@ pub struct DebugInfo<'ctx> {
 }

 impl<'ctx> DebugInfo<'ctx> {
+    ///
    /// A shortcut constructor.
+    ///
    pub fn new(module: &inkwell::module::Module<'ctx>) -> Self {
        let (builder, compile_unit) = module.create_debug_info_builder(
            true,
@@ -38,14 +44,16 @@ impl<'ctx> DebugInfo<'ctx> {
        }
    }

+    ///
    /// Creates a function info.
+    ///
    pub fn create_function(
        &self,
        name: &str,
    ) -> anyhow::Result<inkwell::debug_info::DISubprogram<'ctx>> {
        let subroutine_type = self.builder.create_subroutine_type(
            self.compile_unit.get_file(),
-            Some(self.create_type(revive_common::BIT_LENGTH_FIELD)?),
+            Some(self.create_type(era_compiler_common::BIT_LENGTH_FIELD)?),
            &[],
            inkwell::debug_info::DIFlags::zero(),
        );
@@ -74,7 +82,9 @@ impl<'ctx> DebugInfo<'ctx> {
        Ok(function)
    }

+    ///
    /// Creates a primitive type info.
+    ///
    pub fn create_type(
        &self,
        bit_length: usize,
@@ -90,7 +100,9 @@ impl<'ctx> DebugInfo<'ctx> {
            .map_err(|error| anyhow::anyhow!("Debug info error: {}", error))
    }

+    ///
    /// Finalizes the builder.
+    ///
    pub fn finalize(&self) {
        self.builder.finalize();
    }
@@ -1,9 +1,14 @@
+//!
 //! The LLVM IR generator EVM legacy assembly data.
+//!

-use crate::polkavm::context::argument::Argument;
+use crate::eravm::context::argument::Argument;

+///
 /// The LLVM IR generator EVM legacy assembly data.
+///
 /// Describes some data that is only relevant to the EVM legacy assembly.
+///
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct EVMLAData<'ctx> {
    /// The Solidity compiler version.
@@ -17,7 +22,9 @@ impl<'ctx> EVMLAData<'ctx> {
    /// The default stack size.
    pub const DEFAULT_STACK_SIZE: usize = 64;

+    ///
    /// A shortcut constructor.
+    ///
    pub fn new(version: semver::Version) -> Self {
        Self {
            version,
@@ -1,9 +1,14 @@
+//!
 //! The LLVM IR generator function block key.
+//!

-use crate::polkavm::context::code_type::CodeType;
+use crate::eravm::context::code_type::CodeType;

+///
 /// The LLVM IR generator function block key.
+///
 /// Is only relevant to the EVM legacy assembly.
+///
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, Hash)]
 pub struct Key {
    /// The block code type.
@@ -13,7 +18,9 @@ pub struct Key {
 }

 impl Key {
+    ///
    /// A shortcut constructor.
+    ///
    pub fn new(code_type: CodeType, tag: num::BigUint) -> Self {
        Self { code_type, tag }
    }
@@ -1,9 +1,14 @@
+//!
 //! The LLVM function block EVM legacy assembly data.
+//!

 pub mod key;

+///
 /// The LLVM function block EVM legacy assembly data.
+///
 /// Describes some data that is only relevant to the EVM legacy assembly.
+///
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct EVMLAData {
    /// The initial hashes of the allowed stack states.
@@ -11,7 +16,9 @@ pub struct EVMLAData {
 }

 impl EVMLAData {
+    ///
    /// A shortcut constructor.
+    ///
    pub fn new(stack_hashes: Vec<md5::Digest>) -> Self {
        Self { stack_hashes }
    }
@@ -1,10 +1,14 @@
+//!
 //! The LLVM IR generator function block.
+//!

 pub mod evmla_data;

 use self::evmla_data::EVMLAData;

+///
 /// The LLVM IR generator function block.
+///
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct Block<'ctx> {
    /// The inner block.
@@ -14,7 +18,9 @@ pub struct Block<'ctx> {
 }

 impl<'ctx> Block<'ctx> {
+    ///
    /// A shortcut constructor.
+    ///
    pub fn new(inner: inkwell::basic_block::BasicBlock<'ctx>) -> Self {
        Self {
            inner,
@@ -22,28 +28,38 @@ impl<'ctx> Block<'ctx> {
        }
    }

+    ///
    /// Sets the EVM legacy assembly data.
+    ///
    pub fn set_evmla_data(&mut self, data: EVMLAData) {
        self.evmla_data = Some(data);
    }

+    ///
    /// The LLVM object reference.
+    ///
    pub fn inner(&self) -> inkwell::basic_block::BasicBlock<'ctx> {
        self.inner
    }

+    ///
    /// Returns the EVM data reference.
+    ///
    /// # Panics
    /// If the EVM data has not been initialized.
+    ///
    pub fn evm(&self) -> &EVMLAData {
        self.evmla_data
            .as_ref()
            .expect("The EVM data must have been initialized")
    }

+    ///
    /// Returns the EVM data mutable reference.
+    ///
    /// # Panics
    /// If the EVM data has not been initialized.
+    ///
    pub fn evm_mut(&mut self) -> &mut EVMLAData {
        self.evmla_data
            .as_mut()
@@ -1,6 +1,10 @@
+//!
 //! The LLVM function declaration.
+//!

+///
 /// The LLVM function declaration.
+///
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub struct Declaration<'ctx> {
    /// The function type.
@@ -10,7 +14,9 @@ pub struct Declaration<'ctx> {
 }

 impl<'ctx> Declaration<'ctx> {
+    ///
    /// A shortcut constructor.
+    ///
    pub fn new(
        r#type: inkwell::types::FunctionType<'ctx>,
        value: inkwell::values::FunctionValue<'ctx>,
@@ -1,12 +1,17 @@
+//!
 //! The LLVM function EVM legacy assembly data.
+//!

 use std::collections::BTreeMap;

-use crate::polkavm::context::function::block::evmla_data::key::Key as BlockKey;
-use crate::polkavm::context::function::block::Block;
+use crate::eravm::context::function::block::evmla_data::key::Key as BlockKey;
+use crate::eravm::context::function::block::Block;

+///
 /// The LLVM function EVM legacy assembly data.
+///
 /// Describes some data that is only relevant to the EVM legacy assembly.
+///
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct EVMLAData<'ctx> {
    /// The ordinary blocks with numeric tags.
@@ -17,7 +22,9 @@ pub struct EVMLAData<'ctx> {
 }

 impl<'ctx> EVMLAData<'ctx> {
+    ///
    /// A shortcut constructor.
+    ///
    pub fn new(stack_size: usize) -> Self {
        Self {
            blocks: BTreeMap::new(),
@@ -25,7 +32,9 @@ impl<'ctx> EVMLAData<'ctx> {
        }
    }

+    ///
    /// Inserts a function block.
+    ///
    pub fn insert_block(&mut self, key: BlockKey, block: Block<'ctx>) {
        if let Some(blocks) = self.blocks.get_mut(&key) {
            blocks.push(block);
@@ -34,8 +43,11 @@ impl<'ctx> EVMLAData<'ctx> {
        }
    }

+    ///
    /// Returns the block with the specified tag and initial stack pattern.
+    ///
    /// If there is only one block, it is returned unconditionally.
+    ///
    pub fn find_block(
        &self,
        key: &BlockKey,
@@ -0,0 +1,149 @@
+//!
+//! The LLVM intrinsic functions.
+//!
+
+use inkwell::types::BasicType;
+
+use crate::eravm::context::address_space::AddressSpace;
+use crate::eravm::context::function::declaration::Declaration as FunctionDeclaration;
+
+///
+/// The LLVM intrinsic functions, implemented in the LLVM back-end.
+///
+/// Most of them are translated directly into bytecode instructions.
+///
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct Intrinsics<'ctx> {
+    /// The trap.
+    pub trap: FunctionDeclaration<'ctx>,
+    /// The memory copy within the heap.
+    pub memory_copy: FunctionDeclaration<'ctx>,
+    /// The memory copy from a generic page.
+    pub memory_copy_from_generic: FunctionDeclaration<'ctx>,
+    /// Performs endianness swaps on i256 values
+    pub byte_swap: FunctionDeclaration<'ctx>,
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> Intrinsics<'ctx> {
+    /// The corresponding intrinsic function name.
+    pub const FUNCTION_TRAP: &'static str = "llvm.trap";
+
+    /// The corresponding intrinsic function name.
+    pub const FUNCTION_MEMORY_COPY: &'static str = "llvm.memcpy.p1.p1.i256";
+
+    /// The corresponding intrinsic function name.
+    pub const FUNCTION_MEMORY_COPY_FROM_GENERIC: &'static str = "llvm.memcpy.p3.p1.i256";
+
+    /// The corresponding intrinsic function name.
+    pub const FUNCTION_BYTE_SWAP: &'static str = "llvm.bswap.i256";
+
+    ///
+    /// A shortcut constructor.
+    ///
+    pub fn new(
+        llvm: &'ctx inkwell::context::Context,
+        module: &inkwell::module::Module<'ctx>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        let void_type = llvm.void_type();
+        let bool_type = llvm.bool_type();
+        let field_type = llvm.custom_width_int_type(revive_common::BIT_LENGTH_FIELD as u32);
+        let _stack_field_pointer_type = llvm.ptr_type(AddressSpace::Stack.into());
+        let heap_field_pointer_type = llvm.ptr_type(AddressSpace::Heap.into());
+        let generic_byte_pointer_type = llvm.ptr_type(AddressSpace::Generic.into());
+
+        let trap = Self::declare(
+            llvm,
+            module,
+            Self::FUNCTION_TRAP,
+            void_type.fn_type(&[], false),
+        );
+        let memory_copy = Self::declare(
+            llvm,
+            module,
+            Self::FUNCTION_MEMORY_COPY,
+            void_type.fn_type(
+                &[
+                    heap_field_pointer_type.as_basic_type_enum().into(),
+                    heap_field_pointer_type.as_basic_type_enum().into(),
+                    field_type.as_basic_type_enum().into(),
+                    bool_type.as_basic_type_enum().into(),
+                ],
+                false,
+            ),
+        );
+        let memory_copy_from_generic = Self::declare(
+            llvm,
+            module,
+            Self::FUNCTION_MEMORY_COPY_FROM_GENERIC,
+            void_type.fn_type(
+                &[
+                    heap_field_pointer_type.as_basic_type_enum().into(),
+                    generic_byte_pointer_type.as_basic_type_enum().into(),
+                    field_type.as_basic_type_enum().into(),
+                    bool_type.as_basic_type_enum().into(),
+                ],
+                false,
+            ),
+        );
+        let byte_swap = Self::declare(
+            llvm,
+            module,
+            Self::FUNCTION_BYTE_SWAP,
+            field_type.fn_type(&[field_type.as_basic_type_enum().into()], false),
+        );
+
+        Self {
+            trap,
+            memory_copy,
+            memory_copy_from_generic,
+            byte_swap,
+        }
+    }
+
+    ///
+    /// Finds the specified LLVM intrinsic function in the target and returns its declaration.
+    ///
+    pub fn declare(
+        llvm: &'ctx inkwell::context::Context,
+        module: &inkwell::module::Module<'ctx>,
+        name: &str,
+        r#type: inkwell::types::FunctionType<'ctx>,
+    ) -> FunctionDeclaration<'ctx> {
+        let intrinsic = inkwell::intrinsics::Intrinsic::find(name)
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("Intrinsic function `{name}` does not exist"));
+        let argument_types = Self::argument_types(llvm, name);
+        let value = intrinsic
+            .get_declaration(module, argument_types.as_slice())
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("Intrinsic function `{name}` declaration error"));
+        FunctionDeclaration::new(r#type, value)
+    }
+
+    ///
+    /// Returns the LLVM types for selecting via the signature.
+    ///
+    pub fn argument_types(
+        llvm: &'ctx inkwell::context::Context,
+        name: &str,
+    ) -> Vec<inkwell::types::BasicTypeEnum<'ctx>> {
+        let field_type = llvm.custom_width_int_type(revive_common::BIT_LENGTH_FIELD as u32);
+
+        match name {
+            name if name == Self::FUNCTION_MEMORY_COPY => vec![
+                llvm.ptr_type(AddressSpace::Heap.into())
+                    .as_basic_type_enum(),
+                llvm.ptr_type(AddressSpace::Heap.into())
+                    .as_basic_type_enum(),
+                field_type.as_basic_type_enum(),
+            ],
+            name if name == Self::FUNCTION_MEMORY_COPY_FROM_GENERIC => vec![
+                llvm.ptr_type(AddressSpace::Heap.into())
+                    .as_basic_type_enum(),
+                llvm.ptr_type(AddressSpace::Generic.into())
+                    .as_basic_type_enum(),
+                field_type.as_basic_type_enum(),
+            ],
+            name if name == Self::FUNCTION_BYTE_SWAP => vec![field_type.as_basic_type_enum()],
+            _ => vec![],
+        }
+    }
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,667 @@
+//!
+//! The LLVM runtime functions.
+//!
+
+use inkwell::types::BasicType;
+
+use crate::eravm::context::address_space::AddressSpace;
+use crate::eravm::context::function::declaration::Declaration as FunctionDeclaration;
+use crate::eravm::context::function::Function;
+use crate::optimizer::Optimizer;
+
+///
+/// The runtime functions, implemented on the LLVM side.
+///
+/// The functions are automatically linked to the LLVM implementations if the signatures match.
+///
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct LLVMRuntime<'ctx> {
+    /// The LLVM personality function, used for exception handling.
+    pub personality: FunctionDeclaration<'ctx>,
+    /// The LLVM exception throwing function.
+    pub cxa_throw: FunctionDeclaration<'ctx>,
+
+    /// The corresponding LLVM runtime function.
+    pub div: FunctionDeclaration<'ctx>,
+    /// The corresponding LLVM runtime function.
+    pub sdiv: FunctionDeclaration<'ctx>,
+    /// The corresponding LLVM runtime function.
+    pub r#mod: FunctionDeclaration<'ctx>,
+    /// The corresponding LLVM runtime function.
+    pub smod: FunctionDeclaration<'ctx>,
+
+    /// The corresponding LLVM runtime function.
+    pub shl: FunctionDeclaration<'ctx>,
+    /// The corresponding LLVM runtime function.
+    pub shr: FunctionDeclaration<'ctx>,
+    /// The corresponding LLVM runtime function.
+    pub sar: FunctionDeclaration<'ctx>,
+    /// The corresponding LLVM runtime function.
+    pub byte: FunctionDeclaration<'ctx>,
+
+    /// The corresponding LLVM runtime function.
+    pub add_mod: FunctionDeclaration<'ctx>,
+    /// The corresponding LLVM runtime function.
+    pub mul_mod: FunctionDeclaration<'ctx>,
+    /// The corresponding LLVM runtime function.
+    pub exp: FunctionDeclaration<'ctx>,
+    /// The corresponding LLVM runtime function.
+    pub sign_extend: FunctionDeclaration<'ctx>,
+
+    /// The corresponding LLVM runtime function.
+    pub sha3: FunctionDeclaration<'ctx>,
+
+    /// The corresponding LLVM runtime function.
+    pub system_request: FunctionDeclaration<'ctx>,
+
+    /// The corresponding LLVM runtime function.
+    //pub far_call: FunctionDeclaration<'ctx>,
+    /// The corresponding LLVM runtime function.
+    pub far_call_byref: FunctionDeclaration<'ctx>,
+
+    /// The corresponding LLVM runtime function.
+    pub static_call: FunctionDeclaration<'ctx>,
+    /// The corresponding LLVM runtime function.
+    pub static_call_byref: FunctionDeclaration<'ctx>,
+
+    /// The corresponding LLVM runtime function.
+    pub delegate_call: FunctionDeclaration<'ctx>,
+    /// The corresponding LLVM runtime function.
+    pub delegate_call_byref: FunctionDeclaration<'ctx>,
+
+    /// The corresponding LLVM runtime function.
+    pub mimic_call: FunctionDeclaration<'ctx>,
+    /// The corresponding LLVM runtime function.
+    pub mimic_call_byref: FunctionDeclaration<'ctx>,
+
+    /// The corresponding LLVM runtime function.
+    pub r#return: FunctionDeclaration<'ctx>,
+    /// The corresponding LLVM runtime function.
+    pub revert: FunctionDeclaration<'ctx>,
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> LLVMRuntime<'ctx> {
+    /// The LLVM personality function name.
+    pub const FUNCTION_PERSONALITY: &'static str = "__personality";
+
+    /// The LLVM exception throwing function name.
+    pub const FUNCTION_CXA_THROW: &'static str = "__cxa_throw";
+
+    /// The corresponding runtime function name.
+    pub const FUNCTION_DIV: &'static str = "__div";
+
+    /// The corresponding runtime function name.
+    pub const FUNCTION_SDIV: &'static str = "__sdiv";
+
+    /// The corresponding runtime function name.
+    pub const FUNCTION_MOD: &'static str = "__mod";
+
+    /// The corresponding runtime function name.
+    pub const FUNCTION_SMOD: &'static str = "__smod";
+
+    /// The corresponding runtime function name.
+    pub const FUNCTION_SHL: &'static str = "__shl";
+
+    /// The corresponding runtime function name.
+    pub const FUNCTION_SHR: &'static str = "__shr";
+
+    /// The corresponding runtime function name.
+    pub const FUNCTION_SAR: &'static str = "__sar";
+
+    /// The corresponding runtime function name.
+    pub const FUNCTION_BYTE: &'static str = "__byte";
+
+    /// The corresponding runtime function name.
+    pub const FUNCTION_ADDMOD: &'static str = "__addmod";
+
+    /// The corresponding runtime function name.
+    pub const FUNCTION_MULMOD: &'static str = "__mulmod";
+
+    /// The corresponding runtime function name.
+    pub const FUNCTION_EXP: &'static str = "__exp";
+
+    /// The corresponding runtime function name.
+    pub const FUNCTION_SIGNEXTEND: &'static str = "__signextend";
+
+    /// The corresponding runtime function name.
+    pub const FUNCTION_SHA3: &'static str = "__sha3";
+
+    /// The corresponding runtime function name.
+    pub const FUNCTION_SYSTEM_REQUEST: &'static str = "__system_request";
+
+    /// The corresponding runtime function name.
+    pub const FUNCTION_FARCALL: &'static str = "__farcall";
+
+    /// The corresponding runtime function name.
+    pub const FUNCTION_STATICCALL: &'static str = "__staticcall";
+
+    /// The corresponding runtime function name.
+    pub const FUNCTION_DELEGATECALL: &'static str = "__delegatecall";
+
+    /// The corresponding runtime function name.
+    pub const FUNCTION_MIMICCALL: &'static str = "__mimiccall";
+
+    /// The corresponding runtime function name.
+    pub const FUNCTION_FARCALL_BYREF: &'static str = "__farcall_byref";
+
+    /// The corresponding runtime function name.
+    pub const FUNCTION_STATICCALL_BYREF: &'static str = "__staticcall_byref";
+
+    /// The corresponding runtime function name.
+    pub const FUNCTION_DELEGATECALL_BYREF: &'static str = "__delegatecall_byref";
+
+    /// The corresponding runtime function name.
+    pub const FUNCTION_MIMICCALL_BYREF: &'static str = "__mimiccall_byref";
+
+    /// The corresponding runtime function name.
+    pub const FUNCTION_RETURN: &'static str = "__return";
+
+    /// The corresponding runtime function name.
+    pub const FUNCTION_REVERT: &'static str = "__revert";
+
+    ///
+    /// A shortcut constructor.
+    ///
+    pub fn new(
+        llvm: &'ctx inkwell::context::Context,
+        module: &inkwell::module::Module<'ctx>,
+        optimizer: &Optimizer,
+    ) -> Self {
+        let personality = Self::declare(
+            module,
+            Self::FUNCTION_PERSONALITY,
+            llvm.i32_type().fn_type(&[], false),
+            None,
+        );
+
+        let cxa_throw = Self::declare(
+            module,
+            Self::FUNCTION_CXA_THROW,
+            llvm.void_type().fn_type(
+                vec![
+                    llvm.ptr_type(AddressSpace::Stack.into())
+                        .as_basic_type_enum()
+                        .into();
+                    3
+                ]
+                .as_slice(),
+                false,
+            ),
+            Some(inkwell::module::Linkage::External),
+        );
+        Function::set_cxa_throw_attributes(llvm, cxa_throw);
+
+        let div = Self::declare(
+            module,
+            Self::FUNCTION_DIV,
+            llvm.custom_width_int_type(revive_common::BIT_LENGTH_FIELD as u32)
+                .fn_type(
+                    vec![
+                        llvm.custom_width_int_type(revive_common::BIT_LENGTH_FIELD as u32)
+                            .as_basic_type_enum()
+                            .into();
+                        2
+                    ]
+                    .as_slice(),
+                    false,
+                ),
+            Some(inkwell::module::Linkage::External),
+        );
+        Function::set_default_attributes(llvm, div, optimizer);
+        Function::set_pure_function_attributes(llvm, div);
+
+        let r#mod = Self::declare(
+            module,
+            Self::FUNCTION_MOD,
+            llvm.custom_width_int_type(revive_common::BIT_LENGTH_FIELD as u32)
+                .fn_type(
+                    vec![
+                        llvm.custom_width_int_type(revive_common::BIT_LENGTH_FIELD as u32)
+                            .as_basic_type_enum()
+                            .into();
+                        2
+                    ]
+                    .as_slice(),
+                    false,
+                ),
+            Some(inkwell::module::Linkage::External),
+        );
+        Function::set_default_attributes(llvm, r#mod, optimizer);
+        Function::set_pure_function_attributes(llvm, r#mod);
+
+        let sdiv = Self::declare(
+            module,
+            Self::FUNCTION_SDIV,
+            llvm.custom_width_int_type(revive_common::BIT_LENGTH_FIELD as u32)
+                .fn_type(
+                    vec![
+                        llvm.custom_width_int_type(revive_common::BIT_LENGTH_FIELD as u32)
+                            .as_basic_type_enum()
+                            .into();
+                        2
+                    ]
+                    .as_slice(),
+                    false,
+                ),
+            Some(inkwell::module::Linkage::External),
+        );
+        Function::set_default_attributes(llvm, sdiv, optimizer);
+        Function::set_pure_function_attributes(llvm, sdiv);
+
+        let smod = Self::declare(
+            module,
+            Self::FUNCTION_SMOD,
+            llvm.custom_width_int_type(revive_common::BIT_LENGTH_FIELD as u32)
+                .fn_type(
+                    vec![
+                        llvm.custom_width_int_type(revive_common::BIT_LENGTH_FIELD as u32)
+                            .as_basic_type_enum()
+                            .into();
+                        2
+                    ]
+                    .as_slice(),
+                    false,
+                ),
+            Some(inkwell::module::Linkage::External),
+        );
+        Function::set_default_attributes(llvm, smod, optimizer);
+        Function::set_pure_function_attributes(llvm, smod);
+
+        let shl = Self::declare(
+            module,
+            Self::FUNCTION_SHL,
+            llvm.custom_width_int_type(revive_common::BIT_LENGTH_FIELD as u32)
+                .fn_type(
+                    vec![
+                        llvm.custom_width_int_type(revive_common::BIT_LENGTH_FIELD as u32)
+                            .as_basic_type_enum()
+                            .into();
+                        2
+                    ]
+                    .as_slice(),
+                    false,
+                ),
+            Some(inkwell::module::Linkage::External),
+        );
+        Function::set_default_attributes(llvm, shl, optimizer);
+        Function::set_pure_function_attributes(llvm, shl);
+
+        let shr = Self::declare(
+            module,
+            Self::FUNCTION_SHR,
+            llvm.custom_width_int_type(revive_common::BIT_LENGTH_FIELD as u32)
+                .fn_type(
+                    vec![
+                        llvm.custom_width_int_type(revive_common::BIT_LENGTH_FIELD as u32)
+                            .as_basic_type_enum()
+                            .into();
+                        2
+                    ]
+                    .as_slice(),
+                    false,
+                ),
+            Some(inkwell::module::Linkage::External),
+        );
+        Function::set_default_attributes(llvm, shr, optimizer);
+        Function::set_pure_function_attributes(llvm, shr);
+
+        let sar = Self::declare(
+            module,
+            Self::FUNCTION_SAR,
+            llvm.custom_width_int_type(revive_common::BIT_LENGTH_FIELD as u32)
+                .fn_type(
+                    vec![
+                        llvm.custom_width_int_type(revive_common::BIT_LENGTH_FIELD as u32)
+                            .as_basic_type_enum()
+                            .into();
+                        2
+                    ]
+                    .as_slice(),
+                    false,
+                ),
+            Some(inkwell::module::Linkage::External),
+        );
+        Function::set_default_attributes(llvm, sar, optimizer);
+        Function::set_pure_function_attributes(llvm, sar);
+
+        let byte = Self::declare(
+            module,
+            Self::FUNCTION_BYTE,
+            llvm.custom_width_int_type(revive_common::BIT_LENGTH_FIELD as u32)
+                .fn_type(
+                    vec![
+                        llvm.custom_width_int_type(revive_common::BIT_LENGTH_FIELD as u32)
+                            .as_basic_type_enum()
+                            .into();
+                        2
+                    ]
+                    .as_slice(),
+                    false,
+                ),
+            Some(inkwell::module::Linkage::External),
+        );
+        Function::set_default_attributes(llvm, byte, optimizer);
+        Function::set_pure_function_attributes(llvm, byte);
+
+        let add_mod =
+            Self::define(module, Self::FUNCTION_ADDMOD).expect("should be declared in stdlib");
+        Function::set_default_attributes(llvm, add_mod, optimizer);
+        Function::set_pure_function_attributes(llvm, add_mod);
+
+        let mul_mod =
+            Self::define(module, Self::FUNCTION_MULMOD).expect("should be declared in stdlib");
+        Function::set_default_attributes(llvm, mul_mod, optimizer);
+        Function::set_pure_function_attributes(llvm, mul_mod);
+
+        let exp = Self::define(module, Self::FUNCTION_EXP).expect("should be declared in stdlib");
+        Function::set_default_attributes(llvm, exp, optimizer);
+        Function::set_pure_function_attributes(llvm, exp);
+
+        let sign_extend =
+            Self::define(module, Self::FUNCTION_SIGNEXTEND).expect("should be declared in stdlib");
+        Function::set_default_attributes(llvm, sign_extend, optimizer);
+        Function::set_pure_function_attributes(llvm, sign_extend);
+
+        let sha3 = Self::declare(
+            module,
+            Self::FUNCTION_SHA3,
+            llvm.custom_width_int_type(revive_common::BIT_LENGTH_FIELD as u32)
+                .fn_type(
+                    vec![
+                        llvm.ptr_type(AddressSpace::Heap.into())
+                            .as_basic_type_enum()
+                            .into(),
+                        llvm.custom_width_int_type(revive_common::BIT_LENGTH_FIELD as u32)
+                            .as_basic_type_enum()
+                            .into(),
+                        llvm.custom_width_int_type(revive_common::BIT_LENGTH_BOOLEAN as u32)
+                            .as_basic_type_enum()
+                            .into(),
+                    ]
+                    .as_slice(),
+                    false,
+                ),
+            Some(inkwell::module::Linkage::External),
+        );
+        Function::set_default_attributes(llvm, sha3, optimizer);
+        Function::set_attributes(
+            llvm,
+            sha3,
+            //vec![Attribute::ArgMemOnly, Attribute::ReadOnly],
+            vec![],
+            false,
+        );
+
+        let system_request = Self::declare(
+            module,
+            Self::FUNCTION_SYSTEM_REQUEST,
+            llvm.custom_width_int_type(revive_common::BIT_LENGTH_FIELD as u32)
+                .fn_type(
+                    vec![
+                        llvm.custom_width_int_type(revive_common::BIT_LENGTH_FIELD as u32)
+                            .as_basic_type_enum()
+                            .into(),
+                        llvm.custom_width_int_type(revive_common::BIT_LENGTH_FIELD as u32)
+                            .as_basic_type_enum()
+                            .into(),
+                        llvm.custom_width_int_type(revive_common::BIT_LENGTH_FIELD as u32)
+                            .as_basic_type_enum()
+                            .into(),
+                        llvm.ptr_type(AddressSpace::Stack.into())
+                            .as_basic_type_enum()
+                            .into(),
+                    ]
+                    .as_slice(),
+                    false,
+                ),
+            Some(inkwell::module::Linkage::External),
+        );
+        Function::set_default_attributes(llvm, system_request, optimizer);
+        Function::set_attributes(
+            llvm,
+            system_request,
+            //vec![Attribute::ArgMemOnly, Attribute::ReadOnly],
+            vec![],
+            false,
+        );
+
+        let external_call_arguments: Vec<inkwell::types::BasicMetadataTypeEnum> = vec![
+                llvm.custom_width_int_type(revive_common::BIT_LENGTH_FIELD as u32)
+                    .as_basic_type_enum()
+                    .into();
+                crate::eravm::context::function::runtime::entry::Entry::MANDATORY_ARGUMENTS_COUNT
+                    + crate::eravm::EXTRA_ABI_DATA_SIZE
+            ];
+        let mut mimic_call_arguments = external_call_arguments.clone();
+        mimic_call_arguments.push(
+            llvm.custom_width_int_type(revive_common::BIT_LENGTH_FIELD as u32)
+                .as_basic_type_enum()
+                .into(),
+        );
+
+        let mut external_call_arguments_by_ref: Vec<inkwell::types::BasicMetadataTypeEnum> = vec![
+            llvm.ptr_type(AddressSpace::Generic.into())
+                .as_basic_type_enum()
+                .into(),
+            llvm.custom_width_int_type(revive_common::BIT_LENGTH_FIELD as u32)
+                .as_basic_type_enum()
+                .into(),
+        ];
+        external_call_arguments_by_ref.extend::<Vec<inkwell::types::BasicMetadataTypeEnum>>(vec![
+            llvm.custom_width_int_type(
+                revive_common::BIT_LENGTH_FIELD as u32
+            )
+            .as_basic_type_enum()
+            .into();
+            crate::eravm::EXTRA_ABI_DATA_SIZE
+        ]);
+        let mut mimic_call_arguments_by_ref = external_call_arguments_by_ref.clone();
+        mimic_call_arguments_by_ref.push(
+            llvm.custom_width_int_type(revive_common::BIT_LENGTH_FIELD as u32)
+                .as_basic_type_enum()
+                .into(),
+        );
+
+        let external_call_result_type = llvm
+            .struct_type(
+                &[
+                    llvm.ptr_type(AddressSpace::Generic.into())
+                        .as_basic_type_enum(),
+                    llvm.bool_type().as_basic_type_enum(),
+                ],
+                false,
+            )
+            .as_basic_type_enum();
+
+        //let far_call = Self::declare(
+        //    module,
+        //    Self::FUNCTION_FARCALL,
+        //    external_call_result_type.fn_type(external_call_arguments.as_slice(), false),
+        //    Some(inkwell::module::Linkage::External),
+        //);
+        //Function::set_default_attributes(llvm, far_call, optimizer);
+        let static_call = Self::declare(
+            module,
+            Self::FUNCTION_STATICCALL,
+            external_call_result_type.fn_type(external_call_arguments.as_slice(), false),
+            Some(inkwell::module::Linkage::External),
+        );
+        Function::set_default_attributes(llvm, static_call, optimizer);
+        let delegate_call = Self::declare(
+            module,
+            Self::FUNCTION_DELEGATECALL,
+            external_call_result_type.fn_type(external_call_arguments.as_slice(), false),
+            Some(inkwell::module::Linkage::External),
+        );
+        Function::set_default_attributes(llvm, delegate_call, optimizer);
+        let mimic_call = Self::declare(
+            module,
+            Self::FUNCTION_MIMICCALL,
+            external_call_result_type.fn_type(mimic_call_arguments.as_slice(), false),
+            Some(inkwell::module::Linkage::External),
+        );
+        Function::set_default_attributes(llvm, mimic_call, optimizer);
+
+        let far_call_byref = Self::declare(
+            module,
+            Self::FUNCTION_FARCALL_BYREF,
+            external_call_result_type.fn_type(external_call_arguments_by_ref.as_slice(), false),
+            Some(inkwell::module::Linkage::External),
+        );
+        Function::set_default_attributes(llvm, far_call_byref, optimizer);
+        let static_call_byref = Self::declare(
+            module,
+            Self::FUNCTION_STATICCALL_BYREF,
+            external_call_result_type.fn_type(external_call_arguments_by_ref.as_slice(), false),
+            Some(inkwell::module::Linkage::External),
+        );
+        Function::set_default_attributes(llvm, static_call_byref, optimizer);
+        let delegate_call_byref = Self::declare(
+            module,
+            Self::FUNCTION_DELEGATECALL_BYREF,
+            external_call_result_type.fn_type(external_call_arguments_by_ref.as_slice(), false),
+            Some(inkwell::module::Linkage::External),
+        );
+        Function::set_default_attributes(llvm, delegate_call_byref, optimizer);
+        let mimic_call_byref = Self::declare(
+            module,
+            Self::FUNCTION_MIMICCALL_BYREF,
+            external_call_result_type.fn_type(mimic_call_arguments_by_ref.as_slice(), false),
+            Some(inkwell::module::Linkage::External),
+        );
+        Function::set_default_attributes(llvm, mimic_call_byref, optimizer);
+
+        let r#return = Self::declare(
+            module,
+            Self::FUNCTION_RETURN,
+            llvm.void_type().fn_type(
+                vec![
+                    llvm.custom_width_int_type(revive_common::BIT_LENGTH_FIELD as u32)
+                        .as_basic_type_enum()
+                        .into();
+                    3
+                ]
+                .as_slice(),
+                false,
+            ),
+            Some(inkwell::module::Linkage::External),
+        );
+        Function::set_default_attributes(llvm, r#return, optimizer);
+        let revert = Self::declare(
+            module,
+            Self::FUNCTION_REVERT,
+            llvm.void_type().fn_type(
+                vec![
+                    llvm.custom_width_int_type(revive_common::BIT_LENGTH_FIELD as u32)
+                        .as_basic_type_enum()
+                        .into();
+                    3
+                ]
+                .as_slice(),
+                false,
+            ),
+            Some(inkwell::module::Linkage::External),
+        );
+        Function::set_default_attributes(llvm, revert, optimizer);
+
+        Self {
+            personality,
+            cxa_throw,
+
+            div,
+            sdiv,
+            r#mod,
+            smod,
+
+            shl,
+            shr,
+            sar,
+            byte,
+
+            add_mod,
+            mul_mod,
+            exp,
+            sign_extend,
+
+            sha3,
+
+            system_request,
+
+            //far_call,
+            static_call,
+            delegate_call,
+            mimic_call,
+
+            far_call_byref,
+            static_call_byref,
+            delegate_call_byref,
+            mimic_call_byref,
+
+            r#return,
+            revert,
+        }
+    }
+
+    ///
+    /// Declares an LLVM runtime function in the `module`,
+    ///
+    pub fn declare(
+        module: &inkwell::module::Module<'ctx>,
+        name: &str,
+        r#type: inkwell::types::FunctionType<'ctx>,
+        linkage: Option<inkwell::module::Linkage>,
+    ) -> FunctionDeclaration<'ctx> {
+        let value = module.add_function(name, r#type, linkage);
+        FunctionDeclaration::new(r#type, value)
+    }
+
+    /// Create the function definition from an existing symbol.
+    pub fn define(
+        module: &inkwell::module::Module<'ctx>,
+        name: &str,
+    ) -> Option<FunctionDeclaration<'ctx>> {
+        let value = module.get_function(name)?;
+        value.set_linkage(inkwell::module::Linkage::External);
+        FunctionDeclaration::new(value.get_type(), value).into()
+    }
+
+    ///
+    /// Modifies the external call function with `is_byref` and `is_system` modifiers.
+    ///
+    pub fn modify(
+        &self,
+        function: FunctionDeclaration<'ctx>,
+        is_byref: bool,
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<FunctionDeclaration<'ctx>> {
+        let modified = if
+        /*function == self.far_call {
+            match is_byref {
+                false => self.far_call,
+                true => self.far_call_byref,
+            }
+        } else if */
+        function == self.static_call {
+            match is_byref {
+                false => self.static_call,
+                true => self.static_call_byref,
+            }
+        } else if function == self.delegate_call {
+            match is_byref {
+                false => self.delegate_call,
+                true => self.delegate_call_byref,
+            }
+        } else if function == self.mimic_call {
+            match is_byref {
+                false => self.mimic_call,
+                true => self.mimic_call_byref,
+            }
+        } else {
+            anyhow::bail!(
+                "Cannot modify an external call function `{}`",
+                function.value.get_name().to_string_lossy()
+            );
+        };
+
+        Ok(modified)
+    }
+}
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
+//!
 //! The LLVM IR generator function.
+//!

 pub mod block;
 pub mod declaration;
@@ -7,21 +9,26 @@ pub mod intrinsics;
 pub mod llvm_runtime;
 pub mod r#return;
 pub mod runtime;
+pub mod vyper_data;
 pub mod yul_data;

 use std::collections::HashMap;

+use crate::eravm::context::attribute::Attribute;
+use crate::eravm::context::pointer::Pointer;
 use crate::optimizer::settings::size_level::SizeLevel;
 use crate::optimizer::Optimizer;
-use crate::polkavm::context::attribute::Attribute;
-use crate::polkavm::context::pointer::Pointer;

 use self::declaration::Declaration;
 use self::evmla_data::EVMLAData;
 use self::r#return::Return;
+use self::runtime::Runtime;
+use self::vyper_data::VyperData;
 use self::yul_data::YulData;

+///
 /// The LLVM IR generator function.
+///
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct Function<'ctx> {
    /// The high-level source code name.
@@ -45,6 +52,8 @@ pub struct Function<'ctx> {
    yul_data: Option<YulData>,
    /// The EVM legacy assembly compiler data.
    evmla_data: Option<EVMLAData<'ctx>>,
+    /// The Vyper data.
+    vyper_data: Option<VyperData>,
 }

 impl<'ctx> Function<'ctx> {
@@ -57,7 +66,9 @@ impl<'ctx> Function<'ctx> {
    /// The stack hashmap default capacity.
    const STACK_HASHMAP_INITIAL_CAPACITY: usize = 64;

+    ///
    /// A shortcut constructor.
+    ///
    pub fn new(
        name: String,
        declaration: Declaration<'ctx>,
@@ -77,35 +88,46 @@ impl<'ctx> Function<'ctx> {

            yul_data: None,
            evmla_data: None,
+            vyper_data: None,
        }
    }

+    ///
    /// Returns the function name reference.
+    ///
    pub fn name(&self) -> &str {
        self.name.as_str()
    }

+    ///
    /// Checks whether the function is defined outside of the front-end.
+    ///
    pub fn is_name_external(name: &str) -> bool {
        name.starts_with("llvm.")
            || (name.starts_with("__")
-                && name != self::runtime::FUNCTION_ENTRY
-                && name != self::runtime::FUNCTION_DEPLOY_CODE
-                && name != self::runtime::FUNCTION_RUNTIME_CODE)
+                && name != Runtime::FUNCTION_ENTRY
+                && name != Runtime::FUNCTION_DEPLOY_CODE
+                && name != Runtime::FUNCTION_RUNTIME_CODE)
    }

+    ///
    /// Checks whether the function is related to the near call ABI.
+    ///
    pub fn is_near_call_abi(name: &str) -> bool {
        name.starts_with(Self::ZKSYNC_NEAR_CALL_ABI_PREFIX)
            || name == Self::ZKSYNC_NEAR_CALL_ABI_EXCEPTION_HANDLER
    }

+    ///
    /// Returns the LLVM function declaration.
+    ///
    pub fn declaration(&self) -> Declaration<'ctx> {
        self.declaration
    }

+    ///
    /// Returns the N-th parameter of the function.
+    ///
    pub fn get_nth_param(&self, index: usize) -> inkwell::values::BasicValueEnum<'ctx> {
        self.declaration()
            .value
@@ -113,7 +135,9 @@ impl<'ctx> Function<'ctx> {
            .expect("Always exists")
    }

+    ///
    /// Sets the memory writer function attributes.
+    ///
    pub fn set_attributes(
        llvm: &'ctx inkwell::context::Context,
        declaration: Declaration<'ctx>,
@@ -122,7 +146,6 @@ impl<'ctx> Function<'ctx> {
    ) {
        for attribute_kind in attributes.into_iter() {
            match attribute_kind {
-                Attribute::Memory => unimplemented!("`memory` attributes are not implemented"),
                attribute_kind @ Attribute::AlwaysInline if force => {
                    let is_optimize_none_set = declaration
                        .value
@@ -178,8 +201,11 @@ impl<'ctx> Function<'ctx> {
        }
    }

+    ///
    /// Sets the default attributes.
+    ///
    /// The attributes only affect the LLVM optimizations.
+    ///
    pub fn set_default_attributes(
        llvm: &'ctx inkwell::context::Context,
        declaration: Declaration<'ctx>,
@@ -208,7 +234,9 @@ impl<'ctx> Function<'ctx> {
        Self::set_attributes(llvm, declaration, vec![Attribute::NoFree], false);
    }

+    ///
    /// Sets the front-end runtime attributes.
+    ///
    pub fn set_frontend_runtime_attributes(
        llvm: &'ctx inkwell::context::Context,
        declaration: Declaration<'ctx>,
@@ -219,7 +247,9 @@ impl<'ctx> Function<'ctx> {
        }
    }

+    ///
    /// Sets the exception handler attributes.
+    ///
    pub fn set_exception_handler_attributes(
        llvm: &'ctx inkwell::context::Context,
        declaration: Declaration<'ctx>,
@@ -227,7 +257,9 @@ impl<'ctx> Function<'ctx> {
        Self::set_attributes(llvm, declaration, vec![Attribute::NoInline], false);
    }

+    ///
    /// Sets the CXA-throw attributes.
+    ///
    pub fn set_cxa_throw_attributes(
        llvm: &'ctx inkwell::context::Context,
        declaration: Declaration<'ctx>,
@@ -235,7 +267,9 @@ impl<'ctx> Function<'ctx> {
        Self::set_attributes(llvm, declaration, vec![Attribute::NoProfile], false);
    }

+    ///
    /// Sets the pure function attributes.
+    ///
    pub fn set_pure_function_attributes(
        llvm: &'ctx inkwell::context::Context,
        declaration: Declaration<'ctx>,
@@ -246,14 +280,18 @@ impl<'ctx> Function<'ctx> {
            vec![
                Attribute::MustProgress,
                Attribute::NoUnwind,
+                // FIXME: LLVM complains about ReadNone being not valid for fns
+                // Attribute::ReadNone,
                Attribute::WillReturn,
            ],
            false,
        );
    }

+    ///
    /// Saves the pointer to a stack variable, returning the pointer to the shadowed variable,
    /// if it exists.
+    ///
    pub fn insert_stack_pointer(
        &mut self,
        name: String,
@@ -262,85 +300,148 @@ impl<'ctx> Function<'ctx> {
        self.stack.insert(name, pointer)
    }

+    ///
    /// Gets the pointer to a stack variable.
+    ///
    pub fn get_stack_pointer(&self, name: &str) -> Option<Pointer<'ctx>> {
        self.stack.get(name).copied()
    }

+    ///
    /// Removes the pointer to a stack variable.
+    ///
    pub fn remove_stack_pointer(&mut self, name: &str) {
        self.stack.remove(name);
    }

+    ///
    /// Returns the return entity representation.
+    ///
    pub fn r#return(&self) -> Return<'ctx> {
        self.r#return
    }

+    ///
    /// Returns the pointer to the function return value.
+    ///
    /// # Panics
    /// If the pointer has not been set yet.
+    ///
    pub fn return_pointer(&self) -> Option<Pointer<'ctx>> {
        self.r#return.return_pointer()
    }

+    ///
    /// Returns the return data size in bytes, based on the default stack alignment.
+    ///
    /// # Panics
    /// If the pointer has not been set yet.
+    ///
    pub fn return_data_size(&self) -> usize {
        self.r#return.return_data_size()
    }

+    ///
    /// Returns the function entry block.
+    ///
    pub fn entry_block(&self) -> inkwell::basic_block::BasicBlock<'ctx> {
        self.entry_block
    }

+    ///
    /// Returns the function return block.
+    ///
    pub fn return_block(&self) -> inkwell::basic_block::BasicBlock<'ctx> {
        self.return_block
    }

+    ///
    /// Sets the EVM legacy assembly data.
+    ///
    pub fn set_evmla_data(&mut self, data: EVMLAData<'ctx>) {
        self.evmla_data = Some(data);
    }

+    ///
    /// Returns the EVM legacy assembly data reference.
+    ///
    /// # Panics
    /// If the EVM data has not been initialized.
+    ///
    pub fn evmla(&self) -> &EVMLAData<'ctx> {
        self.evmla_data
            .as_ref()
            .expect("The EVM data must have been initialized")
    }

+    ///
    /// Returns the EVM legacy assembly data mutable reference.
+    ///
    /// # Panics
    /// If the EVM data has not been initialized.
+    ///
    pub fn evmla_mut(&mut self) -> &mut EVMLAData<'ctx> {
        self.evmla_data
            .as_mut()
            .expect("The EVM data must have been initialized")
    }

+    ///
+    /// Sets the Vyper data.
+    ///
+    pub fn set_vyper_data(&mut self, data: VyperData) {
+        self.vyper_data = Some(data);
+    }
+
+    ///
+    /// Returns the Vyper data reference.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    /// If the Vyper data has not been initialized.
+    ///
+    pub fn vyper(&self) -> &VyperData {
+        self.vyper_data
+            .as_ref()
+            .expect("The Vyper data must have been initialized")
+    }
+
+    ///
+    /// Returns the Vyper data mutable reference.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    /// If the Vyper data has not been initialized.
+    ///
+    pub fn vyper_mut(&mut self) -> &mut VyperData {
+        self.vyper_data
+            .as_mut()
+            .expect("The Vyper data must have been initialized")
+    }
+
+    ///
    /// Sets the Yul data.
+    ///
    pub fn set_yul_data(&mut self, data: YulData) {
        self.yul_data = Some(data);
    }

+    ///
    /// Returns the Yul data reference.
+    ///
    /// # Panics
    /// If the Yul data has not been initialized.
+    ///
    pub fn yul(&self) -> &YulData {
        self.yul_data
            .as_ref()
            .expect("The Yul data must have been initialized")
    }

+    ///
    /// Returns the Yul data mutable reference.
+    ///
    /// # Panics
    /// If the Yul data has not been initialized.
+    ///
    pub fn yul_mut(&mut self) -> &mut YulData {
        self.yul_data
            .as_mut()
@@ -1,8 +1,12 @@
+//!
 //! The LLVM IR generator function return entity.
+//!

-use crate::polkavm::context::pointer::Pointer;
+use crate::eravm::context::pointer::Pointer;

+///
 /// The LLVM IR generator function return entity.
+///
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub enum Return<'ctx> {
    /// The function does not return a value.
@@ -23,22 +27,30 @@ pub enum Return<'ctx> {
 }

 impl<'ctx> Return<'ctx> {
+    ///
    /// A shortcut constructor.
+    ///
    pub fn none() -> Self {
        Self::None
    }

+    ///
    /// A shortcut constructor.
+    ///
    pub fn primitive(pointer: Pointer<'ctx>) -> Self {
        Self::Primitive { pointer }
    }

+    ///
    /// A shortcut constructor.
+    ///
    pub fn compound(pointer: Pointer<'ctx>, size: usize) -> Self {
        Self::Compound { pointer, size }
    }

+    ///
    /// Returns the pointer to the function return value.
+    ///
    pub fn return_pointer(&self) -> Option<Pointer<'ctx>> {
        match self {
            Return::None => None,
@@ -47,9 +59,11 @@ impl<'ctx> Return<'ctx> {
        }
    }

+    ///
    /// Returns the return data size in bytes, based on the default stack alignment.
+    ///
    pub fn return_data_size(&self) -> usize {
-        revive_common::BYTE_LENGTH_WORD
+        revive_common::BYTE_LENGTH_FIELD
            * match self {
                Self::None => 0,
                Self::Primitive { .. } => 1,
@@ -0,0 +1,255 @@
+//!
+//! The `default_call` function.
+//!
+
+use inkwell::types::BasicType;
+
+use crate::eravm::context::function::declaration::Declaration as FunctionDeclaration;
+use crate::eravm::context::function::llvm_runtime::LLVMRuntime;
+use crate::eravm::context::function::Function;
+use crate::eravm::context::Context;
+use crate::eravm::Dependency;
+use crate::eravm::WriteLLVM;
+
+///
+/// The `default_call` function.
+///
+/// Generates a default contract call, if the `msg.value` is zero.
+///
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct DefaultCall {
+    /// The name of the inner function used for the low-level call.
+    inner_name: String,
+    /// The function name with the low-level function name as an element.
+    name: String,
+}
+
+#[allow(unused)]
+impl DefaultCall {
+    /// The gas argument index.
+    pub const ARGUMENT_INDEX_GAS: usize = 0;
+
+    /// The address argument index.
+    pub const ARGUMENT_INDEX_ADDRESS: usize = 1;
+
+    /// The input offset argument index.
+    pub const ARGUMENT_INDEX_INPUT_OFFSET: usize = 2;
+
+    /// The input length argument index.
+    pub const ARGUMENT_INDEX_INPUT_LENGTH: usize = 3;
+
+    /// The output offset argument index.
+    pub const ARGUMENT_INDEX_OUTPUT_OFFSET: usize = 4;
+
+    /// The output length argument index.
+    pub const ARGUMENT_INDEX_OUTPUT_LENGTH: usize = 5;
+
+    ///
+    /// A shortcut constructor.
+    ///
+    pub fn new(call_function: FunctionDeclaration) -> Self {
+        let inner_name = call_function.value.get_name().to_string_lossy().to_string();
+        let name = Self::name(call_function);
+
+        Self { inner_name, name }
+    }
+
+    ///
+    /// Returns the function name.
+    ///
+    pub fn name(call_function: FunctionDeclaration) -> String {
+        let suffix = match call_function.value.get_name().to_string_lossy() {
+            name if name == LLVMRuntime::FUNCTION_FARCALL => "far",
+            name if name == LLVMRuntime::FUNCTION_STATICCALL => "static",
+            name if name == LLVMRuntime::FUNCTION_DELEGATECALL => "delegate",
+            name => panic!("Invalid low-level call inner function `{name}`"),
+        };
+        format!("__default_{suffix}_call")
+    }
+
+    ///
+    /// Returns the low-level call function.
+    ///
+    fn inner_function<'ctx, D>(&self, context: &Context<'ctx, D>) -> FunctionDeclaration<'ctx>
+    where
+        D: Dependency + Clone,
+    {
+        match self.inner_name.as_str() {
+            //name if name == LLVMRuntime::FUNCTION_FARCALL => context.llvm_runtime().far_call,
+            name if name == LLVMRuntime::FUNCTION_STATICCALL => context.llvm_runtime().static_call,
+            name if name == LLVMRuntime::FUNCTION_DELEGATECALL => {
+                context.llvm_runtime().delegate_call
+            }
+            name => panic!("Invalid low-level call inner function `{name}`"),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<D> WriteLLVM<D> for DefaultCall
+where
+    D: Dependency + Clone,
+{
+    fn declare(&mut self, context: &mut Context<D>) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+        let function_type = context.function_type(
+            vec![
+                context.field_type().as_basic_type_enum(),
+                context.field_type().as_basic_type_enum(),
+                context.field_type().as_basic_type_enum(),
+                context.field_type().as_basic_type_enum(),
+                context.field_type().as_basic_type_enum(),
+                context.field_type().as_basic_type_enum(),
+            ],
+            1,
+            false,
+        );
+        let function = context.add_function(
+            self.name.as_str(),
+            function_type,
+            1,
+            Some(inkwell::module::Linkage::Private),
+        )?;
+        Function::set_frontend_runtime_attributes(
+            context.llvm,
+            function.borrow().declaration(),
+            &context.optimizer,
+        );
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn into_llvm(self, context: &mut Context<D>) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+        context.set_current_function(self.name.as_str())?;
+
+        /*
+               let gas = context
+                   .current_function()
+                   .borrow()
+                   .get_nth_param(Self::ARGUMENT_INDEX_GAS)
+                   .into_int_value();
+               let address = context
+                   .current_function()
+                   .borrow()
+                   .get_nth_param(Self::ARGUMENT_INDEX_ADDRESS)
+                   .into_int_value();
+               let input_offset = context
+                   .current_function()
+                   .borrow()
+                   .get_nth_param(Self::ARGUMENT_INDEX_INPUT_OFFSET)
+                   .into_int_value();
+               let input_length = context
+                   .current_function()
+                   .borrow()
+                   .get_nth_param(Self::ARGUMENT_INDEX_INPUT_LENGTH)
+                   .into_int_value();
+               let output_offset = context
+                   .current_function()
+                   .borrow()
+                   .get_nth_param(Self::ARGUMENT_INDEX_OUTPUT_OFFSET)
+                   .into_int_value();
+               let output_length = context
+                   .current_function()
+                   .borrow()
+                   .get_nth_param(Self::ARGUMENT_INDEX_OUTPUT_LENGTH)
+                   .into_int_value();
+        */
+        context.set_basic_block(context.current_function().borrow().entry_block());
+
+        let status_code_result_pointer = context.build_alloca(
+            context.field_type(),
+            "contract_call_result_status_code_pointer",
+        );
+        /*
+        context.build_store(status_code_result_pointer, context.field_const(0));
+
+        let abi_data = crate::eravm::utils::abi_data(
+            context,
+            input_offset,
+            input_length,
+            Some(gas),
+            AddressSpace::Heap,
+            false,
+        )?
+        .into_int_value();
+
+        let result = context
+            .build_call(
+                self.inner_function(context),
+                crate::eravm::utils::external_call_arguments(
+                    context,
+                    abi_data.as_basic_value_enum(),
+                    address,
+                    vec![],
+                    None,
+                )
+                .as_slice(),
+                "contract_call_external",
+            )
+            .expect("IntrinsicFunction always returns a flag");
+
+        let result_abi_data = context
+            .builder()
+            .build_extract_value(
+                result.into_struct_value(),
+                0,
+                "contract_call_external_result_abi_data",
+            )
+            .expect("Always exists");
+        let result_abi_data_pointer = Pointer::new(
+            context.byte_type(),
+            AddressSpace::Generic,
+            result_abi_data.into_pointer_value(),
+        );
+        let result_abi_data_casted = result_abi_data_pointer.cast(context.field_type());
+
+        let result_status_code_boolean = context
+            .builder()
+            .build_extract_value(
+                result.into_struct_value(),
+                1,
+                "contract_call_external_result_status_code_boolean",
+            )
+            .expect("Always exists");
+        let result_status_code = context.builder().build_int_z_extend_or_bit_cast(
+            result_status_code_boolean.into_int_value(),
+            context.field_type(),
+            "contract_call_external_result_status_code",
+        )?;
+        context.build_store(status_code_result_pointer, result_status_code);
+
+        let source = result_abi_data_casted;
+
+        let destination = Pointer::new_with_offset(
+            context,
+            AddressSpace::Heap,
+            context.byte_type(),
+            output_offset,
+            "contract_call_destination",
+        );
+
+        context.build_memcpy_return_data(
+            context.intrinsics().memory_copy_from_generic,
+            destination,
+            source,
+            output_length,
+            "contract_call_memcpy_from_child",
+        );
+
+        context.write_abi_pointer(
+            result_abi_data_pointer,
+            crate::eravm::GLOBAL_RETURN_DATA_POINTER,
+        );
+        context.write_abi_data_size(
+            result_abi_data_pointer,
+            crate::eravm::GLOBAL_RETURN_DATA_SIZE,
+        );
+        */
+        context.build_unconditional_branch(context.current_function().borrow().return_block());
+
+        context.set_basic_block(context.current_function().borrow().return_block());
+        let status_code_result =
+            context.build_load(status_code_result_pointer, "contract_call_status_code")?;
+        context.build_return(Some(&status_code_result));
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
@@ -1,15 +1,22 @@
+//!
 //! The deploy code function.
+//!

 use std::marker::PhantomData;

-use crate::polkavm::context::code_type::CodeType;
-use crate::polkavm::context::function::runtime;
-use crate::polkavm::context::Context;
-use crate::polkavm::Dependency;
-use crate::polkavm::WriteLLVM;
+use crate::eravm::context::address_space::AddressSpace;
+use crate::eravm::context::code_type::CodeType;
+use crate::eravm::context::function::runtime::Runtime;
+use crate::eravm::context::pointer::Pointer;
+use crate::eravm::context::Context;
+use crate::eravm::Dependency;
+use crate::eravm::WriteLLVM;

+///
 /// The deploy code function.
+///
 /// Is a special function that is only used by the front-end generated code.
+///
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct DeployCode<B, D>
 where
@@ -27,7 +34,9 @@ where
    B: WriteLLVM<D>,
    D: Dependency + Clone,
 {
+    ///
    /// A shortcut constructor.
+    ///
    pub fn new(inner: B) -> Self {
        Self {
            inner,
@@ -45,7 +54,7 @@ where
        let function_type =
            context.function_type::<inkwell::types::BasicTypeEnum>(vec![], 0, false);
        context.add_function(
-            runtime::FUNCTION_DEPLOY_CODE,
+            Runtime::FUNCTION_DEPLOY_CODE,
            function_type,
            0,
            Some(inkwell::module::Linkage::External),
@@ -55,10 +64,26 @@ where
    }

    fn into_llvm(self, context: &mut Context<D>) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
-        context.set_current_function(runtime::FUNCTION_DEPLOY_CODE)?;
+        context.set_current_function(Runtime::FUNCTION_DEPLOY_CODE)?;

        context.set_basic_block(context.current_function().borrow().entry_block());
        context.set_code_type(CodeType::Deploy);
+        if let Some(vyper) = context.vyper_data.as_ref() {
+            for index in 0..vyper.immutables_size() / revive_common::BYTE_LENGTH_FIELD {
+                let offset = (crate::eravm::r#const::HEAP_AUX_OFFSET_CONSTRUCTOR_RETURN_DATA
+                    as usize)
+                    + (1 + index) * 2 * revive_common::BYTE_LENGTH_FIELD;
+                let value = index * revive_common::BYTE_LENGTH_FIELD;
+                let pointer = Pointer::new_with_offset(
+                    context,
+                    AddressSpace::HeapAuxiliary,
+                    context.field_type(),
+                    context.field_const(offset as u64),
+                    "immutable_index_initializer",
+                );
+                context.build_store(pointer, context.field_const(value as u64))?;
+            }
+        }

        self.inner.into_llvm(context)?;
        match context
@@ -0,0 +1,332 @@
+//!
+//! The `deployer_call` function.
+//!
+
+use inkwell::types::BasicType;
+
+use crate::eravm::context::address_space::AddressSpace;
+use crate::eravm::context::function::Function;
+use crate::eravm::context::pointer::Pointer;
+use crate::eravm::context::Context;
+use crate::eravm::Dependency;
+use crate::eravm::WriteLLVM;
+
+///
+/// The `deployer_call` function.
+///
+/// Calls the deployer system contract, which returns the newly deployed contract address or 0.
+///
+/// The address is returned in the first 32-byte word of the return data. If it is 0, the 0 is
+/// returned. If the entire call has failed, there is also a 0 returned.
+///
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct DeployerCall {
+    /// The address space where the calldata is allocated.
+    /// Solidity uses the ordinary heap. Vyper uses the auxiliary heap.
+    address_space: AddressSpace,
+}
+
+impl DeployerCall {
+    /// The default function name.
+    pub const FUNCTION_NAME: &'static str = "__deployer_call";
+
+    /// The value argument index.
+    pub const ARGUMENT_INDEX_VALUE: usize = 0;
+
+    /// The input offset argument index.
+    pub const ARGUMENT_INDEX_INPUT_OFFSET: usize = 1;
+
+    /// The input length argument index.
+    pub const ARGUMENT_INDEX_INPUT_LENGTH: usize = 2;
+
+    /// The signature hash argument index.
+    pub const ARGUMENT_INDEX_SIGNATURE_HASH: usize = 3;
+
+    /// The salt argument index.
+    pub const ARGUMENT_INDEX_SALT: usize = 4;
+
+    ///
+    /// A shortcut constructor.
+    ///
+    pub fn new(address_space: AddressSpace) -> Self {
+        Self { address_space }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<D> WriteLLVM<D> for DeployerCall
+where
+    D: Dependency + Clone,
+{
+    fn declare(&mut self, context: &mut Context<D>) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+        let function_type = context.function_type(
+            vec![
+                context.field_type().as_basic_type_enum(),
+                context.field_type().as_basic_type_enum(),
+                context.field_type().as_basic_type_enum(),
+                context.field_type().as_basic_type_enum(),
+                context.field_type().as_basic_type_enum(),
+            ],
+            1,
+            false,
+        );
+        let function = context.add_function(
+            Self::FUNCTION_NAME,
+            function_type,
+            1,
+            Some(inkwell::module::Linkage::External),
+        )?;
+        Function::set_frontend_runtime_attributes(
+            context.llvm,
+            function.borrow().declaration(),
+            &context.optimizer,
+        );
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn into_llvm(self, context: &mut Context<D>) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+        context.set_current_function(Self::FUNCTION_NAME)?;
+
+        let value = context
+            .current_function()
+            .borrow()
+            .get_nth_param(Self::ARGUMENT_INDEX_VALUE)
+            .into_int_value();
+        let input_offset = context
+            .current_function()
+            .borrow()
+            .get_nth_param(Self::ARGUMENT_INDEX_INPUT_OFFSET)
+            .into_int_value();
+        let input_length = context
+            .current_function()
+            .borrow()
+            .get_nth_param(Self::ARGUMENT_INDEX_INPUT_LENGTH)
+            .into_int_value();
+        let signature_hash = context
+            .current_function()
+            .borrow()
+            .get_nth_param(Self::ARGUMENT_INDEX_SIGNATURE_HASH)
+            .into_int_value();
+        let salt = context
+            .current_function()
+            .borrow()
+            .get_nth_param(Self::ARGUMENT_INDEX_SALT)
+            .into_int_value();
+
+        let error_block = context.append_basic_block("deployer_call_error_block");
+        let success_block = context.append_basic_block("deployer_call_success_block");
+        let value_zero_block = context.append_basic_block("deployer_call_value_zero_block");
+        let value_non_zero_block = context.append_basic_block("deployer_call_value_non_zero_block");
+        let value_join_block = context.append_basic_block("deployer_call_value_join_block");
+
+        context.set_basic_block(context.current_function().borrow().entry_block());
+        let _abi_data = crate::eravm::utils::abi_data(
+            context,
+            input_offset,
+            input_length,
+            None,
+            self.address_space,
+            true,
+        )?;
+
+        let signature_pointer = Pointer::new_with_offset(
+            context,
+            self.address_space,
+            context.field_type(),
+            input_offset,
+            "deployer_call_signature_pointer",
+        );
+        context.build_store(signature_pointer, signature_hash)?;
+
+        let salt_offset = context.builder().build_int_add(
+            input_offset,
+            context.field_const(revive_common::BYTE_LENGTH_X32 as u64),
+            "deployer_call_salt_offset",
+        )?;
+        let salt_pointer = Pointer::new_with_offset(
+            context,
+            self.address_space,
+            context.field_type(),
+            salt_offset,
+            "deployer_call_salt_pointer",
+        );
+        context.build_store(salt_pointer, salt)?;
+
+        let arguments_offset_offset = context.builder().build_int_add(
+            salt_offset,
+            context.field_const((revive_common::BYTE_LENGTH_FIELD * 2) as u64),
+            "deployer_call_arguments_offset_offset",
+        )?;
+        let arguments_offset_pointer = Pointer::new_with_offset(
+            context,
+            self.address_space,
+            context.field_type(),
+            arguments_offset_offset,
+            "deployer_call_arguments_offset_pointer",
+        );
+        context.build_store(
+            arguments_offset_pointer,
+            context.field_const(
+                (crate::eravm::DEPLOYER_CALL_HEADER_SIZE
+                    - (revive_common::BYTE_LENGTH_X32 + revive_common::BYTE_LENGTH_FIELD))
+                    as u64,
+            ),
+        )?;
+
+        let arguments_length_offset = context.builder().build_int_add(
+            arguments_offset_offset,
+            context.field_const(revive_common::BYTE_LENGTH_FIELD as u64),
+            "deployer_call_arguments_length_offset",
+        )?;
+        let arguments_length_pointer = Pointer::new_with_offset(
+            context,
+            self.address_space,
+            context.field_type(),
+            arguments_length_offset,
+            "deployer_call_arguments_length_pointer",
+        );
+        let arguments_length_value = context.builder().build_int_sub(
+            input_length,
+            context.field_const(crate::eravm::DEPLOYER_CALL_HEADER_SIZE as u64),
+            "deployer_call_arguments_length",
+        )?;
+        context.build_store(arguments_length_pointer, arguments_length_value)?;
+
+        let result_pointer =
+            context.build_alloca(context.field_type(), "deployer_call_result_pointer");
+        context.build_store(result_pointer, context.field_const(0))?;
+        let deployer_call_result_type = context.structure_type(&[
+            context
+                .llvm()
+                .ptr_type(AddressSpace::Generic.into())
+                .as_basic_type_enum(),
+            context.bool_type().as_basic_type_enum(),
+        ]);
+        let deployer_call_result_pointer =
+            context.build_alloca(deployer_call_result_type, "deployer_call_result_pointer");
+        context.build_store(
+            deployer_call_result_pointer,
+            deployer_call_result_type.const_zero(),
+        )?;
+        let is_value_zero = context.builder().build_int_compare(
+            inkwell::IntPredicate::EQ,
+            value,
+            context.field_const(0),
+            "deployer_call_is_value_zero",
+        )?;
+        context.build_conditional_branch(is_value_zero, value_zero_block, value_non_zero_block)?;
+
+        context.set_basic_block(value_zero_block);
+        //let deployer_call_result = context
+        //    .build_call(
+        //        context.llvm_runtime().far_call,
+        //        crate::eravm::utils::external_call_arguments(
+        //            context,
+        //            abi_data,
+        //            context.field_const(zkevm_opcode_defs::ADDRESS_CONTRACT_DEPLOYER.into()),
+        //            vec![],
+        //            None,
+        //        )
+        //        .as_slice(),
+        //        "deployer_call_ordinary",
+        //    )
+        //    .expect("Always returns a value");
+        //context.build_store(deployer_call_result_pointer, deployer_call_result)?;
+        context.build_unconditional_branch(value_join_block);
+
+        context.set_basic_block(value_non_zero_block);
+        //let deployer_call_result = context
+        //    .build_call(
+        //        context.llvm_runtime().far_call,
+        //        crate::eravm::utils::external_call_arguments(
+        //            context,
+        //            abi_data.as_basic_value_enum(),
+        //            context.field_const(zkevm_opcode_defs::ADDRESS_MSG_VALUE.into()),
+        //            vec![
+        //                value,
+        //                context.field_const(zkevm_opcode_defs::ADDRESS_CONTRACT_DEPLOYER.into()),
+        //                context.field_const(u64::from(crate::eravm::r#const::SYSTEM_CALL_BIT)),
+        //            ],
+        //            None,
+        //        )
+        //        .as_slice(),
+        //        "deployer_call_system",
+        //    )
+        //    .expect("Always returns a value");
+        //context.build_store(deployer_call_result_pointer, deployer_call_result)?;
+        context.build_unconditional_branch(value_join_block);
+
+        context.set_basic_block(value_join_block);
+        let result_abi_data_pointer = context.build_gep(
+            deployer_call_result_pointer,
+            &[
+                context.field_const(0),
+                context
+                    .integer_type(revive_common::BIT_LENGTH_X32)
+                    .const_zero(),
+            ],
+            context
+                .llvm()
+                .ptr_type(AddressSpace::Generic.into())
+                .as_basic_type_enum(),
+            "deployer_call_result_abi_data_pointer",
+        );
+        let result_abi_data =
+            context.build_load(result_abi_data_pointer, "deployer_call_result_abi_data")?;
+
+        let result_status_code_pointer = context.build_gep(
+            deployer_call_result_pointer,
+            &[
+                context.field_const(0),
+                context
+                    .integer_type(revive_common::BIT_LENGTH_X32)
+                    .const_int(1, false),
+            ],
+            context.bool_type().as_basic_type_enum(),
+            "contract_call_external_result_status_code_pointer",
+        );
+        let result_status_code_boolean = context
+            .build_load(
+                result_status_code_pointer,
+                "contract_call_external_result_status_code_boolean",
+            )?
+            .into_int_value();
+
+        context.build_conditional_branch(result_status_code_boolean, success_block, error_block)?;
+
+        context.set_basic_block(success_block);
+        let result_abi_data_pointer = Pointer::new(
+            context.field_type(),
+            AddressSpace::Generic,
+            result_abi_data.into_pointer_value(),
+        );
+        let address_or_status_code = context.build_load(
+            result_abi_data_pointer,
+            "deployer_call_address_or_status_code",
+        )?;
+        context.build_store(result_pointer, address_or_status_code)?;
+        context.build_unconditional_branch(context.current_function().borrow().return_block());
+
+        context.set_basic_block(error_block);
+        let result_abi_data_pointer = Pointer::new(
+            context.byte_type(),
+            AddressSpace::Generic,
+            result_abi_data.into_pointer_value(),
+        );
+        context.write_abi_pointer(
+            result_abi_data_pointer,
+            crate::eravm::GLOBAL_RETURN_DATA_POINTER,
+        );
+        context.write_abi_data_size(
+            result_abi_data_pointer,
+            crate::eravm::GLOBAL_RETURN_DATA_SIZE,
+        );
+        context.build_unconditional_branch(context.current_function().borrow().return_block());
+
+        context.set_basic_block(context.current_function().borrow().return_block());
+        let result = context.build_load(result_pointer, "deployer_call_result")?;
+        context.build_return(Some(&result));
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
@@ -1,18 +1,23 @@
+//!
 //! The entry function.
+//!

 use inkwell::types::BasicType;
-use inkwell::values::BasicValue;

-use crate::polkavm::context::address_space::AddressSpace;
-use crate::polkavm::context::function::runtime;
-use crate::polkavm::context::Context;
-use crate::polkavm::r#const::*;
-use crate::polkavm::Dependency;
-use crate::polkavm::WriteLLVM;
+use crate::eravm::context::address_space::AddressSpace;
+use crate::eravm::context::function::runtime::Runtime;
+use crate::eravm::context::Context;
+use crate::eravm::Dependency;
+use crate::eravm::WriteLLVM;
+use crate::EraVMPointer as Pointer;

+///
 /// The entry function.
+///
 /// The function is a wrapper managing the runtime and deploy code calling logic.
+///
 /// Is a special runtime function that is only used by the front-end generated code.
+///
 #[derive(Debug, Default)]
 pub struct Entry {}

@@ -23,11 +28,8 @@ impl Entry {
    /// The number of mandatory arguments.
    pub const MANDATORY_ARGUMENTS_COUNT: usize = 2;

-    /// Reserve 1mb for calldata.
-    pub const MAX_CALLDATA_SIZE: usize = 1024 * 1024;
-
-    /// Reserve 1mb for returndata.
-    pub const MAX_RETURNDATA_SIZE: usize = 1024 * 1024;
+    /// Reserve 1kb for calldata.
+    pub const MAX_CALLDATA_SIZE: usize = 1024;

    /// Initializes the global variables.
    /// The pointers are not initialized, because it's not possible to create a null pointer.
@@ -37,91 +39,56 @@ impl Entry {
    {
        let calldata_type = context.array_type(context.byte_type(), Self::MAX_CALLDATA_SIZE);
        context.set_global(
-            crate::polkavm::GLOBAL_CALLDATA_POINTER,
+            crate::eravm::GLOBAL_CALLDATA_POINTER,
            calldata_type,
            AddressSpace::Stack,
            calldata_type.get_undef(),
        );

-        let returndata_type = context.array_type(context.byte_type(), Self::MAX_RETURNDATA_SIZE);
        context.set_global(
-            crate::polkavm::GLOBAL_RETURN_DATA_POINTER,
-            returndata_type,
-            AddressSpace::Stack,
-            returndata_type.get_undef(),
-        );
-
-        context.set_global(
-            crate::polkavm::GLOBAL_HEAP_MEMORY_POINTER,
-            context.llvm().ptr_type(AddressSpace::Heap.into()),
+            crate::eravm::GLOBAL_HEAP_MEMORY_POINTER,
+            context.llvm().ptr_type(AddressSpace::Generic.into()),
            AddressSpace::Stack,
            context.xlen_type().get_undef(),
        );
        context.build_store(
            context
-                .get_global(crate::polkavm::GLOBAL_HEAP_MEMORY_POINTER)?
+                .get_global(crate::eravm::GLOBAL_HEAP_MEMORY_POINTER)?
                .into(),
-            context.build_sbrk(context.integer_const(crate::polkavm::XLEN, 0))?,
+            context.build_sbrk(context.integer_const(32, 0))?,
        )?;

        context.set_global(
-            crate::polkavm::GLOBAL_CALLDATA_SIZE,
-            context.word_type(),
+            crate::eravm::GLOBAL_CALLDATA_SIZE,
+            context.field_type(),
            AddressSpace::Stack,
-            context.word_undef(),
+            context.field_undef(),
        );
        context.set_global(
-            crate::polkavm::GLOBAL_RETURN_DATA_SIZE,
-            context.xlen_type(),
+            crate::eravm::GLOBAL_RETURN_DATA_SIZE,
+            context.field_type(),
            AddressSpace::Stack,
-            context.xlen_type().const_zero().as_basic_value_enum(),
+            context.field_const(0),
        );

        context.set_global(
-            crate::polkavm::GLOBAL_CALL_FLAGS,
-            context.word_type(),
+            crate::eravm::GLOBAL_CALL_FLAGS,
+            context.field_type(),
            AddressSpace::Stack,
-            context.word_const(0),
+            context.field_const(0),
        );

        let extra_abi_data_type = context.array_type(
-            context.word_type().as_basic_type_enum(),
-            crate::polkavm::EXTRA_ABI_DATA_SIZE,
+            context.field_type().as_basic_type_enum(),
+            crate::eravm::EXTRA_ABI_DATA_SIZE,
        );
        context.set_global(
-            crate::polkavm::GLOBAL_EXTRA_ABI_DATA,
+            crate::eravm::GLOBAL_EXTRA_ABI_DATA,
            extra_abi_data_type,
            AddressSpace::Stack,
            extra_abi_data_type.const_zero(),
        );

-        context.set_global(
-            crate::polkavm::GLOBAL_I256_SIZE,
-            context.xlen_type(),
-            AddressSpace::Stack,
-            context.integer_const(
-                crate::polkavm::XLEN,
-                revive_common::BYTE_LENGTH_X64 as u64 * 4,
-            ),
-        );
-
-        context.set_global(
-            crate::polkavm::GLOBAL_I160_SIZE,
-            context.xlen_type(),
-            AddressSpace::Stack,
-            context.integer_const(
-                crate::polkavm::XLEN,
-                revive_common::BYTE_LENGTH_X64 as u64 * 2 + revive_common::BYTE_LENGTH_X32 as u64,
-            ),
-        );
-
-        context.set_global(
-            crate::polkavm::GLOBAL_I64_SIZE,
-            context.xlen_type(),
-            AddressSpace::Stack,
-            context.integer_const(crate::polkavm::XLEN, revive_common::BYTE_LENGTH_X64 as u64),
-        );
-
        Ok(())
    }

@@ -132,7 +99,7 @@ impl Entry {
        D: Dependency + Clone,
    {
        let input_pointer = context
-            .get_global(crate::polkavm::GLOBAL_CALLDATA_POINTER)?
+            .get_global(crate::eravm::GLOBAL_CALLDATA_POINTER)?
            .value
            .as_pointer_value();
        let input_pointer_casted = context.builder.build_ptr_to_int(
@@ -150,12 +117,13 @@ impl Entry {

        context.build_store(
            length_pointer,
-            context.integer_const(crate::polkavm::XLEN, Self::MAX_CALLDATA_SIZE as u64),
+            context.integer_const(32, Self::MAX_CALLDATA_SIZE as u64),
        )?;
-        context.build_runtime_call(
-            runtime_api::imports::INPUT,
+        context.builder().build_call(
+            context.module().get_function("input").expect("is declared"),
            &[input_pointer_casted.into(), length_pointer_casted.into()],
-        );
+            "call_seal_input",
+        )?;

        // Store the calldata size
        let calldata_size = context
@@ -163,16 +131,37 @@ impl Entry {
            .into_int_value();
        let calldata_size_casted = context.builder().build_int_z_extend(
            calldata_size,
-            context.word_type(),
+            context.field_type(),
            "zext_input_len",
        )?;
        context.set_global(
-            crate::polkavm::GLOBAL_CALLDATA_SIZE,
-            context.word_type(),
+            crate::eravm::GLOBAL_CALLDATA_SIZE,
+            context.field_type(),
            AddressSpace::Stack,
            calldata_size_casted,
        );

+        // Store calldata end pointer
+        let input_pointer = Pointer::new(
+            input_pointer.get_type(),
+            AddressSpace::Generic,
+            input_pointer,
+        );
+        let calldata_end_pointer = context.build_gep(
+            input_pointer,
+            &[calldata_size_casted],
+            context
+                .llvm()
+                .ptr_type(AddressSpace::Generic.into())
+                .as_basic_type_enum(),
+            "return_data_abi_initializer",
+        );
+        context.write_abi_pointer(
+            calldata_end_pointer,
+            crate::eravm::GLOBAL_RETURN_DATA_POINTER,
+        );
+        context.write_abi_pointer(calldata_end_pointer, crate::eravm::GLOBAL_ACTIVE_POINTER);
+
        Ok(())
    }

@@ -188,7 +177,7 @@ impl Entry {
            .get_nth_param(Self::ARGUMENT_INDEX_CALL_FLAGS);

        context.set_global(
-            crate::polkavm::GLOBAL_CALL_FLAGS,
+            crate::eravm::GLOBAL_CALL_FLAGS,
            is_deploy.get_type(),
            AddressSpace::Stack,
            is_deploy.into_int_value(),
@@ -205,21 +194,21 @@ impl Entry {

        let deploy_code = context
            .functions
-            .get(runtime::FUNCTION_DEPLOY_CODE)
+            .get(Runtime::FUNCTION_DEPLOY_CODE)
            .cloned()
            .ok_or_else(|| anyhow::anyhow!("Contract deploy code not found"))?;
        let runtime_code = context
            .functions
-            .get(runtime::FUNCTION_RUNTIME_CODE)
+            .get(Runtime::FUNCTION_RUNTIME_CODE)
            .cloned()
            .ok_or_else(|| anyhow::anyhow!("Contract runtime code not found"))?;

        context.set_basic_block(deploy_code_call_block);
-        context.build_call(deploy_code.borrow().declaration, &[], "deploy_code_call");
+        context.build_invoke(deploy_code.borrow().declaration, &[], "deploy_code_call");
        context.build_unconditional_branch(context.current_function().borrow().return_block());

        context.set_basic_block(runtime_code_call_block);
-        context.build_call(runtime_code.borrow().declaration, &[], "runtime_code_call");
+        context.build_invoke(runtime_code.borrow().declaration, &[], "runtime_code_call");
        context.build_unconditional_branch(context.current_function().borrow().return_block());

        Ok(())
@@ -233,12 +222,10 @@ where
    fn declare(&mut self, context: &mut Context<D>) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        let entry_arguments = vec![context.bool_type().as_basic_type_enum()];
        let entry_function_type = context.function_type(entry_arguments, 0, false);
-        context.add_function(
-            runtime::FUNCTION_ENTRY,
-            entry_function_type,
-            0,
-            Some(inkwell::module::Linkage::External),
-        )?;
+        context.add_function(Runtime::FUNCTION_ENTRY, entry_function_type, 0, None)?;
+
+        context.declare_extern_function("deploy")?;
+        context.declare_extern_function("call")?;

        Ok(())
    }
@@ -248,18 +235,38 @@ where
    /// The `entry` function loads calldata, sets globals and calls the runtime or deploy code.
    fn into_llvm(self, context: &mut Context<D>) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        let entry = context
-            .get_function(runtime::FUNCTION_ENTRY)
+            .get_function(Runtime::FUNCTION_ENTRY)
            .expect("the entry function should already be declared")
            .borrow()
            .declaration;
-        crate::PolkaVMFunction::set_attributes(
+        crate::EraVMFunction::set_attributes(
            context.llvm(),
            entry,
-            vec![crate::PolkaVMAttribute::NoReturn],
+            vec![crate::EraVMAttribute::NoReturn],
            true,
        );

-        context.set_current_function(runtime::FUNCTION_ENTRY)?;
+        context.set_current_function("deploy")?;
+        context.set_basic_block(context.current_function().borrow().entry_block());
+
+        assert!(context
+            .build_call(entry, &[context.bool_const(true).into()], "entry_deploy")
+            .is_none());
+
+        context.set_basic_block(context.current_function().borrow().return_block);
+        context.build_unreachable();
+
+        context.set_current_function("call")?;
+        context.set_basic_block(context.current_function().borrow().entry_block());
+
+        assert!(context
+            .build_call(entry, &[context.bool_const(false).into()], "entry_call")
+            .is_none());
+
+        context.set_basic_block(context.current_function().borrow().return_block);
+        context.build_unreachable();
+
+        context.set_current_function(Runtime::FUNCTION_ENTRY)?;
        context.set_basic_block(context.current_function().borrow().entry_block());

        Self::initialize_globals(context)?;
@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+//!
+//! The front-end runtime functions.
+//!
+
+pub mod default_call;
+pub mod deploy_code;
+pub mod deployer_call;
+pub mod entry;
+pub mod runtime_code;
+
+use crate::eravm::context::address_space::AddressSpace;
+use crate::eravm::context::function::declaration::Declaration as FunctionDeclaration;
+use crate::eravm::context::Context;
+use crate::eravm::Dependency;
+use crate::eravm::WriteLLVM;
+
+use self::default_call::DefaultCall;
+use self::deployer_call::DeployerCall;
+
+///
+/// The front-end runtime functions.
+///
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct Runtime {
+    /// The address space where the calldata is allocated.
+    /// Solidity uses the ordinary heap. Vyper uses the auxiliary heap.
+    address_space: AddressSpace,
+}
+
+impl Runtime {
+    /// The main entry function name.
+    pub const FUNCTION_ENTRY: &'static str = "__entry";
+
+    /// The deploy code function name.
+    pub const FUNCTION_DEPLOY_CODE: &'static str = "__deploy";
+
+    /// The runtime code function name.
+    pub const FUNCTION_RUNTIME_CODE: &'static str = "__runtime";
+
+    ///
+    /// A shortcut constructor.
+    ///
+    pub fn new(address_space: AddressSpace) -> Self {
+        Self { address_space }
+    }
+
+    ///
+    /// Returns the corresponding runtime function.
+    ///
+    pub fn default_call<'ctx, D>(
+        context: &Context<'ctx, D>,
+        call_function: FunctionDeclaration<'ctx>,
+    ) -> FunctionDeclaration<'ctx>
+    where
+        D: Dependency + Clone,
+    {
+        context
+            .get_function(DefaultCall::name(call_function).as_str())
+            .expect("Always exists")
+            .borrow()
+            .declaration()
+    }
+
+    ///
+    /// Returns the corresponding runtime function.
+    ///
+    pub fn deployer_call<'ctx, D>(context: &Context<'ctx, D>) -> FunctionDeclaration<'ctx>
+    where
+        D: Dependency + Clone,
+    {
+        context
+            .get_function(DeployerCall::FUNCTION_NAME)
+            .expect("Always exists")
+            .borrow()
+            .declaration()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<D> WriteLLVM<D> for Runtime
+where
+    D: Dependency + Clone,
+{
+    fn declare(&mut self, context: &mut Context<D>) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+        //DefaultCall::new(context.llvm_runtime().far_call).declare(context)?;
+        DefaultCall::new(context.llvm_runtime().static_call).declare(context)?;
+        DefaultCall::new(context.llvm_runtime().delegate_call).declare(context)?;
+        DeployerCall::new(self.address_space).declare(context)?;
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn into_llvm(self, context: &mut Context<D>) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+        //DefaultCall::new(context.llvm_runtime().far_call).into_llvm(context)?;
+        DefaultCall::new(context.llvm_runtime().static_call).into_llvm(context)?;
+        DefaultCall::new(context.llvm_runtime().delegate_call).into_llvm(context)?;
+        DeployerCall::new(self.address_space).into_llvm(context)?;
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
@@ -1,15 +1,20 @@
+//!
 //! The runtime code function.
+//!

 use std::marker::PhantomData;

-use crate::polkavm::context::code_type::CodeType;
-use crate::polkavm::context::function::runtime;
-use crate::polkavm::context::Context;
-use crate::polkavm::Dependency;
-use crate::polkavm::WriteLLVM;
+use crate::eravm::context::code_type::CodeType;
+use crate::eravm::context::function::runtime::Runtime;
+use crate::eravm::context::Context;
+use crate::eravm::Dependency;
+use crate::eravm::WriteLLVM;

+///
 /// The runtime code function.
+///
 /// Is a special function that is only used by the front-end generated code.
+///
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct RuntimeCode<B, D>
 where
@@ -27,7 +32,9 @@ where
    B: WriteLLVM<D>,
    D: Dependency + Clone,
 {
+    ///
    /// A shortcut constructor.
+    ///
    pub fn new(inner: B) -> Self {
        Self {
            inner,
@@ -45,7 +52,7 @@ where
        let function_type =
            context.function_type::<inkwell::types::BasicTypeEnum>(vec![], 0, false);
        context.add_function(
-            runtime::FUNCTION_RUNTIME_CODE,
+            Runtime::FUNCTION_RUNTIME_CODE,
            function_type,
            0,
            Some(inkwell::module::Linkage::External),
@@ -55,7 +62,7 @@ where
    }

    fn into_llvm(self, context: &mut Context<D>) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
-        context.set_current_function(runtime::FUNCTION_RUNTIME_CODE)?;
+        context.set_current_function(Runtime::FUNCTION_RUNTIME_CODE)?;

        context.set_basic_block(context.current_function().borrow().entry_block());
        context.set_code_type(CodeType::Runtime);
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+//!
+//! The LLVM function Vyper data.
+//!
+
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+
+///
+/// The LLVM function Vyper data.
+///
+/// Describes some data that is only relevant to Vyper.
+///
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct VyperData {
+    /// The block-local variables. They are still allocated at the beginning of the function,
+    /// but their parent block must be known in order to pass the implicit arguments thereto.
+    /// Is only used by the Vyper LLL IR compiler.
+    label_arguments: HashMap<String, Vec<String>>,
+}
+
+impl Default for VyperData {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            label_arguments: HashMap::with_capacity(Self::LABEL_ARGUMENTS_HASHMAP_INITIAL_CAPACITY),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl VyperData {
+    /// The label arguments hashmap default capacity.
+    const LABEL_ARGUMENTS_HASHMAP_INITIAL_CAPACITY: usize = 16;
+
+    ///
+    /// A shortcut constructor.
+    ///
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        Self::default()
+    }
+
+    ///
+    /// Returns the list of a Vyper label arguments.
+    ///
+    pub fn label_arguments(&self, label_name: &str) -> Option<Vec<String>> {
+        self.label_arguments.get(label_name).cloned()
+    }
+
+    ///
+    /// Inserts arguments for the specified label.
+    ///
+    pub fn insert_label_arguments(&mut self, label_name: String, arguments: Vec<String>) {
+        self.label_arguments.insert(label_name, arguments);
+    }
+}
@@ -1,11 +1,16 @@
+//!
 //! The LLVM function Yul data.
+//!

 use std::collections::HashMap;

 use num::BigUint;

+///
 /// The LLVM function Yul data.
+///
 /// Describes some data that is only relevant to Yul.
+///
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct YulData {
    /// The constants saved to variables. Used for peculiar cases like call simulation.
@@ -25,17 +30,23 @@ impl YulData {
    /// The constants hashmap default capacity.
    const CONSTANTS_HASHMAP_INITIAL_CAPACITY: usize = 16;

+    ///
    /// A shortcut constructor.
+    ///
    pub fn new() -> Self {
        Self::default()
    }

+    ///
    /// Returns a constant if it has been saved.
+    ///
    pub fn get_constant(&self, name: &str) -> Option<BigUint> {
        self.constants.get(name).cloned()
    }

+    ///
    /// Saves a constant detected with the partial constant propagation.
+    ///
    pub fn insert_constant(&mut self, name: String, value: BigUint) {
        self.constants.insert(name, value);
    }
@@ -1,13 +1,17 @@
+//!
 //! The LLVM global value.
+//!

 use inkwell::types::BasicType;
 use inkwell::values::BasicValue;

-use crate::polkavm::context::address_space::AddressSpace;
-use crate::polkavm::context::Context;
-use crate::PolkaVMDependency;
+use crate::eravm::context::address_space::AddressSpace;
+use crate::eravm::context::Context;
+use crate::EraVMDependency;

+///
 /// The LLVM global value.
+///
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct Global<'ctx> {
    /// The global type.
@@ -17,7 +21,9 @@ pub struct Global<'ctx> {
 }

 impl<'ctx> Global<'ctx> {
+    ///
    /// A shortcut constructor.
+    ///
    pub fn new<D, T, V>(
        context: &mut Context<'ctx, D>,
        r#type: T,
@@ -26,7 +32,7 @@ impl<'ctx> Global<'ctx> {
        name: &str,
    ) -> Self
    where
-        D: PolkaVMDependency + Clone,
+        D: EraVMDependency + Clone,
        T: BasicType<'ctx>,
        V: BasicValue<'ctx>,
    {
@@ -42,6 +48,9 @@ impl<'ctx> Global<'ctx> {
            .value
            .set_visibility(inkwell::GlobalVisibility::Default);
        global.value.set_externally_initialized(false);
+        if let AddressSpace::Code = address_space {
+            global.value.set_constant(true);
+        }
        if !r#type.is_pointer_type() {
            global.value.set_initializer(&initializer);
        } else {
@@ -1,6 +1,10 @@
+//!
 //! The LLVM IR generator loop.
+//!

+///
 /// The LLVM IR generator loop.
+///
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct Loop<'ctx> {
    /// The loop current block.
@@ -12,7 +16,9 @@ pub struct Loop<'ctx> {
 }

 impl<'ctx> Loop<'ctx> {
+    ///
    /// A shortcut constructor.
+    ///
    pub fn new(
        body_block: inkwell::basic_block::BasicBlock<'ctx>,
        continue_block: inkwell::basic_block::BasicBlock<'ctx>,
@@ -1,13 +1,17 @@
+//!
 //! The LLVM pointer.
+//!

 use inkwell::types::BasicType;

-use crate::polkavm::context::address_space::AddressSpace;
-use crate::polkavm::context::global::Global;
-use crate::polkavm::context::Context;
-use crate::polkavm::Dependency;
+use crate::eravm::context::address_space::AddressSpace;
+use crate::eravm::context::global::Global;
+use crate::eravm::context::Context;
+use crate::eravm::Dependency;

+///
 /// The LLVM pointer.
+///
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct Pointer<'ctx> {
    /// The pointee type.
@@ -19,7 +23,9 @@ pub struct Pointer<'ctx> {
 }

 impl<'ctx> Pointer<'ctx> {
+    ///
    /// A shortcut constructor.
+    ///
    pub fn new<T>(
        r#type: T,
        address_space: AddressSpace,
@@ -35,7 +41,9 @@ impl<'ctx> Pointer<'ctx> {
        }
    }

+    ///
    /// Wraps a 256-bit primitive type pointer.
+    ///
    pub fn new_stack_field<D>(
        context: &Context<'ctx, D>,
        value: inkwell::values::PointerValue<'ctx>,
@@ -44,13 +52,15 @@ impl<'ctx> Pointer<'ctx> {
        D: Dependency + Clone,
    {
        Self {
-            r#type: context.word_type().as_basic_type_enum(),
+            r#type: context.field_type().as_basic_type_enum(),
            address_space: AddressSpace::Stack,
            value,
        }
    }

+    ///
    /// Creates a new pointer with the specified `offset`.
+    ///
    pub fn new_with_offset<D, T>(
        context: &Context<'ctx, D>,
        address_space: AddressSpace,
@@ -68,7 +78,7 @@ impl<'ctx> Pointer<'ctx> {
            "Stack pointers cannot be addressed"
        );

-        let offset = context.safe_truncate_int_to_xlen(offset).unwrap();
+        let offset = context.safe_truncate_int_to_i32(offset).unwrap();
        let value = context
            .builder
            .build_int_to_ptr(offset, context.llvm().ptr_type(address_space.into()), name)
@@ -76,7 +86,9 @@ impl<'ctx> Pointer<'ctx> {
        Self::new(r#type, address_space, value)
    }

+    ///
    /// Casts the pointer into another type.
+    ///
    pub fn cast<T>(self, r#type: T) -> Self
    where
        T: BasicType<'ctx>,
@@ -88,17 +100,6 @@ impl<'ctx> Pointer<'ctx> {
        }
    }

-    /// Cast this pointer to a register sized integer value.
-    pub fn to_int<D>(&self, context: &Context<'ctx, D>) -> inkwell::values::IntValue<'ctx>
-    where
-        D: Dependency + Clone,
-    {
-        context
-            .builder()
-            .build_ptr_to_int(self.value, context.xlen_type(), "ptr_to_xlen")
-            .expect("we should be positioned")
-    }
-
    pub fn address_space_cast<D>(
        self,
        context: &Context<'ctx, D>,
--- a/Show More
+++ b/Show More